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D15.3&Repo &on&Seman ic&
Anno a ion&and&Linking&&
Ve sion!1.0!
Janua y!2017!
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G an !Ag eemen !numbe :!!
313193!
P ojec !ac onym:!!
ARIADNE!
P ojec ! i le:!!
Ad anced!Resea ch!In as uc u e! o !A chaeological!Da ase !Ne wo king!
in!Eu ope!
Funding!Scheme:!!
FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1!
P ojec !co-o dina o :!
F anco!Niccolucci,!PIN!Sc l!-!Polo!Uni e si a io!"Ci à!di!P a o"!
Tel:!!
+39!0574!602578!
E-mail:!!
[email protected]!
P ojec !websi e!add ess:!!
h p://www.a iadne-in as uc u e.eu!!
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ARIADNE!is!a!p ojec ! unded!by! he!Eu opean!Commission!unde ! he!Communi y’s!Se en h!
F amewo k! P og amme,! con ac ! no.! FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1-313193.! The! iews!
and!opinions!exp essed!in! his! epo !a e! he!sole! esponsibili y!o ! he!au ho s!and!do!no !
necessa ily! e lec ! he! iews!o ! he!Eu opean!Commission.!
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 2! Janua y!2017!
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Abou & his&documen &
This! documen ! is! a! con ac ual! deli e able!o ! he!ARIADNE! p ojec .! The! esea ch! leading! o! hese!
esul s!has! ecei ed! unding! om! he!Eu opean!Communi y's!Se en h!F amewo k!P og amme!(FP7-
INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1)! unde ! g an ! ag eemen ! n°! 313193.!Bu ! he! con en ! o ! his! documen !
canno !be!conside ed! o! e lec ! he! iews!o ! he!Eu opean!Commission.!
Pa ne !in!cha ge!o ! he!
deli e able:!
Uni e si y!o !Sou h!Wales!(USW)!
Au ho s:!
Douglas!Tudhope!(USW)!
Ce i!Binding!(USW)!
Con ibu o s:!
Dimi is!Ga ilis!(ATHENA!RC)!
Paul!Boon,!Hella!Hollande !(KNAW-DANS)!
Je emy!Azzopa di!(SND)!
And eas!Vlachidis!(USW)!
Gun am!Gese !(SRFG)!
Quali y! e iew:!
F anco!Niccolucci!and!Paola!Ronzino!(PIN)!!
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 3! Janua y!2017!
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Table&o &con en &
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1&Execu i e&Summa y&....................................................................................................................&4&
2&Seman ic&anno a ion&and&linking&wi hin&ARIADNE&......................................................................&5&
2.1&Seman ic!linking!in! he!spa ial!dimension!..................................................................................!5&
2.2&Seman ic!linking!in! he! empo al!dimension!..............................................................................!5&
2.3&Seman ic!linking!in! he!subjec !dimension!.................................................................................!6&
2.4&Seman ic!linking! ools!in! he!subjec !dimension!........................................................................!7&
2.4.1&Vocabula y!mapping! ools! ele an ! o!WP15!................................................................................!7&
2.4.2&Vocabula y!mapping! ools!in!ARIADNE!..........................................................................................!9&
2.4.3&Vocabula y!mappings!conduc ed! o !ARIADNE!............................................................................!11&
2.4.4&Vocabula y!mappings!wi hin! he!ARIADNE!po al!.......................................................................!12&
2.5&Wood/Dend och onology!case!s udy!on!i em!le el!da a!in eg a ion!......................................!13&
3&Summa y&and&lessons&lea ned&..................................................................................................&17&
4&Re e ences&...............................................................................................................................&19&
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 4! Janua y!2017!
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!
1 Execu i e*Summa y*
B ie &summa y&
The! e iew!and!de elopmen !wo k!desc ibed!in! his! epo ! ocuses!on! he!aspec s!o !seman ic!linking!
and! anno a ion! pa icula ly! ele an ! o! ARIADNE.! Seman ic! linking! wi hin! ARIADNE! is! conside ed!
wi hin! he!spa ial,! empo al!and!subjec !dimensions.!The!subjec !dimension!is!conside ed!in!dep h,!
s a ing!wi h!a! e iew!o !linking! ools!conside ed! ele an ! o!ARIADNE! ollowed!by!a!discussion!o ! he!
ARIADNE!app oach!and! he! ocabula y!mapping! ools!used!wi hin!ARIADNE.!The!Ge y!AAT!p o ed!
an!app op ia e! ocabula y!mapping!hub! ha !a o ded!a!mul ilingual!sea ch!capabili y!in! he!ARIADNE!
Po al! ia! he!seman ic!en ichmen !o !pa ne !subjec !me ada a!wi h!de i ed!AAT!concep s.!!
A! case! s udy! conduc ed! an! explo a o y! in es iga ion! o ! he! seman ic! in eg a ion! o ! ex ac s! om!
a chaeological! da ase s! wi h! in o ma ion! ex ac ed! ia! NLP! ac oss! di e en ! languages.! The!
in es iga ion! ollowed!a!b oad! heme! ela ing! o!wooden!ma e ial!including!shipw ecks,!wi h!a! ocus!
on! ypes!o !wooden!ma e ial,!samples! aken,!wooden!objec s!wi h!da ing! om!dend och onological!
analysis,!e c.!The!Demons a o !is!a ailable! o !gene al!use.!The!use !is!shielded! om! he!complexi y!
o ! he! unde lying! seman ic! amewo k! (based! on! he! CIDOC! CRM! and! Ge y! AAT)! by! he! Web!
applica ion!use !in e ace.!The!Demons a o !highligh s! he!po en ial! o !a chaeological! esea ch! ha !
can!in e oga e!g ey!li e a u e! epo s!in!conjunc ion!wi h!da ase s.!Que ies!conce n!wooden!objec s!
