Co esponding au ho : De y Ra iana Amia i
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Po en ial o honey pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L) Me .) om Kedi i in Killing
Bac e ia Po phy omonas gingi alis: Pe iodon i is agen
De y Ra iana Amia i * and Sa hi a Haya unnisa
Depa men o O al Biology, Facul y o Den al Medicine, Bhak i Wiya a Ins i u e o Heal h Sciences, Kedi i, Indonesia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 25 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 30 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 02 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1619
Abs ac
Backg ound: Po phy omonas gingi alis is a bac e ia ha is commonly ound in pe iodon al pocke s. Po phy omonas
gingi alis has pa hological abili ies ha can damage he suppo ing issue o he ee h (pe iodon i is). Pe iodon al
disease can be ea ed wi h mechanical he apy and an ibio ics. Howe e , an ibio ic he apy can cause nega i e side
e ec s. One al e na i e he apy ha can be used is he use o na u al ing edien s. Honey pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.)
Me .) is a plan ha has many p ope ies, one o which is as an an ibac e ial
Objec i e: To de e mine he po en ial o honey pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Me .) om Kedi i in killing
Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia which cause pe iodon i is.
Me hods: The me hod used in his s udy was solid dilu ion using Muelle Hin on Aga media o ob ain he Minimum
Bac e icidal Concen a ion (MBC).
Resul s: The esul s o he s udy showed he e ec i eness o Kedi i honey pineapple peel ex ac in killing
Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia wi h a concen a ion o 6.25% ha ing an MBC alue o 69.8%, a concen a ion o
12.5% ob ained an MBC alue o 90.7%, and a concen a ions o 25%, 50%, and 100% ob ained an MBC alue o 100%.
Conclusion: Honey pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Me .) om Kedi i can kill Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia
maximally a concen a ions o 25%, 50%, and 100%
Keywo ds: Honey pineappple peel; Kedi i; Killing Bac e ia; Po phy omonas gingi alis; Pe iodon i is
1. In oduc ion
Po phy omonas gingi alis is a black-pigmen ed, od-shaped, obliga e anae obic g am-nega i e bac e ium ha is o en
ound in pe iodon al pocke s. This bac e ium can o m a bio ilm p o ec ed by a laye o Lipopolysaccha ide (LPS) which
is an endo oxin ha can cause damage o he suppo ing issues o he ee h (pe iodon al) (1). Po phy omonas gingi alis
bac e ia ha e he abili y o ole a e oxygen, allowing hese bac e ia o su i e in he gum pocke a ea (gingi al sulcus)
(2). Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia a e also able o in ade pe iodon al issue cells, including epi helial cells,
ib oblas s and os eoblas s, and a e able o exploi mac ophages and dend i ic cells h ough hei imb iae. This
i ulence abili y can cause damage o pe iodon al issue because he bac e ia en e deepe cell a eas han whe e he
bac e ia ini ially s a ed he in asion (3).
Pe iodon al disease (pe iodon i is) is a disease caused by Po phy omonas gingi alis. The accumula ion o ood sc aps
and plaque con aining pa hogenic bac e ia can igge a esponse om he body's immune sys em (4). The in e ac ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
185
be ween pa hogenic bac e ia o e a ce ain pe iod o ime causes in lamma ion in he pe iodon al issue, damage o he
oo h suppo ing issue (pe iodon al ligamen and al eola bone), o ma ion o pocke s, gingi al ecession, and oo h
looseness (2,5). Pe iodon al disease can be ea ed using mechanical ea men (scaling, oo planing and su ge y) o he
use o an ibio ics (6). Long- e m use o an ibio ics is no ecommended because i can cause an ibio ic esis ance(7).
U ilizing he po en ial o plan s as na u al medicinal ing edien s is one al e na i e.
Honey pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Me .) is one o he supe io ui commodi ies o igina ing om Kedi i Regency,
Eas Ja a, Indonesia (8). The mos common ype o Kedi i honey pineapple is he Queen, which has an o al-shaped ui
simila o a cone, is yellow in colo , has a swee as e (like honey) and is sligh ly sou (9). Phy ochemical es s o pineapple
peel ex ac ha e an ibac e ial ac i i y including la onoid, annin and saponin compounds (10). O he esea ch s a es
ha an ibac e ial ac i i y is caused by he p esence o he enzyme compound b omelain which is only ound in
pineapples (11). Pineapple peel has nu i ional con en , namely 17.53% ca bohyd a es, 4.41% p o ein, 13.65% educing
suga , 81.72% wa e con en , and 20.87% c ude ibe . Honey pineapple skin also has high an ioxidan ac i i y (12).
