Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
DOI:10.5121/cseij.2025.15128 247
SOUND THERAPY USING BINAURAL BEATS
FOR AUTISM ON EEG SIGNALS : A REVIEW
N Gu u Gau ham, Ka i ha Nai R, Rinku Ra ho e
Dep . o AI-ML, Acha ya Ins i u e o Technology, Bengalu u, India
ABSTRACT
The las decade has seen a ise in diagnosis o neu odi e gen diso de s. S udies ha e
shown ha he global p e alence o Au ism has isen o 1 in 100 indi iduals (up om 62 a
decade ago). Binau al bea s ha e shown p omise in modula ing b ainwa e ac i i y and a e
being explo ed as a po en ial he apeu ic in e en ion o a ious neu ological condi ions.
This pape in es iga es he applica ion o sound he apy using binau al bea s o enhance
cogni i e and emo ional esponses in indi iduals wi h Au ism Spec um Diso de (ASD).
Elec oencephalog am (EEG) signals we e collec ed ac oss mul iple pape s o analyze he
e ec s o binau al bea s imula ion on b ainwa e synch oniza ion and neu al ac i i y
pa e ns. The esul s indica e ha speci ic equencies o binau al bea s can induce
elaxa ion, imp o e ocus, and po en ially educe anxie y le els in indi iduals wi h ASD.
Ou indings sugges ha sound he apy could be a non-in asi e, complemen a y app oach
o managing ASD symp oms, wi h measu able impac s on EEG signals. Fu he esea ch is
necessa y o op imize he pa ame e s o binau al bea s o pe sonalized he apy in ASD
in e en ions.
KEYWORDS
Binau al bea s, B ainwa e synch oniza ion, Sound he apy.
1. INTRODUCTION
Binau al bea s a e an audi o y e ec c ea ed when wo di e en equencies a e p esen ed
sepa a ely o each ea , leading o he pe cep ion o a hi d one ha oscilla es a he di e ence
be ween he wo equencies. These bea s a e usually pe cei ed in he equency ange o 1–30
Hz, which aligns wi h key EEG equency bands in he b ain. The b ainwa e en ainmen
hypo hesis sugges s ha ex e nal audi o y s imuli can cause he b ain's elec ical ac i i y o
synch onize wi h he s imula ion equency, p o iding a ounda ion o s udying how binau al
bea s impac cogni i e and emo ional s a es. Some s udies, pa icula ly in applied esea ch, ha e
e e enced neu oscien i ic indings ha link binau al bea s wi h measu able changes in EEG
pa e ns [1].
The e a e, howe e , limi a ions o he pe cep ion o binau al bea s. Ea ly esea ch by Licklide
e al. [2] ound ha he equencies p esen ed mus no exceed 1000 Hz o p oduce a binau al
bea , as he human audi o y sys em can only p ocess sounds up o his equency [3].
Addi ionally, binau al bea s a e mos e ec i ely pe cei ed when he ca ie equencies— i.e.,
he equencies o he wo ones—a e close o 400 Hz [4]. Fu he , esea ch by Pe o and
Nelson [5] showed ha he maximum equency di e ence be ween he wo ones o
pe cei ing a binau al bea is a ound 30 Hz. I he di e ence exceeds 30 Hz, he ones a e
pe cei ed sepa a ely a he han p oducing a binau al bea , al hough his h eshold can a y
depending on he me hod o s imula ion [6].
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
248
E ec s o binau al bea s on EEG ac i i y ha e gene ally been obse ed a e a ound 5 minu es
o s imula ion [7], bu ecen esea ch indica es ha 5 minu es o s imula ion may no
signi ican ly al e EEG powe [8]. Addi ionally, p olonged exposu e o binau al bea s—up o 20
minu es—did no educe symp oms o ina en ion in bo h child en and adul s [9]. On he o he
hand, ecen s udies ha e shown ha sho , in ense bu s s o binau al bea s imula ion (las ing
100 ms) can inc ease EEG ampli ude esponses, al hough hey do no seem o a ec equency
modula ion esponses [10].
2. EFFECT OF BINAURAL BEATS
A.The di e en B ain Wa e ypes
• Gamma pa e n (30–50 Hz): F equencies in he gamma ange a e linked o sus aining a
pe son’s ale ness and a ousal du ing pe iods o wake ulness.
