Co esponding au ho : Ch is ian Okechukwu Aleke
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Pe cei ed knowledge o he bene i s o exe cise/spo s and ex en o pa icipa ion o
heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s in Ebonyi S a e
Scholas ica Amuche O ji 1, Be h Nnenne Oluka 2, Basil Chisom Igwe 1, Awoke Augus ina Nnenna 3, Nome Ujebe 4,
Es he Adaeze Isaac 1, I oke Ma iajacin a Ukamaka 1, Ngozi Ohakamike Obeka 3, John Michael Nwankwo 5 and
Ch is ian Okechukwu Aleke 1, *
1 Depa men o Human Kine ics and Heal h Educa ion, Facul y o Educa ion, Ebonyi S a e Uni e si y, Abakaliki, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Special Educa ion, Facul y o Educa ion, Ebonyi S a e Uni e si y, Abakaliki, Nige ia.
3 Depa men o A s and Social Science Educa ion, Facul y o Educa ion, Ebonyi S a e Uni e si y, Abakaliki. Nige ia.
4 Depa men o Business Managemen & En ep eneu ship, Ebonyi S a e Uni e si y, Abakaliki. Nige ia.
5 Depa men o Educa ion Founda ion, Facul y o Educa ion, Ebonyi S a e Uni e si y, Abakaliki. Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1045-1050
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 28 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 03 May 2025; accep ed on 06 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1725
Abs ac
This s udy in es iga ed he pe cei ed knowledge o he bene i s and ex en o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o
heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s in Ebonyi s a e. This was c oss-sec ional quan i a i e su ey esea ch
design conduc ed among 252 adolescen s/adul s in Ebonyi s a e. A semi s uc u ed ques ionnai e using
pu posi e/con inence sampling was he ins umen and sampling me hod used o da a collec ion. The analysis o da a
was done using using mean (x) and s anda d de ia ion o answe he esea ch ques ions, and - es s a is ics o es he
hypo hesis a 0.05 le el o signi icance. The esul s shows ha he esponden s possess high knowledge o bene i o
exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e, wi h he o e all mean sco e (x =3.4). The e was
also high ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s. wi h he o e all
mean sco e (x = 3.5). Based on he indings, he s udy ecommended ha : Go e nmen should de elop comp ehensi e
public heal h campaigns ha highligh he bene i s o egula exe cise and hese campaigns o sus ain and main ain he
high knowledge o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion in Ebonyi s a e. Mo eo e , go e nmen a all le els should p io i ize
spo educa ion ha no only eaches skills bu also p omo es li elong i ness habi s and heal hy li es yle choices and
p o ide aining o physical educa ion eache s o enhance hei abili y o each he alue o spo s and i ness
e ec i ely in schools.
Keywo ds: Exe cise; Spo ; Pa icipa ion; Heal h P omo ion; Adolescen s/Adul s; Ebonyi S a e
1. In oduc ion
Regula exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion a e essen ial o heal h p omo ion, and educing he isk o ch onic diseases,
imp o ing men al well-being, and enhancing o e all quali y o li e [1]. Rega ding adul s, exe cise and spo pa icipa ion
enhances p e en ion and managemen o noncommunicable diseases such as ca dio ascula diseases, cance and
diabe es and educes symp oms o dep ession and anxie y, enhances b ain heal h, and can imp o e o e all well-being
[1,2].
Exe cise, Spo s, and heal h a e closely ela ed and wo k oge he a achie ing wellness, happie , heal hie and mo e
p oduc i e li es o an indi idual [3]. Concep ually, Exe cise can be iewed as a planned, s uc u ed, and epe i i e
physical ac i i y aimed a imp o ing o main aining physical i ness and wellness o a pe son, while spo s a e a subse
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1045-1050
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o exe cise ha in ol e compe i ion, ules, and o en, skill de elopmen . Exe cise is p ima ily ocused on imp o ing o
main aining physical i ness, such as s eng h, endu ance, lexibili y and wellness [4].
Resea ch has shown ha engaging in spo s and physical ac i i y du ing adolescence imp o es o e all heal h, educed
men al heal h p oblems, and a highe likelihood o main aining an ac i e li es yle in adul hood [2].
