351
Popula ion dynamics, habi a use and apping e iciency o he
in asi e c ab Callinec es sapidus in a Medi e anean hype saline
coas al lagoon
An onio A. He e o-Reyes1, Ad ián Gue e o-Gómez1, An onio Zamo a-López1, Ma To al a1,
José M. Zamo a-Ma ín1,2 , F ancisco J. Oli a-Pa e na1
1 Depa men o Zoology and Physical An h opology, Facul y o Biology, Uni e si y o Mu cia, CEIR Campus Ma e Nos um (CMN), Mu cia, Spain
2 Depa men o Applied Biology, Cen o de In es igación e Inno ación Ag oalimen a ia (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel He nández Uni e si y o Elche, Elche, Spain
Co esponding au ho : An onio A. He e o-Reyes (an onioand es.he e [email p o ec ed])
Copy igh : © An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde
e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional – CC BY 4.0).
Resea ch A icle
Abs ac
The blue c ab (Callinec es sapidus) has apidly in aded se e al coas al lagoons along he Wes e n Med-
i e anean. Howe e , he e a e s ill no comp ehensi e assessmen s o i s popula ion biology, habi a
use and apping e iciency in c i ical habi a s. A wo-yea s udy (No embe 2021 – Sep embe 2023)
was conduc ed in a na u al co ido zone placed be ween he hype saline Ma Meno coas al lagoon
and he Medi e anean Sea. Ou main goal was o assess he popula ion s uc u e, habi a use and
apping e iciency ( ou ypes o aps) o he blue c ab. The blue c ab shows a popula ion dynamic
and s uc u e ha e lec s i s ull se lemen and ep oduc i e mo emen s ac oss he s udy a ea. Mos
cap u es co esponded o adul s and subadul s, peaking in summe , and la ges c abs we e eco ded
in No embe . A signi ican ela ionship was ound be ween c ab size, habi a ype (Cymodocea nodosa
meadows, Caule pa p oli e a meadows and ba e subs a es) and ap e ec i eness. T apping e iciency
a ied wi h bo h habi a cha ac e is ics and c ab size, showing a posi i e ela ionship o ju eniles and
adul s wi h muddy subs a es, while wa e dep h had a nega i e in luence on ju eniles and subadul s.
Howe e , esul s suppo ed g ea plas ici y a he mic ohabi a scale. Fyke ne s we e iden i ied as he
mos e ec i e apping me hod. T ap ype signi ican ly a ec ed he numbe o cap u es as a unc ion
o c ab size and sex, wi h subadul s and emales being p edominan ly cap u ed in yke ne s. These
indings p o ide no el insigh s in o he species’ popula ion biology in in aded egions and cos -e -
icien con ol me hods, enabling he design o p io i y managemen s a egies in shallow wa e s o
minimize impac s om c ab in asions and o ensu e ecological in eg i y.
Key wo ds: Callinec es sapidus, con ol, managemen , popula ion, Spain, ansi ional wa e s
In oduc ion
Biological in asions a e inc easingly ecognised as a d i e o global en i onmen-
al change, con ibu ing o biodi e si y loss and ecosys em al e a ions (Roy e al.
2023). In asi e non-na i e species dis up na i e ecosys ems (Pyšek e al. 2020),
gene a e subs an ial economic cos s (Zenni e al. 2021) and can e en acili a e he
sp ead o human diseases (Guang Li e al. 2019). This issue is u he exace ba ed
in aqua ic en i onmen s, which ace mul iple an h opogenic p essu es (Bo gwa d
e al. 2019; Poikane e al. 2020). Mo eo e , he inhe en challenges o de ec -
ing and moni o ing aqua ic in asions and hei impac s u he exace ba e he
Academic edi o : Paula Chainho
Recei ed:
31 Janua y 2025
Accep ed:
11 June 2025
Published:
7 Oc obe 2025
Ci a ion: He e o-Reyes AA, Gue e o-
Gómez A, Zamo a-López A, To al a
M, Zamo a-Ma ín JM, Oli a-Pa e na
FJ (2025) Popula ion dynamics,
habi a use and apping e iciency o
he in asi e c ab Callinec es sapidus
in a Medi e anean hype saline
coas al lagoon. In: Anas ácio P,
Ribei o F, Chainho P (Eds) In asions
in Aqua ic Sys ems. NeoBio a 102:
351–375. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/
neobio a.102.148388
NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
Ad ancing esea ch on alien species and biological in asions
A pee - e iewed open-access jou nal
NeoBio a
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NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
ulne abili y o hese ecosys ems (Galla do e al. 2015; Gua eschi e al. 2021). In
he Medi e anean basin, his p oblem is p onounced, wi h nume ous in asi e
species es ablishing popula ions in ma ine, ansi ional, and eshwa e habi a s
(Muñoz-Mas and Ga cía-Be hou 2020; Zamo a-Ma ín e al. 2023a, 2023b).
