In e na ional Jou nal o Social Science and Human Resea ch
ISSN (p in ): 2644-0679, ISSN (online): 2644-0695
Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijssh / 8-i10-22, Impac ac o - 8.007
Page No: 7733-7737
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7733
Village Da a Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (Sima a Desa) Case S udy o
he Sima a Desa Applica ion Implemen a ion in Gunung Sembilan Village
and Pangkalan Bu on Village Sukadana Dis ic , Kayong U a a Regency
Ade Kha isma1, Zulka naen2, E di3
1Pos g adua e P og am o Public Adminis a ion, Facul y o Social and Poli ical Sciences, Tanjungpu a Uni e si y
2,3Depa men o Public Adminis a ion, Tanjungpu a Uni e si y
ABSTRACT: The implemen a ion o in o ma ion sys ems a he illage le el will no be e ec i e wi hou he suppo o compe en
human esou ces and a eady o ganiza ional s uc u e. This s udy aims o examine he implemen a ion o he SIMATA DESA
applica ion in Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village, Kayong U a a Regency. The me hod used is desc ip i e
quali a i e wi h a case s udy me hod and an in e p e i e app oach ha emphasizes he expe iences o indi idual subjec s. The esul s
o he s udy indica e ha he implemen a ion o SIMATA DESA is in luenced by se e al main ac o s: (1) Gunung Sembilan Village
has a mo e sys ema ic o ganiza ion wi h a clea implemen ing uni , while Pangkalan Bu on Village only elies on one ope a o who
holds a dual posi ion, causing delays in da a inpu ; (2) Ope a o s' digi al compe ence is in luenced by age and educa ion, whe e
young ope a o s in Gunung Sembilan a e mo e adap i e han olde ope a o s in Pangkalan Bu on; (3) The a ailabili y o wo k
equipmen is adequa e, bu a chi e managemen and in e ne access a e be e in Gunung Sembilan; (4) Minimal budge suppo
om he dis ic go e nmen limi s echnical aining and men o ing, c ea ing a gap in applica ion mas e y; (5) Double wo kloads
cause inconsis en da a en y. F om an in e p e a ion aspec , he e a e di e ences in pe cep ion: Gunung Sembilan sees SIMATA
DESA as a means o mode niza ion, while Pangkalan Bu on sees i as an addi ional bu den due o he lack o o mal egula ions.
The main indings o his s udy con i m ha he success o SIMATA DESA implemen a ion is de e mined by he digi al compe ence
o ope a o s, he suppo o unc ional implemen ing uni s, and echnical men o ing and egula supe ision om he dis ic
go e nmen . Visiona y illage leade ship is key o making his inno a ion meaning ul.
KEYWORDS: Village Da a Managemen In o ma ioan Sys em, Sima a Desa App. Implemen a ion, Kayong U a a Regency.
INTRODUCTION
The de elopmen o digi al echnology has also shaped illage go e nance. E-Go e nmen is no longe an op ion, bu an absolu e
necessi y. Based on Law No. 6 o 2014, A icle 86 pa ag aph 4, he illage in o ma ion sys em mus include da a on illage
de elopmen , e i o y, and ins i u ions. A classic p oblem o en encoun e ed in he implemen a ion o illage go e nance is he
di icul y in ob aining accu a e and up- o-da e da a ela ed o Village Communi y Ins i u ions (LKD). In ac , Law No. 6 o 2014
conce ning Villages exp essly manda es ha illages mus submi LKD da a epo s o he dis ic go e nmen in a hie a chical
manne , a leas once a yea , as a basis o implemen ing he guidance and supe ision unc ion o LKD exis ence and pe o mance
a he illage le el. Howe e , in p ac ice, hese epo s a e o en una ailable o di icul o access by local go e nmen s, hus
hampe ing he e ec i e guidance p ocess and less a ge ed go e nmen ac i i y planning. Acco ding o da a collec ed by he Village
Go e nmen Sec o o he Social Se ice o Women's Empowe men , Child P o ec ion, Communi y and Village Empowe men in
he las ew yea s un il 2023, only 39.53% (17 ou o 43) illages in Kayong U a a Regency submi ed epo s on he o ma ion and
enewal o Village Communi y Ins i u ions in he o m o physical documen s.
