35
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
DOI: 10.15587/978-617-8360-16-0.CH2
Te yana Nikolaychuk, Alona Bila, Maksim Ko zel
© The Au ho (s) o chap e , 2025. This is an Open Access chap e dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he CC BY license
HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD:
DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
Abs ac
Mode n o ensic science lies a he in e sec ion o science, echnology, and law, equi ing a
comp ehensi e app oach o he aining o o ensic expe s. The globaliza ion o c ime, digi aliza-
ion, and he de elopmen o inno a i e esea ch me hods necessi a e a undamen al e o m o he
expe aining sys em in acco dance wi h in e na ional s anda ds.
This chap e o he monog aph p esen s a de ailed analysis o o ensic expe aining in leading
coun ies, including he USA, Ge many, he Uni ed Kingdom, F ance, Canada, Swi ze land, Aus a-
lia, and Poland. The au ho s examine exis ing e ec i e aining models ha can be adap ed o he
Uk ainian sys em. A compa a i e analysis o unde g adua e o ensic science p og ams a he Uni-
e si y o Lausanne (Swi ze land) and he Educa ional and Scien i ic Ins i u e No. 2 o he Na ional
Academy o In e nal A ai s o Uk aine is p esen ed.
The s udy highligh s key a eas o mode niza ion, pa icula ly he uni ica ion o educa ional
p og ams. The emphasis is placed on he u gen need o adap cu icula o mode n demands,
including ha moniza ion wi h in e na ional s anda ds, in eg a ion o ad anced knowledge on he
applica ion o inno a i e me hods in p ac ice (a i icial in elligence, digi al o ensics, blockchain),
and s eng hening p ac ical aining based on eal case s udies. Fu he mo e, he impo ance o an
in e disciplina y app oach and expanding coope a ion be ween uni e si ies, expe ins i u ions, and
law en o cemen agencies is unde lined.
KEYWORDS
Fo ensic science, c iminalis ics, expe aining, in e na ional s anda ds o expe educa ion,
a i icial in elligence, blockchain, legal e hics, coope a ion wi h law en o cemen agencies, big da a
analysis, inno a i e me hods, in e disciplina y app oach.
In mode n condi ions, o ensic science is a c ucial elemen o he jus ice sys em, ensu ing
he objec i i y and scien i ic alidi y o e idence in c iminal, ci il, and adminis a i e p oceedings.
36
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
Gi en he inc easing complexi y o c imes amid scien i ic and echnological p og ess, pa icula ly
cybe c ime, inancial aud, e o ism, and en i onmen al o enses, he e is a g owing demand o a
new gene a ion o expe s capable o applying, analyzing, and syn hesizing inno a i e echnologies,
wo king wi h in e disciplina y da a, and mee ing in e na ional s anda ds.
A he p esen s age o socie al de elopmen , globaliza ion, digi aliza ion, and he inc easing
demands o he e iciency o jus ice necessi a e he ha moniza ion o o ensic expe aining
wi h he bes global p ac ices in he con ex o cons an change and imp o emen , along wi h
he adap a ion o Uk ainian legisla ion o he acquis communau ai e o he Eu opean Union. In his
con ex , he expe ience o leading coun ies se es as a benchma k o e o ming Uk aine’s sys em
o o ensic expe aining.
The mode n sys em o o ensic expe aining is in a s a e o con inuous e olu ion, d i en
by he g owing complexi y o o ensic asks, echnological de elopmen , and globaliza ion. An
impo an ask is he adap a ion o educa ional p og ams o cu en needs, including ha moni-
za ion wi h in e na ional s anda ds, in eg a ion o inno a i e echnologies, and he o ma ion o
p ac ical skills. The chap e examines he expe ience o Uk aine and eigh leading coun ies in
o ensic expe aining: he USA, Ge many, he Uni ed Kingdom, F ance, Canada, Swi ze land,
Aus alia, and Poland.
Despi e ce ain achie emen s, he Uk ainian sys em o o ensic expe aining aces nume -
ous challenges limi ing i s e ec i eness and compe i i eness a he in e na ional le el. One o he
majo p oblems is he insu icien in eg a ion o educa ional p og ams wi h in e na ional s anda ds,
leading o gaps in he p o essional knowledge and skills o expe s. Mode n challenges, such as he
globaliza ion o o ensic esea ch and he de elopmen o new echnologies, pa icula ly in he ield
o digi al o ensics, equi e o ensic expe s o possess no only solid heo e ical knowledge bu
also he abili y o adap quickly and apply inno a i e me hods in p ac ice.
Ano he signi ican p oblem is he lack o p ac ical o ien a ion wi hin aining p og ams, esul -
ing in many g adua es lacking su icien expe ience in dealing wi h eal-li e o ensic cases and using
ad anced echnologies, applied in o ensic examina ions. This limi s hei abili y o wo k e ec i ely
in con empo a y c iminal in es iga ions, which o en equi e he use o complex analy ical ools and
echnologies.
Addi ionally, he insu icien coope a ion be ween educa ional ins i u ions, law en o cemen
agencies, and in e na ional expe cen e s is a no able conce n. In ci cums ances whe e in e -
na ional coope a ion is a key ac o in comba ing ansna ional c ime, he lack o knowledge and
expe ience exchange be ween coun ies in he ield o o ensic science leads o a gap be ween
educa ional s anda ds and p ac ical equi emen s.
The e o e, he need o ha monize o ensic expe aining, conside ing he la es de elop-
men ends, is an u gen issue o Uk aine. Sol ing his p oblem equi es a comp ehensi e ap-
p oach, including he e o m o educa ional p og ams, imp o emen o p ac ical aining, imple-
men a ion o inno a i e echnologies, and de elopmen o in e na ional coope a ion in he ield o
o ensic science.
37
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Cu en s a e and global expe ience in o ensic expe aining: heo e ical
and me hodological analysis
The issue o o ensic expe aining has been he subjec o esea ch and publica ions by
nume ous domes ic and o eign schola s.
The wo k o M. Mo ela o, L. Cadola, M. Bè ubè, O. Ribaux, and S. Baechle p esen s a s a -
egy o eaching and lea ning in o ensic science, de eloped a he Uni e si y o Lausanne (Swi ze -
land) and adap ed a he Uni e si y o Technology Sydney (Aus alia) and he Uni e si è du Quèbec
à T ois-Ri iè es (Canada) [1].
The goal o he s a egy is o analyze and elabo a e on eal-li e si ua ions using a p og essi e
app oach o eaching and lea ning, which is based on heo y and p ac ical exe cises, placing s u-
den s in au hen ic scena ios.
