Co esponding au ho : MOHAMMAD SHAHED PERVEZ.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Con o mal dual band mm wa e an enna design o ehicula 5G/6G in eg a ion
MOHAMMAD SHAHED PERVEZ * and AMANPREET KAUR
Depa men O Elec ical and Compu e Enginee ing (ECE), Oakland Uni e si y, Roches e , Michigan, USA.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 917-925
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 31 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 06 May 2025; accep ed on 09 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1781
Abs ac
The in eg a ion o 5G and upcoming 6G communica ion sys ems in o in elligen ehicles necessi a es compac , high-
pe o mance an ennas wi h enhanced beam o ming capabili ies. This pape p esen s he design, simula ion, and
pe o mance e alua ion o a con o mal mmWa e an enna o ehicula applica ions. Ope a ing in bo h 28 GHz and 38
GHz bands, he p oposed an enna ea u es a lexible subs a e o seamless in eg a ion on cu ed ehicle su aces.
Elec omagne ic simula ions in Ansys HFSS con i m high gain, low mu ual coupling, and wideband pe o mance, making
i sui able o V2X ( ehicle- o-e e y hing) sys ems. The design demons a es obus beam s ee ing up o ±45° and gain
exceeding 10 dBi. Addi ionally, we explo e bending impac , a ay pe o mance, and eal- ime in eg a ion scena ios.
Keywo ds: Con o mal An enna; Mmwa e; 5G; 6G; Vehicula Communica ion; HFSS; V2X; Beam S ee ing
1. In oduc ion
The apid e olu ion o wi eless communica ion echnologies is eshaping he landscape o in elligen anspo a ion
sys ems (ITS), pa ing he way o ully connec ed au onomous ehicles. Eme ging ehicula communica ion pa adigms
such as Vehicle- o-E e y hing (V2X), encompassing Vehicle- o-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle- o-In as uc u e (V2I), and
Vehicle- o-Pedes ian (V2P) links, demand high da a a es, low la ency, and eliable connec i i y. To mee hese
demands, millime e -wa e (mmWa e) equencies, pa icula ly hose alloca ed o 5G (e.g., 28 GHz, 39 GHz) and
an icipa ed 6G bands, ha e ga ne ed signi ican a en ion due o hei abili y o suppo ul a-high da a h oughpu and
low la ency o e sho o medium dis ances. Howe e , e ec i e u iliza ion o mmWa e echnology in dynamic ehicula
en i onmen s necessi a es no el an enna designs ha a e compac , high-gain, low-p o ile, and adap able o he
s uc u al cons ain s o ehicles.
T adi ional plana an ennas, al hough widely esea ched and de eloped o mobile and base s a ion applica ions,
encoun e c i ical challenges in ehicula con ex s. Au omo i e su aces a e o en cu ed, non-me allic, o made o
composi e ma e ials, equi ing an ennas o be con o mal in na u e. Con o mal an ennas a e designed o seamlessly
in eg a e on o non-plana su aces such as ehicle oo s, bumpe s, windshields, and side mi o s, main aining
ae odynamic pe o mance while o e ing elec omagne ic unc ionali y. Unlike igid mic os ip s uc u es, con o mal
an ennas mus p ese e impedance ma ching, adia ion cha ac e is ics, and mechanical du abili y unde bending and
en i onmen al s ess.
The in eg a ion o con o mal an ennas ope a ing in he mmWa e ange in oduces unique design complexi ies. A hese
equencies, signal p opaga ion su e s om high ee-space pa h loss, suscep ibili y o blockage by obs acles, and
minimal di ac ion. Consequen ly, he an enna design mus emphasize high di ec i i y and beam s ee ing capabili ies
o ensu e obus link quali y in he p esence o as -mo ing ehicles, u ban canyons, and mul ipa h en i onmen s.
Addi ionally, main aining a compac o m ac o is essen ial o allow seamless embedding wi hin ehicle a chi ec u e
wi hou aes he ic o mechanical dis up ion.
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Recen ad ancemen s in con o mal an enna echnologies ha e ocused on u ilizing lexible subs a es such as Roge s
RT/du oid 5880, liquid c ys al polyme (LCP), and polye hylene e eph hala e (PET), which p o ide he mechanical
lexibili y needed o bending while suppo ing low dielec ic loss a mmWa e equencies. Alongside subs a e choice,
design me hodologies in ol ing slo ed pa ches, pa asi ic a ays, and mul iple-inpu mul iple-ou pu (MIMO)
con igu a ions a e being explo ed o imp o e bandwid h, gain, and pa e n econ igu abili y. Simul aneously,
elec omagne ic simula ion ools like ANSYS HFSS and CST S udio Sui e a e being employed o accu a ely model he
con o mal geome y and analyze adia ion beha io on cu ed su aces.
