1
In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and
managemen
Ped o M. Anas ácio1,2 , Filipe Ribei o1,3 , Paula Chainho1,3
1 MARE – Ma ine and En i onmen al Sciences Cen e; ARNET – Aqua ic Resea ch Ne wo k, É o a, Po ugal
2 Depa men o Landscape, En i onmen and Planning, Uni e si y o É o a, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59.7000-671, É o a, Po ugal
3 Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Campo G ande 1749-016 Lisbon, Po ugal
Co esponding au ho : Ped o M. Anas ácio (anas @ue o a.p )
Copy igh : © Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde
e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional – CC BY 4.0).
Edi o ial
The 13 h NEOBIOTA In e na ional Con e ence on Biological In asions
(NEOBIOTA 2024), held in Lisbon, Po ugal, om 3–6 Sep embe 2024,
b ough oge he 421 pa icipan s om 47 coun ies o one o he mos sig-
ni ican global ga he ings in in asion science. No ably, his mee ing ea u ed
he s onges ep esen a ion o aqua ic s udies o da e, spanning ma ine and
eshwa e sys ems ac oss o al sessions, pos e s and wo kshops. This momen-
um con ibu ed o he c ea ion o a dedica ed Special Issue, inco po a ing
con ibu ions om bo h con e ence pa icipan s and o he aqua ic esea ch-
e s. This Special Issue on In asions in Aqua ic Sys ems comp ises 23 pape s
— o iginal esea ch and e iews — o ganised in o i e hemes: Responses o
En i onmen al S esso s, Ecological In e ac ions and In asion Impac s, De ec-
ion and Moni o ing Tools, Managemen and Policy and Global and Regional
Syn heses (Fig. 1). Collec i ely, hese pape s p o ide a da a- ich snapsho o a
apidly e ol ing ield and he challenges i aces.
Academic edi o :
Tammy Robinson-Smy he
Recei ed:
5 Augus 2025
Accep ed:
23 Augus 2025
Published:
7 Oc obe 2025
Ci a ion: Anas ácio PM, Ribei o F,
Chainho P (2025) In asions in aqua ic
sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms
and managemen . In: Anas ácio P,
Ribei o F, Chainho P (Eds) In asions
in Aqua ic Sys ems. NeoBio a
102: 1–8. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/
neobio a.102.167865
NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ad ancing esea ch on alien species and biological in asions
A pee - e iewed open-access jou nal
NeoBio a
Figu e 1. O e iew o he i e opics co e ed by he NeoBio a Special Issue on In asions in Aqua ic
Sys ems.
2
NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.: In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and managemen
Responses o en i onmen al s esso s
Bio ic esponses o abio ic d i e s — such as wa ming, pollu ion o eu ophica ion
— a e cen al o p edic ing in asion success. G ewell e al. (2025) es ed he sal
ole ance o alliga o weed (Al e nan he a philoxe oides), showing ha i unc ions
as a acul a i e halophy e using s ess ole ance, a oidance and escape s a egies.
Thei indings on physiological plas ici y sugges ha inc easing salini y in u-
sion in es ua ies will no p e en and may e en acili a e i s sp ead. Ano he s udy
connec ing physiological plas ici y wi h in asion ajec o ies, by Gonçal es e al.
(2025) examined 57 chemical elemen s in he issues o signal c ay ish (Paci as acus
leniusculus) om popula ions a bo h co e and in asion on . In asion on indi-
iduals accumula ed highe le els o cobal , anadium and me cu y, likely linked
o hei beha iou and die .
Physiological h esholds we e explo ed by Rod íguez-Ruiz e al. (2025), who
used Elec on T anspo Sys em (ETS) ac i i y o examine how empe a u e a ec s
blue c ab (Callinec es sapidus) emb yos. Thei iden i ica ion o a educed pe o -
mance empe a u e (pejus) ange o 24–26 °C sugges s ha , while wa ming may
accele a e de elopmen , i also h ea ens la al iabili y o his in asi e c ab in he
wes e n Medi e anean Sea. Pe ei a e al. (2025) analysed how empe a u e and
salini y a ec su i al and agg ession in he blis e anemone (Phymac is papillosa).
While ole an o salini y a ia ions, his in asi e species shows le hal esponses o
31 °C, sugges ing clima e ex emes may cap i s in asi e ange despi e i s compe -
i i e dominance o e na i e anemones, such as Ac inia spp. Finally, Zhang e al.
