In e na ional Jou nal o Li e Science and Ag icul u e Resea ch
ISSN (P in ): 2833-2091, ISSN (Online): 2833-2105
Volume 04 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijlsa /V04I10Y2025-03
Impac Fac o : 7.88 , Page No : 592-595
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 595| 592 P a g e
Applica ion o h ee insec icides o con ol h ips (Thysanop e a) in a ocado
( a . Hass) in Cal zon zín, Michoacán
C is o e Elías Ga cía Pé ez1*, Julio Cesa To a Rocha2
1,2 Facul ad de Ag obiología “P esiden e Juá ez”, Uni e sidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Paseo Láza o Cá denas esq.
Be lín s/n, Col. Vi e os, 60170. U uapan, Michoacán., México.
ABSTRACT
Mexico is he wo ld's leading p oduce and expo e o a ocados. I s comme cializa ion equi es
quali y ui ha mee s phy osani a y s anda ds, as well as sound in eg a ed pes and disease
managemen . This s udy was conduc ed in Cal zon zin, U uapan municipali y, Michoacán. I is
loca ed a an al i ude o 1,640 me e s abo e sea le el be ween he coo dina es (19°25'35.2" N
101°59'19.3") W. The e ec i eness o h ee insec icides was e alua ed, whe e he absolu e con ol
( ea men 1) is Spine o am and he ( ea men s 2 o 6 a e based on py e h in ex ac om
ch ysan hemum lowe s). The insec icides e alua ed we e: Palgus ® (Spine o am) a a dose o
0.325 ml, San em ® (na u al py e h in ex ac based on ch ysan hemum lowe s 2.5%) a doses o
0.8, 1 ml, 1.5 ml / L o wa e and Tec o (na u al py e h in ex ac based on ch ysan hemum
lowe s 4%) a doses o 1 ml and 1.5 ml / L o wa e . E alua ions we e ca ied ou a 24, 48 and 72
hou s a e applica ion o de e mine i s e iciency. The esul s indica e San em and Tec o p oduc s
a concen a ions o 2.5 and 4% showed in e media e beha io , wi h h ips numbe s anging om
5.8 o 13.5 pe ea men compa ed o he ini ial popula ions (33-36 h ips pe lowe panicle). A e
he i s applica ion and based on he esul s ob ained, his expe imen demons a ed ha adequa e
h ips con ol can be achie ed by using p oduc s based on na u al py e h ins.
KEYWORDS: Py e h ins, Ch ysan hemum, Th ips.
Published Online:
Oc obe 08, 2025
Co esponding Au ho :
C is o e Elías Ga cía
Pé ez
INTRODUCTION
A ocado cul i a ion (Pe sea Ame icana Mill.) a ie y “Hass” is an impo an c op in Mexico due o i s demand and comme cial
alue, whose boom has gene a ed an inc ease in i s cul i a ion a na ional and in e na ional le el (González e al., The impo ance
o he economy ha o igina es wi h a ocado p oduc ion is due o i s impo o he Uni ed S a es, inc easing o a o al o $5.5 billion
dolla s; ano he impo an bene i is he gene a ion o 28,251 jobs, which is explained as $1.9 billion dolla s o wo ke s' income,
which a e g an ed by p oduce s, packe s and ma ke e s, among o he s (APEAM, 2018). Mexico is he wo ld's leading p oduce wi h
a p oduc ion o 2,442,944.64 ons whose plan ed a ea is 226,534 Ha-1 wi h a yield o 107,840 kg Ha-1 (FAOSTAT, 2021). Fo i s
pa , he s a e o Michoacán is he main p oduce in he coun y wi h a p oduc ion o 1,826,415.75 ons ob ained om a plan ed a ea
o 174,442.35 Ha and an app oxima e yield o 10.95 ons Ha-1 (SIAP, 2021). P oduc ion is a ec ed by a se ies o bio ic and abio ic
ac o s ha a ec he quali y o he ui . Among he bio ic ac o s ha a ec he c op (Tamayo, 2007). As well as a se ies o
a h opods o ag icul u al impo ance such as (Olygonychus punica Hi s ), (Oligonychus pe sea), (Amo bia emig a ella Busk),
(F ankinia spp.) Some species o (Abg allaspis aguaca ae, (T ioza anceps u hill), Bemisia abaci)(Va ón-De ia, 2016; Teliz and
Mo a 2007). In he case o egula ed pes s o qua an ine in e es ha a ec he p oduc ion and ma ke ing o he ui a e:
(Cono achelus pe sea Ba be , C. a ocado Ba be , Mac ocop u us a ocado Ba be , Heilipus lau i Bohemian, S enoma ca eni e
Walsingham) and some o hem a e conside ed o cause damage o up o 90% (SENASICA, 2016).
Th ips (Thysanop e a) a e economically impo an pes s o c ops. They p ima ily cause damage by eeding on ui in i s skele al
s a e (Teliz, 2015). Acco ding o Ma oquín (1999), high empe a u es a o he h eshold o ipening, which leads o he appea ance
o lesions o damage o he ui . which become he main access o he en y and subsequen de elopmen o he ungus (Sphaceloma
pe seae). (Tamayo, 2007).