The case-based lea ning app oach enables s uden s o de elop o modi y hei exis ing knowl-
edge h ough eal-li e expe iences, e lec i e obse a ion, ac i e expe imen a ion, and communi-
ca ion. This app oach has p o en mo e e ec i e o achie ing long- e m lea ning ou comes and
os e ing a deep lea ning app oach. I challenges s uden s’ abili y o sol e complex p oblems hey
a e likely o encoun e in he wo kplace.
Case s udies p o ide s uc u ed and ans e sal lea ning ma e ial, which has been success ully
adap ed in a ious coun ies and con ex s. This app oach also shi s he educa ional ocus om
me hods o easoning p ocesses and o ms o a gumen a ion necessa y a all s ages o o ensic
ac i i y.
Th ough his inno a i e lea ning p ocess, s uden s mo e away om pe cei ing he Cou ( ial)
as he sole ul ima e goal o o ensic science s udies. They lea n o pe o m di e se oles, adop p o-
ac i e a i udes, and wo k bo h indi idually and collabo a i ely. Such a eaching and lea ning s a -
egy b eaks exis ing isola ion in o ensic science by ocusing on p ocesses and c i ical hinking [1].
J. González-Rod íguez p o ided a p o essional e iew o o ensic science educa ion p og ams
in Eu ope, excluding he Uni ed Kingdom and I eland [2]. The esul s o his wo k a e p esen ed in
he Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Fo ensic science uni e si y cou ses in Eu ope (excluding UK & I eland)
Ins i u e/p og am’s housing uni /
loca ion/websi e Deg ee & cou se i le Cou se
language
1 2 3
Aus ia
Medical Uni e si y o Vienna
Depa men o Fo ensic Medicine
Fo ensic Molecula Biology
Vienna
(In de elopmen ) Ge man
h ps://www.meduniwien.ac.a /hp/ ileadmin/ge ich smedizin/DGM_O g_neu_2016/2016_05_17_O g_eng.pd
38
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
Con inua ion o Table 2.1
1 2 3
Bulga ia
Va na F ee Uni e si y
Depa men o Secu i y and Sa e y
Law Facul y
Va na
Mas e : Fo ensic Science Expe ise Bulga ian
h p:// u.bg/en/ec s_guide/ i les/u /mag/se/ske.h ml
Ge many
S einbeis College
Be lin
MA: C iminology
h p://www. achhochschule.de/FH/S udium/Mas e _o _A s_C iminal_In es iga ion_17738.h ml
Uni e si y Humbol
Be lin
(A his o ical well known p og am was closed
in 1994, ollowing he all o he Be lin Wall.
Cu en ly, p og ams a e o e ed in pa ne -
ship wi h King’s College London)
h p://www.kcl.ac.uk/s udy/pos g adua e/ augh -cou ses/ o ensic-science-msc-m es-pg-dip-pg-ce .aspx
Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Uni e si y o Applied
Sciences
Depa men o Na u al Sciences
Sank Augus in
BSc: Fo ensic Sciences Ge man (50%)
English (50%)
h ps://www.h-b s.de/en/anna/ o ensic-sciences-bsc
B andenbu g Uni e si y o Technology
Co bus-Sen enbu g
Facul y o En i onmen and Na u al
Sciences
Co bus
MSc: Fo ensic Sciences & Enginee ing Ge man
h ps://www.b- u.de/en/s udy/s udy-p og ammes/de ail/123- o ensic-sciences-and-enginee ing
I aly
Sapienza Uni e si y o Roma
Facul y o Physical and Na u al Sciences
Rome
MSc: Fo ensic Analy ical Me hod I alian
h p://www.uni oma1.i /dida ica/mas e /2015/me odologie-anali iche- o ensi-0
Uni e si y o Bologna
P o essional Mas e ’s P og ammes
Bologna
MSe: Fo ensic Chemical & Chemical-Toxico-
logical Analyses
I alian
h p://www.unibo.i /en/ eaching/p o essional-mas e /2015-2016/ o ensic-chemical-and-chemical- oxicolog-
ical-analyses-8638
The Ne he lands
The Uni e si y o Ams e dam
Ins i u e o In e disciplina y S udies
G adua e Schools o Sciences
Ams e dam
MSe: Fo ensic Science English
h p://gss.u a.nl/ u u e-msc-s uden s/con en / o ensic-science.h ml
39
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
Con inua ion o Table 2.1
1 2 3
A ans Uni e si y o Applied Sciences
B eda
Bachelo o Chemis y
Bachelo o Biology
English &
Du ch
h p://www.a ans.nl/in e na ional/p og ams/p og am i nde /in e na ional- o ensic-science-sho -p o-
g amme-b eda- ol ijdsho -cou se/in oduc ion
Po ugal
The Uni e si y o Coimb a
Facul y o Medicine
Rua La ga, Coimb a
Mas e : Legal Medicine & Fo ensic Science Po uguese
h ps://apps.uc.p /cou ses/en/cou se/1392
Ins i u o Supe io de Ciências da
Saúde Egas Moniz
Highe Heal h Sciences Egas Moniz
Ins i u e
Lisbon
BA: Fo ensic & C iminal Sciences Po uguese
h p://www.egasmoniz.com.p /p -p /ensina/iscsem/cu sas/licencia u as/licencia u a-em-ciências- o ens-
es-e-c iminais.aspx
Spain
The Au onomous Uni e si y o Ba celona
G adua e School
Ce danyola del Vallès, Ba celona
Mas e : C iminology – Fo ensic Sciencea
G adua e Diploma: C iminalis csb
Fo ensic Science & C iminal In elligencec
Fo ensic Handw i ing Analysisd
Spanish
ah p://www.uab.ca /web/pos g adua e/mas e -in-c iminology/gene al-in o ma ion-1217916968009.h ml/
pa am1-1487_en/pa am2-2014/
bh p://www.uab.ca /web/pos g adua e/g adua e-diploma-in-c iminalis ics-analysis-o -in o ma ion-and-ad-
anced echniques-in- o ensic-sciences/gene al-in o ma ion-1217916968009.h ml/pa am1-1471_en/
pa am2-2014/
ch p://www.uab.ca /web/pos g adua e/g adua e-diploma-in- o ensic-science-and-c iminal-in elligence/gene -
alin o ma ion-1217916968009.h ml/pa am1-3002_en/pa am2-2014/
dh p://www.uab.ca /web/pos g adua e/g adua e-diploma-in- o ensic-handw i ing-analysis/gene alin o ma-
ion-1217916968009.h ml/pa am1-3058_en/pa am2-2013/
The Uni e si y o Alcalá
Spanish
Uni e si y Resea ch Ins i u e o Police
Sciences
Facul y o Law