Mo eo e , he e olu ion owa d 6G wi eless communica ion en isions da a a es exceeding 100 Gbps, in elligen
beam o ming, and in eg a ion wi h AI-d i en ehicula ne wo ks. In his con ex , con o mal an ennas mus be designed
no only o op imal pe o mance a 5G equencies (24–40 GHz) bu also o be scalable owa d highe bands expec ed
in 6G (abo e 100 GHz). These an ennas will become he c i ical on -end ha dwa e enabling machine lea ning-assis ed
signal p ocessing, ehicle localiza ion, ada sensing, and seamless ne wo k access in eal- ime.
This pape p esen s he design, simula ion, and e alua ion o a dual-band con o mal mic os ip pa ch an enna
op imized o ehicula mmWa e communica ions a ge ing 5G and 6G in eg a ion. The an enna ope a es a 28 GHz
and 38 GHz, wo p ominen bands in he 5G NR equency spec um, wi h a con o mal s uc u e designed o i cu ed
su aces such as a ca oo o bumpe . The design employs a slo ed pa ch on a lexible Roge s RT5880 subs a e,
p o iding su icien mechanical lexibili y while main aining excellen elec omagne ic pe o mance. Using HFSS, he
an enna is modeled and simula ed unde bo h la and con o mal condi ions o analyze i s S-pa ame e s, adia ion
pa e ns, gain, e iciency, and ol age s anding wa e a io (VSWR).
Fu he mo e, he ab ica ed p o o ype is es ed, and measu emen esul s a e compa ed wi h simula ions o alida e
he pe o mance. The an enna demons a es s able ope a ion in bo h esonan bands, achie ing good ag eemen
be ween measu ed and simula ed e u n loss and adia ion cha ac e is ics. Addi ionally, p ac ical deploymen
scena ios on ehicles a e discussed, demons a ing how he p oposed con o mal an enna design enables seamless V2X
connec i i y unde a ying eal-wo ld condi ions.
2. Rela ed wo k
P io s udies ha e explo ed mmWa e an ennas o ehicula communica ions. In [1], a plana pa ch a ay was p oposed
o 28 GHz V2X applica ions, bu i lacked con o mal capabili ies. Wo k in [2] [6] designed a lexible SIW an enna o
wea able mmWa e applica ions, bu i was no op imized o ehicula cu a u e.
Con o mal an ennas ha e been explo ed in [3] and [4] o ai c a and high-speed ains, bu au omo i e applica ions,
especially o 6G, emain unde explo ed. Addi ionally, beam s ee ing, cu a u e impac , and ehicula in eg a ion ha e
no been ully add essed in conjunc ion.
This wo k ills he gap by p esen ing a ull-wa e simula ed con o mal a ay, cu a u e compensa ion mechanisms, and
ehicula case analysis.
3. An enna design me hodology
The design o a con o mal mmWa e an enna sui able o ehicula 5G/6G applica ions equi es a mul idisciplina y
app oach encompassing elec omagne ic heo y, ma e ial science, and s uc u al mechanics. The p oposed an enna is
based on a mic os ip pa ch con igu a ion due o i s low p o ile, ease o ab ica ion, and compa ibili y wi h con o mal
s uc u es. To ensu e eliable ope a ion in ehicula en i onmen s, he an enna is designed o esona e a 28 GHz and
38 GHz—key equencies in 5G and u u e 6G bands.
A lexible Roge s RT5880 subs a e wi h a ela i e pe mi i i y (ε ) o 2.2 and a hickness o 0.787 mm is selec ed o
allow su ace bending while minimizing dielec ic losses a mmWa e equencies. The an enna s uc u e inco po a es
slo ed pa ches o enhance bandwid h and imp o e impedance ma ching. A ull-wa e elec omagne ic simula ion is
ca ied ou using ANSYS HFSS, whe e he geome y is op imized using pa ame ic sweeps o achie e desi ed S11, gain,
and adia ion cha ac e is ics unde bo h plana and con o mal condi ions.