Regula Exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion has been documen ed as di icul o achie e, main ain and p omo e which
in a iably p edispose indi idual o ch onic illnesses and sudden dea hs associa ed wi h seden a y li e s yles[5]. Cu en
global su ey has es ima ed ha 1 in 3 adul s and 81% o adolescen s do no engage enough in egula exe cise and
physical ac i i y[6]. Fu he mo e, as coun ies de elop economically, le els o inac i i y inc ease and can be as high as
70% due o changing anspo pa e ns, inc eased use o echnology o wo k and ec ea ion, cul u al alues and
inc easing seden a y beha iou [6]. I is no ewo hy ha he bene i s and impo ance o adequa e engagemen in heal h
p omo ional ac i i ies like exe cise and spo s canno be o e emphasized hence i helps a achie ing and main aining
op imal heal h and s iking a balance be ween he dimensions o heal h and wo k[1,6].
Heal h p omo ion is he p ocess o empowe ing indi iduals and communi ies o ake con ol o ac o s ha a ec hei
heal h, wi h he aim o imp o ing hei o e all well-being [7]. Fu he , i aims a p omo ing and imp o ing he heal h o
an indi idual o each a s a e o comple e physical, men al, and social well-being o indi iduals [7]. Heal h p omo ion
encompasses a a ie y o s a egies aimed a enhancing he well-being o indi iduals and communi ies [8]. Heal h
p omo ion, as an ou come o spo , is based on he concep ha o ganized spo s a e p omo ing heal h because hey
o e physical ac i i y p ac ice oppo uni ies, con ibu ing o heal hy li es yles, bu also showing e idence o bene i s
o physical, social, men al, and communi y heal h[9-11]. In heal h p omo ion h ough spo and exe cise, i is
emphasized ha spo and exe cise is used as a means, a ool o a ehicle o be e heal h ou comes and wellness[12-
14].
Ne e heless, despi e he posi i e impac o exe cise and spo on heal h p omo ion, many indi iduals, especially in
u al a eas o Ebonyi s a e may no be awa e hus may no be pa icipa ing on exe cise and spo o heal h p omo ion.
Mo eo e , many schools and communi ies lack access o adequa e spo s acili ies and equipmen , making i di icul o
pa icipa e in exe cise and spo educa ion p og ams. Resea ch ha e epo ed he p essing need o scien i ic
in es iga ion on he e ec i eness o spo and exe cise pa icipa ion on heal h p omo ion [8,12,14-17]. These scena ios
ha e p omp ed he esea che s o in es iga e he ex en o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in
Ebonyi s a e. This s udy is necessa y hus, lack o spo s pa icipa ion can lead o a ange o p oblems, including
inc eased heal h isks, poo men al well-being, and hinde ed pe sonal de elopmen , as well as po en ially impac ing
communi y cohesion and economic oppo uni ies. The objec i e o he p esen s udy was o de e mine he pe cei ed
knowledge o he bene i s and ex en o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul
in Ebonyi s a e. Speci ically, he s udy iden i ied: a) he pe cei ed Knowledge o he bene i o exe cise and spo s
pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi s a e; b) he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion
among adolescen s/you hs o Ebonyi S a e.
2. Me hodology
A desc ip i e su ey esea ch design was adop ed o he s udy. Desc ip i e su ey design acco ding o Abonyi [18],
consis o s udies in which da a a e collec ed om a small sample o a la ge popula ion o enable he esea che desc ibe
in a sys ema ic manne and in e p e he cha ac e is ic ea u es and ac s abou hings ha exis . A su ey is a
desc ip i e s udy when i seeks o documen and desc ibe wha exis s o he p esen s a us o exis ence o absence o
wha is being in es iga ed. The s udy was ca ied ou in Ebonyi S a e. The popula ion o he s udy comp ised all he 252
adolescen s/adul o Ebonyi S a e. The en i e popula ion was used as he sample size o he s udy. The ins umen o
da a collec ion was a semi- s uc u ed ques ionnai e. The ins umen was p e es ed wi h 30 esponden s om ano he
s a e no included in he popula ion/sample o he s udy. The da a collec ed was subjec ed o he es o in e nal
consis ency using C onbach Alpha p ocedu e wi h eliabili y coe icien o 0.82. The eliabili y index gua an eed he
ins umen o be used o he gene al s udy. The da a collec ed o his s udy was analyzed using mean and s anda d
de ia ion o answe he esea ch ques ions while he null hypo hesis was es ed using he - es a 0.05 le el o
signi icance. The indings we e p esen ed using ables.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1045-1050
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3. Resul s
3.1. Resea ch Ques ion One: Wha is he Pe cei ed Knowledge o he bene i o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion
o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi s a e
Table 1 Mean and s anda d de ia ion on he Pe cei ed Knowledge o bene i o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o
heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e
S/N
Pe cei ed Knowledge o bene i o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h
p omo ion
N
X
SD
Dec.
