Procurement Staff Familiarity and Sustainable Public Procurement in Uganda: The Mediating Role of Procurement Ethical Behaviour

 Co esponding au ho : Olema Hamiza
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
P ocu emen S a Familia i y and Sus ainable Public P ocu emen in Uganda: The
Media ing Role o P ocu emen E hical Beha iou
Olema Hamiza 1, * and Dona us Mugisha Rulanga anga 2
1 Depa men o P ocu emen and Logis ics, Facul y o P ocu emen and Logis ics Managemen , Make e e Uni e si y
Business School, Kampala, Uganda.
2 Depa men o Applied S a is ics and Managemen Science, Facul y o Ene gy Economics and Managemen Science,
Make e e Uni e si y Business School.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 4124-4148
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 01 Feb ua y 2025; e ised on 15 Ma ch 2025; accep ed on 17 Ma ch 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.0852
Abs ac
This s udy ocused on he in luence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y on sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion in
Uganda ac o ing in he media ion e ec o p ocu emen e hical beha io . A quan i a i e desc ip i e c oss-sec ional
esea ch design was used in line wi h he on ology o objec i ism and epis emology o posi i ism. Th ough he use o
s a i ied sampling design, 259 esponden s we e selec ed o o m a sample o he s udy ou o he popula ion o 790
ci il se an s. The esponden s comp ised o Chie P ocu emen O ice s, Senio P ocu emen O ice s, Assis an
P ocu emen O ice s, In en o y Managemen O ice s, and Assis an In en o y Managemen O ice s. A sel -
adminis e ed ques ionnai e app oach was used o collec da a om hese esponden s. The S uc u al Equa ion Model
was used as he app op ia e app oach o analyze he da a. Wi hin his app oach, ac o as well as eg ession analyses
we e inco po a ed o asce ain he p edic o s and hei le el o p edic ion on he dependen a iable. Addi ionally, he
media ion analysis was ca ied ou o es ablish he quali y o he media ion e ec ha p ocu emen e hical beha io
has on he ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion. Resul s
om he analysis indica e ha p ocu emen s a amilia i y has signi ican di ec and indi ec in luence on sus ainable
public p ocu emen adop ion. The indi ec e ec is h ough p ocu emen e hical beha io . This u he means ha
p ocu emen e hical beha io has a signi ican media ion e ec in he in luence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y on
sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion in Uganda. Based on hese esul s, i is ecommended ha , he go e nmen o
Uganda and he PDEs should in es and suppo p ocu emen s a aining p og ams o build he compe ence and
con idence o he s a o adop and pa icipa e in sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ices.
Keywo ds: P ocu emen ; Public p ocu emen ; P ocu emen s a amilia i y; P ocu emen e hical beha iou
sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion; Uganda
1 In oduc ion
Public p ocu emen pe o mance has a ac ed a wide ange o esea ch om di e en angles ac oss he globe (Musewe
& Geka a, 2021). This is because public p ocu emen accoun s o an a e age o 12% o GDP in OECD-de eloped na ions
and up o 30% in poo coun ies (OECD, 2023). As a esul , he public is becoming inc easingly in e es ed in he impac
o public p ocu emen on he economy, he en i onmen , and socie y, compelling coun ies o adop sus ainable
p ocu emen me hods (Sönnichsen & Clemen , 2020). Sus ainable public p ocu emen , a p ocess by which public
o ganiza ions mee hei needs o goods, se ices, wo ks, and u ili ies in a way ha achie es alue o money on a
whole li e basis in e ms o gene a ing bene i s, no only o he o ganiza ion bu also o socie y and he economy, while
minimizing damage o he en i onmen , has been iden i ied by esea che s and p ac i ione s as he su es way o
achie ing he na ional de elopmen goals, sus ainable de elopmen goals and Uganda’s Vision 2040 (Obicci, 2017).
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In ha spi i , mos coun ies globally a e mo ing away om he adi ional way o ocusing only on hei p ocu emen s'
p o i s and economic aspec s, o accommoda e wo mo e i al ace s o social and ecological bene i s (Delp a o &
An eque a, 2021). Go e nmen s, comme cial en e p ises, and in e na ional o ganiza ions a e inc easingly
inco po a ing social and en i onmen al c i e ia in o hei p ocu emen p ocesses o help achie e b oade
o ganiza ional goals o sus ainable de elopmen (Nabiswa, 2011; E se e al., 2022; San os e al., 2024). Fo ins ance, o
p omo e he execu ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen , he Uni ed Kingdom's public sec o p ocu emen s a egy
was conside ed. The s a egy is based on a se o guiding p inciples such as compe i i eness, openness, e iciency,
accoun abili y, legali y, and in eg i y (Sel ia idis e al., 2023). This is happening because business people ha e lea ned
ha ocusing solely on economic gains while igno ing en i onmen al conce ns is unsus ainable and une hical (Lăză oiu
e al., 2020; Aya kwa e al., 2020). The impo ance o sus ainabili y in p ocu emen has g own signi ican ly in p ac ice
and esea ch, d i ing many o ganiza ions o implemen sus ainable p ocu emen me hods (Basheka & Bisangabasaija,
2019). This has p omp ed en e p ise leade s and hei managemen eams o make mo e e o s o gua an ee ha hei
ope a ions mee he c i ical sus ainabili y pilla s o en i onmen , social, and economics, while also aiming o
o ganiza ional success (Mi embe, 2019).
Uganda, one o he de eloping coun ies in he Sou he n A ica pa o he con inen , has no been success ul in joining
he es o he wo ld o ansi ion o g een p ocu emen (Pas o e al., 2022). Wha is isible in he con ex o Uganda is
he es ablishmen o a complex sys em o ins i u ions, policies, laws, and egula ions gea ed owa ds enhancing
esponsible use o public esou ces. Fo ins ance, cu en ly, he go e nmen o Uganda cha ges an en i onmen al ax
(Namanya, 2023), bans he p ocu emen o old ehicles (Salmon, 2023), and e en in oduced sola s ee ligh s in
di e en s ee s o he municipali ies o he coun y (Nduhu a e al., 2023; Sunda a ajan e al., 2021). A law has also
been passed o include he “eco- iendly” aspec in he s a emen o wo ks o he di e en bidde s. These measu es a e
pu in place o p omo e sus ainable public p ocu emen in he coun y – Uganda (Pas o e al., 2022). Though his is he
case, i is only he en i onmen al ax ha has been implemen able. The sola s ee ligh s ha e also been implemen ed
bu wi h li le success. Fo ins ance, when he e is a no able b eakdown in any o he ligh s, i akes long o a placemen
o be made. These e en s mani es he ac ha he e is s ill low ansi ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in Uganda
(Nduhu a e al., 2023). This is despi e he ac ha he coun y has been alloca ing close o 70% o public spending
owa ds public p ocu emen in he yea s 2015 o 2020 (Gumisi iza, 2022).
Focusing on he key cha ac e is ics o sus ainable public p ocu emen , endencies o low implemen a ion and hence low
adop ion a e s ill exis en (Hamiza e al., 2025). Fo ins ance, he public p ocu emen and disposal o public asse s
au ho i y (PPDA) issued he Na ional Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Ac ion Plan wi h he in en ion o ensu ing ha
all public p ocu emen ac i i ies ha e a sus ainabili y componen (MoFPED, 2023). Un o una ely, oda e, his has no
ye been ealized. The main challenge ci ed o he ailu e o ealizing his equi emen and hence ailu e o implemen
he plan has been he di icul y in inco po a ing he social and en i onmen al conside a ions wi hin public p ocu emen
ac i i ies. This p esen s a clea implemen a ional challenge (Pas o e al., 2022).
