Sustainable Student Mobility - Factsheets

Fac shee s
Sus ainable S uden
Mobili y
Budapes
Is anbul
Mad id
Pa is
Po o
P ague
Rome
Vienna
Wa saw
Zu ich
The ollowing ac shee s p o ide in o ma ion o s uden
mobili y o en ci ies. Fo each, he i e mos popula s uden
exchange ou es a e shown, de ailing es ima ed a el imes
and ela ed g eenhouse gas emissions.
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Budapes
26.5 –31.5 h
23 h
24 –26.5 h
6 h
Is anbul
10.5 h
8 –9.5 h
6.5h
6 h
Cluj-Napoca
Rome
15.5 h
20.5 h
22.5 – 24.5 h
5.5 h
Lisbon
33.5 –36 h
51–80.5 h
63 – 67 h
7 h
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Budapes )
14 h
22.5 –24 h
25 –27.5 h
6 h
Pa is
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
26.5 –31.5 h
23 h
24 –26.5 h
6 h
Is anbul
F om Budapes o
Is anbul Pa isCluj-Napoca Rome Lisbon
63 63 332 230 31 72 368 27415 21 113 79 64 57 301 199 64 158 760 503
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Is anbul)
Is anbul
38.5 – 45 h
32 h
44 – 46.5 h
4 – 6.5 h
Be lin
42.5 –52.5 h
38.5 h
48 –53 h
5 –7.5 h
Pa is 10.5 –12 h
12.5 h
9–21 h
2.5 –5 h
Bucha es
Budapes
27–33 h
22.5 h
24 –26 h
3.5 – 6 h
38.5 – 44.5 h
34.5 – 36 h
48 h
4 – 6 h
Wa saw
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
F om Is anbul o
Wa saw Be linBucha es Budapes Pa is
108 85 542 323 97 107 542 34243 30 159 110 63 62 327 230 94 132 675 434

Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Mad id
10 h
16 –18 h
23.5 –25 h
5.5 h
Pa is
10 –13.5 h
7.5–8 h
7.5 h
4 h
Lisbon
14.5 –16.5 h
25 h
28 –39.5 h
5.5 h
Milan
20 h
30.5 –35.5 h
43.5 – 47.5 h
3 – 6.5 h
Be lin
Rome
17.5 –19.5 h
29 h
40.5 – 44 h
5.5 h
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Mad id)
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
F om Mad id o
Milan RomeLisbon Pa is Be lin
34 73 388 233 68 91 480 25710 29 154 119 22 60 314 222 50 108 571 364
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Pa is
10.5 h
18 h
23.5 –25.5 h
5.5 h
Mad id
8.5 h
14 –19 h
20 –21.5 h
5 h
Be lin
Milan
7–9 h
13.5 –15 h
20.5 h
4.5 h Rome
11–12.5 h
22 h
26 –27.5 h
5.5  h
Vienna
10.5 h
18 –19.5 h
22 –24.5 h
5 h
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Pa is)
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
F om Pa is o
Be lin Mad idVienna Milan Rome
28 50 257 186 22 60 314 22227 59 124 210 23 42 210 150 58 69 354 227
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Vienna
8 h
10 h
8.5 h
4 h
Be lin
11 h
18 –20 h
24 h
5 h
Pa is
4 h
4 –5.5 h
4.5 h
3 h
P ague
Munich
4 –5.5 h
6 h
5 h
4 h
Lisbon
30.5 –34 h
43.5 – 49.5 h
60 – 64.5 h
6 h
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Vienna)

Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
F om Vienna o
Be lin Pa is LisbonP ague Munich
30 32 169 118 28 58 305 21021 15 82 47 9 21 100 86 60 146 700 500
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Wa saw
27.5 h
42 –45.5 h
48 –62 h
6.5 h
Valencia Rome
23.5 h
28.5 –30 h
29 – 42.5 h
5.5 h
P ague
8 h
10 h
8 h
4.5 h
Pa is
15 h
25.5 h
25 –28 h
5.5 h
Lisbon
36.5 –39 h
35 –52 h
62.5 –69 h
7 h
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Wa saw)
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
F om Wa saw o
Rome ValenciaP ague Pa is Lisbon
95 89 532 323 80 131 819 47545 31 189 141 60 77 472 320 92 157 988 555
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
T a eling by plane may seem he as es op ion, ye conside -
able ime is o en los o check-in, secu i y, ans e s o and
om he ai po – ime ha could be used mo e e icien ly on
a ain. On some ou es, ains a e imp essi ely as , wi h
a el imes close o lying, such as Zu ich–Munich. Howe e ,
o he ou es, like Budapes –Lisbon, may ake much longe
and equi e mul iple ain changes. In mos cases, buses o e
a cos -e ec i e al e na i e wi h less need o changes
and ans e s.