In esponse o hese issues, he Kayong U a a Regency Go e nmen implemen ed an in o ma ion echnology-based inno a ion
om he Wes Kaliman an P o incial Go e nmen in he o m o he Village Da a and Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (SIMATA
DESA) applica ion in 2023, his applica ion is designed as an online and in eg a ed LKD da a epo ing pla o m be ween le els o
go e nmen (Go e nmen o Go e nmen /G2G). Howe e , in e ms o i s implemen a ion, he implemen a ion o he SIMATA DESA
applica ion a he illage le el s ill aces a ious signi ican challenges. P oblems include he subop imal o ganiza ional s uc u e o
policy implemen e s in he illage, imbalances in human esou ce capaci y and low digi al compe ency o illage ope a o s, as well
as limi ed inancial esou ces ha ha e an impac on minimal socializa ion ac i i ies and aining on applica ion use.
Village Da a Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (Sima a Desa) Case S udy o he Sima a Desa Applica ion
Implemen a ion in Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village Sukadana Dis ic , Kayong U a a Regency
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7734
Fu he mo e, he absence o echnical egula ions in he o m o a Regen 's Regula ion ha speci ically go e ns he
implemen a ion o his applica ion has led o di e ing pe cep ions among policy implemen e s. Complexi y is u he exace ba ed
by he wo kload o ope a o s o illage o icials who mus handle mul iple applica ions simul aneously, coupled wi h concu en
posi ions, esul ing in less han op imal implemen a ion e ec i eness. Fu he mo e, he weakness o di ec moni o ing and
e alua ion mechanisms in he ield also exace ba es he challenges in implemen ing his policy. The e o e, i is impo an o u he
examine how he SIMATA DESA policy is implemen ed a he illage le el, o iden i y suppo ing and inhibi ing ac o s, and o
p o ide cons uc i e ecommenda ions o s eng hening he digi al epo ing and go e nance sys em o illage da a.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The de elopmen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology has pa ed he way o digi al ans o ma ion in u al a eas. Wi h
inc easing in e ne access in illages, illage go e nmen s now ha e he oppo uni y o manage adminis a ion and epo ing mo e
e ec i ely h ough digi al sys ems. One conc e e implemen a ion o his ans o ma ion is he implemen a ion o he Village
Managemen In o ma ion and Da a Sys em (SIMATA DESA), de eloped by he Wes Kaliman an P o incial Go e nmen and
implemen ed in Kayong U a a Regency. Acco ding o Laudon and Laudon (2020), an in o ma ion sys em is a se o in e ela ed
componen s o collec ing, p ocessing, s o ing, and dis ibu ing in o ma ion. In he con ex o his esea ch, he sys em e e s o
SIMATA DESA, which is designed o help illage go e nmen s manage illage ins i u ional da a, pa icula ly Village
Communi y Ins i u ions (LKD) in a sys ema ic, web-based, and in eg a ed manne . This sys em implemen s he p inciples o
eGo e nmen , as explained by Richa d Heeks (2001), namely he use o in o ma ion echnology o s eng hen go e nmen e iciency,
anspa ency, pa icipa ion, and esponsi eness in ca ying ou public se ice du ies.
SIMATA DESA is no jus a digi al adminis a i e ool, bu also a medium o in e go e nmen al in e ac ion (Go e nmen -
oGo e nmen /G2G) ha suppo s eal- ime da a epo ing om illages o he dis ic and p o incial le els. Acco ding o Jones's
(1996) heo y o public policy implemen a ion, such in o ma ion sys ems play a c ucial ole in he p ocess o o ganizing, in e p e ing,
and applying policies, as hey p o ide a s ong da a ounda ion o decision-making. In i s implemen a ion, SIMATA DESA has a
s a egic unc ion in suppo ing in o ma ion anspa ency and s eng hening illage go e nance. This aligns wi h Law Numbe 6 o
2014 conce ning Villages, pa icula ly A icle 86, which s a es ha illages ha e he igh o manage in o ma ion sys ems o suppo
pa icipa o y and accoun able illage planning and de elopmen . Thus, SIMATA DESA unc ions no only o s o e da a bu also as
a moni o ing, coaching, and e alua ion ool o dis ic and p o incial go e nmen s ega ding he pe o mance o illage ins i u ions.