(2025) demons a ed ha A i icial Ligh a Nigh (ALAN) and nu ien en ich-
men in e ac syne gis ically o enhance alien plan compe i i eness in Chinese
eshwa e ecosys ems. Thei ac o ial expe imen ein o ces he need o add ess
compound an h opogenic p essu es.
Ecological in e ac ions and in asion impac s
In e ac ions ha in ading species ha e wi h na i e species, as well as wi h o h-
e non-na i e species, a e c i ical in de e mining he popula ion dynamics and
ul ima ely i s ecological impac s. This g oup o pape s includes s udies dedica -
ed o eshwa e ish, c us aceans, amphibians, highe plan s and algae, bu also
es ua ine bi al es. Fo example, in an analysis o ophic in e ac ions, Ma os e
al. (2025) assessed whe he na i e b own ou (Salmo u a) can se e as an e -
ec i e biocon ol agen o he in asi e signal c ay ish. Al hough p eda ion oc-
cu ed, i was in equen and size-dependen , cas ing doub on he ou ’s iabili y
as a s andalone biological con ol s a egy. In ano he s udy, Cab al e al. (2025)
in es iga ed eeding compe i ion amongs h ee es ua ine bi al es — including
he non-na i e Manila clam (Rudi apes philippina um) — and ound o e lapping
cap u e e iciencies and clea ance a es, sugges ing a compe i i e impac on na i e
species, such as he common cockle (Ce as ode ma edule).
Fish-pa asi e dynamics we e e-e alua ed by Tkachenko e al. (2025), who doc-
umen ed a shi in pa asi e load amongs na i e pe ch and non-na i e pumpkin-
seed sun ish (Lepomis gibbosus) in sympa ic popula ions. Thei indings highligh
how in asions can al e hos pa asi e communi y s uc u e and acili a e he spill-
o e o pa asi es, a ec ing na i e hos esilience.
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NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.: In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and managemen
A he in e ace o species in e ac ions and in asion dynamics, Reshe niko e
al. (2025) explo ed p eda ion be ween wo widesp ead in ade s — A ican clawed
og (Xenopus lae is) and eas e n mosqui o ish (Gambusia holb ooki). Th ough
on ogene ic expe imen s, hey e ealed an asymme ic bidi ec ional p eda ion e-
gime, in which ulne abili y changes wi h li e s age and ligh a ailabili y. This wo k
shows ha he e a e no s able dominance ela ions in he in e ac ions amongs
hese pa icula in asi e species. Addi ionally, Shen e al. (2025) in oduced a no -
el laye o bio ic media ion by es ing how epiphy ic algae in luence he supp essi e
e ec s o wa e hyacin h (Pon ede ia c assipes) and wa e le uce (Pis ia s a io es)
on subme ged plan communi ies. Thei mesocosm indings showed ha algae can
bu e in asion impac s, hin ing a he po en ial o unc ional ecosys em compo-
nen s as ools in esis ance-based managemen .
De ec ion and moni o ing ools
Moni o ing o non-na i e species has e ol ed beyond axonomic su eys o inco -
po a e he use o molecula ools, in o ma ics and ci izen science o de ec ing and
moni o ing non-na i e species. Dias e al. (2025) exempli ied his shi by com-
bining en i onmen al DNA (eDNA) analysis wi h social media da a-mining o
ack he sp ead o Eu opean pe ch (Pe ca lu ia ilis) in Po ugal. Thei in eg a ion
o eal- ime angle da a and eDNA-based alida ion yielded new in asion eco ds,
demons a ing he powe o hyb id su eillance models. Addi ionally, building on
eDNA-based echniques, E e s e al. (2025) mapped he no he nmos popula-
ion o he A ican clawed og using pooled eDNA samples, which enhance de ec-
ion accu acy, while educing cos in ea ly-de ec ion- apid- esponse p og ammes.
In a axonomic moni o ing app oach, Gkenas e al. (2025) employed mo pho-
logical and molecula ools o iden i y hyb id Squalius ish popula ions, p e iously
unde - epo ed in Ibe ian eshwa e s. Thei indings, suppo ed by ci izen-science
obse a ions, s ess he impo ance o in eg a i e app oaches (mo phology and
molecula ools) o p e en axonomic e o s due o hyb idisa ion. Fu he mo e,
in a ma ine case s udy om Chile, Rech e al. (2025) used a simple deploymen
o a i icial se lemen pla es o e eal i e p e iously unde ec ed non-indigenous
b yozoans. The cla i y and a o dabili y o he me hod make a s ong case o ou-
ine moni o ing in ma ine in asion ho spo s.