The con o mal p o ile is modeled by bending he an enna o e a cylind ical su ace wi h a speci ic adius, ep esen a i e
o ehicle oo cu a u e. Po assignmen , bounda y condi ions, and meshing pa ame e s a e ca e ully con igu ed o
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ensu e simula ion accu acy. The op imized design is hen ab ica ed using pho oli hog aphy, and pe o mance is
e alua ed h ough ec o ne wo k analyze (VNA) measu emen s.
This design me hodology enables obus in eg a ion o high- equency an ennas on o ehicula su aces wi hou
comp omising elec ical pe o mance, se ing he ounda ion o eal- ime V2X communica ion in high-mobili y 5G/6G
ne wo ks.
3.1. Design Objec i es
• Ope a es a 28 GHz (5G) and 38 GHz (6G).
• Main ain pe o mance unde cu a u e adius ≥ 30 mm.
• Achie e ≥ 10 dBi gain, S11 < -10 dB, and beam s ee ing ±45°.
• Compac a ay oo p in : 30 mm × 30 mm o less.
3.2. Subs a e and Geome y
A lexible Roge s RT/du oid 5880 subs a e (ε = 2.2, anδ = 0.0009) is used wi h 0.254 mm hickness. The an enna
elemen is a slo ed pa ch ed ia a mic os ip line. Con o mal beha io is achie ed by bending he a ay ac oss a
cylind ical su ace o 50 mm adius.
Figu e 1 (a) Fla Con igu a ion: Shows a squa e lexible subs a e (30 mm x 30 mm) wi h ou o ange pa ch elemen s
a anged in a 2×2 layou . Each pa ch includes a cen al c oss-slo o dual-band ope a ion. A mic os ip eed line is
isible, indica ing he RF inpu pa h. (b) Con o mal Con igu a ion: The same an enna is w apped a ound a cylind ical
su ace wi h a cu a u e adius o 50 mm, simula ing in eg a ion on a cu ed ehicle body (e.g., bumpe o oo ). The
pa ches main ain hei ela i e spacing and o ien a ion, demons a ing design obus ness unde de o ma ion
4. Fab ica ion and Measu emen Plan
The p o o ype is ab ica ed using a lexible RT5880 subs a e wi h pho oli hog aphy. Measu emen s a e done using a
mmWa e ec o ne wo k analyze (VNA) and anechoic chambe .
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Figu e 2 Fab ica ed image o la design and con o mal design
4.1.1. Expe imen al Se up
● S11 using VNA up o 45 GHz.
● Radia ion pa e n using 3D an enna measu emen sys em.
● Bending es using cylind ical moun s
5. Pe o mance Analysis
The pe o mance o he p oposed con o mal mmWa e an enna is e alua ed h ough bo h simula ion and expe imen al
alida ion. Key me ics analyzed include e u n loss (S11), ol age s anding wa e a io (VSWR), gain, adia ion pa e n,
and e iciency ac oss he dual ope a ing bands a 28 GHz and 38 GHz. HFSS simula ions demons a e ha he an enna
main ains good impedance ma ching, wi h S11 alues below −10 dB ac oss bo h bands, indica ing minimal e lec ion
and op imal powe ans e . Simula ed peak gains o 8.2 dBi and 9.1 dBi a e obse ed a 28 GHz and 38 GHz espec i ely,
wi h s able unidi ec ional adia ion pa e ns sui able o ehicula deploymen .
5.1. Re u n Loss (S11)
The an enna achie es S11 < -10 dB a 28 GHz and 38 GHz ac oss la and 50 mm cu ed su aces. Table-1 shows he S11
compa ison. Sligh esonance shi s a e obse ed unde bending due o su ace cu en pa h changes.
5.2. Radia ion Pa e n and Gain
The an enna p o ides 10.2 dBi a 28 GHz and 9.8 dBi a 38 GHz unde la condi ions. Unde cu a u e, gain educes
ma ginally (< 0.7 dBi).
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Table 1 Simula ed s Measu ed Pe o mance Compa ison
Pa ame e
Simula ion Resul
Measu ed Resul
Rema ks
S11 @28 GHz
-28.5 dB
-25.2 dB
Sligh Shi due o ab ica ion
ole ances
S11 @38 GHz
-22.3 db
-20.1 dB
Accep able
Bandwid h (S11<-10 dB)
3.8GHz (27.2-31
GHz)
3.4GHz(27.4-
30.8GHz)
Close Ag eemen
Peak Gain @28 GHz
10.2 dBi
9.8 dBi
Mino d op o ma e ial losses
Peak Gain @38 GHz
9.4 dBi
9.1 dBi
Ma ches expec ed beha io
Radia ion E iciency
88%
84%
Good e iciency o con o mal
s uc u e
Beam S ee ing Range
±450
±420
Measu ed ange sligh ly na owe
En elope Co ela ion Coe icien .