The success ul es ablishmen o in asi e species, pa icula ly wi hin he o de
Decapoda, is o en linked o hei au o-ecology and li e his o y ai s, including
high ep oduc i e ou pu , wide ecological ole ance, and agg essi e beha iou
(B ocke ho and McLay 2011; Ra o e al. 2021). Among decapods, he A lan ic
blue c ab Callinec es sapidus Ra hbun, 1896, (hence o h, he blue c ab), which is
conside ed one o he 100 wo s in asi e species in he Medi e anean Sea (S e -
a is and Zene os 2006), has become a p ominen in ade ac oss Medi e anean es-
ua ine and coas al ecosys ems (Mancinelli e al. 2021). Na i e o he A lan ic coas
o he Ame icas, om Canada o A gen ina (Millikin and Williams 1984; Neh ing
2011; Scalici e al. 2022), his species h i es in di e se aqua ic en i onmen s ang-
ing om ma ine wa e s o es ua ies and i e del as. The in asion p ocess o blue
c ab along Eu opean wa e s, including he Medi e anean basin, he Black Sea, and
pa s o he A lan ic, highligh s i s capaci y o adap and expand apidly in non-na-
i e egions (Aydin 2017; González-O egón e al. 2022; Cas io a e al. 2024).
The high ecological plas ici y o he blue c ab, i s b oad die ange, and low le el
o di ec compe i ion wi h na i e c us aceans ha e acili a ed i s apid sp ead along
he Spanish coas (González-O egón e al. 2022; Cla e o e al. 2022). The complex
li e cycle o his species in ol es di e en ial mac ohabi a use, wi h es ua ies and o -
sho e wa e s ac ing as key nu se y and ep oduc i e g ounds, espec i ely (Ogbu n
and Habegge 2015). This ma ked plas ici y in habi a selec ion combines wi h a
gene alis eeding s a egy ha includes p eda ion on bo h in e eb a es and e e-
b a es, as well as de i us and ca ion consump ion (Mancinelli e al. 2016; P ado e
al. 2022; O ega-Jiménez e al. 2024; Vi as e al. 2025). Bo h ai s ha e p omo ed
a signi ican p eda ion p essu e on bo h comme cially impo an and h ea ened
species in he Spanish coas , such as he Eu opean eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus,
1758) (Cla e o e al. 2022). As a esul o i s signi ican ecological and economic
impac s, he blue c ab has ecen ly been iden i ied as one o he mos p oblema ic
aqua ic in asi e species in he Ibe ian Peninsula (O icialdegui e al. 2023).
Despi e he inc easing numbe o eco ds documen ing he ongoing expansion o
blue c ab in he Medi e anean basin (Mancinelli e al. 2021; Gil-Fe nández e al.
2024), he e a e s ill signi ican knowledge gaps on i s demog aphic and ecological
cha ac e is ics in ecen ly in aded en i onmen s (Mancinelli e al. 2017b). So a , ew
s udies p o ide quan i a i e da a on he abundance and s uc u e o es ablished pop-
ula ions (e.g. Cla e o e al. 2022; Ma chessaux e al. 2023a, Mancinelli e al. 2024).
Fu he mo e, ield s udies assessing e ec i eness o di e en ishing me hods and mesh
size ha e been a ely conduc ed (Özdemi e al. 2015; Glamuzina e al. 2021). This
lack o me hodological assessmen s hampe s e o s o e ec i ely con ol blue c ab
popula ions and mi iga e ecological and economic impac s associa ed wi h i s in asion.