No es: T a el imes we e calcula ed using Rome2Rio4 o wo andomly selec ed
da es: Monday, Oc obe 24, 2024, and Monday, Oc obe 20, 2025. Calcula ions
assume a ele s ake he as es ou es and di ec ligh s whe e a ailable. T a el imes
we e ounded o he nea es hal hou . Whe e he a ia ion was an hou o less,
a e age imes a e epo ed; o he wise, anges a e shown. Di ec ligh imes show
li le a ia ion, while a el by ain, bus, o ca may a y due o new ou es o oad
a ic. Times inco po a e eal- ime da a, a el ime es ima es, and a e age ansi
imes. Fo ca a el, a 30-minu e b eak was added e e y 3 hou s, plus a 10-hou o e -
nigh es e e y 8.5 hou s. Fo ain and bus a el, i was assumed a ele s sleep
while en ou e. The do ed ou e on he map does no ep esen he exac a el ou e.
S uden exchanges a e a aluable cul u al and pe sonal expe ience, bu a eling can come wi h a
ca bon cos : A ligh om Pa is o Rome gene a es a ound 0.25 ons o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
pe pe son.1 This is 1/6 o he annual pe capi a GHG emission budge which would allow us o each
he a ge s o he Pa is Clima e Ag eemen .2 By making in o med a el decisions and using sus ainable
a el op ions, s uden s can educe he en i onmen al impac o hei exchange and con ibu e o a
g eene and mo e conscious mobili y be ween uni e si ies.
Es ima ed a el imes o he i e mos
popula S uden Exchange Rou es3
T ain
(incl. ans e )
Bus
(incl. ans e )
Ca
(incl. es pe iods)
Plane
(incl. check-in & ans e )
Main s a ion
ci y cen e
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
Zu ich
14 –15.5 h
22.5 –24.5 h
23.5 –25 h
4.5 h
Copenhagen
Munich
3.5 –5 h
4 h
3.5 h
3 h
Vienna
8 h
7.5 –12 h
8.5 h
4 h
9 –12 h
12.5–14 h
9.5 h
4.5 h
Be lin
14 h
28 h
28 – 40 h
5.5 h
Mad id
Fac shee
Sus ainable S uden Mobili y (Zu ich)
Funded by he Eu opean Union. Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Educa ion and Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EACEA). Nei he he Eu opean Union no EACEA can be held esponsible o hem.
1/2 A mos ai .de 1/2 (↗): e ie ed on Sep embe 2025
3 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y o
P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
4 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep. – Oc . 2024 and Jul. – Aug. 2025
The dis ance a eled and he choice o anspo mode a e key
ac o s in educing ca bon emissions om a eling. Flying
gene a es – depending on he coun y o ain a el – be ween
5 o 42 imes6 mo e emissions han ain a el. The GHG
emissions o ain a el can a y depending on he elec ici y
mix o he coun y one a els h ough. Addi ionally,
occu pancy a es and he p opo ion o diesel-powe ed ains
in luence o e all emissions7. In hese cases, buses may o e
a compa a i ely lowe -emission al e na i e. The occupancy a e
o he ca plays a key ole in de e mining he GHG emissions
pe pe son when a eling by ca . Ca pooling wi h a second
pe son can hal e he emissions pe a ele .