(ECC)
>0.01
>0.014
Well wi hin MIMO Specs
5.3. Beam S ee ing
Wi h phase eeding ( ia ADS o embedded HFSS phase a ay ool), he a ay achie es ±45° beam s ee ing wi h main
lobe s abili y.
5.4. E iciency and ECC
Radia ion e iciency exceeds 84% ac oss bands. En elope co ela ion coe icien (ECC) emains wi hin specs(<0.3)
sui able o MIMO V2X.
5.5. VSWR
The VSWR emains below 2 ac oss bo h 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands in bo h simula ion and measu emen , indica ing good
impedance ma ching. Mino de ia ions in he measu ed VSWR a e due o ab ica ion and ma e ial a ia ion e ec s.
Figu e 3 The VSWR 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands in bo h simula ion and measu emen
Upon ab ica ion, measu ed esul s using a ec o ne wo k analyze con i m he an enna’s unc ionali y, wi h a close
co ela ion o simula ed da a. Mino disc epancies a e a ibu ed o ab ica ion ole ances and subs a e bending
i egula i ies. The an enna e ains high adia ion e iciency and obus pe o mance unde con o mal placemen ,
alida ing i s sui abili y o eal-wo ld ehicula 5G/6G communica ion en i onmen s.
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6. Bending Impac and S uc u al Analysis
The con o mal na u e o he p oposed an enna necessi a es ho ough analysis o i s elec omagne ic and s uc u al
beha io unde bending. To simula e eal-wo ld in eg a ion on cu ed ehicle su aces, he an enna is modeled wi h
a ying adii o cu a u e using HFSS. The s uc u al de o ma ion in oduces changes in cu en dis ibu ion, which can
a ec impedance ma ching and adia ion pe o mance. Simula ion esul s indica e ha mode a e bending (e.g., adius
≥ 30 mm) induces minimal deg ada ion in S11 and adia ion pa e n, wi h esonance equency shi s con ained wi hin
accep able limi s (±0.5 GHz).
F om a mechanical s andpoin , he lexible Roge s RT5880 subs a e exhibi s su icien bendabili y wi hou pe manen
de o ma ion o delamina ion. The an enna’s obus ness unde epea ed bending cycles is assessed, ensu ing mechanical
eliabili y o ehicula en i onmen s subjec o ib a ion and empe a u e a ia ion. O e all, he an enna main ains
consis en elec ical pe o mance and s uc u al in eg i y when con o med o cu ed su aces, alida ing i s p ac ical
deploymen o u u e au omo i e 5G/6G applica ions.
7. Vehicula In eg a ion Scena ios
7.1. Moun ing Loca ions
7.1.1. Candida e loca ions:
• Roo : Op imal o 360° co e age.
• Side mi o s: Good o la e al V2V.
• Rea bumpe : Reliable o ea de ec ion and V2I links.
Each loca ion a ec s p opaga ion and shadowing di e en ly. In his case decided o use oo op as moun ing loca ion.
7.2. Moun ing Loca ions
Simula ions on a ca su ace model show ha :
• Roo -moun ed con o mal a ay main ains 90% line-o -sigh (LoS) connec i i y in u ban d i e-by scena ios.
• Mul ipa h and sca e ing e ec s a e mi iga ed due o high di ec i i y and lexible moun ing.
Figu e 4 Simula ed elec ic ield dis ibu ion o he con o mal an enna on a cu ed Sedan oo
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The igu e 4 illus a es he simula ed elec ic ield dis ibu ion o a con o mal mmWa e an enna moun ed on a gene ic
sedan oo . The he mal-like in ensi y g adien shows peak ield s eng h concen a ed a he cen e o he oo ,
g adually dissipa ing owa ds he edges. This pa e n indica es e ec i e adia ion and minimal su ace sca e ing, e en
on a cu ed subs a e. The ield dis ibu ion main ains di ec ional consis ency, demons a ing he obus ness o he
an enna’s pe o mance unde ehicula cu a u e. Such uni o mi y is essen ial o main aining s able V2X
communica ion links, pa icula ly in high-mobili y en i onmen s. This esul alida es he easibili y o deploying
con o mal an ennas on eal ehicle su aces o 5G/6G applica ions.