F om he desc ip ion abo e, esea che s wan o know he po en ial o honey pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L) Me .)
om Kedi i in killing bac e ia (Po phy omonas gingi alis) which causes pe iodon i is.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Making Pineapple Honey Peel Ex ac
Kedi i honey pineapple ui is peeled, skinned (peel), cu , d ied and hen blended un il coa se ibe s a e o med.
Pineapple ibe s a e pu in o a 1 li e E lenmeye lask and 500 ml o 96% e hanol is added. The solu ion is mace a ed
o 24 hou s a oom empe a u e. The solu ion is hen sepa a ed using a Buchne il e . The il e ed esul s a e mixed
and concen a ed wi h a o a y acuum e apo a o a a empe a u e o 50ᵒC un il a hick ex ac wi h a concen a ion
o 100% is ob ained.
2.2. De e mina ion o Concen a ion
The me hod used in de e mining he concen a ion o he ex ac used he dilu ion me hod o mul ile el dilu ion wi h a
a io o 1:2 (w/ ). The es ubes we e labeled wi h numbe s 1-7 sequen ially, illed wi h 5 ml o s e ile dis illed wa e ,
10 ml o pineapple peel ex ac un il a pineapple peel ex ac concen a ion o 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% was
ob ained. The six h es ube con ained BHI-B as a posi i e con ol, and he se en h es ube con ained BHIB and
bac e ia.
2.3. P epa a ion o Po phy omonas gingi alis Bac e ial Isola e
Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia (Isola e s ock om he Ai langga Uni e si y Resea ch Cen e ) we e plan ed in a es
ube con aining B ain-Hea In usion B o h (BHIB) liquid media. The es ube was hen inse ed in o an anae obic ja .
Then inse ed in o an incuba o and incuba ed o 24 hou s a 37°C.
2.4. Making Muelle Hin on Aga Media (Solid Dilu ion)
Weigh 19 g ams o Muelle Hin on Aga powde in o s e ile dis illed wa e . Hea on a s o e un il boiling. The media is
pou ed in o a pe i dish o abou 25 ml and le o solidi y.
2.5. Minimum Bac e icidal Concen a ion (MBC) De e minan ion
Honey pineapple peel ex ac and Po phy omonas gingi alis we e d opped in o Muelle Hin on Aga as much as 0.1 ml
on a pe i disk. The pe i dish was incuba ed anae obically in an incuba o a 37° C o 24 hou s. Then coun ed using a
colony coun e using he o mula:
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
186
3. Resul s and discussion
Figu e 1 Obse a ion esul s (a) BHIB (Nega i e Con ol); (b) Po ph omonas gingi alis (Posi i e Con ol); (c)
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 100%; (d) Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 50%; (e) Po ph omonas gingi alis +
Ex ac 25%; ( ) Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 12.5%; (g) Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 6.25%
The esea ch esul s ob ained a e as ollows:
Table 1 Resea ch Resul s
No
Sample
Numbe o Li ing Colonies
MBC
In o ma ion
1
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 100%
0
100%
No g owing
2
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 50%
0
100%
No g owing
3
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 25%
0
100%
No g owing
4
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 12,5%
17
90,1%
Bac e ia g ow h
5
Po ph omonas gingi alis + Ex ac 6,25
58
66,1%
Bac e ia g ow h
6
BHI-B (Nega i e Con ol)
0
-
No g owing
7
Po phy omonas gingi alis (Posi i e Con ol)
171
-
Bac e ia g ow h
The honey pineapple peel ex ac wi h a concen a ion o 6.25% p oduced 58 li e colonies wi h an MBC alue o 66.1%
and he honey pineapple peel ex ac wi h a concen a ion o 12.5% p oduced 17 li e colonies wi h an MBC alue o
90.1%. The esul s o his s udy a e in line wi h p e ious esea ch conduc ed by Pu i e al., (2023) which s a ed ha
pineapple peel ex ac (Ananas comosus (L.) Me .) has an ibac e ial p ope ies agains g am-nega i e bac e ia
Agg ega ibac e ac inomyce emcomi ans h ough a solid dilu ion es (aga ) wi h a Minimum Bac e ial Concen a ion
(MBC) ob ained a a concen a ion o 6.25% (13).