• Be a pa e n (13–30 Hz): Binau al bea s wi hin he be a ange a e known o enhance
concen a ion and a en ion. Howe e , when he equency app oaches he highe end o
his ange, i can also induce anxie y.
Fig. 1: Types o b ainwa es [11]
• Alpha pa e n (7–13 Hz): Binau al bea s in he alpha equency ange a e hough o
os e elaxa ion.
• The a pa e n (4–7 Hz): The a equencies a e equen ly u ilized by he apis s and a e
associa ed wi h he REM sleep phase. These hy hms a e bene icial o medi a ion,
c ea i i y, and sleep.
• Del a pa e n (0.5–4 Hz): Del a equency binau al bea s a e connec ed o deep,
d eamless sleep. EEG s udies ha e demons a ed ha indi iduals exposed o del a
wa es du ing sleep achie e he mos p o ound s ages o es [11].
B.Su ey on E ec o Binau al Bea s
Le Scou anec e al. [12] in es iga ed whe he lis ening o eco dings embedded wi h binau al
bea s could educe anxie y in mildly anxious indi iduals wi h ASD o e a one-mon h pe iod,
and whe he pa icipan s would consis en ly choose he same eco dings. The s udy in ol ed 15
mildly anxious olun ee s om he Clinique Psyché in Mon eal, Quebec. Pa icipan s we e
ins uc ed o lis en o one o mo e o h ee music eco dings, which con ained sounds gene a ing
binau al bea s in he EEG del a o he a equency pa e ns, a leas i e imes pe week o ou
weeks. Be o e and a e each lis ening session, pa icipan s eco ded hei lis ening habi s,
eco ding p e e ences, and anxie y le els in a jou nal. The esul s indica ed ha lis ening o
binau al bea s in he del a o he a EEG equency ange may help alle ia e mild anxie y.
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
249
Sung, e al [13] Al e na i e medicine and neu oscience esea che s a e bo h in e es ed in music
con aining binau al bea s. Binau al bea s ha e been used o induce b ain-wa e s a es ha ha e
been shown o educe anxie y in indi iduals wi h pe sis en anxie y. A 10-Hz binau al bea can
p omp he b ain o p oduce an equi alen 10-Hz bea , co esponding o a peace ul (alpha) s a e
o mind ulness h ough b ainwa e synch oniza ion. S udies ha e shown ha music wi h
binau al bea s can p omo e elaxa ion by al e ing b ainwa es, which can lead o a educ ion in
anxie y. As a esul , he a e age anxie y sco e o pa icipan s signi ican ly dec eased om 39.79
a baseline o 36.05 a e he in e en ion. Wilcoxon signed- ank es esul s demons a ed a
signi ican educ ion in anxie y le els when lis ening o acks wi h a 10-Hz binau al bea (Z =
2.86, p = 0.004).
Weiland e al. [14] explo ed whe he lis ening o specially composed acks, wi h o wi hou
binau al bea s, a ec s sel a ed anxie y le els in eme gency depa men (ED) pa ien s. When
compa ing he e ec s o simula ed ED ambien sound (mean anxie y sco e: p e-expe imen 40,
pos -expe imen 41) o headphones only (44; 44), pa ien s exposed o elec oacous ic music
composi ions (39; 34), ambien sound acks (42; 35), o sound acks wi h in eg a ed binau al
bea s (43; 37) showed signi ican anxie y educ ions (all P<0.001). S a e anxie y in mode a ely
anxious ED pa ien s dec eased by 10%–15% a e exposu e o hese sound in e en ions.
Alipoo e al. in es iga ed he impac o b ainwa e synch oniza ion using binau al bea s on
anxie y educ ion. In a andomized sample, 30 employees om an enginee ing esea ch i m
we e di ided in o con ol and expe imen al g oups. All pa icipan s comple ed he
Spielbe ge ’sS a eT ai Anxie y In en o y (STAI). The expe imen al g oup lis ened o binau al
bea s embedded in non- ocal music h ee imes a week o ou weeks, wi h each session las ing
a ound 20 minu es. The con ol g oup lis ened o backg ound music wi hou b ainwa e
en ainmen . Anxie y le els we e assessed p e- and pos -in e en ion. Resul s showed a
signi ican educ ion in s a e anxie y (P<0.001) and ai anxie y (P<0.018) in he expe imen al
g oup. B ainwa e synch oniza ion h ough binau al bea s p o ed o be an e ec i e ool o
educing bo h s a e and ai anxie y, indica ing i s po en ial o use in psychological ea men .