In addi ion o he implemen a ion challenge is he esis ance emana ing om public p ocu emen p ac i ione s in he
coun y. Mos o hese p ac i ione s indica ed hei p e e ence owa ds he adi ional public p ocu emen p ac ices.
This is mainly a ibu ed o he cul u al issue as a as p ac i ione s wan ing o s ick o wha hey a e amilia wi h .
Though his is he case, he go e nmen o Uganda in oduced he e-p ocu emen po al as one o he measu es o
implemen he sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ices. The adop ion o he use o his po al is s ill low hough
encou aging (Hassan e al., 2024).
The e en s su ounding public p ocu emen in Uganda sugges ha he leade ship o he coun y is eady o ansi o
sus ainable public p ocu emen (MoFPED, 2023) bu he p ac i ione s a e s ill d agging hei ee (Hassan e al., 2024).
The eadiness o he coun y, h ough i s leade ship is mani es ed by he es ablishmen o he legal amewo k as
s ipula ed in he e ised PPDA Ac (PPDA, 2022), he ope a ionaliza ion o e-p ocu emen as well as pu ing in place
plans o ealize sus ainable public p ocu emen . The challenge emains he implemen a ion o all hese measu es. This
challenge is di ec ly associa ed wi h he willingness o he p ac i ione s o implemen he sus ainable public
p ocu emen p ac ices. This willingness is beha io al in na u e (Pas o e al., 2022; Hassan e al., 2024). I is o his
eason ha , in his s udy, he ocus is on assessing whe he p ocu emen s a amilia i y has in luence on adop ion o
sus ainable public p ocu emen h ough he media ion o he exhibi ion o he p ocu emen e hical beha io in an
o ganiza ional se ing.
1.1 P oblem S a emen
Public p ocu emen is ca ied ou wi h he aim o acili a ing low o goods and se ices om hose in ending o sell o
hose in ending o buy (Siyal & Xin, 2019). In Uganda, his p ocess has been ca ied ou solely ollowing he inancial
aspec s as well as he indi idual bene i s o hose buying and selling (The Inspec o a e o Go e nmen , 2021). The
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o mula ion o he Na ional Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Ac ion Plan h ough he Minis y o Finance in Uganda,
p esen ed an oppo uni y o ans o m p ocu emen p ac ices in Uganda, o hose ha a e sus ainable (MoFPED, 2023).
This, has, howe e , been a challenge oda e (Olupo , 2023; Kalinzi e al., 2023). The ailu e o p ac ice sus ainable public
p ocu emen in Uganda has esul ed in o signi ican en i onmen al e ils such as he case o he loss o na u al
biodi e si y and dis up ion o he ecosys em a Mabi a Fo es due o unsus ainable p ocu emen o imbe o
cons uc ion p ojec s (Hönig, 2014; Bamwesigye e al., 2022), mismanagemen o abou Ugandan Shillings 11 billion
mean o peace building ini ia i es in 2023, in Ka amoja, leading o ex eme hunge o he people in he a ea (Ka amoja)
(The Independen , 2023), and e en gende dispa i y whe e only 1% o women owned business access public
p ocu emen ende s ye he women con ol abou 38% o he businesses in he coun y (Akankwa sa, 2023). This
s a us quo is wo ying. I has caused and may con inue o cause human su e ing and jeopa dize he achie emen o he
SDGs, and Uganda Vision 2040 o ans o m he Ugandan socie y om a peasan o a mode n and p ospe ous coun y
wi hin 30 yea s. This unease could be a ibu ed o a lack o in o ma ion abou he decisi e a iables o sus ainable
public p ocu emen adop ion, such as p ocu emen s a amilia i y and p ocu emen e hical beha iou , a gap his s udy
add esses.
1.2 The Pu pose o he s udy and esea ch objec i es
To es ablish whe he a PDE in Uganda can adop sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ices h ough he di ec in luence
o p ocu emen s a amilia i y as well as h ough i s indi ec in luence as media ed by p ocu emen e hical beha io .
In line wi h he pu pose o he s udy, he esea ch objec i es below we e ollowed when conduc ing his esea ch s udy.
• To es ablish he in luence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y on p ocu emen e hical beha iou
• To de e mine he in luence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y on sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion.
• To es ablish he media ing e ec o p ocu emen e hical beha iou on he ela ionship be ween p ocu emen
s a amilia i y and sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion.
1.3 S udy Signi icance
The ca ying ou o his s udy was necessa y because o i s heo e ical and p ac ical signi icance. Theo e ically, he s udy
adds o he knowledge o he de e minan s o sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion. Schola s and academicians may
also ind his s udy o be an essen ial esou ce o u u e esea ch and discussions on sus ainable p ocu emen .
P ac ically, he s udy in o ms hose in cha ge o p ocu emen wo k a he go e nmen le el (manage s di ec o s,
p o essionals, p ac i ione s and policymake s) in Uganda, how o ealize he success ul adop ion o he much needed
sus ainable public p ocu emen . I p ope ly applied, he indings in his s udy ha e he po en ial o ans o ming he
public p ocu emen in Uganda leading o enhancemen o social and en i onmen al con ibu ions emana ing om he
wo ks o public p ocu emen p ac i ione s.
2 Li e a u e Re iew and Hypo heses De elopmen
2.1 Theo e ical Re iew
F eemans’s s akeholde heo y (F eeman 1984) and he Wa ing’s sus ainabili y heo y (Wa ing e al., 2021) a e he wo
heo ies ha we e selec ed o o m he heo e ical ounda ion o his s udy. Thei selec ion is based on hei abili y o
p o ide guidance owa ds ewa ding adequa ely, all hose in ol ed in c ea ing alue o a communi y o a g oup o
people as well as indica ing how bes o ealize sus ainabili y in an o ganiza ional se ing. De ails o hese aspec s o he
heo ies a e p o ided in he subsec ions below.
2.2 The s akeholde heo y
This heo y was p opounded by Edwa d F eeman in 1984 h ough his book i led “S a egic Managemen : A S akeholde
App oach”. Th ough his book, F eeman acknowledges he impo ance o s akeholde s in an o ganiza ional se ing as
well as he ele ance o hese s akeholde s owa ds he o e all managemen o an en i y. The s akeholde s in ques ion
a e all hose people and en i ies ha di ec ly o indi ec ly con ibu e o he success o an o ganiza ion. When hey
con ibu e o his success, hey expec o be ewa ded adequa ely as a way o encou aging hem o con inue p o iding
he suppo . In he con ex o an o ganiza ion, s akeholde s include bu a e no limi ed o cus ome s, supplie s,
go e nmen agencies, compe i o s, unde s, and e en membe s o a communi y in which an o ganiza ion ope a es.
When all hese s akeholde s eel he p esence o an o ganiza ion, hey will ge mo i a ed o con ibu e u he o he
success o he o ganiza ion (F eeman 1984).
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Rela ing he concep o s akeholde engagemen , as p esen ed in he s akeholde heo y by Edwa d F eeman, o he
aspec o sus ainable public p ocu emen , he di e en s akeholde s a e epo ed o be p esen in he p ocu emen
engagemen . Th ough he guidance o he heo y, supplie s a e expec ed o supply good quali y p oduc s and he
p oduc s mus be hose ha can be aded wi hou causing any ha m, socially o o he wise o he s akeholde s ha a e
indi ec ly in ol ed in a ansac ion (Donaldson & P es on, 1995). Fo ins ance, when buying medicine om a supplie ,
he medicine mus be o good quali y and which will be able o p omo e heal h o hose ha use hem. In a simila
manne , when go e nmen issues money o pu chase ood o e ugees, he money has o be used o pu chase ha ood
wi h no po ion o he unds ge ing di e ed o o he uses (Akankwa sa, 2023). Simila ly, money issued o pu chase
land o ese lemen , should be used o pu chase land ha is good quali y wi h no cha ac e is ics o a swampy a ea
(O ice o he Audi o Gene al, 2022). All hese incidences indica e sus ainable p ocu emen whe e all s akeholde s
in ol ed, di ec ly o indi ec ly, ge o app ecia e i s exis ence, h ough expe iencing he social, en i onmen al and o he
o ms o bene i s ha emana e om i s p ac ice. In his way, he s akeholde heo y p o ides guidance owa ds he
ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen .
The s akeholde heo y o F eeman (1984) ha has been widely applied in a a ie y o disciplines, such as law,
heal hca e, public adminis a ion, en i onmen al policy, business and e hics. The s akeholde heo y p oposes ha i
we adop a uni o analysis o he in e ac ions be ween he business (in ou opinion, he en i ies) and he o ganiza ions
and pe sons who a ec o a e a ec ed by i , we will ha e a be e chance o dealing wi h o ganiza ional challenges. I is
abou how cus ome s, supplie s, employees, inancie s, communi ies, and manage s collabo a e o gene a e and
exchange alue (F eeman, 1984).
The heo y p o ides a comp ehensi e pe spec i e on a company's posi ion in socie y, since he o ganiza ion is
accoun able no jus o i s sha eholde s bu also o o he s akeholde s such as he public o socie y, ha a e di ec ly o
indi ec ly in luenced by he company's ac ions (F eeman 1984; Ma hu 1997). An o ganiza ion is iewed as a co po a e
ci izen ha mus ca e o and be accoun able o a di e se a ie y o s akeholde g oups in socie y (F eeman, 1984). The
equi emen o his inc eased esponsibili y s ems om he eali y ha business ope a ions equen ly gene a e
ex e nali ies such as ha m ul social and en i onmen al consequences ha a ec in e nal and ex e nal s akeholde
g oups (F eeman,1984). As a esul , s akeholde s pu p essu e on a i m o elimina e nega i e ex e nali ies and play a
bene icial ole ha imp o es he na u al en i onmen while also imp o ing socie y (Fa , 2020).
The public sec o , in pa icula , has o conside and in ol e s akeholde s such as employees and supplie s, especially
when ecological issues a e in oduced. The go e nmen usually c ea es en i onmen al egula o s as go e nmen
agencies ha ha e he au onomy o o mula e en i onmen al equi emen s and inspec he i m’s compliance wi h
hose equi emen s, and hose ha ail o comply isk incu ing non-compliance penal ies. In agg ega e, he abo e iews
poin o he ac ha he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween s akeholde p essu es and sus ainable public p ocu emen
p ac ices. In eg a ing sus ainabili y is p ima ily mo i a ed by ising s akeholde expec a ions o g ea e e hical,
anspa en , accoun able, and esponsible esponsibili ies o o ganiza ions and co po a ions in socie y (Bansal & Ro h,
2000).
Acco ding o Eja and Ramegowda (2020), nume ous s akeholde s can play a signi ican ole in implemen ing he
sus ainable public p ocu emen . Simila ly, analys s belie e ha a poli ical se lemen is c i ical o all changes, and one
ha excludes p ominen people is mo e likely o s all de elopmen . Fu he mo e, because s udies demons a e ha
powe is he mos signi ican pa o any s akeholde ela ionship, conside able igilance and moni o ing a e equi ed
when wo king wi h he mos powe ul s akeholde s, who a e ypically eli es. Finally, i is clea ha engaging
s akeholde s is key o success, and es ablishing an engagemen plan is essen ial (Je e y 2009).
I is i al o no ice ha "s akeholde engagemen is an inexpensi e and e icien way o c ea ing a be e ope a ional
en i onmen o sus ainable public p ocu emen ." The consul a ion p ocess lowe s isks and inc eases he likelihood
o success (Ys ems e al., 2008). S akeholde engagemen ocuses on ensu ing ha all ypes o con ac amongs
go e nmen playe s, bo h in e ac i e and non-in e ac i e, a e p ope ly and e icien ly managed in o de o p omo e
success ul sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion. Engaging s akeholde s has become a common p ac ice in e ec i e
sus ainable public p ocu emen implemen a ion, wi h he only op ional pa being he 'choice o when and how o
success ully' ca y ou he engagemen . Success ul engagemen is dependen on knowing why an o ganiza ion is
engaging ( he goal), wha issues o engage on ( he scope), and who should be included in he engagemen . S akeholde
in ol emen should be managed simila ly o any o he company unc ion, wi h clea ly s a ed objec i es and a ge s,
p o essional, dedica ed people, and ixed ime ables (Eja & Ramegowda, 2020).
The di e si y o s akeholde s and hei abili y o iden i ying and p io i izing con lic ing equi emen s eju ena es
in e es in he li e a u e o he possibili ies o sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion (Ki i s & Sawang, 2021). The
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s akeholde heo y hus p o ides insigh in o s akeholde s' ele ance when in eg a ing sus ainabili y du ing
p ocu emen . In his case, s akeholde s in PDEs ha a e likely o be in ol ed in a p ocu emen assignmen include bu
a e no limi ed o he membe s o he use depa men s, he accoun ing o ice , he con ac commi ee, and he boa d
(o council) membe s as in e nal s akeholde s. On he side o ex e nal s akeholde s, he membe s may include supplie s,
in es o s, cus ome s, go e nmen media, NGOs, and en i onmen alis s. I is o his eason ha he heo y was
conside ed ele an o p o ide heo e ical ounda ion o his s udy (Ko ács, 2022).
3 The sus ainabili y heo y
Though he s akeholde heo y p o ided g ea suppo owa ds ensu ing ha all he s akeholde s a e adequa ely
compensa ed, i did no cap u e he aspec o sus ainabili y o a business ansac ion and whe he me e compensa ion
gua an ees sus ainabili y (Hube & Hi sch, 2015). I was, he e o e, necessa y o p o ide an addi ional heo y o
complemen he s akeholde heo y in he a ea o sus ainabili y. The sus ainabili y heo y was iden i ied and
es ablished o be he ele an heo y o p o ide guidance on he aspec o sus ainabili y (Ha ing on, 2016), as a as
he con inui y o co ec p ocu emen p ac ices ha ensu e all s akeholde s a e a ended o, a e conce ned (Beh a esh
e al., 2022).
Sus ainabili y heo y was p opounded by Ma ilyn Wa ing in 2015 as she ad anced he aspec s o ensu ing ha he
economic ac i i ies and hei a ached alue should be ad anced in line wi h he social and en i onmen al de elopmen
so ha he u u e gene a ions can also ha e economic bene i s o ely on (B und land, 1987; Lélé, 1991). Acco ding o
he , elying on he economic bene i s o oday is good. Bu i he economics o oday do no gua an ee he exis ence o
economics o omo ow ha can bene i he u u e gene a ions, hen he economics o oday should no be enjoyed. The
enjoymen should only be accep able i he u u e gene a ions a e also gi en an a enue o enjoy he same o e en be e
economics. This can only be ealized i all he economic decisions a e aken alongside social and en i onmen al
decisions, such ha as he economic bene i s a e ealized, he social and en i onmen al bene i s a e also ealized. This
way, sus ainabili y can be gua an eed (Baki e al., 2018).
P oponen s o his heo y a gue ha in o de o add ess he global sus ainabili y dilemma, socie ies equi e c edible
and gene alizable unde s anding o how economic and social-ecological sys ems wo k and how o go e n hem. To sol e
many global issues wi hin a cohe en , long- e m, and mo al socie al ision, economic heal h, ecological in eg i y, social
ai ness, and u u e esponsibili y mus all be in e wo en. Tha inclusi e scope and p ospec i e ision make
sus ainabili y ideologically abso p i e and poli ically popula (Childe s e al., 2014).