C is o e E.G.P. e al, Applica ion o h ee insec icides o con ol h ips (Thysanop e a) in a ocado ( a . Hass) in
Cal zon zín, Michoacán
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 595| 593 P a g e
METHODS
The expe imen was ca ied ou in he “La joyi a 2” o cha d, he p ope y is loca ed in he communi y o Cal zon zin, municipali y
o U uapan, Michoacán and is loca ed a an al i ude o 1,640 me e s abo e sea le el, be ween he coo dina es 19 ° 25'35.2 "N 101 °
59'19.3" W. The ea men s we e e alua ed in a 6 Ha o cha d o Hass a ie y a ocado wi h 15-yea -old ees, unde o ganic
managemen and es ablished a a dis ance o eigh by eigh me e s. The expe imen was ca ied ou du ing he mon hs o Ma ch and
Ap il 2021. The ees we e ma ked wi h blue ibbons, numbe ing hem om 1 o 6 o he iden i ica ion o he ea men s, a
andomized block expe imen al design was used wi h six ea men s and six eplica ions (Table 1).
Table 1. Ske ch o he expe imen al design used
T ea men s
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
T3
T1
T5
T6
T4
T2
T2
T5
T2
T1
T2
T6
T5
T3
T1
T4
T1
T1
T6
T6
T4
T5
T3
T4
T1
T4
T3
T2
T5
T3
T4
T2
T6
T3
T6
T5
Two applica ions we e made wi h a s e che a 15-day in e als. The a iables e alua ed we e: numbe o h ips (adul s) pe lowe
panicle. Sampling was ca ied ou by aking wo panicles om each ca dinal poin , a o al o eigh panicles pe ee we e coun ed,
conside ing he lowe and middle pa s o he ee. The sampling me hod was implemen ed acco ding o he p oposal o Ascensión-
Be anzos e al. (1999). Once he panicle was aken, i was sp ayed wi h wa e using a sp ay bo le. A e ha , he in lo escence h ips
knockdown me hodology was implemen ed (U ías López e al., 2007). Subsequen ly, he panicle was hi on a black boa d o coun
he numbe o h ips pe panicle. Sampling da a we e eco ded in a logbook. T ea men s we e e alua ed wi h di e en doses: San em:
0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mL L-1; Tec Fo : 1.0 and 1.5 mL L-1 and Palgus: 0.325 mL L-1, wi h a o al o six ea men s and six eplica es.
In each p oduc p epa a ion, he pH was measu ed o con i m ha i was wi hin he op imal ange, which would a o he
e ec i eness o he ea men s (Table 2). In addi ion, 100 mL o acidi ie was added o 1000 li e s o wa e , o lowe he wa e pH
o a ange o 9.1 o 6.5; in addi ion, an adju an (B eak h u) was added o ac as a su ac an , we ing agen and dispe san .
Table 2. T ea men s used du ing he s udy.
To analyse he o ma ion o each o he eigh a iables measu ed in he expe imen , he P >F alue ob ained in he analysis o
a iance was used as a es s a is ic, conside ing he magni ude o he alue (p obabili y) o his: P >F alues less han 0.05 a e
conside ed signi ican di e ences be ween ea men s (*), less han 0.01 highly signi ican di e ences (**) and alues g ea e han
0.05 as non-signi ican di e ences (NS). The esul s o he analysis o a iance pe o med o each o he eigh a iables e alua ed
and he esul s ob ained can be seen in (Table 3).
T ea men
Ac i e ing edien
pH
/dose
Dose in 76
L o
wá e
1 Palgus ® 0.325 ml
Spine o am
6.8
26.6 mL
2 San em ®0.8 ml
na u al py e h in 2.5 %
6.7
60.80 mL
3 San em ®1 ml
na u al py e h in 2.5 %
6.8
76 mL
4 San em ®1.5 ml
na u al py e h in 2.5 %
6.8
114 mL
5 Tec Fo ®1 ml
na u al py e h in ex ac
4.0%
6.7
76 mL
6 Tec Fo ®1.5 ml.
na u al py e h in ex ac
4.0%
6.7
114 mL
C is o e E.G.P. e al, Applica ion o h ee insec icides o con ol h ips (Thysanop e a) in a ocado ( a . Hass) in
Cal zon zín, Michoacán
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 595| 594 P a g e
Table 3. Signi icance o he numbe o h ips measu ed in eigh samples wi h wo applica ions o he ea men s in he Hass
a ocado expe imen .
Va iable
P > F
Signi icance
Numbe o h ips p e ious o i s applica ion
0.8246
NS
Numbe o h ips in second sampling
0.228
NS
Numbe o h ips in hi d sampling
0.0621
NS
Numbe o h ips in o h sampling
0.4815
NS
Numbe o h ips p e ious o second applica ion
0.7843
NS
Numbe o de h ips in sex sampling
0.458
NS
Numbe o h ips in se en h sampling
0.603
NS
Numbe o h ips in eigh oc a o sampling
0.5846
NS
NS = Di e ences be ween ea men means we e no signi ican .
