Ale ha de Wi !
!
Di ec o : Radio As onomy P ojec s !
Depa men o Science, Technology !
and Inno a ion (DSTI)!
!
!
!
A AS 2025, Sou h A ica, 24 Ma ch 2025!
!
Geodesy: Fundamen al As onomy !
Mee ing Space Science o !
Global Impac "
Sou h A ica’s Go e nmen
Ini ia i es in Geodesy and
he Role o As onomy
2
C edi : He i age Mal a
As onomy in Sou h A ica
•DSTI in collabo a ion wi h he As onomy Communi y
a e in he p ocess o enewing he Mul i-wa eleng h
As onomy S a egy o be effec i e om 2025-2035 "
•Impo an ly, Geodesy alls unde As onomy a a
s uc u al le el —wi hin he DSTI and NRF whe e i is
managed as pa o he as onomy po olio unde
SARAO"
•So wha happens o Geodesy — he ield ha links
he Ea h and Sky, and unde pins many o
As onomy’s mos p ecise ools?
3
C edi : He i age Mal a
As onomy in Sou h A ica
•DSTI in collabo a ion wi h he As onomy Communi y
a e in he p ocess o enewing he Mul i-wa eleng h
As onomy S a egy o be effec i e om 2025-2035 "
•Impo an ly, Geodesy alls unde As onomy a a
s uc u al le el —wi hin he DSTI and NRF whe e i is
managed as pa o he as onomy po olio unde
SARAO"
•So wha happens o Geodesy — he ield ha links
he Ea h and Sky, and unde pins many o
As onomy’s mos p ecise ools?
?Should geodesy be included in
as onomy s a egies — he same
way we include o he enable s like
enginee ing, da a science and
compu a ional in as uc u e?
4
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Mnajd a, Mal a
©2011 C.S. Jacobs, used by pe mission
C edi : He i age Mal a
Ancien Obse a ions
5
Ancien Obse a ions
As onomy goes back o e 5000 yea s!
Island o Mal a’s monoli hic emples
Some o he oldes known human s uc u es
aligned wi h celes ial e en s
C edi : He i age Mal a
Mnajd a, Mal a
©2011 C.S. Jacobs, used by pe mission
C edi : He i age Mal a
A equinoxes, sunligh passes h ough
he cen al doo way o ligh up a
cen al s one. A sols ices i illumina es
speci ic megali hs — clea signs o
in en ional as onomical alignmen !
As onomy is one o he oldes
sciences — ea ly people used
as onomy o ack ime, s uc u e
i uals, and unde s and hei place in
he wo ld!!
6
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Ancien As onome s
Wikipedia Wikipedia
7
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Ancien As onome s
Wikipedia Wikipedia
—Hippa chus—
Fa he o Scien i ic As onomy!
C ea ed he i s s a ca alog, disco e ed
p ecession, in en ed idea o geog aphical
coo dina es, de eloped me hods o con e
be ween geog aphical and celes ial coo dina es
—P olemy—!
A chi ec o Classical As onomy!
Geocen ic model o he Uni e se, s a
ca alog o posi ions and magni udes o
almos 1000 s a s, applied and expanded
he geog aphical coo dina e sys em !
2nd cen u y BCE 2nd cen u y CE
8
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Mode n His o y o As onomy in A ica
9
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Mode n His o y o As onomy in A ica
Nicolas de la Lacaille was sen o he Cape in he mid-1700s, as
one o he i s isi ing as onome s, o map he sou he n skies.
Why? Because du ing he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies, Eu opean
explo e s and ade s aced se ious na iga ional challenges along
he sou he n A ican coas line. Lacaille’s wo k c ea ed some o he
ea lies sou he n s a ca alogs, and he obse a o y became a i al
cen e o posi ional as onomy — laying he ounda ions o wha
we now know as SAAO
Royal Obse a o y o he Cape o Good Hope (1820)
Nicholas de la Caille
Fi s pe manen obse a o y in A ica!