Alcalá de Hena es, Mad id
Mas e : Police Sciencea
PhD: Fo ensic Scienceb
Spanish
ah ps://www.uah.es/es/es udios/es udios-o iciales/mas e es-uni e si a ios/Ciencias-Policiales/
bh ps://www.uah.es/es/es udios/es udios-o iciales/doc o ados/Ciencias-Fo enses-D412/
Uni e si y o Mu cia
Facul y o Biology
Espina do Campus
Mu cia
Mas e : Fo ensic Sciences Spanish
h p://www.um.es/web/biologia/con enido/es udios/mas e es/ciencias- o enses
40
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
Con inua ion o Table 2.1
1 2 3
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y
Mas e and Doc o al School
Mas e : Fo ensic Analysis Spanish/Basque
h p://www.ehu.eus/en/web/mas e analisis o ense/au kezpena
Uni e si y o Valencia
Depa men o P e en i e Medicine
Valencia
Mas e : Fo ensic Science Spanish
h p:// o macion.adei u .es/ciencias- o enses/#
Pablo de Ola ide Uni e si y
Social and Legal Sciences
Se ille
Mas e : C iminology & Fo ensic Science Spanish
h ps://www.upo.es/pos g ado/Mas e -O i cial-C iminologia-y-Ciencias-Fo enses
Sweden
The Uni e si y o Uppsala
Facul y o Medicine
Uppsala
MSe: Fo ensic Science Swedish
h p://www.uu.se/en/admissions/mas e /selma/p og am/?pKod=MFV2M&lasa =16/17
Swi ze land
The Uni e si y o Lausanne
Ba imen BCH
Lausanne
BSe: Fo ensie Seiencea
MSe: Physical Iden i ica ionb
Chemical C iminalis icsc
T aceology & C ime Analysisd*
Digi al In es iga ion &Iden i ica ione
PhD: Fo ensic Science
Ce i ica e: Essen ials o Fo ensic In e p e a iong
Essen ials o DNA In e p e a ioni
Ce i ica e o Ad anced S udies: S a is ics in
he In e p e a ion o E idenceh
F ench
F ench
F ench
F ench
F ench
F ench & o he s
English
English
English
www.unil.ch/esc
ah p://www.unil.ch/esc/bachelo
bh p://www.unil.ch/esc/mas e -id
ch p://www.unil.ch/esc/mas e -cc
dh p://www.unil.ch/esc/mas e - acologie
eh p://www.unil.ch/esc/msc-in es iga ion-nume ique
h p://www.unil.ch/esc/home/menuins /doc o a s-e - eche ches/doc o a -en-science- o ensiq.h ml
gh p://www. o ma ion-con inue-unil-ep l.ch/essen ials- o ensic-in e p e a ion
hh p://www. o ma ion-con inue-unil-ep l.ch/s a is ics-e alua ion- o ensic-e idence-cas
ih p://www. o ma ion-con inue-unil-ep l .ch/essen ials-dna-in e p e a ion
*Wi h he Uni e si y o Mon éal, Depa men o C iminology
Tu key
Is anbul Uni e si y
Ins i u e o Fo ensic Sciences
Ce ahpasa Kampusu
Is anbul
MS: Fo ensic Sciencea
PhD: Fo ensic Scienceb
Tu kish
Tu kish
ah p://adli ip.is anbul.edu. /en/ms-in- o ensic-sciences/
bh p://adli ip.is anbul.edu. /en/phd-in- o ensic-sciences/
Sou ce: [2]
41
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
The au ho desc ibes o ensic science educa ion in Eu ope as a “pa chwo k” ha is di icul o
un a el. In many coun ies, he e a e no s udies, dedica ed o o ensic science educa ion, leading
o deg ees being open o non-go e nmen al p o essionals.
In hese coun ies, he e a e connec ions be ween o icial, go e nmen al, o police labo a o-
ies and academic ins i u ions, as well as oppo uni ies o in e nal educa ion leading o academic
s a us. In many Eu opean coun ies, o ensic ac i i ies and esea ch may be conduc ed a depa -
men s o o ensic medicine wi hou con e ing a scien i ic deg ee, excep o medical specializa ion.
Many coun ies also o e o ensic science cou ses o law s uden s o as pa o c iminology
p og ams. Finally, he e is a ne wo k o uni e si ies claiming o o e o ensic science deg ees,
which a e mos ly deli e ed emo ely [2].
In he wo k, dedica ed o o ensic expe aining [3], au ho s S. G ey and B. Swans on made
key conclusions ha o ensic science educa ion can p epa e s uden s o a ious ca ee s in he
ield, including wo k as o ensic an h opologis s, c iminal in es iga o s, o ensic scien is s, and
o ensic oxicologis s. I is no ed ha many posi ions in his ield equi e ce i ica ion by one o
he nume ous specialized o ganiza ions esponsible o he acc edi a ion o o ensic expe s [3].
The issue o an op imal model and mechanism o o ensic expe aining o enhance hei
p o essional le el and ad ance he ield o a quali a i ely new s age has been add essed by schola s
V. Alekseichuk and I. S a odubo [4]. In hei iew, in mos cases, ob aining he quali ica ion o
a o ensic expe equi es comp ehensi e highe educa ion. Fo example, o he specializa ion
“Economic Resea ch in he Field o In ellec ual P ope y”, in addi ion o majo ing in 076 “En e-
p eneu ship, T ade, and S ock Exchange Ac i i y” o 081 “Law”, specialis s should p e e ably ha e
highe educa ion in one o he ollowing ields wi hin he knowledge a ea 0305 “Economics and
En e p ise”: 051 “Economics”, 056 “In e na ional Economic Rela ions”, 072 “Finance, Banking,
and Insu ance”, o 071 “Accoun ing and Taxa ion”. A he same ime, o conduc , o ins ance, an
objec i e examina ion o an in en ion, he expe mus ha e a echnical educa ion; o he analysis
o compu e p og ams – educa ion in compu e science; and o conduc ing economic esea ch –
an economic backg ound, and so o h [4].
2.2 Theo e ical and me hodological ounda ions and cu en ends in o ensic
expe aining in global p ac ice
Any o ensic examina ion is an applied scien i ic s udy o objec s, conduc ed in acco dance wi h
ules, de e mined by he speci ics o i s subjec and he scope o in o ma ion necessa y o i s
pe o mance, d awn om ele an ields o science and echnology.