A highe concen a ions o 100%, 50%, and 25%, no li e colonies we e ound and had a MBC o 100%. This s udy is in
line wi h he s udy conduc ed by Husniah, Ning yas and Soleha (2023) which concluded ha ex ac s om honey
pineapple peel ha e an ibac e ial ac i i y agains S aphylococcus au eus bac e ia wi h inhibi o y powe a a
concen a ion o 50% and a a concen a ion o 100% (14). O he s udies ha e shown ha gi ing pineapple honey ex ac
wi h highe concen a ions will be mo e e ec i e in des oying g am-nega i e bac e ia han g am-posi i e. This is
because he cell wall s uc u e o g am-nega i e bac e ia has a hinne pepidoglycan wall han g am-posi i e, e en
hough i has an ou e phospholipid memb ane. Pepidoglycan unc ions o main ain cell s abili y, main ain cell shape,
p o ide mechanical s eng h, and p o ec cells om osmo ic p essu e. I his wall is damaged, bac e ial cells will be
mo e easily lysed (15).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
187
Honey pineapple con ains bioac i e compounds ( annins) which play a ole in supp essing bac e ial g ow h (16). Tannins
p oduced om honey pineapple peel a e one o he na u al phenolic compounds ha ha e he abili y o inhibi and kill
bac e ia. Tannin compounds a e also able o coagula e cell p o eins and bac e ial cy oplasmic memb anes which
ul ima ely cause lysis (17). O he sou ces men ion ha annin compounds ha e he abili y o sh ink o sh ink cell
memb anes, inac i a e enzymes and cell walls so ha cell pe meabili y is dis up ed. This condi ion can cause cells o be
unable o ca y ou ac i i ies, g ow h and can cause dea h (7)
Ano he con en ha honey pineapple peel has is he enzyme b omelain. The enzyme b omelain is a p o eoly ic enzyme
ha has he abili y o hyd olyze p o eins so ha i ac s as an an ibac e ial (18). The mechanism o hyd olysis by b omelain
is by des oying amino acid bonds a ce ain loca ions and di iding he amino acid chain in o pep ide agmen s (24). In
addi ion, b omelain also changes he s uc u e o bac e ial cell walls, b eaks p o ein bonds and changes he p ope ies
o he p o eins ha make up bac e ial cell walls so ha i can cause leaks and cause cell dea h (19). P e ious esea ch has
shown ha he enzyme b omelain has he abili y o inhibi he g ow h o he bac e ia Agg ega ibac e
ac inomyce emcomi ans, S ep ococcus mu ans and Po phy omonas gingi alis (5).
Honey pineapple peel also con ains la onoids which consis o a ious componen s, and a e named acco ding o hei
chemical s uc u e. Fla onoid componen s ound in pineapple peel include gallic acid, epica echin, ca echin, and e ulic
acid (20). O he la onoid componen s such as epigalloca echin galla e, galanin, and 3-O-oc anoyl-(+)-ca echin ha e
bac e icidal ac i i y. Howe e , i 3-O-oc anoyl-(+)-ca echin is induced by o he la onoid componen s, la onoids
canno kill bac e ial cells bu only inhibi hei g ow h (21). O he sou ces men ion ha la onoid compounds ha e he
abili y o kill bac e ia (bac e iocidal) by o ming complex bonds wi h ex acellula p o eins h ough hyd ogen bonds.
Hyd ogen bonds wi h ex acellula p o eins can cause ins abili y in he s uc u e o bac e ial cell memb anes. As a
esul , he pe meabili y o he bac e ial cell wall will be dis up ed, esul ing in bac e ial cell dea h (22).
Ano he chemical compound ha can ac as a bac e iocidal on Po phy omonas gingi alis is saponin. Saponin can educe
su ace ension, he eby inc easing he pe meabili y o he cell memb ane, which causes damage o he cell memb ane.
Damage o he bac e ial cell memb ane causes a ious impo an componen s o be eleased om he cell, namely
p o eins, nucleic acids, and nucleo ides. This condi ion will g adually cause lysis o he bac e ial cell (23) .
4. Conclusion
Honey pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Me .) om Kedi i can kill Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia ( he cause o
pe iodon i is), especially a concen a ions o 25%, 50%, and 100%.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
We would like o hank he Pha macology Labo a o y o he Facul y o Ve e ina y Medicine and he Resea ch Cen e ,
Facul y o Den is y, Ai langga Uni e si y.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
In acco dance wi h he guidelines o publica ion e hics, we, he au ho s o he manusc ip en i led Po en ial o Honey
Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus (L) Me .) om Kedi i in Killing Bac e ia Po phy omonas gingi alis: Pe iodon i is agen .