O e he las ew decades, human ac i i ies ha e esul ed in inc easingly un a ou able clima e changes, na u al
disas e s, and socioeconomic ins abili y, p omp ing a shi in beha iou owa ds mo e a ional and e icien esou ce
managemen ha will educe p essu e and ha e a lowe en i onmen al impac (Pe e & Swilling, 2014). The immediacy
o his need aises bo h he s akes and he unce ain y o he science. I is a his poin ha he aspec o sus ainabili y
becomes ele an o balance he economics and he o he aspec s ha help o ealize economic bene i s in a communi y
o coun y (Luna-Nemecio e al., 2020; Sheehy & Fa ne i, 2021). Sus ainabili y is impo an o unde s anding and
de eloping ou socie y (including business, go e nmen , and NGOs). Hence o h, public p ocu e s mus in eg a e social,
economic, and ecological aspec s in o hei p ocu emen sys ems. These aspec s o m o he dimensions o sus ainabili y
besides he economic sus ainabili y (Adjei‐Bam o e al., 2022).
En i onmen al sus ainabili y e e s o he measu emen o change in he esou ce base ha suppo s exis ing
popula ion (Russell e al., 1995). I ocuses on sus aining en i onmen al quali y, which is equi ed o people o engage
in economic ac i i ies and li e a decen li e. Fo example, use o ene gy-sa ing ligh ing sys ems, enewable ene gies,
al e na i e ene gies such as sola , wind and wa e , main aining ossil uel le els, ca bon dioxide (CO2) educ ion,
p o ec ion o ecosys ems, pollu ion and e en was e managemen (B amme e al., 2007).
Rela edly, social sus ainabili y ela es o he soundness, ichness and lexibili y o o ganiza ions ha go e n access o
and ansmission o esou ces (Wa ing e al., 2015). I wo ks o p o ec human igh s and equali y, he p ese a ion o
cul u al iden i y, espec o cul u al di e si y, e hnici y, as well as eligion. Fu he in o p o ec ion o human igh s, i
is impo an o conside heal h and sa e y o publicly con ac ed cons uc ion wo ke s, ai pay and labou law
p o ec ions, ensu ing ha he people wi h disabili y ha e access in o public buildings as he case o special walk ways,
employmen oppo uni ies o ma ginalized g oups, wo king agains child labou , gende equali y, ai ade, and
heal hy li es as well as well-being o all (B own, 2014).
Economic sus ainabili y complemen s he concep o sus ainabili y in line wi h social and en i onmen al sus ainabili y.
I is he abili y o a popula ion and o o ganiza ion o gene a e e enue o main ain i sel in he economy and socie y
(Russell e al., 1995). I ocuses on p ese ing he en i onmen al, social, and human capi al necessa y o enhancing

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income and li ing s anda ds. Fo ins ance, p ocu emen includes usage cos s o elec ici y and wa e consump ion,
economic egene a ion, alue o money, po e y educ ion, main enance expendi u es, and disposal cos s a he end o
he p oduc ’s li e. Incu ing hese cos s should be gea ed owa ds imp o ing li e in a communi y whe e a p ocu emen
akes place (Adjei, 2010).
Balancing he social, en i onmen al, and economic o ms o sus ainabili y o ms he gis o he sus ainabili y heo y. I
emphasizes he need o ensu e ha he gains o he gene a ion o oday do no a ec he gains o he gene a ion o
omo ow. Ins ead, hey should gua an ee he gains o omo ow so ha he u u e gene a ion can ealize mo e bene i s
om go e nmen p ocu emen . By doing his, as he economic gains a e ealized, he social and en i onmen al gains
shall also be ealized. E en ually, sus ainabili y in p ocu emen ac i i ies shall be ealized. These gains u he ein o ce
he ele ance o sus ainabili y heo y in his s udy (Vaezzadeh, 2014).
3.1 Theo e ical analysis
The heo e ical e iew ca ied ou p esen s po en ial aspec s ha need o be ocused on o ealize sus ainable
p ocu emen in Uganda. F om he s akeholde heo y, he aspec o s akeholde s unde s anding how bes o balance
he gains om p ocu emen wi h he cos s o engaging in p ocu emen p esen s he need o ha e compe en
p ocu emen s a membe s. This sugges s ha when p ocu emen s a membe s a e well g ounded in he p ocu emen
p ocess, hey a e able o success ully iden i y he key s akeholde s in e e y p ocu emen assignmen (Bansal & Ro h,
2000; Eja & Ramegowda, 2020).
Iden i ying he key s akeholde s is good bu no su icien i he p ocu emen o ice s a e no able o ac e hically o
ensu e success ul comple ion o a p ocu emen assignmen . Fo his eason, i is impo an o ensu e ha p ocu emen
e hical beha io is p ac iced whene e a p ocu emen assignmen is ca ied ou . The aspec o p ocu emen e hical
beha io is de i ed om he heo y o sus ainabili y indica ing he need o ensu e ha he e is a balance be ween he
social, en i onmen al and economic o ms o sus ainabili y in a p ocu emen assignmen (B und land, 1987; Lélé, 1991;
Beh a esh e al., 2022).
Conside ing he wo heo ies ha o m he heo e ical ounda ion o his esea ch s udy, compe ence o p ocu emen
s a as well as hei e hical beha io o med he wo po en ial de e minan s o sus ainable public p ocu emen (Adjei‐
Bam o e al., 2022) ha go explo ed u he in he case o public p ocu emen in Uganda. Thei ele ance as key
de e minan s had o be explo ed u he h ough a de ailed e iew o li e a u e o clea ly es ablish he ways in which
he aspec s iden i ied h ough he heo e ical e iew may enhance sus ainable public p ocu emen .
3.2 Empi ical Re iew
3.2.1 P ocu emen S a Familia i y and P ocu emen E hical Beha iou
P ocu emen s a membe s ge in ol ed in p ocu emen wo k on a egula basis. P ocu emen is gene ally hei wo k
making hem compe en in wha hey do. This kind o compe ence is de i ed om hem doing he same hing o e a
pe iod o ime, making hem amilia wi h he p ocu emen wo k (Sönnichsen & Clemen , 2020). I is om his posi ion
ha p ocu emen s a membe s a e expec ed o be amilia wi h he p ocu emen wo k a e wo king in he
p ocu emen ield. I is expec ed ha , when a p ocu emen s a is amilia wi h he wo k o p ocu emen , he (o she)
shall be able o ca y ou he p ocu emen wo k e ec i ely (Hamiza e al., 2025).
A s a membe can exp ess amilia i y wi h p ocu emen wo k h ough he knowledge ha one possesses (Giménez &
Sie a, 2020). Though he e a e many o ms o knowledge, he legal knowledge s ands ou as key o p o ec ing a
p ocu emen o ice en e ing in o a p ocu emen con ac . I is his con ac ha ushe s in a p ocu emen engagemen .
I is, he e o e, expec ed ha a p ocu emen o ice who is amilia wi h p ocu emen wo k and hence compe en in i ,
o ha e a good legal knowledge o p ocu emen engagemen . Apa om knowing how o en e in o a legal p ocu emen
con ac , being g ounded in legal knowledge enables a p ocu emen o ice o ad oca e o he igh s o all pa ies in a
p ocu emen con ac and he eby ad ance e hical beha io in a p ocu emen engagemen (Ogbu e al., 2024). This
makes i necessa y o a p ocu emen o ice o ha e legal knowledge i ha o ice is expec ed o execu e p ocu emen
assignmen s in a p ocu emen con ac success ully (Blind e al., 2019).