The objec s o o ensic examina ions, in a b oad sense, may include subs ances, ma e ials, in-
dus ial and o he p oduc s, echnologies, wo ks o a , plan s, animals, human beings, documen s,
and mo e. The goals and asks o o ensic examina ions a e de e mined by he a ea o human
ac i i y, wi hin which hey a e conduc ed.
42
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
Fo ensic examina ion is a speci ic ype o expe ac i i y wi h a special legal s a us.
The essence o o ensic examina ion lies in he analysis, upon he assignmen o an indi idual
o au ho i y conduc ing legal p oceedings, o ma e ial objec s (physical e idence) and a ious doc-
umen s by a quali ied pe son (expe ) wi h he pu pose o es ablishing ac ual da a ele an o he
co ec esolu ion o he case.
Upon he comple ion o he examina ion, he expe issues an expe opinion, which, acco ding
o law, is one o he sou ces o e idence, and he ac ual da a con ained he ein cons i u e p oo .
Acco ding o he cu en legisla ion o Uk aine, he key bea e o specialized knowledge is
he o ensic expe , who applies such knowledge bo h in p ocedu al o m – when i s esul s ha e
e iden ia y alue – and in non-p ocedu al o m.
The only o mal equi emen o an indi idual o ac as a o ensic expe unde Uk ainian law is
he possession o specialized knowledge.
The concep o “specialized knowledge” is no legally de ined. In academic li e a u e, i is a-
di ionally unde s ood as a sys em o heo e ical knowledge and p ac ical skills in a pa icula ield
o science, echnology, a , o c a , acqui ed h ough special aining o p o essional expe ience,
necessa y o sol ing ques ions a ising in he cou se o c iminal o ci il p oceedings. Commonly
known and legal knowledge is no conside ed specialized.
Howe e , in oday’s condi ions, new achie emen s o apidly de eloping science, echnology,
and eme ging disciplines a e con inuously in eg a ed in o o ensic p ac ice.
In ou iew, hese de elopmen s ine i ably cause a ans o ma ion o he concep o “special-
ized knowledge”. The bounda ies o he expe ’s and specialis ’s compe ence, as well as he e y
necessi y o hei in ol emen in a case, di ec ly depend on he meaning a ibu ed o his e m.
The e o e, his issue is no me ely academic bu has se ious p ac ical signi icance.
The ela ionship be ween specialized and commonly known knowledge is inhe en ly a iable and
depends on he le el o socie al de elopmen and he ex en , o which scien i ic knowledge is in e-
g a ed in o e e yday li e. As knowledge o a pa icula phenomenon, p ocess, o objec expands and
deepens, i becomes inc easingly di e en ia ed, sys ema ic, and accessible o a wide audience. As
a esul , he sphe e o e e yday knowledge is en iched.
Re u ning o he ques ion o who may ac as o ensic expe s unde Uk ainian law, such in-
di iduals a e hose who possess he necessa y knowledge o p o ide opinions on speci ic issues
unde in es iga ion.
The p o essional and quali ica ion equi emen s o o ensic expe s, employed in s a e spe-
cialized ins i u ions o wo king independen ly, a e ou lined in A icle 10 o he Law o Uk aine “On
Fo ensic Examina ion” da ed 25.02.1994, No. 4038-XII [5]. The law s ipula es ha posi ions o
expe s in s a e o ensic ins i u ions may be held by p o essionals wi h ele an highe educa ion,
a quali ica ion le el o a leas “specialis ”, who ha e comple ed app op ia e aining and ob ained
he quali ica ion o o ensic expe in a speci ic special y.
In Uk aine, academic aining o o ensic expe s is p ima ily conduc ed on he basis o legal and
echnical uni e si ies, among which he leading ins i u ions a e:
43
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
– The Na ional Academy o In e nal A ai s – Educa ional and Scien i ic Ins i u e No. 2 is cu -
en ly he only ins i u ion ha o e s aining o applican s wi h an expe -c iminalis ic ocus.
I p o ides aining o mas e ’s deg ee seeke s in he special y “Law” wi h a specializa ion in
“Fo ensic Examina ion”;
– Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi – o e s specialized cou ses in c iminalis ics and
o ensic examina ion, including DNA analysis and ace e idence examina ion;
– Kha ki Na ional Uni e si y o In e nal A ai s – p o ides cou ses in digi al o ensics and ballis ics;
– Odesa S a e Uni e si y o In e nal A ai s – specializes in handw i ing examina ion and o-
ensic an h opology.
Le us b ie ly examine he s a e o o ensic expe aining in some o eign coun ies.
Uni ed S a es
The U.S. sys em o o ensic expe aining is one o he mos ad anced globally. I is based on
coope a ion be ween uni e si ies and law en o cemen agencies. The FBI Academy o e s p og ams
in c iminalis ics, o ensic medicine, and digi al o ensics.
A s ong emphasis is placed on p ac ical aining. S uden s unde go in e nships in labo a o ies
and pa icipa e in eal c iminal in es iga ions.
In e ms o inno a ion, he U.S. ac i ely u ilizes au oma ed sys ems o e idence analysis, such
as he CODIS DNA da abase and he IAFIS inge p in da abase.
Howe e , o ensic scien is s a e o en con used wi h c ime scene in es iga o s, al hough
hese wo p o essions di e signi ican ly (Table 2.2) [6–8]. They equi e di e en quali ica ions,
ha e dis inc wo k cha ac e is ics, and employ di e en echnologies [9, 10].
Table 2.2 Main di e ences be ween o ensic expe s and c ime scene in es iga o s
Fo ensic science C ime scene in es iga o (CSI)
A signi ican po ion o he wo k is done in
labo a o ies, whe e o ensic da a is collec ed
and analyzed based on e idence collec ed
du ing c ime scene examina ions
A la ge pa o he job in ol es isi ing and analyzing c ime
scenes
To wo k in his ield, o ensic scien is s ypical-
ly mus ha e a leas a bachelo ’s deg ee
While a deg ee in o ensics o o he science is desi able,
o ensic in es iga o s can also s a hei ca ee s as
police o ice s and hen mo e up o he posi ion o o ensic
in es iga o
The e a e many oppo uni ies o expe s o
specialize in a wide a ie y o ields
C ime scene wo k does no allow o many specializa ions,
al hough he skills lea ned can be applied o o he posi-
ions, such as wo king in go e nmen o ganiza ions
Sou ce: [6]
Fo ensic expe s a e well-paid p o essionals wi h signi ican ca ee oppo uni ies. In ac ,
employmen in o ensic science is p ojec ed o g ow by 13% by 2032, much as e han he
na ional a e age.