Wiwa wongwana e al. [15] s udied he anxioly ic e ec s o music embedded wi h binau al
bea s on pa ien s unde going ca a ac su ge y wi h local anes hesia. The s udy in ol ed 44
subjec s in he binau al bea s (BB) g oup, 44 in he music in e en ion (MI) g oup, and 47 in he
con ol g oup. Bo h he BB and MI g oups showed signi ican ly lowe STAI s a e anxie y sco es
compa ed o he con ol g oup a e he in e en ion (P<0.001). Howe e , he e was no
signi ican di e ence be ween he MI and BB g oups (STAI-S sco e MI g oup -7.0, BB g oup -
9.0, P=0.085). While bo h g oups showed a signi ican educ ion in sys olic blood p essu e (MI:
P=0.043, BB: P=0.040), only he BB g oup had a no able educ ion in hea a e (BB s con ol:
P=0.004, BB s MI: P=0.050, MI s con ol: P=0.303). The s udy concluded ha music, bo h
wi h and wi hou binau al bea s, can educe anxie y and lowe sys olic blood p essu e, hough
binau al bea s may be mo e e ec i e han music alone in educing ope a ional anxie y.
3. CASE STUDIES
O e his e iew, a ew s udies ha we analysed and e alua ed a e summa ised below:
A.S udy 1
Eigh een male pa icipan s, aged be ween 22 and 26 yea s (mean age: 23.6 yea s), olun ee ed
o he s udy. None o he pa icipan s epo ed any hea ing impai men s o neu ological
diso de s. The pa icipan s we e andomly assigned o one o wo g oups exposed o binau al
bea s a equencies o ei he 12 Hz o 18 Hz, wi h 9 pa icipan s in each g oup. W i en
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
250
in o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s, and he s udy was app o ed by he
uni e si y’s Human Resea ch E hics Commi ee.
EEG eco dings we e aken om all pa icipan s using he RMS B ain iew Plus 24-channel
EEG sys em. Elec odes we e placed ollowing he s anda d 10-20 elec ode placemen sys em
[14], as depic ed in Figu e 1. The EEG sys em was connec ed o a desk op equipped wi h RMS
Supe Spec so wa e, which was used o con ol he EEG eco dings. The da a was sampled a
30 mm/s, wi h a sensi i i y se ing o 75 µV/mm. Th oughou he eco ding p ocess, elec ode
impedances we e main ained below 50 kΩ [16].
• 12 Hz s imula ion:
To e alua e he e ec o he 12 Hz binau al bea equency on absolu e co ical powe , a
one-way epea ed measu es ANOVA was pe o med. This analysis ocused on wo
equency anges: he peak alpha equency (10–13 Hz) and he b oadband be a
equency (16–19 Hz). Tukey's mul iple compa ison es was used o examine any
signi ican di e ences in co ical powe be ween di e en condi ions.
Fo he peak alpha ange, no signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he con ol
condi ion, which consis ed o whi e noise, and he sho bu s o 12 Hz s imula ion (p =
.95). Simila ly, no di e ence was obse ed be ween he con ol and con inuous 12 Hz
s imula ion (p = .83), no be ween he sho bu s and con inuous s imula ion (p = .79). The
esul s o he b oadband be a equency (16–19 Hz) ollowed a simila pa e n. The e we e
no signi ican di e ences be ween he con ol and sho bu s condi ions (p = .94), be ween
he con ol and con inuous 12 Hz s imula ion (p = .77), o be ween he sho bu s and
con inuous s imulus (p = .74).
Figu e 2 illus a es he mean alues and s anda d de ia ions o absolu e co ical powe (in
µV²) a e he 12 Hz s imula ion o bo h he peak alpha and b oadband be a equency
anges. These indings sugges ha sho bu s and con inuous exposu e o he 12 Hz
equency had no signi ican impac on co ical ac i i y in hese equency anges. Despi e
he expec a ion ha binau al bea s migh al e EEG pa e ns, he esul s indica e ha a 12
Hz bea does no cause measu able changes in absolu e co ical powe in hese bands du ing
he ial pe iod. [16]
• 18 Hz s imula ion:
A one-way epea ed measu es ANOVA, ollowed by Tukey’s mul iple compa ison es ,
was conduc ed o assess whe he he 18 Hz bea equency had an e ec on co ical
absolu e powe . Fo he peak alpha equency ange (10–13 Hz), no signi ican di e ences
we e obse ed be ween he con ol condi ion (whi e noise) and he sho bu s s imulus (p
= .99), o be ween he con ol and con inuous s imula ion (p = .73). Likewise, no
signi ican di e ence was ound be ween he sho bu s and con inuous s imulus (p = .