Con i m ha we ha e collabo a ed wi h ins i u ions o p oduc s men ioned in he manusc ip ha a e ele an o he
esea ch p esen ed. We a e commi ed o being anspa en and will con inue o disclose any po en ial con lic s o
in e es ha may a ise in he u u e.
Re e ences
[1] Ma ayuda, Y., Ku nia, C. and Sugiaman, V.K. (2023) ‘An ibac e ial Ac i i y o Andaliman E hanol Ex ac
(Zan oxylum acan hopodium Dc.) Agains Po phy omonas Gingi alis Bac e ia’, Ju nal Keseha an Gigi, 10(2), pp.
108–115. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.31983/jkg. 10i2.10866.
[2] I awa i, E. e al. (2021) ‘E ec i eness o An ibac e ial Inhibi o y Powe o Me hanol Ex ac o Mo inga Seeds
(Mo inga olei e a) on he G ow h o Po phy omonas gingi alis (in Vi o)’, Sinnun Maxillo acial Jou nal, 03(02).
A ailable a : h ps://e-ju nal.0g.umi.ac.id/index.php/Sinnunmaxillo acial
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
188
[3] Fi iyana, N. e al. (2013) ‘The e ec o Po phy omonas gingi alis induc ion on neu ophil’s supe oxide
p oduc ion’, Jou nal o Den omaxillo acial Science, 12(3), p. 152. A ailable a :
h ps://doi.o g/10.15562/jdm s. 12i3.370.
[4] Ri anha, M. and U ami, S. (2024) ‘The Role o Quo um Sensing in Bac e ial Communi y In e ac ions in Den al
Plaque’, P osiding Semina Nasional Sains dan Teknologi Se i 02, 1(2). A ailable a : h ps://con e ence.u .ac.id
[5] Tjip oningsih, U.G. and F edina, F. (2022) ‘Po en ial Inhibi o y Powe o Ga lic (Allium sa i um) Agains he
G ow h o Po ph omonas gingi alis Bac e ia, MDERJ, 2(1). A ailable a :
h ps://jou nal.moes opo.ac.id/index.php/mde j
[6] Khoman, J.A. and Singal, G.A. (2020) ‘Gingi al Cu e age T ea men o Maxilla y Le P emola : A Case Repo ’, e-
GiGi, 8(2). A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.35790/eg.8.2.2020.31464.
[7] Khasyiun, M.R.D., Kama uddin, M. and A no , S.T. (2023) ‘E ec i eness Tes o E hanol Ex ac o Red Gua a F ui
(Psidium guaja a L.) in Inhibi ing he G ow h o Po phy omonas gingi alis Bac e ia ha Cause Pe iodon i is’,
Indonesian Jou nal o Den is y, 3(1), p. 31. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.26714/ijd. 3i1.11991.
[8] Chasanah, N., Saadah, N. and T iana, D.E. (2023) ‘An ibac e ial Tes o Honey Pineapple S em Ex ac (Ananas
comosus L.Me ) Agains Po phy omonas gingi alis Bac e ia’, Bhak a Den al Jou nal, 1(2). A ailable a :
h ps://bdj.iik.ac.id
[9] Pa asi a, N. and Andini, D.N. (2022) ‘Ecologically Based Pineapple Ag o ou ism in Nganca , Kedi i’, Ju nal Tugas
Akhi Mahasiswa Lan ing, 11(2), pp. 11–21. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.20527/j amlan ing. 11i2.1361.
[10] Reiza, I.A., Rijai, L. and Mahmudah, F. (2019) ‘Phy ochemical Sc eening o E hanol Ex ac o Pineapple Peel
(Ananas comosus (L.) Me )’, P oceeding o Mulawa man Pha maceu icals Con e ences, 10, pp. 104–108. A ailable
a : h ps://doi.o g/10.25026/mpc. 10i1.371.
[11] Husniah, I. and Guna a, A.F. (2020) ‘Pineapple Peel Ex ac as an An ibac e ial’, Ju nal Peneli ian Pe awa
P o esional, 2(1), pp. 85–90. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.37287/jppp. 2i1.51.