1
Exe cise and spo pa icipa ion enhances p e en ion and managemen o
noncommunicable diseases
216
3.42
0.52
HK
2
Exe cise and spo can p e en dep ession and anxie y
216
3.41
0.56
HK
3
Exe cise and spo imp o e men al heal h ou comes and well-being
216
3.33
0.49
HK
4
Exe cise and spo enhance quali y o li e
216
3.43
0.53
HK
5
Exe cise and spo help in weigh managemen
216
3.43
0.58
HK
6
Exe cise and spo imp o e o main ain physical i ness
216
3.47
0.53
HK
7
Exe cise and spo boos s immune sys em unc ion
216
3.53
0.48
HK
8
Any o he bene i
0
0
NA
G and Mean
3.4
HE
Decision Key: 2.5 and abo e = High Knowledge (HK). 2. 4 and below = Low Knowledge (LK).
The Da a in he Table 1 ep esen ed he pe cei ed knowledge o bene i o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h
p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e. Speci ically, he indings show ha he pa icipan s possess high knowledge o bene i o
exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e wi h he o e all mean sco e o x = 3.4. Howe e ,
no o he bene i was indica ed by he pa icipan s as indica ed in he able 1 abo e.
3.2. Resea ch Ques ion Two: Wha is he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among
adolescen s/adul s o Ebonyi S a e
Table 2 Mean and s anda d de ia ion on he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among
adolescen s/you hs o Ebonyi S a e
S/N
Ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion
N
X
SD
Dec
9
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in planned/s uc u ed ac i i y aimed a imp o ing o
main aining physical i ness
216
3.80
0.40
HE
10
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in compe i i e ac i i y wi h ules and o en a ocus on
skill de elopmen
216
3.00
0.49
HE
11
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in speci ic exe cises designed o a ge pa icula i ness
goals
216
3.41
0.46
HE
12
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in Compe i ion a winning
216
3.36
0.53
HE
13
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in Jogging, swimming, cycling, ae obics, yoga
216
3.47
0.53
HE
14
To wha ex en do you pa icipa e in Socce , baske ball, ennis, oo ball, ugby, swimming,
and gymnas ics
216
3.67
0.47
HE
G and Mean
216
3.50
Decision Key: 2.5 and abo e = High Ex en . 2. 4 and below = LE: Low ex en .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1045-1050
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The Da a in he Table 2 ep esen ed Mean and s anda d de ia ion on he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o
heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s o Ebonyi S a e. Speci ically, he indings show high ex en (x = 3.5), o
exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s.
• Ho1: The e was no signi ican di e ence be ween he mean a ings o male and emale on he ex en o exe cise
and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e.
Table 3 T- es on he di e ence in he mean a ings o male and emale on he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion
o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e
I ems
S a us
N
Mean
SD
.cal.
D
P- alue
Decision
1
Male
Female
100
116
3.58
3.57
0.53
0.52
0.12
114
0.98
NS
2
Male
Female
100
116
3.51
3.50
0.55
0.56
0.11
114
0.70
NS
3
Male
Female
100
116
3.71
3.68
0.48
0.50
0.33
114
0.43
NS
4
Male
Female
100
116
3.44
3.43
0.52
0.53
0.31
114
0.68
NS
5
Male
Female
100
116
3.44
3.43
0.58
0.59
0.21
114
0.81
NS
6
Male
Female
100
116
3.48
3.46
0.52
0.53
0.27
114
0.55
NS
7
Male
Female
100
116
3.63
3.63
0.48
0.48
0.10
114
1.00
NS
Key: NS: No signi ican
Resul on Table 3 e ealed ha he mean a ings o male and emale on he ex en o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion
o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e was no signi ican as he P alue o 0.05 (P < 0.05) was less han he calcula ed
alues. This means ha he esponden s we e o same opinion on he ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o
heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e.