50
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
Fo u he compa ison o expe aining sys ems, he speci ied hou s will be con e ed in o
he numbe o c edi s, equi ed o ob ain an educa ional quali ica ion o a ce ain deg ee in he el-
e an special y. ECTS, o he Eu opean C edi T ans e and Accumula ion Sys em, is a pan-Eu opean
sys em o c edi ans e and accumula ion.
Thus, he aining p og am o o ensic expe s specializing in 1.1 “Handw i ing and Signa u e
Analysis” amoun s o 11 ECTS c edi s, excluding p io highe academic educa ion.
The aining p og am o o ensic expe s specializing in 4.1 «Human and Animal T ace Analysis»
amoun s o 13 ECTS c edi s, excluding p io highe academic educa ion.
Undoub edly, he quali y o o ensic expe aining h ough indi idual and g oup in e nships
and sho - e m cou ses canno compa e o sys ema ic educa ion in highe educa ion ins i u ions.
Fo ensic expe ise allows o specializa ion. This aises he ques ion o wha educa ional and
knowledge equi emen s should be imposed on u u e o ensic expe s in he cu en s age o
scien i ic de elopmen , gi en he complexi y o he asks, assigned o hem.
In Uk aine, he issue o he necessi y o specialized o ensic expe aining emains un esol ed.
One app oach o o ensic expe aining in ol es a s anda dized app oach o gene al p o essional
disciplines while de ining specialized disciplines based on ypes o o ensic expe ise. P oponen s o
his app oach p opose aining o ensic expe s in highe educa ion ins i u ions unde he Minis y
o In e nal A ai s o Uk aine h ough a six-yea educa ional p og am. G adua es ecei e a diploma
in «Fo ensic Expe ise» and a e au ho ized o conduc adi ional o ensic examina ions, including
ace analysis, inge p in analysis, ballis ics, cold weapons analysis, po ai expe ise, handw i ing
analysis, and o ensic echnical documen examina ion. The aining o expe s in o ensic enginee -
ing and echnical expe ise could be conduc ed in echnical uni e si ies wi h app op ia e equipmen ,
as well as in law acul ies in he o ma o a second legal educa ion.
Despi e signi ican ad ancemen s in he de elopmen o educa ional p og ams, he key issue
emains he insu icien in eg a ion o p ac ice in o he educa ional p ocess. Fo ins ance, only a
limi ed numbe o s uden s ha e access o mode n labo a o y equipmen , and in e nships in o en-
sic ins i u ions a e no always manda o y and, unde ma ial law condi ions, no always easible.
The main easons o he lack o p ac ical aining in o ensic educa ion include:
– o e emphasis on heo y: educa ional p og ams o en ocus on heo e ical aspec s while
neglec ing p ac ical applica ion;
– lack o in e ac ion wi h employe s: weak connec ions be ween educa ional ins i u ions and
s akeholde s lead o educa ional p og ams ha do no align wi h eal labo ma ke needs;
– cul u al and in ellec ual ba ie s: in Uk aine, he s e eo ype ha a diploma is he main c i-
e ion o success emains widesp ead, complica ing he implemen a ion o al e na i e lea ning and
assessmen o ma s.
Howe e , in ecen yea s, he e has been a posi i e end, including he in oduc ion o digi al
o ensics cou ses o comba cybe h ea s, he use o 3D modeling o c ime scene econs uc ion,
and he aining o o ensic genomics expe s o wo k wi h biological e idence.
In ou iew, o ensic expe aining should be based on a combina ion o se e al key app oaches.
51
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
Fi s ly, an in e disciplina y app oach. Fo ensic expe ise equi es he in eg a ion o knowledge
om a ious ields, including law, c iminalis ics, na u al sciences, compu e echnology, and psy-
chology. Fo example, a digi al o ensics expe mus unde s and he legal ounda ions o e idence
collec ion, me hods o e ie ing and analyzing digi al da a, and he e hical aspec s o he wo k.
The educa ional p og am should p epa e g adua es o pe o m asks in a ious ields, includ-
ing legal, o ensic, echnical-c iminalis ic, and consul ing a eas. Implemen a ion o his app oach
can include:
– de elopmen o join p ojec s, whe e s uden s pa icipa e in eal in es iga ions unde he
guidance o specialis s om di e en disciplines;
– c ea ion o in e disciplina y s udy g oups, in which s uden s om di e en special ies (law-
ye s, IT specialis s, biologis s, e c.) collabo a e on o ensic cases, simula ing eal expe g oup wo k;
– use o digi al pla o ms o access da abases, simula e o ensic p ocesses, and enable in e -
disciplina y s uden in e ac ion.
Secondly, a compe ency-based app oach. Educa ional p og ams should ocus on de eloping
p o essional compe encies, including:
– analy ical hinking;
– p oblem-sol ing skills;
– eamwo k abili ies;
– o al and w i en communica ion skills.
Thi d, an inno a i e app oach. In oday’s en i onmen , o ensic aining is impossible wi hou
he use o cu ing-edge echnologies, such as a i icial in elligence, blockchain o ensu e he in eg-
i y o e idence, as well as mode n labo a o y ools o DNA analysis, oxicology and digi al da a.
In addi ion, i is impo an o unde go app op ia e aining-in e nship wi h an expe ienced men-
o o gain access o he accumula ed expe ience in he ield o o ensic examina ion.
We also emphasize ha ac i e pa icipa ion in p o essional o ganiza ions on pla o ms o sha -
ing esea ch esul s, collabo a ing on complex cases and sol ing p oblems and e hical issues in he
o ensic examina ion communi y, and ob aining aining oppo uni ies a e impo an o o ensic
expe s o s ay ab eas o he la es de elopmen s, me hods and bes p ac ices in hei ield.
The mos sui able o he expe sys em o Uk aine, acco ding o many expe s, is he Eu o-
pean model o educa ion. I should be no ed ha in Eu opean coun ies e o ms we e ca ied ou
simul aneously in all sphe es o li e, including educa ion. Only success ul e o ms by a coun y be-
came he basis o becoming a candida e o accession o he Eu opean Communi y. Fo he aining
o expe s, bo h gene al and special c i e ia we e de eloped, which we e e lec ed in documen s
on educa ion [22–28].
The de eloped c i e ia embodied all he bes aken om he ac i i ies o a ious Eu opean
e o me coun ies in he ield o o ensic expe ise. Educa ional e o ms in Eu opean coun ies,
in u n, began long be o e he adop ion o he Bologna Ag eemen , a i ied on June 19, 1999
in he ci y o Bologna (I aly), and signed by 29 minis e s o educa ion. The documen was la e
called he “Bologna Decla a ion”. Wi h his ac , he pa icipa ing coun ies ag eed on he gene al
52
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
equi emen s, c i e ia and s anda ds o he na ional highe educa ion sys em, c ea ing he Eu ope-
an Educa ional and Scien i ic Space since 2010.