A p ocu emen s a wi h good legal knowledge is no expec ed o ope a e in isola ion o he o he eam membe s who
wo k oge he in a p ocu emen ield. This means ha he e is a need o ha e a good managemen suppo i a
p ocu emen o ice is o execu e his (o he ) p ocu emen assignmen success ully (Changalima e al., 2020). The
compe ence pa o a p ocu emen o ice is, he e o e, hinged on a s ong suppo om he managemen eam ha a
p ocu emen o ice is a ached o. Managemen suppo is, he e o e, an impo an aspec o p ocu emen s a
amilia i y (Nyabu o & Nyakwa a, 2024). Addi ionally, i is di icul o a p ocu emen o ice o be amilia wi h
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p ocu emen wo k i he (o she) is no suppo ed by his (o he ) o ganiza ion o ca y ou he p ocu emen wo k
e ec i ely (Da id e al., 2024). This p esen s ano he dimension o managemen suppo in eg a ed in o p ocu emen
s a amilia i y.
In eg a ing he legal aspec s and managemen suppo (Ogbu e al., 2024) enhances he echnical compe ence o a
p ocu emen o ice . This is key in he ac ual wo k o a p ocu emen o ice . Technically, a p ocu emen s a is expec ed
o ha e compe ence in he p ocedu es o ca ying ou he di e en ypes o p ocu emen as well as he ni y-g i y o
he p ocu emen wo k i sel . This exposes a p ocu emen o ice o all po en ial a eas ha can make a p ocu emen
assignmen go w ong as well as he po en ial mi igan s ha can be pu in place o ensu e ha a p ocu emen assignmen
is as success ul as possible. This u he enhances he le el o amilia i y o a p ocu emen s a membe wi h
p ocu emen wo k (San os & Cab al, 2021).
The ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and e hical beha iou is an impo an aspec o mode n
p ocu emen p ocesses. As global supply chains become mo e complex, p ocu emen wo ke s mus comp ehend no
only hei own coun y's e hical s anda ds, bu also in e na ional no ms and legisla ion. S a acquain ance wi h e hical
p ocu emen no ms has a conside able impac on hei beha iou and decision-making (Ta e e al., 2022). When
p ocu emen p o essionals a e knowledgeable wi h e hical no ms, co po a e social esponsibili y amewo ks, and
en i onmen al and social go e nance equi emen s, They a e mo e inclined o make e hical p ocu emen decisions.
Regula aining in e hical p ocu emen echniques inc eases he likelihood ha p ocu emen p o essionals will iden i y
and esol e e hical conund ums, such as p ocu ing om endo s wi h dubious labou o en i onmen al s anda ds. This
is especially impo an in indus ies whe e pu chasing decisions can di ec ly impac en i onmen al and social ou comes
(Knigh e al., 2022).
Simila ly, Giannakis and Louis (2016) posi ha p ocu emen pe sonnel who possess a s ong g asp o e hical
p ocu emen guidelines a e be e able o ca y ou ini ia i es such as supplie audi s, en i onmen al assessmen s, and
e hical sou cing s a egies. This p oac i e app oach is associa ed wi h a dec ease in ins ances o une hical p ocu emen
beha iou because s a membe s a e mo e likely o conduc due diligence and ca e ully sc een supplie s o a oid
une hical p ac ices like child labou o en i onmen ally ha m ul p oduc ion me hods. Addi ionally, Oluwa unmilayo e .
Al., (2024) shows ha p ocu emen eams ha a e amilia wi h e hical p ocu emen end o make decisions ha a e
consis en wi h he o ganiza ion's b oade co po a e alues and s a egic objec i es, he eby in eg a ing e hical
conside a ions in o e e y pa o he supply chain, om sou cing ma e ials o choosing supplie s who adhe e o social
and en i onmen al s anda ds. To ensu e ha p ocu emen decisions a e in line wi h o ganiza ional alues and ex e nal
e hical expec a ions, i is he e o e possible o enhance hei consis ency and quali y by being amilia wi h e hical
p ocu emen ules.
On he o he hand, Saba and K ishnamoo hy (2020) con end ha p ocu emen pe sonnel who a e un amilia wi h
e hical no ms migh no be able o iden i y he mo al isks connec ed o pa icula supplie s o ma e ials, which could
esul in immo al choices. When choosing a supplie , hei igno ance o lack o expe ise may cause hem o igno e
impo an aspec s like labou condi ions o sus ainable p ac ices. This emphasizes how c ucial i is o inco po a e e hics
aining in o s a de elopmen p og ams o p ocu emen in o de o imp o e decision-making skills. To his end, i is
p obable ha p ocu emen s a amilia i y has in luence on p ocu emen e hical beha io . In he case o Uganda,
he e o e, i was hypo hesized hus;
H1: P ocu emen s a amilia i y in luences p ocu emen e hical beha iou .
3.2.2 P ocu emen S a Familia i y and Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Adop ion.
De i ing om he heo e ical analysis whe e he aspec s o p ocu emen s a amilia i y and p ocu emen e hical
beha io a e highligh ed as key de e minan s o adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen (Ogbu e al., 2024), i is
p obable ha p ocu emen s a amilia i y has in luence on adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen (Aya kwa e
al., 2020). Fo ins ance, G andia and Voncken (2019) es ablished ha indi idual-le el ac o s, such as knowledge and
skills, in luenced sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion in he Ne he lands. De Giacomo e al. (2019) Simila ly,
p ocu e s mus be awa e o sus ainable public p ocu emen p ocesses and unde s and how o implemen app op ia e
ules and egula ions. Sönnichsen and Clemen (2020) disco e ed ha ope a ional and in o ma ion ools we e c i ical
in es ablishing en i onmen al c i e ia in public p ocu emen , whe eas Walke and B amme (2009) disco e ed ha he
main ba ie o he adop ion o g een public p ocu emen was a lack o in o ma ion abou he ue en i onmen al
impac s o he p oduc s, di icul y in p epa ing calls o ende s and pu chasing, and a lack o guideline. These ba ie s
indica e a di ec lack o amilia i y wi h p ocu emen p ocedu es. I u he means ha hose occupying he posi ions
o p ocu emen o ice s a e no as compe en as hey a e expec ed o be. Wha is key, howe e , is he ealiza ion ha
sus ainable public p ocu emen has no been p ac iced in he a eas ha we e singled ou (Aya kwa e al., 2020).
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Sus ainable public p ocu emen is a b oad e m o e e o he ype o p ocu emen ha akes in o conside a ion he
economic, social and en i onmen al aspec s associa ed wi h a p ocu emen assignmen (Hsueh e al., 2020). These
aspec s need o be conside ed in e e y p ocu emen ac i i y o he p ocu emen o be conside ed as sus ainable. Thei
inclusion in a p ocu emen assignmen is only possible when hose in cha ge o a p ocu emen assignmen a e in
posi ion o in eg a e he h ee key aspec s in a p ocu emen wo k. This possibili y signi ies knowledge in p ocu emen
wo k which is e idence o a p ocu emen o ice who is amilia wi h p ocu emen wo k and hence compe en . This,
once again, poin s o he ac ha he e is a ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and sus ainable public
p ocu emen (Kuma , 2023).
Enhancing g een p ocu emen is one way o p omo ing sus ainable public p ocu emen . I ocuses on engaging in
p ocu emen o only eco- iendly p oduc s. This means ha p oduc s ha do no adhe e o p omo ing eco- iendliness
a e no deal wi h when engaging in p ocu emen ac i i ies. Fo his o be ealized, a policy needs o be passed o clea ly
de ine he i ems ha need o be conside ed as eco- iendly. This is impo an because di e en g oups o people o
communi y membe s, may look a g een p oduc s di e en ly. Ha ing a common s anda d o wha cons i u es a g een
p oduc is he e o e necessa y o he success o g een p ocu emen a go e nmen le el (Acquah e al., 2022).