4. Discussion
Resul o he s udy as p esen ed in Table 1 showed ha he esponden s possess high knowledge o bene i o exe cise
and spo s pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e. This inding is no expec ed hus, amazing. This is because
o he seden a y li e associa ed wi h ha dship, unemploymen and lack o exe cise and spo equipmen and acili y. The
inding was also no expec ed wi h he low and lack o in e es in spo obse ed among adolescen ’s/you h due o lack
o knowledge on he bene i s o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion[19]. The inding many no be ou o place hence
suppo ed by s udies in Nige ia, including hose in he sou heas e n egion, indica ing ha many people a e awa e o
he heal h bene i s o physical ac i i y, including disease p e en ion and imp o ed well-being[20]. The inding was in
line wi h he esea ch which also epo ed ha People unde s and ha exe cise can help p e en obesi y, diabe es, and
hype ension, as well as imp o ing ca dio ascula heal h and o e all i ness [21]. This inding is also in consonance wi h
he s udy by Wong e al.[22], which epo ed ha he majo i y o people in Hong Kong ha e good knowledge o exe cise
and spo . The cu en inding is somewha high ha he s udy in Hong Kong which may be due o high le el o
in o ma ion dissemina ion and awa eness campaigns on he bene i s o physical exe cise on ele isions, social media
ools. The inding is a ebu al o he s udy which e ealed poo knowledge o people on physical ac i i y and exe cise
egimens[23,24].
The esul on able 2 show high ex en o ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion o heal h p omo ion among
adolescen s/adul s. The indings o he cu en s udy a e no expec ed and consequen ly a su p ise. Al hough, he
ou come o he s udy is no ou o place hence alluded o he simila s udy which e ealed ha he majo i y o people in
Enugu ha e a posi i e a i ude owa ds physical exe cise. This posi i e a i ude o people o physical exe cise could be
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1045-1050
1049
in luenced by he ising p ac ice o oad walking in many co ne s o he Enugu me opolis and many physical
en i onmen al ea u es ha a e p omo i e o ea ly mo ning o e ening walkou s [21]. The cu en inding also alluded
o s udy which e ealed ha . The high ex en o pa icipa ion o exe cise and spo was due o he ac ha exe cise is
p esc ibed as a means o s ay heal hy, p olong li e and as pa o he ea men egimen o some pe sons ha may ha e
some ch onic non-communicable condi ions like diabe es melli us, obesi y and ca dio ascula p oblems[21,25]. The
indings Howe e , is a ebu al o he s udy who epo ed ha esponden s ha e a low ex en o exe cise and spo
pa icipa ion [26]. The high o low ex en o physical exe cise and spo pa icipa ion may be a ibu ed o he
pa icipan unde s anding o he bene i s o egula physical exe cise and spo pa icipa ion[20].
5. Conclusions
The p esen indings concluded ha esponden s possess high knowledge o bene i o exe cise and spo s pa icipa ion
o heal h p omo ion in Ebonyi S a e. Consequen ly, he s udy e ealed high ex en o exe cise and spo pa icipa ion
o heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul s. The indings unde sco e he need o in ensi y and consolida e
educa i e e o s, especially in he a ea o nega i e e ec s o seden a y li e s yle and physical inac i i y among people
o Ebonyi s a e and make p o isions o places, acili ies and equipmen o exe cise aining among adolescen s/you hs.
Following u he om he indings o he s udy, i is sugges ed ha u he s udies be conduc ed o e i y o he ac o s
ha may be a ec ing he p ac ice o physical exe cise and spo s o heal h p omo ion among adolescen s/adul in
ebonyi s a e. Mo e so, Go e nmen should de elop comp ehensi e public heal h campaigns ha highligh mo e bene i s
o egula exe cise and hese campaigns should be a ge ed owa ds di e se socio- demog aphy o he pa icipan s.
Again, school managemen should be e- isi school cu icula o p io i ize spo educa ion ha no only eaches skills
bu also p omo es li elong i ness habi s, heal hy li es yle choices and aining o physical educa ion eache s o
enhance hei abili y o each he alue o spo s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e a e no compe ing o po en ial con lic s o in e es .
S a emen o in o med consen
Be o e he commencemen o he s udy, a w i en in o med consen was ob ained om all he pa icipan s.
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