Wi hin he amewo k o his s udy, o cla i y, we will examine he o ensic expe aining
p og am using he example o he Swiss Uni e si y L’Uni e si é de Lausanne (Fig. 2.1–2.3) [28].
The i s deg ee – Bachelo o C iminology/Fo ensic Science, is he i s s ep in basic scien i ic
aining, which allows you o acqui e a me hodological, scien i ic and o ensic way o hinking.
The bachelo ’s deg ee is alued a 180 ECTS c edi s and usually las s 6 semes e s. The o en-
sic science educa ion p og am is a comp ehensi e, in e disciplina y scien i ic aining p og am ha ,
in addi ion o o ensic science i sel , includes subjec s om he na u al sciences, such as physics,
biology, ma hema ics and especially chemis y, as well as a signi ican componen om he human-
i ies (c iminal law, c iminology), medicine ( o ensic medicine) and enginee ing (compu e science,
isualiza ion). The p opo ion o labo a o y wo k is e y high in ela ion o cou ses and semina s.
To ob ain he deg ee o Bachelo o Fo ensic Science and Bachelo o Science (BSc) in Fo ensic
Science, i is necessa y o be admi ed o he Uni e si y o Lausanne on he basis o hei quali ica-
ions, in acco dance wi h a . 81 o he RLUL; on he basis o a dossie , in acco dance wi h a . 82b
and 82c o he ZZNU and Di ec i e 3.16 o he Execu i e Boa d; a e a p elimina y examina ion in
acco dance wi h a . 82 and 82a o he ZZRP, as well as he Regula ion go e ning he p elimina y
examina ion o admission o wo k in he ESCB, and Di ec i e 3.16 o he Execu i e Boa d.
The p og am consis s o sepa a e modules (pa s).
Module 1.1
Sciences de base
46 ECTS
Module 1.2
Sciences c iminelles
14 ECTS
La êussi e de la p emiê e pa e (P opêdeu ique)
condi ionne ’acces à la seconde pa io
Seconde pa ie (120 ECTS)
Module 2.1
Enseignemen s ans e saux
41 ECTS
Module 2.3
Jus ice e police
25 ECTS
Module 2.2
Enseignemen s spécialisés
40 ECTS
Module 2.4
Enseignemen s
complémen ai es en sciences
14 ECTS
Fig. 2.1 The o ensic expe aining p og am using he example o
he Swiss Uni e si y L’Uni e si é de Lausanne
53
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
The uni e si y bachelo ’s deg ee cu iculum es ablishes a lis o subjec s ha mus be passed
in he 1s se ies o examina ions o ob ain 60 ECTS c edi s (module 1). S uden s mus pass he
1s se ies o examina ions o he bachelo ’s deg ee du ing he summe and/o au umn session
immedia ely ollowing he ele an academic yea . Failu e o mee his equi emen will be consid-
e ed an unsa is ac o y g ade, excep in cases o au ho ized academic lea e o o ce majeu e. The
1s yea o s udy aims o lay he heo e ical ounda ions in chemis y, basic sciences and o ensics.
Cu iculum
MODULE 1 (60 ECTS) Bachelo ’s plan
Module 1.1: Fundamen al Sciences
(46 ECTS)
Ma hema ics I
Ma hema ics II
Algo i hms and Compu a ional
Thinking
Py hon P og amming
Compu a ion and Ne wo ks
Expe imen al Physics I
Expe imen al Physics II
Ad anced Gene al Chemis y
O ganic Chemis y
Chemis y TP
Module 1.2: Fo ensic Science
(14 ECTS)
Gene al Fo ensic Science: Typology
o T aces
Gene al Fo ensic Science: Me h-
odology
In oduc ion o Law/Me hodology
In oduc ion o C iminology
Fig. 2.2 Module 1 o he o ensic expe aining p og am using
he example o he Swiss Uni e si y L’Uni e si é de Lausanne
In he second module, he p og am becomes mo e specialized and ocuses mo e on o ensics.
The cu iculum lis s he subjec s, included in module 3. The exams o he hi d se ies o he
Bachelo o Laws lead o 63 ECTS c edi s.
Each discipline is conside ed comple ed i he g ade ecei ed is a leas 4 o i he assessmen
is ma ked as “pass”. Upon mee ing his equi emen , he co esponding ECTS c edi s o ha
discipline a e awa ded.
The cu iculum also equi es s uden s o engage in independen esea ch on a gi en opic.
To ob ain a Bachelo ’s deg ee in o ensic science/c iminalis ics, s uden s mus comple e all
modules wi hin he maximum du a ion o s udy. In cases o unsa is ac o y academic pe o mance,
ECTS c edi s a e g an ed only o comple ed modules. A s uden who ails o comple e he uni-
e si y’s unde g adua e p og am in o ensic science is expelled om he p og am and is no longe
eligible o e-en ollmen in his cou se.
Upon mee ing all academic equi emen s, he s uden is awa ded a deg ee i led: Baccalau éa
uni e si ai e ès Sciences en science o ensique/Bachelo o Science (BSc) in Fo ensic Science/
Bachelo o Science (BSc) in C iminalis ics.
54
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
The Mas e o Science in Fo ensic Science is a g adua e p og am comp ising 120 ECTS c edi s
wi h an expec ed du a ion o ou semes e s. The p ima y objec i e o his mas e ’s p og am is o
enable s uden s o de elop, deepen, and expand he knowledge, acqui ed du ing hei unde g adu-
a e s udies in o ensic science.
MODULE 2 (120 ECTS c edi s)
Module 2.1: In e disciplina y
Teaching (41 ECTS c edi s)
Mic oscopy
Fo ensic Tac ics
In oduc ion o Digi al Fo ensics
In oduc ion o In e p e a ion o
Scien i ic E idence
C ime Scene In es iga ion Techniques
Fo ensic P ac ice
Independen Wo k
Module 2.2: Specialized
Teaching (40 ECTS c edi s)
Papi al T aces
Biological T aces
Objec T aces
De ec ion o T aces o People and
Objec s
P ac ical Digi al Fo ensics
Exploi a ion o Digi al T aces
Ino ganic Mic o aces
Fi e In es iga ion Me hods
D ugs
Fi ea ms
Technical Documen Examina ion
Module 2.3: Jus ice and Police
(25 ECTS c edi s)
Fo ensic In es iga ion
C iminal Law
Special C iminal Law
Cou O ganiza ion and P ocedu e
Fo ensic Medicine
In oduc ion o C iminological
Me hods
Module 2.4: Addi ional Science
Cou ses (14 ECTS c edi s)
P obabili y and S a is ics
Biochemis y I
S uc u al Analysis
Analy ical Sepa a ion Me hods
Fig. 2.3 Module 2 o he o ensic expe aining p og am using
he example o he Swiss Uni e si y L’Uni e si é de Lausanne
This mas e ’s p og am o e s h ee dis inc specializa ions:
– iden i ica ion: a ansdisciplina y cu iculum co e ing key a eas o o ensic iden i ica ion,
including inge p in analysis, DNA analysis, biome ics, oolma k examina ion, i ea m exam-
ina ion, and handw i ing/signa u e analysis, wi h a pa icula ocus on p obabilis ic me hods o
in e p e a ion.