(e.g.!samples!o !beech!wood!keels),!op ionally! om!a!gi en!da e! ange,!wi h!au oma ic!expansion!
o e !hie a chies!o !wood! ypes.!
Lessons&lea ned&
o The!spa ial,! empo al!and!subjec !dimensions!a e!key! o!a chaeology!and! he!main! ehicle! o !
seman ic! linking.! Cleansing! and! no malisa ion! ia! seman ic! en ichmen ! is! necessa y! in! each!
dimension.!
o The! Ge y! AAT! p o ed! an! app op ia e! ocabula y! mapping! hub! ha ! a o ded! a! mul ilingual!
sea ch!capabili y!in! he!ARIADNE!Po al.!
o The!Wood/Dend och onology!case!s udy!demons a ed! he! easibili y!o !connec ing!in o ma ion!
(a ! a! de ailed! le el)! ex ac ed! om! da ase s! and! g ey! li e a u e! epo s! in! di e en ! languages!
and! seman ic! c oss-sea ching! o ! he! in eg a ed! in o ma ion.! The! case! s udy! sugges s! ha ! he!
seman ic! linking! o ! ex ual! epo s! and! da ase s! opens! up! possibili ies! o ! in eg a i e!
a chaeological! esea ch!ac oss!di e se! esou ces.!
o The! Wood/Dend och onology! demons a o ! shows! ha ! a! Web! applica ion! can! hide! he!
complexi y! o ! he! unde lying! seman ic! amewo k! om! he! use ! and! allow! que ying! and!
b owsing! he! in o ma ion! wi hou ! expe ise! in! SPARQL;! i ! illus a es! ha ! mo e! in ui i e! use !
in e aces!a e!possible! o !sea ching!RDF!da ase s! han! he!usual!SPARQL!endpoin !o !b owsing!
hype links.!
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 5! Janua y!2017!
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2 Seman ic*anno a ion*and*linking*wi hin*ARIADNE**
Seman ic! anno a ion!is! co e ed! in! pa ! by! he! ARIADNE! Na u al! Language! P ocessing! (NLP)! wo k!
epo ed!unde !WP16.!Fo !mo e!in o ma ion!on!au oma ic! ex !anno a ion!(and! ex -mining)!wi hin!
a chaeology,!including!machine!lea ning!ou comes! om! he!ADS!A chaeoTools!P ojec !and! he! ule-
based! OPTIMA! oolki ! om! he! USW! STAR! P ojec ,! see! Richa ds!e ! al.!(2015)! and! he! deli e able!
ARIADNE!D16.4!-!Final!Repo !on!Na u al!Language!P ocessing,!which!also! epo s!on!NLP!ou comes!
om! ARIADNE.! One! s and! o ! hese! ou comes! con ibu ed! o! he! Wood/Dend och onology! da a!
in eg a ion!case!s udy!and!Demons a o ,!which!combines!seman ic!links!be ween!da ase s!and!( ia!
NLP)!a chaeological! epo s.!This!is!discussed!below.!
In! a chaeology,! seman ic! linking!gene ally! in ol es! connec ions! (usually! semi-au oma ic! wi h!
in ellec ual! e iew)! be ween! a chaeological! esou ces! ia! an! in e media y! knowledge! o ganiza ion!
sys em!co e ing! ele an !aspec s!o ! he!space,! ime!and!subjec !dimensions.!Seman ic!linking!in! he!
subjec !dimension!is!discussed!below!as! ega ds!mapping!be ween!subjec ! hesau i!and!con olled!
ocabula ies,!while!linking! ia! he!CIDOC!CRM!co e!on ology,!is!discussed!in!ARIADNE!D14.2!-!Pilo !
Deploymen !Expe imen s.!
2.1 Seman ic*linking*in* he*spa ial*dimension*
Fo !ARIADNE,!a!key!componen !o ! he!s a egy! o ! he!spa ial!domain!has!been! he!adop ion!o !a!
s anda d! o ma ! o !spa ial!coo dina es,!WGS84.!Di e en !pa ne s!employ!di e en !local!coo dina e!
sys ems!which!a e!no malised! o!WGS84.!No malised!spa ial!coo dina es!cons i u e! he!main!spa ial!
access!me hod!in! he!ARIADNE!Po al.!Rele an !gaze ee s!o !place!names,!including!GeoNames!and!
TGN,!a e! discussed!in! ARIADNE!D3.1! -! Ini ial! epo ! on! s anda ds! and! on! he! p ojec ! egis y.! The!
wo k!o ! he!Pelagios!p ojec !has!been!a!signi ican ! con ibu o ! o! he! Digi al! Humani ies! a ena! o !
spa ial!linked!da a,!including! a ious!wo kshops!in! he!Linked!Pas s!se ies.!Pelagios!makes!use!o ! he!
Pleiades! gaze ee 1!(and! i s! URIs)! o! connec ! online! esou ces! ha ! e e ! o! places! in! he! ancien !
wo ld! ia!Linked! Open!Da a.!Pelagios!does!no !a emp ! o!de ine! a!complex!da a!model,! a he ! i !
seeks! o! o e !a!uni o m!way! o!build!links!be ween!di e en !gaze ee s! ia! he!Open!Anno a ion!
On ology.!Pelagios!me ada a!aims! o!suppo !in e ope abili y!while!imposing!minimal!o e heads!on!
da a!p o ide s.!Pelagios!is!de eloping! a ious! ools!(be a!a ! ime!o !w i ing),!including!Recogi o2!,!an!
anno a ion!pla o m! o !anno a ing!images,!c ea ing!maps,!linking! esea ch!da a! o! he!wide !web!o !
da a,! he!Pelagios!Map!Tiles!mapping!applica ion,! he!Pe ipleo!sea ch!se ice!and!API3!.!Va ious!o he !
e o s!a e!ongoing!in! he!second!phase!o ! he!Pelagios!p ojec ,!which!aims! o!encou age!communi y!
pa icipa ion! in! he! en e p ise:! “Pelagios! Commons! p o ides! online! esou ces! and! a!communi y!
o um! o !using!open!da a!me hods! o!link!and!explo e!his o ical!places”4.!