An example o a g een p oduc may be an elec ic cooke o e en a gas cooke . When compa ed o a cha coal s o e, he
o me a e classi ied as p oduc s ha do no pollu e he en i onmen . Addi ionally he uel used in he la e is based
on cu ing ees whe eas he o me use enewable ene gy which is conside ed o be clean ene gy. This means ha he
o me ad oca es o en i onmen al p o ec ion whe eas he la e doesn’ . Based on his, when p omo ing g een
p ocu emen , a p ocu emen o ice will p e e p ocu ing a gas cooke o an elec ic cooke o a cha coal s o e. Such a
decision enhances he en i onmen al p o ec ion. This may no be ealized i he p ocu emen is based on he op ion
ha is cheap. Being cheap is an economic aspec . Though cheap, he cha coal s o e leads o cu ing o ees and leads o
c ea ion o soo when cooking. This example p esen s a decision making app oach when ocusing on g een p ocu emen
which o ms pa o he sus ainable public p ocu emen (Ansu-Mensah, 2021).
A decision o ocus on g een p oduc s has o be made and ge main ained in a p ocu emen a angemen . This, howe e ,
equi e ha a p ocu emen o ice o be knowledgeable o g een p oduc s and how hey a e u ilized. Once again, he
aspec o compe ence and o amilia i y wi h g een p oduc s needs o be conside ed when de e mining wha o include
as a p ocu emen p oduc . Apa om compe ence, con inuous aining is also impo an (Acquah e al., 2022). Fo
ins ance, Delmonico e al. (2018) a gue ha well- ained and skilled employees ou pe o m hose who a e no ained.
We belie e a compa able mechanism exis s in he implemen a ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen . We belie e he e
is a compa able me hod o implemen ing sus ainable public p ocu emen . Acco ding o Walke and B amme (2009),
e ec i e communica ion and knowledge o sus ainable p ocu emen a e essen ial o policy implemen a ion. B amme
and Walke (2011) sugges ha unde s anding sus ainable p ocu emen concep s and go e nmen policies is c ucial
o e ec i e implemen a ion.
A su ey ca ied ou by Delmonico e al. (2018) ound ha 83 pe cen o pu chasing p o essionals conside ed
hemsel es ill-equipped o deli e sus ainabili y h ough p ocu emen . S udies ha e also ound ha pu chasing
manage s a e unsu e o how o inco po a e e hical and social issues in hei buying (Sönnichsen & Clemen , 2020). This
sugges s ha hei le el o compe ence, and hence amilia i y wi h p ocu emen assignmen s has been low. This,
coinciding wi h he ailu e o uphold sus ainable public p ocu emen , u he sugges s po en ial linkage be ween
p ocu emen s a amilia i y and sus ainable public p ocu emen (Aya kwa e al., 2020). I is o his eason ha i was
necessa y o es hypo hesis wo (2) p esen ed below.
H2: P ocu emen s a amilia i y posi i ely in luences sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion.
3.2.3 Media ion e ec o P ocu emen E hical Beha iou in he Rela ionship be ween P ocu emen S a Familia i y and
Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Adop ion
P ocu emen e hical beha iou inco po a es a se o beha io al ai s ha upholds he gene ally accep ed p inciples
when making p ocu emen decisions. These ai s include bu a e no limi ed o main aining high le el o in eg i y,
inding addi ional in o ma ion abou sus ainable p ocu emen , a oiding po en ial legal con lic s, a ou ing bes
p ac ices and s imula ing supplie s o de elop sus ainable solu ions (Eh go e al., 2017; Reilly e al., 2018; Islam &
Alha hi, 2020). When his kind o beha io is p ac iced, he le el o assu ance o ealize sus ainable public p ocu emen
is enhanced (Da id e al., 2024). This means ha he beha io ac s like a ca alys o ealize he co ec ype o
p ocu emen decision whene e a p ocu emen is ca ied ou . I is conside ed o be co ec based on a se o ules and
egula ions laid down in a policy documen ha guides a p ocu emen p ocess (Biazzin, 2023).
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A policy documen is key in a p ocu emen p ocess (Gumisi iza, 2022). In Uganda, o ins ance, e e y public en i y is
expec ed o ollow he laid down p ocedu es as p o ided o in he Public P ocu emen and Disposal o Public Asse s
(PPDA) Ac as e ised. This guides all o ms o p ocu emen a angemen s in Uganda o ensu e ha he e is uni o mi y
in he way p ocu emen s a e ca ied ou . One o he key p inciples con ained in his PPDA Ac is he need o adhe e o
p ocu emen e hical beha iou . This u he p esen s p ocu emen e hical beha io and ins umen al in e e y
p ocu emen a angemen (PPDA, 2022).
Adhe ing o he PPDA Ac equi es one o ha e s udied and become g ounded in he p ocu emen a angemen s in he
coun y – Uganda (MoFPED, 2023). This equi emen eigni es he need o a p ocu emen o ice o be compe en in
wha he (o she) does. I u he equi es a p ocu emen o ice o be amilia wi h all necessa y p ocu emen
p ocedu es as a as when and how o in oke he aspec o e hics in a p ocu emen a angemen (Hamiza e al., 2025).
Once p ac iced, all he s akeholde s in a p ocu emen a angemen a e expec ed o bene i commensu a ely om a
p ocu emen a angemen (Kalinzi e al., 2023).
The ela ionship be ween s a amilia i y and e hical beha iou is widely pe cei ed o be use ul. G andia e al. (2014)
con end ha p ocu e s mus do some hing wi h hei amilia i y (knowledge and skills) i s . This shows ha sea ching
o knowledge o challenging supplie s o p o ide a sus ainable al e na i e a e examples o an e hical p ocu emen
ac i i y. Simila ly, Sa awa and Mas'ud (2020) ound ha amilia i y wi h p ocu emen p ac ices and p ocedu es can
educe unin ended e hical iola ions caused by a lack o knowledge, expe ience, and awa eness. This ac s esses he
posi ion ha p ocu emen e hical beha io d aws i s s eng h om he knowledge and skills possessed by a
p ocu emen o ice . The compe ence (and hence he amilia i y) o a p ocu emen o ice when execu ing p ocu emen
assignmen s, he e o e, places a p ocu emen o ice a an ad an ageous posi ion o success ully execu e a p ocu emen
con ac since i also enhances he abili y o he o ice o beha e e hically (E se e al., 2022; Islam & Alha hi, 2020).
The linkage be ween s a amilia i y o p ocu emen p ocedu es and hei abili y o ealize sus ainable public
p ocu emen by beha ing e hically in a p ocu emen engagemen (Kalinzi e al., 2023) sugges s ha p ocu emen
e hical beha io has a media ion e ec in he ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and adop ion o
sus ainable public p ocu emen . F om he beha io al poin o iew, someone’s pe cep ions signi ican ly con ibu e o
wha ha pe son may accomplish. This means ha he ac ions a e i s concei ed in he mind and hei execu ion
ca e ully planned (Lăză oiu e al., 2020). This is, howe e , conside ed when such ac ions a e no guided by exis ing
p inciples and guidelines. The policies and guidelines help o suppo he upholding o he e hical beha io ha one
in ends o exhibi while ca ying ou a p ocu emen assignmen (Siyal & Xin, 2019).