Expe imen al design and s a is ical analysis. A andomized block design wi h six ea men s and six eplica es was used, esul ing
in a o al o 36 expe imen al uni s. The expe imen al uni consis ed o a Hass a ocado ee, wi h wo panicles aken om each
ca dinal poin , yielding a o al o eigh samples pe ee. The numbe o h ips pe lowe panicle was eco ded in he ield, and each
sample aken du ing he expe imen was subjec ed o analysis o a iance. Analyses we e pe o med using PROC ANOVA in he
SAS s a is ical so wa e e sion 9.0 (SAS, 2003).
T ea men e iciency. Wi h he da a ob ained, i was possible o de e mine an a e age mo ali y o h ips, i can be obse ed ha
he e is no signi ican s a is ical di e ence be ween hem, which shows ha he h ips popula ion was dis ibu ed e enly in he ees
selec ed o he es (Table 3); he popula ion o h ips pe lo al panicle be o e s a ing he expe imen showed a e ages be ween
33.7 and 46.5 h ips pe panicle, which dec eased om he i s applica ions o (na u al py e h ins) wi h a e ages be ween 5.8 and
13.5 h ips pe panicle, indica ing ha he applica ion o he ea men s conside ably educed he h ips popula ions, (Table 4).
Table 4. Resul s ob ained om he T ea men s used o h ips con ol a e 12, 24 and 72 hou s o he i s applica ion.
Ac i e
ing edien
Th ips
sampling p io
o applica ion
1s Th ips
sampling a e 12
hou s o
applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
2nd sampling
a e 24 hou s o
applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
3 d sampling
a e 72 hou s o
applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
San em 0.8
ml /L
34.17
13.5
4.6 %
17.6
6 %
26.6
9 %
San em 1
ml /L
36.16
9.1
3.3 %
20.3
7.3 %
27.8
9.3 %
1.5 ml/L
35.67
11.8
4.2 %
11.8
4.2 %
22.1
7.8 %
Tec o 1.5
ml /L
33.67
10.5
3.5 %
15.6
5.2 %
18.5
6.2 %
Tec o 1
ml /L
46.5
13
6.0 %
18.3
8.5 %
25.8
9.8 %
Volume
0.325 ml/L
36.83
5.8
2.1 %
8
2.9 %
20
7.3 %
In addi ion, he mo ali y a e o each p oduc ea men (San em and Tec Fo ) was simila o ha o he p oduc used egionally
(Palgus) by a ocado p oduce s. The e o e, na u al py e h ins can be used o manage h ips and may also con ibu e o educing
gene ic esis ance o h ips o con en ional p oduc s used by p oduce s. The e ec i eness o ea men s wi h o ganic insec icides
(San em and Tec Fo ) indica es ha hey can be used a doses o 1 mL L-1 o wa e as well as 1.5 mL L-1 o wa e .
I was possible o e i y ha by using hese doses in a second applica ion (15 days a e he i s applica ion) be e con ol o h ips
was ob ained (Table 5).
C is o e E.G.P. e al, Applica ion o h ee insec icides o con ol h ips (Thysanop e a) in a ocado ( a . Hass) in
Cal zon zín, Michoacán
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 595| 595 P a g e
Table 5. Resul s ob ained om he ea men s used o h ips con ol a e 12, 24 and 72 hou s o he second applica ion.
Ac i e
ing edien
Th ips sampling
p io o he 2nd
applica ion
1s Th ips sampling
a e 12 hou s o
applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
2nd sampling
a e 24 hou s
o applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
3 d sampling
a e 72 hou s o
applica ion
Mo ali y
a e
San em 0.8
ml /L
13.83
4.5
0.62 %
4.3
0.62 %
5
0.69 %
San em 1
ml /L
27.1
3.5
0.95 %
6.3
1.71 %
12
3.25 %
1.5 ml/L
23.6
7
1.65%
7.6
1.79 %
19.5
4.60 %
Tec o 1.5
ml /L
27
5.1
1.38 %
4.5
1.22 %
9.1
2.46 %
Tec o 1
ml /L
22.8
6.1
1.39 %
6.1
1.39%
12.8
2.92 %
Volume
0.325 ml/L
18.5
3.3
0.61 %
3.6
0.67 %
8.1
1.50 %
CONCLUSION
The incidence o h ips popula ions dec eased conside ably wi h he ea men s applied, so we can conside he use o 2.5% na u al
py e h ins o be an e ec i e ool o h ips con ol. The mos e ec i e py e h in doses o h ips con ol in a ocado c ops, acco ding
o ou s udy, a e: San em 1.5 ml / San em 1 ml and Tec Fo 1 ml, wi h an e ec i eness o 46%, 32%, and 29% con ol, espec i ely.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I deeply hank M.C Julio Cesa To a Rocha o his undamen al ad ice in he p epa a ion o he hesis un il he comple ion o his
a icle. Likewise, o D . A mando Equihua Ma ínez o his excellen men o ing p o ided du ing he p ocess o his a icle. My
since e hanks o A mando Soló zano Mond agón o his openness and willingness o p o ide he p ope y whe e his da a collec ion
ook place.
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