2.2 Seman ic*linking*in* he* empo al*dimension*
In! he! empo al! domain,! ARIADNE! made! he! decision! o! adop ! he! ecen ly! eme ged! Pe iodO!
gaze ee !as!a!cen al!hub! o !exp essing!s anda d!pe iod!de ini ions,!in!o de ! o!link!and! isualize!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1!Pleiades,!h ps://pleiades.s oa.o g!!
2!Recogi o,!h p:// ecogi o.pelagios.o g!!
3!Pe ipleo,!h ps://gi hub.com/pelagios/pe ipleo#pe ipleo-api!!
4!Pelagios,!h p://commons.pelagios.o g!!
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 6! Janua y!2017!
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ime! pe iod! da a.! “Pe iodO! is! a! gaze ee ! o ! schola ly! de ini ions! o ! his o ical,! a -his o ical,! and!
a chaeological!pe iods.!I !eases! he! ask!o !linking!among!da ase s! ha !de ine!pe iods!di e en ly.!I !
also! helps! schola s! and! s uden s! see! whe e! pe iod! de ini ions! o e lap! o ! di e ge”! (Pe iodO)5.! A!
‘pe iod’! is! o ! cou se! a! complex! a chaeological! concep ,! which! can! encompass! imespans,! spa ial!
ex en s!and!some imes! cul u al! o ms! (Niccolucci!&! He mon! 2015).!Pe iodO!de ines!a! da a!model!
ha ! includes! a! name! o ! he! pe iod,! some! empo al! bounds,! an! associa ion! wi h! a! geog aphical!
egion! and! which! has! some! li e a y! wa an ! (Shaw! 2015;! Shaw! e ! al.! 2015).! The! Pe iodO! Clien 6!
allows!use s! o!b owse! he!Pe iodO!da ase !o !pe iods,!compa e!di e en !pe iod!de ini ions,!ex ac !
he!URI! o !a!pe iod,!ex ac !seman ically!s uc u ed!da a!(JSON-LD),!submi !new!pe iods!o !upda e!
exis ing!ones! he!use !has!p e iously!en e ed.!!ARIADNE!pa ne s!exp essed! empo al!me ada a! o !
a chaeological!pe iods!using!local! ocabula ies,!wi h!s a !and!end!da es! o !each! e m.!The!uni ied!
lis ! o ! ARIADNE! pe iod! ocabula ies! was! made! a ailable! o! Pe iodO! in! a! collabo a ion! wi h! ha !
p ojec .!This! esul ed!in! he!ARIADNE!collec ion!o !pe iod!de ini ions!in!Pe iodO7,!whe e!URIs!iden i y!
each!pe iod!and!dis inguish! he!meaning!o !a!pe iod!name!in!di e en !places.!
2.3 Seman ic*linking*in* he*subjec *dimension*
Much!o ! he!e o !o !WP15!has!conce ned!seman ic!linking!in! he!subjec !domain.!Mapping!be ween!
subjec ! hesau i!and!o he !con olled! ocabula ies!is!an!impo an !con ibu o ! o!in e ope abili y!and!
c oss!sea ch!in!disciplines!wi h!di e se!da ase s,!such!as!a chaeology,!and!is!pa icula ly!impo an !
o !mul ilingual!capabili y!(see! he! e iew!in!Zeng!&!Chan!2004).!ARIADNE!D15.1!gi es!an!o e iew!o !
ocabula y! mapping! d awing! on! he! ISO! hesau us! s anda d! (ISO! 25964-2:2013),! discussing! he!
a ionale!o ! ocabula y!mapping!wi hin!ARIADNE!and! he!choice!o ! he!Ge y!A !and!A chi ec u e!
Thesau us!(AAT)8!as!a! mapping!hub.!The! AAT!is!a ailable!as!Linked!Open!Da a!in!SKOS,!published!
unde ! he! Open! Da a! Commons! A ibu ion! License! (ODC-By)! 1.09.! The! AAT! con ains! o e ! 40,000!
concep s! and! o e ! 350,000! e ms,! o ganised! in! se en! ace s! (and! 33! hie a chies! as! subdi isions):!
Associa ed!concep s,!Physical!a ibu es,!S yles!and!pe iods,!Agen s,!Ac i i ies,!Ma e ials,!Objec s!and!
op ional! ace s! o ! ime! and! place! (Ha p ing! 2016).! The! AAT’s! scope! is! b oade ! han! a chaeology,!
encompassing! isual! a ,!a chi ec u e,! o he ! ma e ial! he i age,! a chaeology,! conse a ion,! a chi al!
ma e ials,!e c.,!bu !con ains!many!use ul!high!le el!a chaeological!concep s,!pa icula ly!in! he!Buil !
En i onmen ,!Ma e ials!and!Objec s!hie a chies.!
Di e en !pa ne !subjec ! ocabula ies!a e!mapped! o! he!AAT,!which! hen! o ms! he!basis! o !sea ch!
ac oss! indexing! ocabula ies! in! di e en ! languages.! The! majo ! exe cise! mapping! be ween! pa ne !
na i e! ocabula ies!and! he!AAT!as!a!cen al!hub!is!desc ibed!in!D15.1,!including! e lec ions!on! he!
mapping!p ocess.!The!c ea ion!o !links!di ec ly!be ween! he!i ems! om!di e en ! ocabula ies!can!
become!unmanageable!as! he!numbe !o ! ocabula ies!inc eases.!A!scalable!solu ion!is! o!employ!a!
hub! a chi ec u e,! an! in e media e! s uc u e! on! o!which! concep s! om! ARIADNE! da a! p o ide !
sou ce! ocabula ies! can! be! mapped.! The! bene i s! o ! ocabula y! mapping! a e! clea ! o ! collec ions!
wi h!mul ilingual!me ada a!and!con en .!By!using! he!AAT!as!a!cen al!hub,!a!seman ic!sea ch!on!an!