– o ensic chemis y: his specializa ion aims o s udy analy ical chemis y me hods. The p o-
g am consis s o a heo e ical componen , complemen ed by p ac ical labo a o y wo k u ilizing
analy ical chemis y echniques and hei o ensic applica ions.
– digi al in es iga ion and iden i ica ion.
55
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
S uden s mus choose hei specializa ion upon en ollmen in he p og am.
Thus, he o al numbe o ea ned c edi s amoun s o 300 ECTS. Fo compa ison, in Uk aine,
he equi alen igu es a e 13 ECTS and 11 ECTS.
In ou opinion, he e a e signi ican p ospec s o Uk aine in his ield. To align he Uk ainian
sys em wi h in e na ional s anda ds, he ollowing measu es should be implemen ed:
– inc ease p ac ical aining: es ablish o ensic aining cen e s and p o ide access o mode n
equipmen ;
– enhance in e na ional coope a ion: conclude ag eemen s wi h o eign uni e si ies o acili-
a e knowledge exchange;
– implemen inno a ions: de elop cou ses in eg a ing a i icial in elligence and digi al echnologies;
– imp o e e hical aining: emphasize accoun abili y o o ensic examina ion esul s.
By emb acing inno a ion while main aining a commi men o scien i ic igo and e hical p in-
ciples, o ensic expe s can ha ness he powe o mode n echnologies o enhance he accu acy,
e iciency, and eliabili y o hei wo k, ul ima ely ein o cing he c edibili y o o ensic science.
Conclusion
The ha moniza ion o o ensic expe aining wi h mode n de elopmen ends is a s a egically
impo an ask o ensu ing he e iciency o he jus ice sys em. An analysis o he expe iences
o Uk aine and eigh leading coun ies ( he USA, Ge many, he Uni ed Kingdom, F ance, Canada,
Swi ze land, Aus alia, and Poland) highligh s se e al key aspec s equi ing special a en ion. Glo-
baliza ion, echnological p og ess, and he in ensi ica ion o in eg a ion p ocesses necessi a e a
e ision o adi ional app oaches o expe aining, p omp ing he de elopmen o new educa ional
models, adap ed o con empo a y challenges.
An analysis o in e na ional expe ience shows ha he mos e ec i e o ensic expe aining
sys ems a e based on an in e disciplina y app oach ha combines heo e ical knowledge, p ac ical
aining, and he use o inno a i e echnologies.
In eg a ing p ac ical expe ience in o he educa ional p ocess h ough he c ea ion o aining
labo a o ies, an inc eased numbe o in e nships in eal o ensic ins i u ions, and s uden in ol e-
men in eal casewo k-will con ibu e o he de elopmen o p o essional skills and enhance g adu-
a es’ compe i i eness in he labo ma ke .
Addi ionally, he implemen a ion o inno a i e echnologies, including a i icial in elligence, ma-
chine lea ning, blockchain, 3D modeling, and mode n labo a o y me hods, will ensu e high accu acy
and objec i i y in o ensic examina ions.
In e na ional coope a ion mus unc ion on an ongoing basis. The conclusion o ag eemen s
be ween Uk ainian and o eign uni e si ies, he o ganiza ion o academic exchange p og ams, and
join esea ch ini ia i es will acili a e he in eg a ion o Uk aine’s o ensic expe aining sys em
in o he global communi y.
56
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
A signi ican aspec is he adap a ion o educa ional p og ams o in e na ional s anda ds,
which in ol es he in oduc ion o manda o y modules on o ensic in o ma ics, cybe secu i y, and
o ensic genomics in o he cu iculum. This ha moniza ion will enhance he compe i i eness o
Uk ainian expe s on a global scale, opening new oppo uni ies o p o essional g ow h and in e -
na ional collabo a ion.
Fo ensic expe aining should encompass no only knowledge o specialized me hodologies
and p ocedu es bu also he de elopmen o c i ical hinking, analy ical skills, and he abili y o
wo k wi h la ge olumes o in o ma ion. Mode n o ensic esea ch inc easingly elies on big da a
analysis, equi ing expe s o e ec i ely use analy ical ools, assess he eliabili y o in o ma ion,
and o mula e well- easoned conclusions.
A pa icula ly impo an issue is p o essional e hics and he independence o o ensic expe s.
The de elopmen o an e hical cul u e, high s anda ds o p o essional e hics, and esponsibili y o
o ensic conclusions a e c ucial o s eng hening public us in he jus ice sys em.
Mo eo e , in e disciplina i y plays a key ole. Expanding educa ional p og ams by in eg a ing
knowledge om ela ed ields (such as psychology, in o ma ion echnology, and na u al sciences)
will enable specialis s o wo k e ec i ely in esponse o mode n challenges.
Uk aine has al eady made some p og ess in his a ea, pa icula ly in de eloping educa ional
p og ams in digi al o ensics, o ensic genomics, and he applica ion o ad anced echnologies in
e idence analysis. Howe e , u he mode niza ion is needed, which includes inco po a ing in e -
na ional expe ience, expanding unding, and c ea ing condi ions o g adua es o in eg a e in o he
global labo ma ke .
Addi ionally, he possibili y o implemen ing a dual-deg ee sys em o o ensic expe s should
be conside ed, allowing hem o ecei e educa ion simul aneously a Uk ainian and Eu opean ins i-
u ions. This app oach will enhance expe quali ica ions and suppo hei p o essional de elopmen
in an in e na ional con ex .
Thus, he ha moniza ion o o ensic expe aining wi h mode n de elopmen ends is a
mul i ace ed p ocess ha equi es he syne gy o e o s om he s a e, academic ins i u ions,
educa ional es ablishmen s, and in e na ional pa ne s. Only h ough a sys ema ic app oach can
Uk aine p epa e specialis s who mee he highes s anda ds and e ec i ely con ibu e o he
jus ice sys em.