[12] Jua iah, S., P a iwi I awan, M. and Yuliana, Y. (2018) ‘E ec i eness o E hanol Ex ac o Pineapple Peel (Ananas
comosus L. Me ) Agains T ichophy on men agh ophy es’, JOPS (Jou nal O Pha macy and Science), 1(2), pp. 1–9.
A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.36341/jops. 1i2.486.
[13] Pu i, A. e al. (2023) ‘Pineapple Consump ion o Den al and O al Heal h’, Ju nal Ilmu Keseha an, 1(2), pp. 218-
226. A ailable a : h ps://ju nal- e apisgigimulu .com
[14] Husniah, I., Ning yas, N.R. and Soleha, T.U. (2023) ‘Inhibi o y Powe Tes o Honey Pineapple Peel Ex ac (Ananas
comosus [L] Me .) agains Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus’, Medula, 12(3). A ailable a :
h ps://www.jou nalo medula.com
[15] Pu i, D.A. e al. (2018) ‘An ioxidan and an ibac e ial ac i i ies o Ananas comosus peel ex ac s’, Malaysian
Jou nal o Fundamen al and Applied Sciences, 14(2), pp. 207-311. A ailable a :
h ps://mj as.u m.my/index.php/mj as
[16] Sa i, R.P., Roanisca, O. and Maha dika, R.G. (2020) ‘An ibac e ial Po en ial o Kelubi F ui Flesh Ex ac (Eleiodoxa
con e a) Bangka Beli ung Using Mic owa e Assis ed Ex ac ion (MAE)’, Indo J.Chem. Res, 7(2), pp. 177-182.
A ailable a : h ps://ojs3.unpa i.ac.id
[17] Ramadani, A.H. e al. (2022) ‘An ibac e ial Ac i i y o Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus) Eco-enzyme Agains Acne
Bac e ia (S aphylococcus au eus and P apionibac e ium acnes)’, Indo J.Chem. Res, 9(3), pp.201-207. A ailable a :
h p://ojs3.unpa i.ac.id/index.php/ijc .
[18] Sagi a, D. e al. (2023) ‘Minimum Inhibi o y Concen a ion o B omelain Enzyme om Pineapple (Ananas comosus
(L.) Me ) Peel and S em Agains S aphylococcus au eus’, Ju nal Ilmiah Fa masi, 8(2), pp. 101–108. A ailable a :
h ps://doi.o g/10.26874/kji . 8i2.278.
[19] Amini, N. e al. (2018) ‘Po en ial an ibac e ial ac i i y o pa ial pu i ied b omelain om pineapple co e ex ac s
using ace one and ammonium sulpha e agains den al ca ies-causing bac e ia’, in AIP Con e ence P oceedings.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND
SCIENCES 2017 (ISCPMS2017), Bali, Indonesia: Au ho (s). A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1063/1.5064068.
[20] Li, T. e al. (2014) ‘Majo Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and hei An ioxidan In e ac ions’, In e na ional
Jou nal o Food P ope ies, 17(8), pp. 1805–1817. A ailable a :
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10942912.2012.732168.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 184-189
189
[21] Cushnie, T.P.T. and Lamb, A.J. (2005) ‘An imic obial ac i i y o la onoids’, In e na ional Jou nal o An imic obial
Agen s, 26(5), pp. 343–356. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijan imicag.2005.09.002.
[22] A syada, I.F., Rian i, D. and Munadzi oh, E. (2018) ‘An ibac e ial ac i i y o mixed pineapple peel (Ananas
comosus) ex ac and calcium hyd oxide pas e agains En e ococcus aecalis’, Den al Jou nal, 51(1), pp. 20–24.
A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.20473/j.djmkg. 51.i1.p20-24.
[23] Eolia, C. and Syahpu a, A. (2019) ‘An ibac e ial e ec i eness o e hanol ex ac o ig lea es (Ficus ca ica Linn.)
agains Po phy omonas gingi alis bac e ia in i o’, Ju nal Uni e si as Padjaja an, 31(3). A ailable a :
h ps://ju nal.unpad.ac.id/jkg/a icle/ iew/23639
[24] Tjip oningsih, U.G. and T isan o, N.K. (2022) ‘The E ec o Pineapple F ui Ex ac (Ananas comosus) on
Agg ega ibac e ac inomyce emcomi ans Bac e ia In Vi o’, Ju nal Ilmiah dan Teknologi Kedok e an Gigi, 18(1),
pp. 24–30. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.32509/ji ekgi. 18i1.1377.