Managemen and policy
Policy e ec i eness and p ac ical managemen a e cen al conce ns in in asion
science (Roy e al. 2024). In his con ex , Magliozzi e al. (2025) analysed 602
in asi e alien species (IAS) ac oss nine EU policy sec o s, unco e ing a lack o
c oss-sec o al coo dina ion ha unde mines in eg a ed IAS managemen . Thei
wo kshop-based indings om NEOBIOTA 2024 highligh con usion o e im-
pac assessmen s and hey u ge g ea e policy ha monisa ion. Legisla i e limi a-
ions we e also ackled by Ra o e al. (2025), who assessed he Eu opean ban on
he pond slide (T achemys sc ip a). Al hough ade o his species has been hal ed,
es ablishmen con inues and new in asi e u le species (e.g. G ap emys spp.) a e
appea ing as subs i u es. Thei policy analysis calls o mo e ailo ed biogeog aphic
isk lis s and en o cemen mechanisms.
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NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.: In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and managemen
In addi ion o compa ing legisla ion a ge ing in asions, i is also aluable o
e alua e speci ic managemen ac ions, including emo al echniques. Ca osi e al.
(2025) o e ed a de ailed epo on c ay ish e adica ion in I aly’s Cli unno Ri e .
A e nea ly 260 emo al e en s, a signi ican educ ion in signal c ay ish biomass
was achie ed, demons a ing he e ec i eness o pe sis en e o in small-scale
con ainmen . In he Medi e anean Sea, He e o-Reyes e al. (2025) conduc ed
a wo-yea s udy on blue c ab, assessing i s popula ion dynamics and habi a use
in hype saline lagoons. Thei analysis o ap e ec i eness e ealed ha yke ne s
a e he mos e icien cap u e me hod, especially o subadul emales, po en ially
aiding managemen in shallow es ua ine en i onmen s.
P e en ion is known o be one o he mos e icien app oaches o dealing
wi h biological in asions, bu p e en ion is igh ly linked o public awa eness.
In his line, public awa eness and ins i u ional collabo a ion we e emphasised in
López-Cañiza es e al. (2025), who documen ed he ou each and go e nance ou -
comes o he LIFE INVASAQUA p ojec ac oss he Ibe ian Peninsula. Wi h 598
ou each e en s eaching o e 246,000 people, hei esul s show a ema kable
scale o engagemen and impac in aising li e acy on aqua ic in asi e species.
Global and egional syn heses
Global and egional syn heses play a c i ical ole in guiding in asion policy and
u u e esea ch and h ee egional and one global syn heses a e p o ided in his is-
sue. Ackland e al. (2025) ocus on A ican Ma ine P o ec ed A eas (MPAs), whe e
hey documen ed 27 alien species ac oss 17 MPAs using open-access da abases and
iNa u alis obse a ions. Thei indings exposed majo moni o ing sho alls, bu
also demons a e he alue o communi y science. Kuma e al. (2025) p o ide a
much-needed sys ema ic e iew o non-na i e eshwa e ishes in India, de ailing
58 in asi e and 18 ansloca ed species. They highligh ed ha , despi e g owing
publica ion numbe s, many s udies lack quan i a i e impac da a, emphasising he
need o s anda dised assessmen s and open-access da ase s. A Eu opean egional
pe spec i e was p o ided by Di Le nia e al. (2025), who c i ically e iewed 19 key
in asi e aqua ic plan s, iden i ying some well-s udied species (e.g. wa e hyacin h),
while no ing ha o he s emain unde - esea ched. They obse ed ha impac - o-
cused publica ions a e a e and called o mo e ield-based s udies and be e in e-
g a ion wi h managemen p ac ices. Finally, Ko z e al. (2025) deli e ed a comp e-
hensi e o e iew o na u alised aqua ic plan s, d awing on global da abases o map
in oduc ion ho spo s and iden i y knowledge gaps, especially in opical zones.