Re e ences
1. Mo ela o, M., Cadola, L., Bé ubé, M., Ribaux, O., Baechle , S. (2023). Fo ensic in elligence
eaching and lea ning in highe educa ion: An in e na ional app oach. Fo ensic Science In e -
na ional, 344, 111575. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. o sciin .2023.111575
2. González-Rod íguez, J. (2017). Uni e si y o Lincoln Fo ensic Science Educa ional P o-
g ams (IV) – Eu ope (Excluding UK and I eland). Fo ensic Science Re iew, 29 (1), 9–11.
57
chap e 2. HARMONIZATION OF FORENSIC EXPERT TRAINING WITH CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD: DETAILED ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
CHAPTER 2
A ailable a : h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/320741259_Fo ensic_Science_Ed-
uca ional_P og ams_IV_-_Eu ope_Excluding_UK_and_I eland
3. G ey, S., Beagle, V. (2024). How To Become A C ime Scene In es iga o : Job Ou look and
Specializa ions. Fo bes. A ailable a : h ps://www. o bes.com/ad iso /educa ion/law/how- o-
become-a-c ime-scene-in es iga o /
4. Alekseychuk, V., S a odubo , I. (2022). T aining o p o essionals in he ield o o ensic examina-
ion: o ganiza ional issues and p ospec s. Scien i ic Wo ks o Kyi A ia ion Ins i u e. Se ies Law
Jou nal "Ai and Space Law", 2 (63), 228–235. h ps://doi.o g/10.18372/2307-9061.63.16734
5. P o sudo u ekspe yzu (1994). Zakon Uk ainy No. 4038-XII. 25.02.1994. Da a ono lennia:
01.01.2025. A ailable a : h ps://zakon. ada.go .ua/laws/show/4038-12#Tex
6. How o become a o ensic scien is (2023). New Scien is . A ailable a : h ps://www.new-
scien is .com/nsj/a icle/how- o-become-a- o ensic-scien is
7. Fo ensic scien is . Na ional Ca ee s Se ice. A ailable a : h ps://na ionalca ee s.se ice.
go .uk/job-p o iles/ o ensic-scien is
8. Ca ee s in o ensic science. Depa men o Jus ice. NI go . A ailable a : h ps://www.jus-
ice-ni.go .uk/a icles/ca ee s- o ensic-science
9. Fo ensic scien is . P ospec s. A ailable a : h ps://www.p ospec s.ac.uk/job-p o iles/ o en-
sic-scien is
10. How o become a o ensic scien is (2023). Indeed UK. A ailable a : h ps://uk.indeed.com/
ca ee -ad ice/ inding-a-job/how- o-become- o ensic-scien is
11. Ca ee insigh s: become a o ensic scien is . NCC Home Lea ning. A ailable a : h ps://www.
ncchomelea ning.co.uk/how- o-become-a- o ensic-scien is
12. Blo e, J. (2023). How o become a o ensic scien is . Fo ensics Colleges. A ailable a :
h ps://www. o ensicscolleges.com/blog/h b/how- o-become- o ensic-scien is
13. How o become a o ensic scien is . CPD Online College. A ailable a : h ps://cpdonline.co.uk/
ca ee -guides/how- o-become-a- o ensic-scien is /
14. Ca ee s in o ensic sciences (2023). Lea nHowToBecome. A ailable a : h ps://www.lea n-
how obecome.o g/ca ee - esou ce-cen e / o ensic-science-ca ee s/
15. How o become a o ensic scien is (2022). Uni e si y o S a hclyde. A ailable a : h ps://
isc.s a h.ac.uk/blog/how- o-become-a- o ensic-scien is
16. Fo ensic science (2024). P ospec s. A ailable a : h ps://www.p ospec s.ac.uk/ca ee s-ad-
ice/wha -can-i-do-wi h-my-deg ee/ o ensic-science
17. Nikolaichuk, T., Solomakha, Y. (2024). Rega ding he ques ion o using he oppo uni ies o
a i icial in elligence in o ensic examina ion. In e depa men al scien i ic-p ac ical collec-
ion «C iminalis ics and Fo ensics», 69, 356–364. A ailable a : h ps://diges .kndise.go .ua/
wp-con en /uploads/2024/08/ ypusk_69-356-364.pd
18. Fab is, C. P., Ra hne , J. A., Fong, A. Y., Se igny, C. P. (2019). Vi ual Reali y in Highe
Educa ion. In e na ional Jou nal o Inno a ion in Science and Ma hema ics Educa ion, 27 (8).
h ps://doi.o g/10.30722/ijisme.27.08.006
58
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 2
19. Sa hyap akasan, R., Go indan, P., Al i, S., Sada h, L., Philip, S., Singh, N. (2021). An Im-
plemen a ion o Blockchain Technology in Fo ensic E idence Managemen . 2021 In e na ion-
al Con e ence on Compu a ional In elligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 208–212.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/iccike51210.2021.9410791
20. Mus a a, M. M., Kisho e, T. C., K i hika, N., Bha a hi, L. M. (2024). Fo ensic E idence
Managemen Using Blockchain Technology. In e na ional Jou nal o Inno a i e Science and
Resea ch Technology (IJISRT), 268–273. h ps://doi.o g/10.38124/ijis /ijis 24ap 354
21. Concannon, D. M. (2024). Is Fo ensic Science a Good Ca ee ? Explo ing he P os and Cons.
A ailable a : h ps://www.allian .edu/blog/is- o ensic-science-a-good-ca ee
22. P oh amy pidho o ky (s azhu annia) sudo ykh ekspe i . A ailable a : h ps://minjus .go .ua/
legal_expe ise/p og am_sudexpe
23. Enseignemen . L’Uni e si é de Lausanne A ailable a : h ps://www.unil.ch/esc/ /home/menu-
ins /enseignemen .h ml
24. Max Planck Ins i u es and Expe s. A ailable a : h ps://www.mpg.de/ins i u es
25. C an ield Uni e si y. A ailable a : h ps://www.c an ield.ac.uk/
26. Uni e si y o To on o. A ailable a : h ps://www.u o on o.ca/
27. Uni e si é de Lyon. A ailable a : h ps://www.uni e si e-lyon. / e sion-anglaise/uni e si-
e-de-lyon-en-6709.kjsp
28. Uni e si y o Melbou ne. A ailable a : h ps://www.unimelb.edu.au/
29. Polish Police Fo ensic Labo a o y (CLKP). A ailable a : h ps://clkp.policja.pl/