Howe e , despi e he sys em's design, a ious challenges emain in i s implemen a ion. As s a ed by P iyan i and I iani (2013),
echnical obs acles such as da a e o s, slow da a sea ches, and la e epo s o en occu in illage in o ma ion sys ems..
This indica es ha he success ul implemen a ion o SIMATA DESA is highly dependen on he eadiness o human esou ces
(HR), he a ailabili y o digi al in as uc u e, and he illage appa a us' unde s anding o he policy. In his con ex , Hen y C. Lucas
(in As u i, 2011) emphasized ha a well-o ganized in o ma ion sys em will p o ide ele an in o ma ion ha can imp o e con ol
and decision-making wi hin o ganiza ions, including illage go e nmen . The e o e, he SIMATA DESA implemen a ion app oach
mus conside he cha ac e is ics o he digi al gene a ion o illage o icials (P ensky, 2001), as well as ongoing echnical aining
suppo as sugges ed by Rachmawa i and Mus agh i oh (2022). This is whe e he impo ance o he ole o SIMATA DESA ope a o s
as he Digi al In ellec ual Gene a ion (GDI) who b idges digi al echnology and local adminis a i e needs. By conside ing aspec s
o implemen a ion heo y, in o ma ion echnology, and he unde lying legal egula ions, SIMATA DESA can se e as a mode n
ins umen in building a illage go e nmen sys em ha is mo e anspa en , e icien , and adap i e o digi al dynamics.
METHOD
The me hod used is desc ip i e quali a i e wi h a case s udy me hod, his app oach was chosen o desc ibe in dep h he p ocess
o implemen ing SIMATA Village in he esea ch loca ion and combined wi h C esswell's in e p e i e app oach which emphasizes
he expe ience o indi idual subjec s, his s udy seeks o unde s and he condi ions o local ac o s in e p e ing and adap ing illage
digi aliza ion policies h ough he SIMATA DESA Applica ion o exis ing socio-cul u al condi ions. The esea ch loca ions a e in
Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village. Gunung Sembilan Village was chosen because he le el o SIMATA DESA
da a occupancy is qui e high (88.8%) wi h a well-managed O ganiza ional S uc u e, on he o he hand, Pangkalan Bu on Village
was chosen because da a occupancy is s ill low and o ganiza ional suppo is limi ed. The choice o con as ing loca ions allows o
a iche compa a i e analysis. The esea ch subjec s we e de e mined by pu posi e sampling echnique, namely he pa ies di ec ly
in ol ed in he implemen a ion o SIMATA DESA. Key in o man s include: (1) Village SIMATA DESA Ope a o , (2) Village Head,
(3) Head o he Regency Communi y Empowe men Di ision, (4) Head o he Village Go e nmen Di ision, (5) Regency Ope a o
S a , and (6) ela ed illage o icials. The objec o he esea ch is he SIMATA DESA implemen a ion p ocess, including he
beha io , in e ac ions, and in e p e a ions o policy ac o s in unning he sys em.
Village Da a Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (Sima a Desa) Case S udy o he Sima a Desa Applica ion
Implemen a ion in Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village Sukadana Dis ic , Kayong U a a Regency
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7735
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
F om he implemen a ion o he esea ch, i was ound ha he e ec i eness o SIMATA DESA implemen a ion was in luenced
by i e main ac o s, namely (1) Implemen ing O ganiza ional S uc u e (O ganizing), Gunung Sembilan Village showed a mo e
sys ema ic o ganiza ion h ough he o ma ion o implemen ing uni s and in ol emen o c oss- illage appa a us. In con as ,
Pangkalan Bu on Village elied on one ope a o who held mul iple posi ions, esul ing in low SIMATA DESA da a en y. (2) Human
Resou ce Readiness and Digi al Compe ence The educa ional backg ound and age o ope a o s we e de e mining ac o s. Young
and highly educa ed ope a o s in Gunung Sembilan we e mo e adap i e o digi al sys ems, while elde ly ope a o s in Pangkalan
Bu on expe ienced echnical di icul ies, un il inally hey we e eplaced. (3) Facili ies and In as uc u e: Bo h illages had
ela i ely adequa e wo k equipmen , bu he o de liness o physical a chi es and in e ne access was be e in Gunung Sembilan,
suppo ing he smoo h inpu o SIMATA DESA da a. (4) Funding and T aining: The lack o budge suppo om he dis ic
go e nmen limi ed echnical aining and men o ing. The dis ic go e nmen implemen ed a phased app oach, bu c ea ed gaps
be ween illages in applica ion mas e y (5) Wo kload and Time Ope a o s in bo h illages aced a double wo kload because hey
had o handle many applica ions. This hampe s he consis ency o SIMATA DESA da a inpu and causes epo ing delays.