This syn hesis, based on he e iew o li e a u e, indica ing a possibili y o p ocu emen e hical beha io o media e a
ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen (Biazzin, 2023),
p esen s ye one mo e hypo hesis o in es iga ion in his esea ch. I is impo an o in es iga e his hypo hesis o
asce ain whe he he knowledge de i ed om he li e a u e as a he media ion e ec is conce ned (Olupo , 2023),
can be conside ed as applicable in p ocu emen assignmen s in Uganda and o he s pa s o he wo ld whe e
p ocu emen assignmen s a e ca ied ou . Based on his need, hypo hesis h ee (3) was o mula ed o conside a ion in
his s udy.
H3: P ocu emen e hical beha iou has a media ing e ec on he ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and
sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion
3.2.4 The Concep ual F amewo k
The e iew o li e a u e led o he o mula ion o h ee key a iables o conside a ion in his s udy. The dependen
a iable is he adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ices (Hamiza e al., 2025). This o med he ques o he
esea che . The desi e o es ablish how bes his adop ion can be ealized, syn hesis om he li e a u e indica ed ha
p ocu emen s a amilia i y is one o he key aspec s o conside (Changalima e al., 2020; E se e al., 2022). This o med
he independen a iable. The second aspec iden i ied was he p ocu emen e hical beha io (Da id e al., 2024a). This
was es ablished as being in luenced by p ocu emen s a amilia i y in he sense ha , a p ocu emen s a is likely o
ac e hically i he (o she) is knowledgeable o wha is supposed o be done in a p ocu emen assignmen . This
knowledge and skills gi e he p ocu emen o ice he con idence o ac igh (Reilly e al., 2018). By doing his
p ocu emen e hical beha io becomes exhibi ed in a p ocu emen engagemen . Fu he o ha , ac ing e hically and
hence p ocu emen e hical beha io has he abili y o ensu e ha he adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen is
ealized. This p esen s p ocu emen e hical beha io as a dependen a iable owa ds p ocu emen s a amilia i y as
well as an independen a iable owa ds adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen . Because o his unique posi ion,
p ocu emen e hical beha io was conside ed o be a media ing a iable (Olupo , 2023) in he ela ionship be ween
p ocu emen s a amilia i y and adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen .
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The esul s p esen ed in Figu e 2 indica e ha only six (6) i ems we e main ained o explain he exis ence o
p ocu emen s a amilia i y. This is ou o he wel e (12) i ems ha we e ex ac ed om he EFA analysis. The six (6)
i ems we e, he e o e, con i med as he i ems ha uly ep esen he exis ence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y om
he s a is ical poin o iew. This con i ma ion is u he e lec ed in Table 5, which con ains he model i indices.
Table 5 Model Fi Indices - P ocu e /s a amilia i y
CMIN/DF
GFI
AGFI
RFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
2.844
0.975
0.926
0.864
0.958
0.907
0.957
0.085
Sou ce: P ima y da a
S a is ically un eliable indica o s we e emo ed om he model, and only s a is ically signi ican indica o s wi h P
alues o <.05 we e e ained. Resul s in Table 5 abo e indica e he model o p ocu emen s a amilia i y was i
ollowing he ac ha all he measu emen indices exhibi ed goodness-o - i like CMIN/DF=2.844, GFI=0.975,
AGFI=0.926, RFI=0.864, IFI=0.958, TLI=0.907, CFI=0.957, and RMSEA = 0.085 a e all indica o s o a good model i
(Sche melleh e al., 2003; B owne & Cudeck, 1993; Hu & Ben le , 1990).
5.5.2 CFA ou pu – P ocu emen e hical beha iou
Figu e 3 CFA o P ocu emen E hical Beha iou
The esul s p esen ed in Figu e 3 indica e ha he i ems ex ac ed a e EFA we e all main ained a e he CFA. This
means ha he i ems we e con i med as he ones ha e lec he ue exis ence o p ocu emen e hical beha io om
he s a is ical poin o iew. This con i ma ion is also p esen ed in he o m o model i indices epo ed in Table 6
below.
Table 6 Model Fi Indices – P ocu emen E hical Beha iou
CMIN/DF
GFI
AGFI
RFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
2.728
0.956
0.887
0.732
0.893
0.788
0.989
0.014
Sou ce: P ima y da a
Resul s in Table 6 abo e indica e he model o P ocu emen E hical Beha iou was i ollowing he ac ha all he
measu emen indices exhibi ed accep able goodness-o - i coe icien s. These include CMIN/DF=2.728, GFI=0.956,
AGFI=0.887, RFI=0.732, IFI=0.893, TLI=0.788, CFI=.0989, and RMSEA = 0.014. These a e all wi hin he accep able
ma gins and hence he heo e ical model is con i med a e he CFA. This con i ma ion is a ea i ma ion o he
knowledge p esen ed by p e ious esea che s, especially conside ing ha he knowledge was use ul in he
de elopmen o he heo e ical model (Sche melleh e al., 2003; B owne & Cudeck, 1993; Hu & Ben le , 1990).

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4140
5.5.3 CFA ou pu – Adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen
Figu e 4 CFA o Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Adop ion
The esul s p esen ed in Figu e 4 indica e ha only eigh (8) i ems we e main ained a e he CFA ou o he six een
(16) i ems ha we e ex ac ed a e he EFA. These eigh (8) i ems we e p esen ed in wo cons uc s (G een
P ocu emen and En i onmen ally iendly p ocess) as e lec ed in Figu e 4. The CFA conduc ed u he e ealed ha he
i ems ex ac ed we e con i med o ep esen he exis ence o sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion in Uganda based
on he coe icien s o he model i indices p esen ed in Table 7.
Table 7 Model Fi Indices - Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Adop ion
CMIN/DF
GFI
AGFI
RFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
RMSEA
1.009
0.982
0.965
0.903
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.006
Sou ce: P ima y da a
A numbe o s a is ically un eliable indica o s we e emo ed om he model and only s a is ically signi ican indica o s
wi h P alues o <0.05 we e e ained. Resul s in Table 7 abo e indica e he model o Sus ainable Public P ocu emen
Adop ion was i ollowing he ac ha all he measu emen indices exhibi ed goodness-o - i like CMIN/DF=1.009,
GFI=0.982, AGFI=0.965, RFI=0.903, IFI=0.999, TLI=0.999, CFI=0.999, and RMSEA = 0.006 a e indica o s o a good model
i (Sche melleh e al., 2003; B owne & Cudeck, 1993; Hu & Ben le , 1990).
5.6 Hypo hesis es ing
A e con i ma ion o he a iables h ough he con i ma o y ac o analysis, he hypo heses se a e he de ailed e iew
o li e a u e had o be es ed. The es was conduc ed h ough he S uc u al Equa ion Modelling (SEM) app oach o be
able o es ablish he in luence o he independen a iables on he dependen a iables while conside ing all possible
small changes in he ela ionship o he a iables. Th ough he SEM app oach, he esea che was able o success ully
es he heo e ical model de eloped h ough li e a u e. The esul s om his es a e p esen ed in he subsec ions
below.
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4141
Figu e 5 SEM esul s – pa h analysis o he model
In o ma ion p esen ed in Figu e 5 abo e indica es ha p ocu emen s a amilia i y has a di ec as well as indi ec
in luence on he le el o adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in Uganda. The indi ec in luence h ough
p ocu emen e hical beha io is, howe e , s onge han he di ec in luence. The de ails o his in luence a e p esen ed
in Tables 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Table 8 Reg ession analysis esul s h ough SEM
Va iables
S anda dized es ima es
P
Decision
PEB
<---
PFM
0.480
***
Suppo ed
SPPA
<---
PFM
0.257
***
Suppo ed
SPPA
<---
PEB
0.874
***
Suppo ed
Sou ce: P ima y da a; Key: PFM – P ocu emen s a amilia i y; PEB – P ocu emen e hical beha io ; SPPA – Adop ion o sus ainable public
p ocu emen
Table 9 Model Fi Indices
Model Fi Index
CMIN/DF
GFI
AGFI
CFI
IFI
RMSEA
Index sco e
2.603
0.965
0.918
0.933
0.935
0.069
Cu – o
< 3.0
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.080
Sou ce: P ima y da a.