The jou ney i sel can become a aluable pa o he s ay ab oad
pe iod, whe e one can expe ience Eu ope, i s landscape and
people. The e o e, he a el decision should conside he GHG
emissions, he o e all ime equi ed o each op ion and he
possibili y o lea n mo e abou Eu ope while a eling.
GHG Emissions om di e en T anspo a ion
Modes on he i e mos popula S uden
Exchange Rou es.5
kg CO2e/pP pe jou ney (one way)
No es: T a el dis ances o ains, buses, and ca s we e calcula ed using da a om
Lu linie8 based on he as es ou es be ween ci y cen e s (main s a ions) as de e -
mined by Rome2Rio9 o he andomly selec ed a el da e o Oc obe 24, 2024.
G eenhouse gas emissions pe passenge and dis ance we e es ima ed using da a
om Mobi ool10. Mobi ool ac o s include he consump ion o na u al esou ces
and emissions o e he ull li e cycle o anspo modes and hei in as uc u e.
T ains: Capaci y u iliza ion and emission ac o s we e aken om Mobi ool10 o
a ailable coun ies. Fo o he coun ies, GHG emissions we e based on da a om
coun ies wi h he mos compa ible elec ici y mix.11 Buses: Capaci y u iliza ion and
emission ac o we e de i ed om Mobi ool10 o all coun ies. To simpli y he
analysis, he same emission ac o was applied uni o mly o he ou e be ween he bus
s a ion and he main ain s a ion. Ca s: GHG emissions assumed a single a ele
using a en al ca o pe sonal ehicle. Ca s we e modeled as Eu opean a e ages: mid-
sized, 12 yea s old, unning on pe ol12. Planes: GHG emissions we e calcula ed
using A mos ai 13 o di ec ligh s in eco nomy class, based on a e age capaci y u iliza-
ion and ai plane ypes in Eu ope. Ai po - o-ai po dis ances we e used, excluding
ans e s om main s a ions. An RFI ac o o 3 was applied o addi ional en i on-
men al impac s. A mos ai calcula ions do no include li e cycle o in as uc u e
emissions.
Imp in
Au ho ship: Nadine Wol wi h con ibu ions om Linde Wa land, Youngseo Kim and
Soma a Gan enbein, Ve sion Sep embe 2025, Publishe : Sus ainabili y Hub, Uni e si y o
Zu ich in collabo a ion wi h he Conso ium o he Sus ainable E asmus+ T a el p ojec
Reducing he ca bon oo p in –
ips o sus ainable a els
• Choose a des ina ion ha you can each by a
sus ainable mode o anspo , p ima ily ain
o bus.
• Choose ains o buses o a els ins ead
o ligh s.
• Conside combining ains and buses o each
he des ina ion as e and mo e sus ainably.
• I lying, chose di ec ligh s wi hin Eu ope,
ly Economy, use public anspo o you way
o and om he ai po and o se ca bon
emissions.
• Conside you jou ney as pa o he expe ience
a he han jus eaching you des i na ion
he as es . I can be a ans o ma i e and edu -
ca ional expe ience in i s own igh .
5 T a el ou es om exchange s uden s collec ed by he Cha les Uni e si y
o P ague (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Po o (2021–2023), Uni e si y o Zu ich
(2018–2024) and EU Da a Collec ion o s uden exchanges (2021–2023)
6 Mobi ool.ch 1 (↓): e ie ed on 11.11.2024
7 Eu os a (↗) 2024: e ie ed on 11.11.2024
8 Lu linie.o g (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
9 Rome2Rio.com (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
10 Mobi ool.ch 2 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – No . 2024
11 IEA.o g (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
12 Acea.au o (↗): e ie ed No . 2024
13 A mos ai .de 3 (↗): e ie ed Sep . – Oc . 2024
Be lin
30 42 211 142
Copenhagen
38 69 300 211
Munich
7 14 77 46
Vienna
13 33 179 130
Mad id
22 80 407 247
F om Zu ich o