Resul s: In e ms o in e p e a ion, unde s anding and pe cep ions o SIMATA DESA di e ed ac oss illages. Gunung Sembilan
Village iewed he applica ion as a solu ion o adminis a i e mode niza ion, while Pangkalan Bu on Village iewed i as an
addi ional wo kload due o he lack o o mal egula ions, such as a binding Regen 's Regula ion. The collec i e and open wo k
cul u e in Gunung Sembilan also con ibu ed o e ec i e implemen a ion, in con as o he hie a chical wo k cul u e in Pangkalan
Bu on. The implemen a ion o he Village Managemen In o ma ion and Da a Sys em (SIMATA DESA) in Kayong U a a Regency
demons a ed complex dynamics a he illage le el. Re e ing o Cha les O. Jones's (1984) policy implemen a ion model, his
p ocess was analyzed h ough he s ages o o ganizing, in e p e ing, and applying, and u he explo ed using C eswell's in e p e i e
app oach, which emphasizes he subjec i e meanings o policy implemen e s.
1. Implemen ing O ganiza ional S uc u e (O ganizing). Acco ding o O. Jones' heo y, o ganiza ion is he ini ial ounda ion o
success ul policy implemen a ion, wi h a ocus on s uc u ing ins i u ional s uc u es and assigning oles. In Gunung Sembilan
Village, he o ma ion o an implemen ing uni h ough a s a mee ing, he appoin men o wo ope a o s, and he placemen o
he sec e a ia as he leading sec o demons a e ha he policy is being implemen ed h ough a o mal, pa icipa o y s uc u e.
This aligns wi h he p inciple o o ganiza ional eadiness, which emphasizes he impo ance o s uc u al eadiness o abso b
policy inno a ions. In con as , Pangkalan Bu on Village exhibi s op-down and indi idualis ic o ganizing p ac ices. Ope a o s
we e appoin ed wi hou he suppo o suppo ing wo k uni s and wi hou collec i e in ol emen . As a esul , he wo kload es s
on a single indi idual and da a inpu s agna es. This e lec s weak coo dina ion and o ganiza ional alignmen , which O. Jones
iden i ied as a majo isk ac o o ea ly-s age implemen a ion ailu e.
2. Human Resou ce Readiness and Digi al Compe ence. The o ganizing s age in Jones's model also includes human esou ce
managemen . In Gunung Sembilan, ope a o s ha e highe educa ion backg ounds and a e o p oduc i e age. This makes i easie
o hem o access, unde s and, and ope a e he SIMATA DESA digi al sys em. This human esou ce eadiness ein o ces Lucas'
(2001) heo y, which emphasizes ha a good in o ma ion sys em mus be suppo ed by implemen e s wi h high echnological
li e acy. In con as , ope a o s in Pangkalan Bu on (2023–2024) a e om Gene a ion X wi h limi ed educa ion and digi al
expe ience, consis en wi h he cha ac e is ics o digi al immig an s (P ensky, 2001). C eswell's in e p e i e app oach sugges s
ha age, manual wo k habi s, and lack o echnological expe ience con ibu e o low pe cep ions and mo i a ion in using he
new sys em, leading o pe sonnel o a ion in 2025.