23). Fo he b oadband be a equency ange (16–19 Hz), he e we e no signi ican
di e ences be ween he con ol and sho bu s s imulus (p = .99), be ween he con ol and
con inuous s imulus (p = .70), o be ween he sho bu s and con inuous s imulus (p = .14).
The mean and s anda d de ia ion o absolu e co ical powe (µV²) a he end o he 18 Hz
s imulus o bo h he peak alpha and b oadband be a equency anges a e p esen ed in
Figu e 3. [16]
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
251
Fig. 2. Mean absolu e co ical powe o peak alpha(10–13 Hz) and b oadband be a(16-19 Hz)[16].
Fig. 3. Mean absolu e co ical powe o peak alpha(10–13 Hz) and b oadband be a(16-19 Hz)[16]
Table 1: Compa isons o esul s [17],[18],[19],[20],[21]
B.S udy 2
A o al o 1,349 pa ien s we e analyzed ac oss he 12 s udies included in he e iew. O hese,
10 s udies used binau al bea s o add ess anxie y in pa ien s p epa ing o medical p ocedu es.
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
252
One s udy in es iga ed anxie y as a seconda y condi ion in indi iduals wi h Pa kinson's disease,
while ano he ocused on dep ession in psychia ic pa ien s. Mos s udies di ided pa icipan s
in o wo o mo e g oups o compa e he e ec s o di e en in e en ions, such as pu e binau al
bea s, binau al bea s mixed wi h o he sounds, music wi hou binau al bea s, o no in e en ion
a all. Assessmen s we e ca ied ou bo h wi hin indi idual g oups and be ween g oups o
e alua e he ela i e e ec i eness o each in e en ion. Table 1 p o ides a summa y o he key
cha ac e is ics o each s udy.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The esul s ob ained om he pape s e iewed in his pape , ha e highligh ed he e ec s o
Binau al Bea s on pa ien s wi h di e en neu odi e gen condi ions.
The s udy done by Isik e al. [17] compa ed 60 pa ien s (30 in he con ol g oup, 30 in he
expe imen al g oup) and ound ha pa ien s who lis ened o 9.3 Hz alpha binau al bea s be o e a
medical p ocedu e epo ed signi ican ly lowe anxie y le els compa ed o he con ol g oup,
which ecei ed no binau al bea s. Anxie y le els we e measu ed using a Visual Analogue Scale
(VAS).
Padmanabhan e al. [18] conduc ed a s udy which in ol ed 108 pa ien s di ided in o h ee
g oups (binau al bea s g oup, audio g oup wi hou binau al bea s, and no in e en ion g oup).
The s udy ound no signi ican di e ence in he STAIT (S a e-T ai Anxie y In en o y) sco es
ac oss he g oups. Howe e , pa ien s in he binau al bea s g oup showed an imp o emen in
anxie y symp oms a he inal e alua ion.
Opa punyasa n e al. [19] included 112 pa ien s in h ee g oups and e alua ed he impac o 20
Hz binau al bea s wi h g adually dec easing equencies o e 60 minu es. The esul s showed
ha he binau al bea s g oup expe ienced a g ea e educ ion in STAI-S (s a e anxie y) sco es
compa ed o he o he g oups. Blood p essu e (BP) dec eased in he binau al bea s g oup bu no
in o he s, while hea a e (HR) inc eased o all g oups, wi h he binau al bea s g oup showing
he lowes a e age inc ease.
The s udy done byMenzile oglu e al. [20] in ol ed 90 pa ien s who we e di ided in o h ee
g oups (binau al bea s, music, and con ol g oups). The s udy ound signi ican di e ences
be ween he binau al bea s and con ol g oups in e ms o pain pe cep ion (measu ed ia VAS).
While di e ences we e also obse ed be ween he 432 Hz music g oup and con ol, no
signi ican di e ence was ound be ween he binau al bea s and 432 Hz music g oups.