16
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
17
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
18
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
19
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
20
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
20
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
20
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
21
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
22
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
20
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
20
C edi : He i age Mal a
As ome y, As onomy, and Geodesy
Absolu e As ome y (Celes ial Re e ence F ames, AGN)
A co e discipline ha unde pins bo h as onomy and geodesy
?Geodesy
• Measu es Ea h’s shape,
o a ion, and g a i y ield
• Uses sky as e e ence
As onomy
• S udies s a s, galaxies, Uni e se
• Obse es celes ial objec s
As ome ic VLBI
• P ecise celes ial posi ions
• Suppo s bo h ields
Sha ed Tools
• Radio elescopes
• VLBI echnique
• Celes ial Re e ence F ames
•AGN
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ixed ex e nal ame o e e ence
• e e ence sou ces o geode ic VLBI
obse a ions o de e mine Ea h o ien a ion
pa ame e s (EOP) and con ibu e o ITRF
• links he ICRF o he ITRF ia EOP
• As ome ic VLBI is Space Geodesy echnique o he IAG
• ICRF is a p oduc o he IAG h ough he IVS
• IVS is a se ice o IAG ha coo dina es geode ic and
as ome ic VLBI ope a ions, analysis, and esea ch
• IVS is also a se ice o he IAU
Geode ic VLBI, SLR, GNSS,
DORIS — ITRF, EOP
many applica ions
• IAU commission A1 on As ome y
• ICRF wo king g oup
• adop s a new ICRF
• ixed ame o e e ence and calib a o s
• measu ing posi ions and mo ions o celes ial objec s
• enables high-p ecision mul i-wa eleng h as ome y
• suppo s deep-space na iga ion
• plane a y epheme is
• calib a e and align elescope poin ing sys ems
• es he heo ies o gene al and special ela i i y
• As ome ic VLBI da a o ICRF is also used o
image and s udy AGN
• ICR3, Dec 2020, A&A — 294 ci a ion on ADS
•ITRF o posi ions & changes in
posi ions o elescopes on Ea h &
baseline ec o s o VLBI
(as onomy, as ome y, geodesy)
•EOP o obse e, ack and loca e
celes ial objec s, epheme is, space
na iga ion, high-p ecision as ome y
e.g. Gaia, !and high-p ecision iming
s udies o pulsa iming and
g a i a ional wa e de ec ion
• ans o ming om an Ea h ixed
ame o a celes ial ame
•GNSS-based ionosphe e and
oposphe ic co ec ions, elescope
clock synch oniza ion & s a ion
posi ion accu acy
•Geode ic blocks in as onomical
VLBI o calib a ion
• weekly/mon hly moni o ing o
1000’s AGN
• AGN high- esolu ion imaging
and sou ce s uc u e >20,000
images a 22 GHz alone
• mul i-wa eleng h c oss-
co ela ions in AGN
• using VLBI o measu e cosmic
dis ances and independen ly
es ima e he Hubble cons an
• posi ion and p ope mo ion o
Sg A*
• p ecise measu emen o he
Sola Sys em’s galac ocen ic
accele a ion
As ome ic VLBI
Geode ic VLBI
!Rely on he same undamen al
obse a ions - use he same
adio elescopes, and he same
schedule o obse e he same
AGN, and he undamen al da a
emains he same. The p ima y
di e ence is he pa ame e s ha
a e sol ed o in da a analysis.
As onomical VLBI
23
Ancien Obse a ions
As onomy goes back o e 5000 yea s!
Island o Mal a’s monoli hic emples
Some o he oldes known human s uc u es
aligned wi h celes ial e en s
C edi : He i age Mal a
Mnajd a, Mal a
©2011 C.S. Jacobs, used by pe mission
C edi : He i age Mal a
A equinoxes, sunligh passes h ough
he cen al doo way o ligh up a
cen al s one. A sols ices i illumina es
speci ic megali hs — clea signs o
in en ional as onomical alignmen !
As onomy is one o he oldes
sciences — ea ly people used
as onomy o ack ime, s uc u e
i uals, and unde s and hei place in
he wo ld!!
24
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Ancien As onome s
Wikipedia Wikipedia
—Hippa chus—
Fa he o Scien i ic As onomy!
C ea ed he i s s a ca alog, disco e ed
p ecession, in en ed idea o geog aphical
coo dina es, de eloped me hods o con e
be ween geog aphical and celes ial coo dina es
—P olemy—!
A chi ec o Classical As onomy!
Geocen ic model o he Uni e se, s a
ca alog o posi ions and magni udes o
almos 1000 s a s, applied and expanded
he geog aphical coo dina e sys em !
2nd cen u y BCE 2nd cen u y CE
25
?C edi : He i age Mal a
Mode n His o y o As onomy in A ica
Nicolas de la Lacaille was sen o he Cape in he mid-1700s, as
one o he i s isi ing as onome s, o map he sou he n skies.
Why? Because du ing he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies, Eu opean
explo e s and ade s aced se ious na iga ional challenges along
he sou he n A ican coas line. This laid he ounda ions o wha
we now know as he Sou h A ican As onomical Obse a o y
(SAAO).
Royal Obse a o y o he Cape o Good Hope (1820)
Nicholas de la Caille
Fi s pe manen obse a o y in A ica!