3. Facili ies and In as uc u e: Wi hin he amewo k o implemen a ion heo y, acili ies and in as uc u e a e pa o esou ce
alloca ion. Gunung Sembilan Village is able o p o ide s able Wi-Fi access and sys ema ic a chi e managemen , despi e being
loca ed in an a ea wi h poo signal. This demons a es adap i e capabili y in add essing geog aphic cons ain s. Bu on Base,
despi e ha ing basic equipmen , ailed o main ain he eadiness o he physical a chi es ha se e as he basis o da a inpu .
F om an in e p e i e pe spec i e, he weak awa eness o he impo ance o documen a ion and he idiness o physical da a
e lec s o ganiza ional alues ha a e no ye aligned wi h he demands o digi aliza ion.
4. Funding and T aining Budge a ailabili y is pa o he suppo ing en i onmen in Jones's heo y. The dis ic 's phased app oach
ealis ically adjus s o iscal condi ions, bu c ea es dispa i ies be ween illages. Gunung Sembilan was able o add ess he gap
in o mal suppo h ough sel -lea ning ini ia i es and in o mal ela ionships wi h dis ic ope a o s. Pangkalan Bu on, on he
o he hand, ecei ed no ein o cemen a e he ini ial aining, demons a ing he weak e ec o knowledge ans e wi hou
egula suppo . In C eswell's app oach, he dis ic go e nmen has no ully in e nalized he meaning o aining as a long e m
in es men . Howe e , echnological li e acy only g ows i suppo ed by a sus ainable lea ning ecosys em.
5. Wo kload and Time: Time esou ces a e a c ucial bu o en hidden dimension in public policy. Jones's model s a es ha ime is
essen ial o o ganiza ion and implemen a ion e iciency. Ope a o s in bo h illages expe ienced wo k o e load, wi h mul iple
applica ions. Gunung Sembilan was able o manage he wo kload in e nally, while in Pangkalan Bu on he wo kload was
indi idualis ic and uns uc u ed. In e p e i e analysis shows ha ime is no simply a measu e o wo king hou s, bu a e lec ion
Village Da a Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (Sima a Desa) Case S udy o he Sima a Desa Applica ion
Implemen a ion in Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village Sukadana Dis ic , Kayong U a a Regency
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7736
o p io i y s uc u es, wo k cul u e, and ask managemen . When ime managemen is no designed in o he wo k s uc u e,
applica ion inpu becomes dis up ed e en hough de ices and human esou ces a e a ailable.
6. In e p e a ion and Pe cep ion o SIMATA DESA. A he in e p e a ion s age, Jones emphasized he impo ance o implemen e s'
unde s anding o he policy's in en . Gunung Sembilan in e p e ed he ci cula as a o m o o mal legi imacy and welcomed
SIMATA DESA as an ins umen o illage mode niza ion. This demons a es alignmen be ween o ganiza ional alues and
policy di ec ion. In con as , Pangkalan Bu on in e p e ed he ci cula as a non-manda o y ecommenda ion because i was no
ein o ced by egen -le el egula ions. This in e p e a ion e lec s a legalis ic app oach and eliance on op-down commands,
a he han on in e p e ing bene i s. This aligns wi h Edwa ds' (1980) inding ha policy ambigui y leads o a ia ion in
compliance.
7. Local Cul u e as an Implemen a ion Va iable. C eswell's in e p e i e app oach explici ly opens up space o unde s and he ole
o local cul u e. Gunung Sembilan demons a es a collec i e wo k cul u e esponsi e o inno a ion, while Pangkalan Bu on
exhibi s a hie a chical and mul i asking bu eauc acy wi hou sys ema ic wo k managemen . This cul u e shapes how policies a e
in e p e ed, implemen ed, and esponded o by illage o icials. In he con ex o SIMATA DESA, wo k cul u e se es as bo h a
b idge and a ba ie o digi aliza ion. The e o e, implemen a ion canno be s anda dized, bu equi es cul u al con ex ualiza ion
ha akes local social alues in o accoun .