AAT! concep ! can! e ie e! esul s! o iginally! indexed! by! e ms! om! a ious! languages! (Binding! and!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5!Pe iodO,!h p://pe io.do,!h ps://gi hub.com/pe iodo!!
6!Pe iodO!clien ,!h p://n2 .ne /a k:/99152/p0!!
7!ARIADNE!collec ion!o !pe iod!de ini ions!in!Pe iodO,!h p://n2 .ne /a k:/99152/p0qhb66!!
8!Ge y!A !and!A chi ec u e!Thesau us,!h p://www.ge y.edu/ esea ch/ ools/ ocabula ies/aa /!!
9!Ge y!Vocabula ies!as!Linked!Open!Da a,!h p://www.ge y.edu/ esea ch/ ools/ ocabula ies/lod/index.h ml!!
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ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 7! Janua y!2017!
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Tudhope!2016).!This!can!po en ially!imp o e! ecall!(indexing!in!se e al!languages)!and!p ecision!(in!
li e al!s ing!sea ch,! alse! esul s!may!a ise! om!homog aphs).!
2.4 Seman ic*linking* ools*in* he*subjec *dimension*
ARIADNE!D15.3!is!conce ned!wi h! he! ools!employed! o !seman ic!linking.!While!some! e y!speci ic!
links! be ween! speci ic! da ase s,! o ! speci ic! c oss! e e ences! be ween! epo s,! will! exis ,! mos !
seman ic!linking!in! he!subjec !dimension!is!achie ed! ia! he!co e!on ology!!(CIDOC!CRM)!and! he!
Ge y! AAT,! which! ha e! been! adop ed! as! ARIADNE! linking! s anda ds.! Be o e! desc ibing! he! ools!
employed! o ! mapping! ocabula ies! in! ARIADNE,! we! b ie ly! e iew! o he ! ele an ! ocabula y!
mapping! ools.!
2.4.1 Vocabula y*mapping* ools* ele an * o*WP15*
The!VocBench!publishing!pla o m!o ! he!UN’s!FAO!has!seen!a!majo !SKOS!Linked!Da a!e o !in! he!
ag icul u al! domain,! mapping! he! mul ilingual! AGROVOC! hesau us! o! (a ! he! las !coun )!13! o he !
hesau i! (Ca acciolo! e ! al.! 2012! and! 2013),! including! LCSH! (Lib a y! o ! Cong ess! Subjec ! Headings),!
GEMET!(Gene al!Mul ilingual!En i onmen al!Thesau us)!and!STW!(S anda d!Thesau us! o !Economics!
/!S anda d!Thesau us! ü !Wi scha ).!This!has!been!a!long! e m!p ojec ;!ea ly!wo k!is!discussed!by!
Liang!and!Sini!(2006).!
In!ARIADNE,!i !is!possible! o!associa e!AAT!concep s!di ec ly!wi h!pa ne !subjec !me ada a!by! aking!
accoun ! o ! mappings! om! pa ne ! ocabula ies! o! he! AAT! c ea ed! o ! ARIADNE.! In! addi ion! o!
seman ic!linking!by!means!o !mapping!be ween! ocabula ies,!i !is!some imes!necessa y! o!associa e!
concep s! om!con olled! ocabula ies!( ia!URI!Uni o m!Resou ce!Iden i ie s)!wi h!subjec !me ada a!
p esen ed!only!as! ee! ex .!Fo !example,!in! he!case!o !a!p ojec !like!Eu opeana,!which!some imes!
has! o! inges ! subjec ! me ada a! wi hou ! knowledge! o ! he! o iginal! na i e! ocabula y! (i ! any),! i ! is!
some imes! desi able! o! associa e! a! con olled! ocabula y! concep ! (e.g.! om! he! AAT)! wi h!
po en ially! ambiguous,! ee! ex ! me ada a,! wi hou ! being! able! o! ely! on! a! p e ious! ocabula y!
mapping.! All! ha ! may! be! a ailable! on! he! sou ce! side! is! he! ee! ex ! subjec ! label! wi hou ! any!
u he !con ex ! o! ake!in o!accoun ! om!a!sou ce! ocabula y.!!
In!bo h! hese!si ua ions,! he!p ocess!o !associa ing!a!con olled! ocabula y!concep !is!called!seman ic!
en ichmen .! En ichmen ! can! be! conside ed! a! special! case! o ! seman ic! anno a ion.! Fo ! ecen !
de elopmen s! in! Eu opeana! o ! semi-au oma ic! 'en ichmen '! o ! ee! ex ! me ada a! elemen s! wi h!
AAT! URIs,! see! Cha les! e ! al.! (2014).! S ille ! e ! al.! (2014)! epo ! on! a! Eu opeana! case! s udy! o !
en ichmen ! wi h! discussion! o ! bes ! p ac ice.! A! Eu opeana! Da a! Model! case! s udy! desc ibes! an!
example! o ! he! en ichmen ! o ! Eu opeana! da a! wi h! AAT! (Cha les! and! De a enne! 2014).! This! can!
b ing! bene i s! o ! mul ilingual! capabili y,! o ! example! by! au oma ically! changing! he! subjec !
me ada a!label!displayed!i ! he!language!o ! he!use !in e ace!is!changed!by! he!use .!