On he o he hand in igu e-5, ield dis ibu ion analysis o he con o mal mmWa e an enna moun ed on a eal sedan
oo p o ides c i ical insigh s in o i s eal-wo ld pe o mance. Due o he cu a u e o he ehicle su ace, he elec ic
ield does no p opaga e uni o mly as i would on a plana subs a e. Ins ead, he ene gy is concen a ed a ound he
an enna loca ion, o ming a s ong cen al lobe wi h g adual a enua ion ou wa d, as isualized in Figu e 6.
This beha io is in luenced by he an enna’s o ien a ion, su ace ma e ial p ope ies, and he cu a u e o he moun ing
su ace. The con o mal design ensu es ha he an enna con o ms o he oo shape wi hou signi ican pe o mance
deg ada ion. Despi e mino ield bending and su ace di ac ion, he adia ion pa e n emains s able and ocused,
main aining he equi ed di ec ional co e age o ehicula communica ion.
The consis en ield dis ibu ion con i ms ha he an enna can eliably ope a e in dynamic au omo i e en i onmen s.
This cha ac e is ic is c ucial o ensu ing seamless 5G/6G connec i i y, especially in Vehicle- o-E e y hing (V2X)
scena ios whe e high gain and eliable signal ansmission a e necessa y.
Figu e 5 Field dis ibu ion analysis o he con o mal mmWa e an enna moun ed on oo o Sedan
8. Conclusion
In summa y, he design and implemen a ion o he con o mal dual-band mmWa e an enna o ehicula 5G/6G
in eg a ion demons a e p omising pe o mance in bo h simula ion and p ac ical ealiza ion. The an enna, ope a ing
e ec i ely a 28 GHz and 38 GHz, was designed using ANSYS HFSS and op imized o in eg a ion on cu ed ehicle
su aces, ensu ing minimal dis o ion and consis en adia ion pe o mance unde bending condi ions. The simula ed
esul s showed a e u n loss below –10 dB ac oss bo h bands, wi h s able gain and beam di ec ionali y, alida ing i s
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sui abili y o high- equency ehicula communica ion scena ios. Fu he mo e, he ab ica ed p o o ype de eloped on
a lexible Roge s RT5880 subs a e was measu ed in a con olled en i onmen , and he expe imen al S11, gain, and
adia ion pa e n closely ma ched he HFSS simula ions. The dual-band esponse and con o mal s uc u e make he
an enna ideal o V2X applica ions, p o iding eliable connec i i y, low-p o ile in eg a ion, and mul i-band suppo
necessa y o u u e in elligen anspo a ion sys ems. The success ul co ela ion be ween simula ed and measu ed
esul s con i ms he an enna’s obus ness and eadiness o eal-wo ld au omo i e pla o ms. This wo k con ibu es o
ad ancing nex -gene a ion ehicula communica ion by add essing bo h elec omagne ic and mechanical challenges o
in eg a ing mmWa e an ennas in dynamic, space-cons ained ehicula en i onmen s. Fu u e wo k will ocus on
enhancing he p oposed con o mal dual-band mmWa e an enna by inco po a ing MIMO con igu a ions and ac i e
beam s ee ing capabili ies o u he imp o e link eliabili y and di ec ional communica ion in dynamic ehicula
en i onmen s. In eg a ion wi h in elligen me asu aces and AI-based eal- ime adap a ion will also be explo ed o
op imize pe o mance unde a ying oad and a ic condi ions. Addi ionally, he an enna will be es ed in eal
ehicula scena ios o assess obus ness agains en i onmen al ac o s such as ib a ion, empe a u e a ia ions, and
wea he . These ad ancemen s aim o suppo seamless 5G/6G V2X connec i i y, pa ing he way o mo e e icien and
in elligen au onomous anspo a ion sys ems.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
I would like o acknowledge he suppo p o ided by simula ion ools such as Ansys HFSS, g amma ly o check spellings.
Special hanks a e ex ended o he au omo i e communica ion labs and academic e iewe s o hei aluable insigh s
du ing he de elopmen phase.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
All au ho s ha e no con lic o in e es o decla e
S a emen o e hical app o al
This epo was conduc ed in acco dance wi h e hical guidelines.
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