Loong e al. [21] in ol ed 61 pa ien s and ound ha hose in he binau al bea s g oup
expe ienced lowe pain sco es compa ed o he sham g oup. Addi ionally, signi ican
imp o emen s we e obse ed in he STAI-6 and HR sco es be o e and a e a medical p ocedu e
in he binau al bea s g oup.
All he s udies e iewed indica e ha binau al bea s can educe anxie y and pain le els, wi h
some epo ing imp o emen s in physiological esponses like blood p essu e and hea a e,
hough e ec s a y ac oss s udies.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Binau al Bea s ha e shown signi ican changes o he s a e o mind o a pa ien , inducing a
elaxed s a e o mind using di e en wa es. The esul s om he s udies e iewed highligh he
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
253
po en ial o binau al bea s in educing anxie y, alle ia ing pain, and imp o ing physiological
esponses such as blood p essu e and hea a e. While he ou comes ac oss s udies a y, many
indica e ha binau al bea s, pa icula ly in he alpha and he a anges, can posi i ely in luence
men al and emo ional s a es, especially in medical and s ess-inducing con ex s. Howe e , he
e ec s o binau al bea s on physiological measu es like hea a e and blood p essu e equi e
u he in es iga ion, as mixed esul s we e epo ed. The e idence suppo s he use o binau al
bea s as an adjunc he apy o managing anxie y and s ess, and his could be a aluable
addi ion o sound he apy p o ocols.
This e iew is a p ecu so o ou p ojec ha uses he in eg a ion o deep lea ning and binau al
bea s in sound he apy. This p esen s a p omising a enue o pe sonalized and adap i e
ea men s. Deep lea ning models can analyze EEG signals and o he physiological da a o
p edic op imal binau al bea equencies ailo ed o indi idual needs. This could esul in mo e
e ec i e in e en ions o pa ien s wi h a ying le els o anxie y, s ess, o cogni i e challenges
such as au ism.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like o hank M s. Ka i ha Nai R o assis ance wi h he me hodology and echnique
o w i ing his pape , and o commen s ha g ea ly imp o ed his manusc ip .
We would also like o show ou g a i ude o he au ho s o all he ci ed esou ces.
REFERENCES
[1] Chaieb L, Wilpe EC, Rebe TP, Fell J. Audi o y bea s imula ion and i s e ec s on cogni ion and
mood S a es. F on Psychia y. 2015 May 12;6:70. doi: 10.3389/ psy .2015.00070. PMID:
26029120; PMCID: PMC4428073.
[2] Licklide JCR, Webs e JC, Hedlun JM. On he equency limi s o binau al bea s. The jou nal o
he acous ical socie y o ame ica. 1950;22(4):468–73. doi: 10.1121/1.1906629 [C ossRe ] [Google
Schola ]
[3] Schwa z DWF, Taylo P. Human audi o y s eady s a e esponses o binau al and monau al bea s.
Clinical neu ophysiology: o icial jou nal o he In e na ional Fede a ion o Clinical
Neu ophysiology. 2005;116(3):658–68. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.014 PubMed Cen al
PMCID: PMC15721080. [PubMed] [C ossRe ] [Google Schola ]
[4] Goodin P, Cio cia i J, Bake K, Ca ey A-M, Ca ey A-M, Ha pe M, e al. A high-densi y EEG
in es iga ion in o s eady s a e binau al bea s imula ion. PloS one. 2012;7(4):e34789. Epub
09.04.2012. doi: 10.1371/jou nal.pone.0034789 PubMed Cen al PMCID: PMC22496862. [PMC
ee a icle] [PubMed] [C ossRe ] [Google Schola ]
[5] Pe o DR, Nelson MA. Limi s o he de ec ion o binau al bea s. The jou nal o he acous ical
socie y o Ame ica. 1969;46(6):1477–81. doi: 10.1121/1.1911890 PubMed
Cen al PMCID: PMC5361518. [PubMed] [C ossRe ] [Google Schola ]
[6] Moo e BCJ. An in oduc ion o he psychology o hea ing. 6 h ed. ed. Bingley: Eme ald; 2012.
441 p. [Google Schola ]
[7] Kenne ly, R, “An empi ical in es iga ion in o he e ec o be a equency binau al bea audio
signals on ou measu es o human memo y.,” Hemi-Synch Jou nal 14,(3), 1–4.,1996.
[8] X. Gao, H. Cao, D. Ming, H. Qi, X. Wang, X. Wang, R. Chen, and P. Zhou, “Analysis o EEG
ac i i y in esponse o binau al bea s wi h di e en equencies.,” In J Psychophysiol, ol. 94, no.