A! speci ic! MORe! en ichmen ! se ice! o ! de i ing! AAT! concep s! om! pa ne ! ocabula ies! was!
de eloped! as! pa ! o ! ARIADNE! u ilising! he! AAT! ocabula y! mappings! p oduced! in! WP15! (see!
'Vocabula y!mappings!conduc ed! o !ARIADNE'!below!and!ARIADNE!D15.1!-!Repo !on!Thesau i!and!
Taxonomies).! Va ious! en ichmen ! se ices! ha e! been! de eloped! wi hin! he! MORe! agg ega ion!
amewo k! o ! he!LoCloud!p ojec !(Meghini!e !al.,! o hcoming).!These!include:!
o Geocoding!based!on!GeoNames;!
o Seman ic!en ichmen ,!whe e!a! ocabula y!ma ching!se ice!sugges s!SKOS!concep s!based!
on! i le,!desc ip ions!and!subjec - ela ed!in o ma ion!in!a!me ada a! eco d;!
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 8! Janua y!2017!
!
o Wikipedia!and!DBPedia!au oma ic!en ichmen :!a! a ia ion!o ! he!seman ic!en ichmen ! ha !
sugges s!Wikipedia!and!DBPedia!en ies,!based!on! he!me ada a! eco d;!
o Language! iden i ica ion:! Iden i ies! languages! based! on! a! i le! o ! desc ip ion! using! Apache!
Tika;!
o Thesau i!mappings:! Allows!loading!and!managing!SKOS!concep s!mappings! om!SKOSi ied!
subjec ! e ms! o!a! a ge !SKOS! hesau us.!
The! Ins ance! Ma ching! applica ion! (SAIM10)! is! a! b owse ! based! in e ace! in ended! o! suppo !
ins ance!ma ching!on!RDF!da a,!gene ally! hough! his!is!somewha !ou side! he! ocus!o ! he!WP15!
wo k.!Conside a ion!was!also!gi en! o! he!FP7!suppo ed!Linked!Da a!In eg a ion!F amewo k!(SILK11).!
SILK! is! a! sophis ica ed,! gene al! seman ic! web! amewo k! o ! c ea ing! links! and! no ! designed!
speci ically! o !mapping! hesau i.!A!SILK!‘link!speci ica ion’!allows! he!compa ison!o !p e e ed!labels!
om! wo! hesau i! (using! he! Le ensh ein! dis ance! algo i hm).! SILK! is! a! complex! en i onmen ! and!
he e!is!an!ine i able!lea ning!cu e!in!o de ! o!c ea e!linkage! ules,! ans o ma ions,!agg ega ions!
and! in! he! in e p e a ion! o ! ma ch! sco es.! While! he! SILK!applica ion! is! in e ac i e! and! allows! o !
some! compa ison,! i ! can! be! a gued! ha ! he! main! ocus! o ! such! ools! ends! o! be! au oma ic! link!
gene a ion! unc ionali y! and! bulk! au oma ion.! The! use ! is! no ! gi en! con enien ! con ex ual!
in o ma ion!(speci ic! o! he! hesau i)! o! acili a e!in o med!judgmen s!on! he!co ec ness!o !po en ial!
mappings.!
Two!a chaeological!domain!p esen a ions!a ! he!14 h!Eu opean!Ne wo ked!Knowledge!O ganiza ion!
Sys ems! (NKOS)! Wo kshop,! a ! TPDL! 2015! in! Poznań! discussed! wo k! on! SKOS! ocabula y! mapping!
using!AMALGAME!(Ams e dam!Alignmen !Gene a ion!Me a ool12),!de eloped!a !F ee!Uni e si y!o !
Ams e dam! wi hin! he! ClioPa ia! amewo k.! S ahn! (2015)! made! a! pilo ! s udy! wi h! h ee! DAI!
ocabula ies,!exp essing! hem!as!SKOS!and! hen!mapping! ia!AMALGAME.!She!makes! he!poin ! ha !
he! ma ching! is! on! s ing! le el! only.! Kemp ! (2015)! conduc ed! expe imen s! a ! ZBW! (Leibniz!
In o ma ion!Cen e! o !Economics)!in ol ing! he!Ge man!STW!Thesau us! o !Economics!and!an!exac !
language!dependen !s ing!ma ch!on! e ms.!A!second!phase!explo ed!di e en ! ypes!o !en ichmen !
o ! he! hesau us!da a!be o e! he!mapping!p ocess,!such!as!desc ip o s,!synonyms,! esul s! om!o he !
mappings.!!The!conclusions!we e! ha !s ing!ma ch!could!no ! ake!accoun !o !s uc u al!di e ences!
be ween! he!sou ce!and! a ge ! ocabula y!con ex s!bu ! ha ! he!expe imen !en iching! he! ocabula y!
e minology!be o e!a emp ing!mapping!o e ed!use ul!po en ial!candida es! o ! u he !in ellec ual!
mapping.!AMALGAME!gi es!a!choice!o !simila i y!me ics!and!p ope ies! o!ma ch!on.!Howe e ! he!
p ocess!is! hen!based!on!au oma ic!s ing!ma ch!(al hough! he!use !does!decide!whe he ! o!accep !a!
mapping)! and! does! no ! ake! accoun ! o ! he! hie a chical! con ex .! The! wo k! wi h! AMALGAME! is!
con inuing!unde ! he!new!p ojec !Cul uu link13,! he!Du ch!Cul u al!He i age!Hub,!whe e!an!alignmen !
se ice! is! o e ed! o ! SKOS! hesau i! and! a ious! hesau i! a e! a ailable.! A! complex,! in e ac i e!
alignmen !s a egy!g aphical!edi o !is!a ailable.!This!employs! he!AMALGAME!mapping!sys em!and!a!
il e !is!a ailable! ha ! akes!some!accoun !o !hie a chical!con ex .!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10!SAIM,!h p://saim.aksw.o g!!