Table 10 Media ion analysis esul s
S anda dized To al E ec
S anda dized Di ec E ec
S anda dized Indi ec E ec
Uppe Bound
0.970
0.492
0.741
Lowe Bound
0.394
0.022
0.127
Sco e
0.676
0.257
0.419
Sou ce: P ima y da a.
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Table 11 Hypo hesis es ing esul s
Label
Hypo hesis
P-Value
Decision
H1
P ocu emen s a amilia i y in luences p ocu emen e hical beha io
β = .0480,
P = 0.000 (P <
0.001)
Accep
H2
P ocu emen s a amilia i y posi i ely in luences sus ainable public p ocu emen
adop ion
β = .257,
P = 0.000 (P <
0.001)
Accep
H3
P ocu emen e hical beha io has a media ing e ec on he ela ionship be ween
p ocu emen s a amilia i y and sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion
Β = .874,
P = 0.000<
0.001
Accep
Sou ce: P ima y da a.
The esul s om he analysis ca ied ou e eal ha he e is a signi ican in luence o p ocu emen s a amilia i y on
adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in PDEs in Uganda. Addi ionally, he p ocu emen s a amilia i y is
epo ed o ha e in luence on p ocu emen e hical beha io . The in luence epo ed in he analysis esul s is u he
indica ed o be in line wi h he heo e ical concep ualiza ion p esen ed in he li e a u e e iew. This is p esen ed in he
Model Fi Resul s epo ed in Table 9. This means ha he p oposi ions p esen ed in he li e a u e we e suppo ed by
he da a collec ed in Uganda, ocusing on go e nmen en i ies in he ou egions o he coun y – Uganda.
One o he hypo heses ha was es ed was ha o media ion. The esul s p esen ed in Table 10 indica e ha
p ocu emen e hical beha io has a media ion in luence in he ela ionship be ween p ocu emen s a amilia i y and
adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen . This media ion is u he epo ed o be a pa ial one since p ocu emen
s a amilia i y has in luence on he adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen di ec ly as well as h ough
p ocu emen e hical beha io .
6 Discussion o Findings
The analysis conduc ed e ealed ha p ocu emen s a amilia i y has in luence on sus ainable public p ocu emen
adop ion in public o ganiza ions in Uganda. This means ha , when he p ocu emen s a membe s who wo k in
go e nmen o ganiza ions in Uganda, become compe en enough as a as p ac icing sus ainable public p ocu emen
(g een p ocu emen ) is conce ned, hey inc ease he chances o hese PDEs o adop he sus ainable public p ocu emen
(g een p ocu emen ). These indings a e in line wi h he indings ha we e ob ained by Ta e e al. (2022) who con end
ha when p ocu emen p o essionals a e knowledgeable wi h e hical no ms, co po a e social esponsibili y
amewo ks, and en i onmen al as well as social go e nance equi emen s, hey a e mo e likely o make e hical
p ocu emen decisions leading o ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion.
Building om he li e a u e on adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen , i is ecommended ha p ocu emen s a
membe s ha e o ha e legal Knowledge, p ocedu al knowledge and echnical Knowledge in o de o emb ace
sus ainable public p ocu emen adop ion (G andia and Voncken 2019). This posi ion is also emphasized in his s udy
h ough he indings ha s ess he need o ha e compe en p ocu emen o ice s in e ms o knowledge and skills o
ca y ou sus ainable public p ocu emen . F om he li e a u e poin o iew, he indi idual ac o s o knowledge and
skills leading o p ocu emen e ec i eness a e also emphasized by De Giacomo e al. (2019) and Sönnichsen and
Clemen (2020). Thei emphasis s ems om he ac ha he knowledge and skills enhance he compe ence o
p ocu emen o ice s in handling sus ainable p ocu emen ac i i ies and hence enhance he adop ion o sus ainable
public p ocu emen . This same posi ion is p esen ed in he indings o his esea ch s udy wi h speci ic ocus on PDEs
o Uganda. This means ha he app oach ha was p esen ed in he li e a u e by p e ious esea che s on how o ealize
sus ainable public p ocu emen , is also applicable in Uganda as a as enhancing he compe ence o p ocu emen
o ice s is conce ned.
Though he e is di ec in luence on adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in Uganda, he esul s also indica e ha
he compe ence o p ocu emen o ice s helps o boos he exis ence o e hical beha io in PDEs in Uganda leading o
he same end esul – adop ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen ac i i ies. These indings mean ha e hical beha io
in p ocu emen is e y impo an , especially conside ing ha sus ainable public p ocu emen e lec s a common good
a he han an indi idual good. This means ha , in p ocu emen , he e is po en ial o a p ocu emen o ice o ad ance
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4143
his (o he ) pe sonal in e es s leading o pe sonal gains commonly e e ed o as co up ion. Emphasizing e hical
beha io coun e s he u ge o a p ocu emen o ice o ac in a co up manne , he eby enhancing he ealiza ion o
sus ainable public p ocu emen (Sa awa and Mas'ud, 2020). This indica es he ele ance o he media ion o e hical
beha io in he ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in PDEs in Uganda, e en when he p ocu emen o ice s
a e compe en enough o ensu e ha he sus ainable public p ocu emen is p ac iced in go e nmen o ices in he
coun y – Uganda.
7 Conclusion and ecommenda ions
Realizing sus ainable public p ocu emen in PDEs in Uganda was he ocus o his s udy. The d i ing ac o is he se o
long- e m bene i s ha can be ealized by p ac icing sus ainable public p ocu emen in Uganda h ough he many PDEs
in he coun y ha suppo p ocu emen in Minis ies, Depa men s and Agencies (MDAs) o he go e nmen o Uganda.
These long- e m bene i s a e al eady documen ed in he li e a u e and indings o his s udy. Based on he li e a u e, i
was hypo hesized ha he ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen is possible by enhancing he amilia i y o
p ocu emen s a membe s in he p ac ice o sus ainable public p ocu emen as well as ensu ing ha he e is
adhe ence o e hical equi emen s in he p ac ice o sus ainable public p ocu emen . These p oposi ions om he
li e a u e we e ound o be alid using da a collec ed om he MDAs o Uganda. Based on his, Ugandan MDAs ha e he
po en ial o ealize sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ice and popula ize i o he p i a e sec o as well. This is
h ough enhancing he compe ence o p ocu emen s a membe s as well as ensu ing ha he e hical equi emen s a e
always adhe ed o when a p ocu emen engagemen is being ca ied ou in any MDA in Uganda h ough hei espec i e
PDEs. This o ms he conclusion o his s udy.
Based on he conclusion, i is ecommended ha he p ocu emen o ice s in PDEs o he di e en MDAs in Uganda, ge
ained in e ec i e p ocu emen p ac ices leading o he ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen . Addi ionally,
he e hical code o conduc go e ning p ocu emen ac i i ies needs o be bee ed up o co e he new changes in he
p ocu emen ield ela ing o he in oduc ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen p ac ices in he coun y. Consequences
o no adhe ing o such e hical equi emen s need o also be s essed o ac as a mo i a ion o adhe ence o such e hical
equi emen s. These changes should go a long way o boos he Na ional Sus ainable Public P ocu emen Ac ion Plan o
Uganda, u he enhancing he ealiza ion o sus ainable public p ocu emen in Uganda.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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