3, pp. 399– 406, Dec. 2014
[9] S. Kennel, A. G. Taylo , D. Lyon, and C. Bou guignon, “Pilo easibili y s udy o binau al
audi o y bea s o educing symp oms o ina en ion in child en and adolescen s wi h
a en ionde ici /hype ac i i y diso de .,” J Pedia Nu s, ol. 25, no. 1, pp. 3–11, Feb. 2010.
Compu e Science & Enginee ing: An In e na ional Jou nal (CSEIJ), Vol 15, No 1, Feb ua y 2025
254
[10] T. Mihajloski, J. Boho quez, and Ö..Özdama , “E ec s o single cycle binau al bea du a ion on
audi o y e oked po en ials.,” Con P oc IEEE Eng Med BiolSoc, ol. 2014, pp. 4587–90, Jan.
2014.
[11] Rankhambe, De ika and Bha a i Sanjay Ainapu e. “EFFECT OF BINAURAL BEATS MUSIC
THERAPY ON ANXIETY VIA EEG USING ANN & MACHINE LEARNING – A SURVEY.” .
[12] Le Scou anec, Rene-Pie e, e al., Use o binau al bea apes o ea men o anxie y: a pilo s udy
o ape p e e ence and ou comes, Al e na i e he apies in heal h and medicine, 2001, 7, 1, 58.
[13] H.C. Sung, e al., Familia music lis ening wi h binau al bea s o educe anxie y s a e o Taiwanese
olde adul s, In e na ional Jou nal o E idence-Based Heal hca e, 2010, 8, 3, 240.
[14] Weiland, J. T acey, e al., O iginal sound composi ions educe anxie y in eme gency depa men
pa ien s: a andomised con olled ial, Medical jou nal o Aus alia, 2011, 195, 11-12, 694-698.
[15] Wiwa wongwana D, Vichi ejpaisal P, Thaik uea L, Klaphajone J, Tan ong A, Wiwa wongwana
A; Medscape. The e ec o music wi h and wi hou binau al bea audio on ope a i e anxie y in
pa ien s unde going ca a ac su ge y: a andomized con olled ial. Eye (Lond). 2016
No ;30(11):1407-1414. doi: 10.1038/eye.2016.160. Epub 2016 Oc 14. PMID: 27740618;
PMCID: PMC5108018.
[16] Gu up asa h, G., &Gnana el, S. (2015). E ec o con inuous and sho bu s binau al bea s on
EEG signals. 2015 In e na ional Con e ence on Inno a ions in In o ma ion, Embedded and
Communica ion Sys ems (ICIIECS). doi:10.1109/iciiecs.2015.7193197.
[17] Isik, B.; Esen, A.; Büyüke kmen, B.; Kilinç, A.; Menzile oglu, D. E ec i eness o binau al bea s
in educing p eope a i e den al anxie y. B . J. O al Maxillo. Su g. 2017, 55, 571–574.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.02.014.
[18] Padmanabhan, R.; Hild e h, A.J.; Laws, D. A p ospec i e, andomised, con olled s udy examining
binau al bea audio and p e ope a i e anxie y in pa ien s unde going gene al anaes hesia o day
case su ge y. Anaes hesia 2005, 60, 874–877. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.13652044.2005.04287.x.
[19] Opa punyasa n, P.; Vichi ejpaisal, P.; Oe -A eemi , N. The e ec o binau al bea audio on
anxie y in pa ien s unde going ibe op icA p ospec i e andomized con olled ial. Medicine
2022, 101, e29392. h ps://doi.o g/10.1097/MD.0000000000029392.
[20] Menzile oglu, D.; Gule , A.Y.; Cayı , T.; Isik, B.K. Binau al bea s o 432 Hz music? Which
me hod is mo e e ec i e o educing p eope a i e den al anxie y? Med. O al Pa ol. O al Ci .
Bucal 2021, 26, e97–e101. h ps://doi.o g/10.4317/medo al.24051.
[21] Loong, L.J.; Ling, K.K.; Tai, E.L.M.; Kueh, Y.C.; Kuan, G.; Hussein, A. The E ec o Binau al
Bea Audio on Ope a i e Pain and Anxie y in Ca a ac Su ge y unde Topical Anaes hesia: A
Randomized Con olled T ial. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022, 19, 10194.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph191610194.