11!SILK,!h p://wi o5-03.in o ma ik.uni-mannheim.de/bize /silk!!
12!AMALGAME,!h p://seman icweb.cs. u.nl/amalgame/!!
13!Cul uu link,!h p://cul uu link.beeldengeluid.nl/app/#/s a !!
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE! 9! Janua y!2017!
!
2.4.2 Vocabula y*mapping* ools*in*ARIADNE*
Vocabula y!mapping!is!no !a! i ial!exe cise.!High!quali y!mapping! equi es!domain!expe s,!who!may!
no !ha e!expe ise!in!compu ing!seman ic! echnologies.!The! ocabula ies! hemsel es!can! a y! om!a!
small!numbe !o !keywo ds! om!a!picklis ! o !a!pa icula !da ase ! o!s anda d!na ional! ocabula ies!
wi h!a!la ge!numbe !o !concep s.!In!gene al!a ! he!p esen ! ime,! ully!au oma ic! ocabula y!mapping!
does! no ! cu en ly! deli e ! mappings! o ! su icien ! ope a ional! quali y;! he!ARIADNE! app oach! is! o!
ocus! on! quali y! mappings,! in! o de ! o! suppo ! c oss! sea ch! a ! a! medium! le el! o ! gene ali y.!
A chaeology!domain! ocabula y!p o ide s! end! o!ha e!limi ed! esou ces! o!spend!on! he! echnical!
aspec s!o ! ocabula y!mapping! ools.!I !is!impo an ! o!suppo !expe !in ellec ual! e iew!and!p o ide!
enough!con ex ual!da a! o!allow! ocabula y!p o ide s! o!make!an!in o med!decision!on! he!p oposed!
mappings.!Fo !example,!i !migh !be!use ul! o ! he!use ! o!compa e! hesau us!s uc u es!side!by!side.!!
In! gene al! o ! ARIADNE! pu poses,! ools! should! be! ligh ! weigh ,! use ! cen e ed!and! ocused! on!
hesau us! o! hesau us!mapping,!in!o de ! o! acili a e!use !( ocabula y!p o ide )!in ol emen !in! he!
mapping! p ocess.! In! some! cases,! ARIADNE! pa ne s! d ew! on! hei ! own! esou ces! o! c ea e! he!
ocabula y!mappings! o! AAT,! o !example!by! di ec ly!b owsing!and!sea ching! he!local! ocabula y!
and! he! AAT! o ! using! local! u ili ies! (see! ARIADNE! D15.1).! In! addi ion,! wo! ligh ! weigh ! ools! we e!
de eloped!by!USW! o!suppo ! he!domain!expe s!doing! he!mapping!be ween! ocabula y!concep s,!
o ien ed! o!di e en !con ex s! o ! he! ocabula ies.!!
An! in e ac i e! ocabula y! mapping! ool! was! de eloped! o ! ARIADNE! ha ! enables! a chaeology!
subjec ! expe s! c ea e! SKOS! mapping! ela ionships! be ween! local! ocabula ies! a ailable! online! as!
SKOS! and! he! AAT! (Binding! &! Tudhope! 2016).!The! ligh weigh ! Web! applica ion! p esen s! concep s!
om! chosen! sou ce! and! a ge ! ocabula ies! side! by! side,! hus! p esen ing! con ex ! o! allow! an!
in o med! choice! when! deciding! on! po en ial! mappings.! The! ool! is! designed! o ! ocabula ies!
exp essed!in!RDF/SKOS;!i !que ies!ex e nal!SPARQL!endpoin s! a he ! han!s o ing!local!copies!o ! he!
ocabula ies.!SKOS!mapping! ela ionships!(Miles!&!Becho e !2009)!a e!employed! o !exp essing! he!
mappings,!(e.g.!skos:b oadMa ch!o !skos:closeMa ch).!The! esul ing!se !o !mappings!can!be!sa ed!
locally,! eloaded!and!expo ed! o!a!numbe !o !di e en !ou pu ! o ma s!(JSON! o !use!in!ARIADNE).!
Figu e! 1! shows! an! example! whe e! a! sou ce! concep ,! cas le,! has! jus ! been! mapped! o! he! AAT!
concep ,! cas les! ( o i ica ion).! The! igh ! hand! pane! shows! a ious! AAT! concep s! ha ! po en ially!
ma ch!on! he!p e e ed! e m.!The!use !has!selec ed! he!AAT!concep ,!cas les!( o i ica ion)!and!bo h!
he! b oade ! concep ! ( o i ica ions)! and! he! na owe ! concep s! (châ ele s,! moa ed! cas les,! mo e-
and-bailey!cas les,!qas s)!a e!displayed,!showing! he!seman ic!con ex !in!a!concise!manne .!Each!o !
hese!addi ional!concep s!can! hemsel es!be!b owsed!in! he! ool! o!explo e! he!seman ic!con ex .!
The!mapping!has!been!conside ed!a!close!ma ch!by! he!use !and! he! esul ing!mapping!is!displayed!
a ! he!bo om!o ! he!sc een,! oge he !wi h! wo!o he ! ecen !mappings.!The! ool!is!a ailable!as!open!
sou ce!wi h! he!code! eely!a ailable!on!Gi Hub14.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
14!Vocabula y!Ma ching!Tool!sou ce!code! o !local!download!and!ins alla ion,!
h ps://gi hub.com/cbinding/Vocabula yMa chingTool!!
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE!16!Janua y!2017!
!
unde lying! AAT! s uc u e! o! au oma ically! expand! he! o iginal! que y! ac oss! ele an ! seman ic!
ela ionships,!so!imp o ing! ecall!wi hou !sac i icing!p ecision.!!