Concluding ema ks
This special issue o e s a imely and mul i ace ed iew o aqua ic in asions, e lec -
ing bo h disciplina y b ead h and me hodological sophis ica ion. The assembled
pape s span a di e si y o aqua ic axa, including ishes, c us aceans, amphibians,
molluscs, mac ophy es, b yozoans and e en pa asi e-hos sys ems. F om unc ion-
al ai ecology and ophic in e ac ions o molecula diagnos ics and policy as-
sessmen s, he con ibu ions demons a e how aqua ic in asion science is e ol ing
owa ds g ea e in e disciplina i y and ansla ional ele ance.
Geog aphically, he issue ea u es nume ous case s udies om Eu ope (16), bu
also om Asia, A ica, No h and Sou h Ame ica and a global e iew. Howe e ,
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NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.: In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and managemen
no able biogeog aphic gaps emain. Pola and subpola ecosys ems, deep-sea en-
i onmen s and eshwa e sys ems in Cen al and Sou heas Asia o he Paci ic
islands emain unde - ep esen ed. These omissions highligh oppo uni ies o u-
u e esea ch and collabo a ion, pa icula ly in egions wi h high biodi e si y and
g owing an h opogenic p essu es.
Toge he , hese a icles unde line he dynamic and o en con ex -dependen
na u e o biological in asions in aqua ic sys ems. They also emphasise he need
o c oss-sec o al in eg a ion, ea ly de ec ion inno a ions and adap i e manage-
men s a egies o con on he expanding on ie s o in asion isks. We hope his
Special Issue no only ad ances schola ly dialogue, bu also p o ides in o ma ion
o conc e e solu ions o aqua ic in asions, while p ese ing aqua ic biodi e si y
and ecosys em unc ion globally.
Acknowledgemen s
We ex end ou deepes hanks o he con ibu ing au ho s, 44 anonymous e-
iewe s in his Special Issue and he Edi o s-in-chie a NeoBio a, pa icula ly
Ingol Kühn, Philip Hulme, Ana No oa, And ew (Sandy) Liebhold and Tammy
Robinson. Thei leade ship du ing a ansi ion pe iod ensu ed he scien i ic qual-
i y o his olume. Finally, ou hanks o Bo iana O cha o a (ARPHA Cus ome
Se ice Manage , Penso Publishe s) o he ex emely p o essional suppo o
he Special Issue.
We also hank he sponso s o he Neobio a 2024 con e ence namely: Penso ,
LIFE INVASAQUA P ojec om he EU LIFE p og amme (LIFE17 GIE/
ES/000515), Ma e – Ma ine and En i onmen al Sciences Cen e, Facul y o Sci-
ences o he Uni e si y o Lisbon, Uni e si y o É o a, ARNET, Aqua ic Resea ch
Ne wo k, Câma a Municipal de San a ém, Pa ques de Sin a, Tu ismo de Lisboa,
Bio a, FCT – Fundação pa a a Ciência e Tecnologia, Expo sado, ICNF, Aquanos a,
He dade da Gâmbia and Biond.
Addi ional in o ma ion
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e decla ed ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
E hical s a emen
No e hical s a emen was epo ed.
Use o AI
As he au ho s a e no na i e English speake s, AI was employed o imp o e he English language o
he manusc ip ollowing he ini ial d a .
Funding
Financial suppo was p o ided by he Po uguese Founda ion o Science and Technology (FCT)
h ough indi idual con ac o F. Ribei o (CEEC/0482/2020; h ps://doi.o g/10.54499/2020.00482.
CEECIND/CP1595/CT0001). Addi ional suppo was p o ided h ough MARE s a egic p oj-
ec UIDP/04292/2020 (h ps://doi.o g/10.54499/UIDP/04292/2020), MARE base unding
UIDB/04292/2020 (h ps://doi.o g/10.54499/UIDB/04292/2020) and p ojec LA/P/0069/2020
(h ps://doi.o g/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020) g an ed o he Associa e Labo a o y ARNET.
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NeoBio a 102: 1–8 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.167865
Ped o M. Anas ácio e al.: In asions in aqua ic sys ems: Pa e ns, mechanisms and managemen
Au ho con ibu ions
W i ing – o iginal d a : PMA. W i ing – e iew and edi ing: FR, PC.
Au ho ORCIDs
Ped o M. Anas ácio h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1808-3847
Filipe Ribei o h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3531-5072
Paula Chainho h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3539-9942
Da a a ailabili y
All o he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable in he main ex .
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