CONCLUSIONS
This esea ch shows ha he success ul implemen a ion o he Village Managemen In o ma ion and Da a Sys em (SIMATA
DESA) is hea ily in luenced by o ganiza ional ac o s, human esou ce compe ency, in as uc u e eadiness, budge suppo , and
local pe cep ions and wo k cul u e. Gunung Sembilan Village was able o implemen SIMATA DESA mo e e ec i ely due o i s
clea o ganiza ional s uc u e, digi ally compe en ope a o s, and collabo a i e wo k cul u e. In con as , Pangkalan Bu on Village
aced se e al obs acles, such as limi ed ope a o s, mul iple wo kloads, and nega i e pe cep ions o he policy, caused by weak
egula o y suppo and echnical aining.
Cha les O. Jones's policy implemen a ion model helps explain ha he s ages o o ganizing (ins i u ional and human esou ce
a angemen s), in e p e a ion (implemen e unde s anding and pe cep ions), and applica ion ( echnical applica ion) canno s and
alone bu a e in e connec ed o success ul implemen a ion. C eswell's in e p e i e app oach demons a es ha he eali y o
SIMATA DESA's implemen a ion is shaped by he social con ex , expe iences, and local alues inhe en in illage o icials.
Thus, SIMATA DESA is no simply a digi al inno a ion, bu a he an ins umen o ans o ming illage go e nance ha
equi es s uc u al eadiness, alue alignmen , and simul aneous echnical and poli ical suppo om he illage o he dis ic le el.
Digi al policies like SIMATA DESA mus be iewed as social change p ojec s, no me ely echnological ones. The e o e, hei
success is de e mined by he ex en o which hese sys ems a e in eg a ed in o he s uc u e, meaning, and local wo k ou ines o he
illage.
RECOMMENDATION
1. Es ablishing an Implemen ing O ganiza ional S uc u e: Village go e nmen s need o o mally es ablish SIMATA DESA
implemen ing uni s, wi h a p opo ional and c oss-sec o al di ision o oles acco ding o hei co e du ies and unc ions, and
suppo o wo-way communica ion be ween illage o icials.
2. Imp o ing Human Resou ces Compe ence: Ope a o appoin men s mus ake in o accoun p oduc i e age, educa ional
backg ound, and digi al skills. Technical aining should be conduc ed ou inely and adap i ely o local needs, no jus once a
he beginning o implemen a ion.
3. Imp o ing Facili ies and A chi es: Village go e nmen s need o imp o e a chi ing acili ies and physical documen a ion sys ems
o suppo he alidi y o SIMATA DESA da a inpu . Digi al in as uc u e eadiness mus be accompanied by sys ema ic
adminis a i e documen managemen .
4. Budge S eng hening and Men o ing: Dis ic go e nmen s need o alloca e a dedica ed budge o SIMATA DESA aining and
e alua ion. Villages should also u ilize Village Funds o suppo independen ope a o capaci y building ac i i ies.
5. Wo kload Managemen and Inpu Schedule: SIMATA DESA ope a o asks mus be dis ibu ed eely wi hou mul iple posi ions
o ime-consuming ieldwo k. A ealis ic and consis en da a inpu schedule mus be es ablished o p e en ask o e load.
6. The issuance o a o mal legal basis, a Regen 's Regula ion, as he legal basis o SIMATA DESA's implemen a ion, is essen ial
o his policy o ha e manda o y o ce. This egula ion mus be accompanied by s uc u ed socializa ion and moni o ing.
7. Sub-dis ic -Based Moni o ing: Regencies and p o inces can de elop a moni o ing sys em h ough adminis a o accoun s a he
sub-dis ic le el o b idge supe ision be ween illages and egencies.
8. Village Go e nmen Applica ion In eg a ion: The cen al and egional go e nmen s need o e iew he a ionaliza ion o illage
applica ions o a oid duplica ion o da a inpu and excessi e adminis a i e bu dens. SIMATA DESA can be in eg a ed as he
p ima y pla o m o illage ins i u ional da a managemen .
Village Da a Managemen In o ma ion Sys em (Sima a Desa) Case S udy o he Sima a Desa Applica ion
Implemen a ion in Gunung Sembilan Village and Pangkalan Bu on Village Sukadana Dis ic , Kayong U a a Regency
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7737
REFERENCES
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