Figu e!6!shows!a!que y!on!objec s!decla ed!as!being!o ! ype!“ oo s”,!wi h!a!p oduc ion!da e!s a ed!as!
being!somewhe e!wi hin! he!da e! ange!1500! o!1600!AD.!The! esul s!o igina e! om!da a!de i ed! ia!
NLP!on!a! ex ual! epo ,!indica ing!some!ins ances!whe e! he!p ocess!has!associa ed!an!objec !wi h!a!
da e!(o !a!da e! ange).!Examina ion!o ! he! ex ual!no es!associa ed!wi h!each!objec !sugges ! ha ! he!
NLP! esul s!a e!co ec .!
!
Figu e&6:&Sea ch&on&speci ic&objec & ype&and&da e& ange&
The! Demons a o ! is! able! o! c oss! sea ch! and! b owse! in o ma ion! ex ac ed! om! da ase s! and!
epo s! in! di e en ! languages! ia! he! common! amewo k! based! on! he! CIDOC! CRM! and! AAT;! a!
deg ee! o ! seman ic! in eg a ion! be ween! da a! ex ac ed! om! ex ! documen s! and! da abases! has!
been!achie ed.!In! u u e!wo k,! he!in en ion!is! o!explo e!possibili ies!o ! he!seman ic! echniques! o !
la ge ! scale! e o s! on! mul ilingual! in eg a ion! o ! da ase s! wi h! epo s.! Ano he ! aim! is! o! explo e!
possibili ies! o ! mo e! in ui i e! use ! in e aces! o ! sea ching! RDF! da ase s! han! he! usual! SPARQL!
endpoin .!The!Demons a o !is!a ailable! o !use! ia! he!ARIADNE!Po al!se ices27.!I !is!also!a ailable!
as!open!sou ce!wi h! he!code! eely!a ailable!on!Gi Hub28.!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
27!Wood/Dend och onology!Demons a o ,!h p://po al.a iadne-in as uc u e.eu/se ices!!
28!Wood/Dend och onology!Demons a o !code,!h ps://gi hub.com/cbinding/ARIADNE-da a-in eg a ion!!
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE!17!Janua y!2017!
!
3 Summa y*and*lessons*lea ned*
B ie *summa y*
The! e iew! and! de elopmen ! wo k! desc ibed! in! his! chap e ! ocuses! on! he! aspec s! o ! seman ic!
linking! and! anno a ion! pa icula ly! ele an ! o! ARIADNE.! The! na u e! o ! seman ic! linking! and!
anno a ion!wi hin! he!ARADNE!con ex !is!discussed!and! e e ence!is!made! o!o he ! ele an !ARIADNE!
deli e ables.!Seman ic!linking!wi hin!ARIADNE!is!conside ed!wi hin! he!spa ial,! empo al!and!subjec !
dimensions.! The! subjec ! dimension! is!conside ed! in! dep h,! s a ing! wi h! a! e iew! o ! linking! ools!
conside ed! ele an ! o! ARIADNE! ollowed! by! a! discussion! o ! he! ARIADNE! app oach! and! he!
ocabula y!mapping! ools! used!wi hin!ARIADNE.!The!Ge y!AAT! p o ed!an!app op ia e! ocabula y!
mapping!hub! ha !a o ded!a!mul ilingual!sea ch!capabili y!in! he!ARIADNE!Po al! ia! he!seman ic!
en ichmen ! o ! pa ne ! subjec ! me ada a! wi h! de i ed! AAT! concep s.! The! cha ac e is ics! o ! he!
di e en ! ypes!o !mappings!o !pa ne ! ocabula ies! o! he!Ge y!AAT!p oduced!wi hin!ARIADNE!a e!
desc ibed.! In! o al! 6416! mappings! we e! conduc ed,! wi h! mappings! by! indi idual! pa ne s! anging!
om!a! ew! o!o e !1600! e ms.!By!Decembe !2016,!concep s! om!27! ocabula ies!employed!by!12!
p ojec ! pa ne s! ha e! been! mapped! o! he! AAT.! The! ocabula y! mapping! ools! de eloped! o !
ARIADNE!a e!a ailable!as!open!sou ce! ia!Gi hub.!
A! case! s udy! conduc ed! an! explo a o y! in es iga ion! o ! he! seman ic! in eg a ion! o ! ex ac s! om!
a chaeological! da ase s! wi h! in o ma ion! ex ac ed! ia! NLP! ac oss! di e en ! languages.! The!
in es iga ion! ollowed!a!b oad! heme! ela ing! o!wooden!ma e ial!including!shipw ecks,!wi h!a! ocus!
on! ypes!o !wooden!ma e ial,!samples! aken,!wooden!objec s!wi h!da ing! om!dend och onological!
analysis,! e c.! The! Demons a o ! de eloped! o ! his! wood/dend och onological! case! s udy! is!
desc ibed!wi h!illus a i e!sc eendumps;!i !is!a ailable! o !gene al!use.!The!use !is!shielded! om! he!
complexi y!o ! he!unde lying!seman ic! amewo k!(based!on! he!CIDOC!CRM!and!Ge y!AAT)!by! he!
Web! applica ion! use ! in e ace.! The! Demons a o ! highligh s! he! po en ial! o ! a chaeological!
esea ch! ha !can!in e oga e!g ey!li e a u e! epo s!in!conjunc ion!wi h!da ase s.!Que ies!conce n!
wooden! objec s! (e.g.! samples! o ! beech! wood! keels),! op ionally! om! a! gi en! da e! ange,! wi h!
au oma ic!expansion!o e !hie a -chies!o !wood! ypes.!
Lessons*lea ned*
o The!spa ial,! empo al!and!subjec !dimensions!a e!key! o!a chaeology!and! he!main! ehicle! o !
seman ic! linking.! Cleansing! and! no malisa ion! ia! seman ic! en ichmen ! is! necessa y! in! each!
dimension.!
o In! he!subjec !dimension,!ARIADNE! equi es!high!quali y! ocabula y!mappings,!which!canno !be!
achie ed! by! au oma ic! means! alone,! al hough! app op ia e! mapping! ools! can! help.! I ! is!
impo an ! o!suppo !expe !in ellec ual! e iew!and!p o ide!con ex ual!da a.!!
o The! Ge y! AAT! p o ed! an! app op ia e! ocabula y! mapping! hub! ha ! a o ded! a! mul ilingual!
sea ch!capabili y!in! he!ARIADNE!Po al.!
o The!Wood/Dend och onology!case!s udy!demons a ed! he! easibili y!o !connec ing!in o ma ion!
(a !a! de ailed! le el)!ex ac ed! om! da ase s!and! g ey!li e a u e! epo s!in!di e en !languages!
and! seman ic! c oss-sea ching! o ! he! in eg a ed! in o ma ion.! The! case! s udy! sugges s! ha ! he!
seman ic! linking! o ! ex ual! epo s! and! da ase s! opens! up! possibili ies! o ! in eg a i e!
a chaeological! esea ch!ac oss!di e se! esou ces.!
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE!18!Janua y!2017!
!
o Da a! cleansing! is! necessa y! o ! seman ic! da a! in eg a ion! oge he ! wi h! ools! ha ! ensu e! a!
consis en ! ep esen a ion!o ! he!ex ac ed!da a!in! e ms!o ! he!seman ic! amewo k.!!
o NLP!de i ed!RDF!s a emen s!do!no !ca y! he!same!deg ee!o ! eliabili y!as! hose!de i ed! om! he!
da ase s!and!NLP!ou comes!may!include!some! alse!posi i es.!An!indica ion!o ! he!p o enance!o !
he!RDF!da a!should!be!included!in! he!seman ic! amewo k,!which!would!allow!judgmen s!o ! he!
eliabili y!o ! he!in o ma ion.!
o The! Wood/Dend och onology! demons a o ! shows! ha ! a! Web! applica ion! can! hide! he!
complexi y! o ! he! unde lying! seman ic! amewo k! om! he! use ! and! allow! que ying! and!
b owsing! he! in o ma ion! wi hou ! expe ise! in! SPARQL;! i ! illus a es! ha ! mo e! in ui i e! use !
in e aces!a e!possible! o !sea ching!RDF!da ase s! han! he!usual!SPARQL!endpoin !o !b owsing!
hype links.!
!
!
!
! !
!
ARIADNE!–!D15.3:!Repo !on!Seman ic!Anno a ion!and!Linking!P epa ed!by!USW!
ARIADNE!19!Janua y!2017!
!
4 Re e ences*
AMALGAME,!h p://seman icweb.cs. u.nl/amalgame/!!
ARIADNE!(2015)!websi e:!ARIADNE!a !Linked!Pas s,!h p://www.a iadne-
in as uc u e.eu/News/ARIADNE-a -Linked-Pas s!!
Binding!C.!&!Tudhope!D.!(2016):!Imp o ing!In e ope abili y!using!Vocabula y!Linked!Da a.!In:!
In e na ional!Jou nal!on!Digi al!Lib a ies,!17(1),!5-21![doi:10.1007/s00799-015-0166-y]!
Ca acciolo!C.,!S ella o!A.,!Mo shed!A.,!Johannsen!G.,!Rajbahnda i!S.,!Jaques!Y.!&!Keize !J.!(2013):!The!
AGROVOC!Linked!Da ase .!In:!Seman ic!Web.!4(3):!341-348.!!
Ca acciolo!C.,!S ella o!A.,!Rajbahnda i!S.,!Mo shed!A.,!Johannsen!G.,!Jaques!Y.!&!Keize !J.!(2012):!
Thesau us!main enance,!alignmen !and!publica ion!as!linked!da a:! he!AGROVOC!use!case.!In:!
In e na ional!Jou nal!o !Me ada a,!Seman ics!and!On ologies,!7(1):!65-75.!!
Cha les!V.,!F ei e!N.!&!Isaac!A.!(2014):!!Links,!languages!and!seman ics:!linked!da a!app oaches!in! he!
Eu opean!Lib a y!and!Eu opeana.!P oceedings!IFLA!Wo ld!Lib a y!and!In o ma ion!Cong ess!
2014,!Lyon,!h p://i la2014-sa da a.bn . /pd /i lalld2014_submission_Cha les_F ei e_Isaac.pd !!!
CULTUURLINK,!h p://cul uu link.beeldengeluid.nl/app/#/s a !!
He i age!Da a.!Linked!Da a!Vocabula ies! o !Cul u al!He i age,!h p://www.he i ageda a.o g!!
Isaac!A.,!Wai es!W.,!Young!J.!&!Zeng!M.!(eds.)!(2011):!Lib a y!Linked!Da a!Incuba o !G oup:!Da ase s,!
alue! ocabula ies,!and!me ada a!elemen !se s![W3C!Incuba o !G oup!Repo ,!Oc obe !25,!
2011].!h p://www.w3.o g/2005/Incuba o /lld/XGR-lld- ocabda ase /!!
ISO!25964-2:2013.!In o ma ion!and!documen a ion!-!Thesau i!and!in e ope abili y!wi h!o he !
ocabula ies!-!Pa !2:!In e ope abili y!wi h!o he ! ocabula ies.!
h p://www.niso.o g/schemas/iso25964/#pa 2!!
ISO25964-1:2011.!In o ma ion!and!documen a ion!-!Thesau i!and!in e ope abili y!wi h!o he !
ocabula ies!-!Pa !1:!Thesau i! o !in o ma ion! e ie al.!
h p://www.niso.o g/schemas/iso25964/#pa 1!!
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