In 2004 he blue c ab was i s documen ed in he Ma Meno coas al lagoon
(Giménez-Casaldue o e al. 2016), which is one o he la ges hype saline lagoons in
he Medi e anean egion. The Ma Meno suppo s a di e se ishe y and p o ides
c i ical habi a s o bo h comme cially aluable and conse a ion-p io i y species
(Pé ez-Ruza a e al. 2020). Despi e i s legal p o ec ion unde mul iple in e na ional
and na ional amewo ks (e.g. Ramsa Con en ion and Na u a 2000 ne wo k), he
Ma Meno has con inued o expe ience signi ican an h opogenic p essu es. Recen ly,
353
NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
i became he i s Eu opean ecosys em o be ecognized as a legal en i y, g an ing i s
explici igh s (Gobie no de España 2022). Howe e , hese conse a ion e o s ha e
no been su icien o mi iga e human-induced impac s, which ha e escala ed in ecen
yea s, leading o se e e ecological consequences (Ál a ez-Rogel e al. 2020). In his
con ex , he blue c ab coloniza ion and apid expansion ha e exace ba ed bo h ecolog-
ical deg ada ion and economic losses (Vi as e al. 2025). Howe e , a comp ehensi e
unde s anding o i s popula ion dynamics, habi a p e e ences, and he sui abili y o
di e en con ol measu es wi hin his unique hype saline lagoon emains lacking. This
s udy aims o add ess hese knowledge gaps by assessing key popula ion ai s and
apping e ec i eness o he blue c ab in hype saline and ecologically sensi i e habi a s
o he Ma Meno coas al lagoon. Mo e speci ically, ou objec i es we e: (1) o e alua e
spa io empo al a ia ion in c ab abundance and popula ion s uc u e; (2) o de e mine
habi a use and po en ial e ec s media ed by season, size and sex o indi iduals; and (3)
o assess he e ec i eness o ou di e en apping me hods ha could po en ially be
used o popula ion con ol. Ou indings p o ide c i ical insigh s o managing his
in asi e species and mi iga ing i s impac s on na i e bio a and local ishe ies.
Me hods
S udy a ea
The s udy was conduc ed in a na u al inle (named “Encañizadas”; P o ince o
Mu cia, sou heas e n Spain) ha is a unc ional and unique na u al connec ion be-
ween he Ma Meno coas al lagoon and he Medi e anean Sea. The Ma Meno is
one o he la ges (136.5 km2) and mos iconic coas al lagoons wi hin he Medi e -
anean basin (Pé ez-Ruza a e al. 2020). I s salini y and wa e empe a u e cu en ly
ange a ound 41–45 g/l and 13–28 °C, espec i ely (Pé ez-Ruza a e al. 2019). The
Encañizadas a ea is placed a he no he n end o a 21-km long sand ba and is
included wi hin he Salinas y A enales de San Ped o del Pina a Na u al Pa k. This
a ea also gains p o ec ion unde in e na ional ag eemen s, such as he Con en ion
on We lands o In e na ional (i is a Ramsa si e), Special P o ec ed A eas o Med-
i e anean Impo ance and Na u a 2000 Ne wo k (Robledano e al. 2018). Thus,
he Encañizadas a ea concen a es se e al es ua ine habi a s o conse a ion-conce n
and endange ed species lis ed in Eu opean Di ec i es and in e na ional no ma i e
(e.g. S e na hi undo Linnaeus, 1758, S e nula albi ons (Pallas, 1764), Ap icaphanius
ibe us (Valenciennes, 1846) and Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)). A adi ional
ishing sys em is s ill p ac ised in he a ea, which has con ibu ed o p ese ing he
ecological uniqueness o he Encañizadas as well as enhancing i s cul u al and e h-
nog aphic alue (Belando e al. 2014; Robledano e al. 2018).
The s udy a ea comp ises 181 hec a es domina ed by la ge looding su aces, which
a e c ossed by small sand isle s and a ne wo k o hype saline shallow channels wi h
pseudo- idal in luence (Robledano e al. 2018). We di ided he s udy a ea in o wo
di e en sampling sec o s (Fig. 1). The Ma Meno sec o (MM) was in he inland sec-
ion and was s ongly in luenced by he li o al dynamics o he lagoon i sel , whe eas
he Medi e anean sec o (MED) was mos ly in luenced by he Medi e anean dy-
namics. Sampling loca ions in bo h sec o s we e ca e ully es ablished o ensu e a bal-
anced ep esen a ion o bo om ypes (i.e. habi a ypes) cha ac e ising shallow wa e s
ac oss he s udy a ea. We e enly dis ibu ed apping si es ac oss h ee di e en habi a
ypes: (1) ege a ed bo oms domina ed by Cymodocea nodosa (Uc ia) Asche son, 1870
354
NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
meadows, (2) ege a ed bo oms domina ed by Caule pa p oli e a (Fo sskål) J.V.Lam-
ou oux, 1809 meadows, and (3) sandy muddy bo oms domina ed by a eas wi hou
ege a ion (ba e bo oms) (Fig. 1). Bo om habi a classi ica ion was de ined based on
he ca og aphic in o ma ion o he subme ged biocenosis in he s udy a ea (Belando
e al. 2014), which was e ised and upda ed p io o he s a o he sampling.
Blue c ab in he Ma Meno
The blue c ab was i s eco ded in he Medi e anean in he 1950s, bu i s occu -
ence along he Spanish Medi e anean coas is mo e ecen , wi h he species being
documen ed in he Ma Meno o he i s ime in 2004 (Giménez-Casaldue o e
al. 2016). Following i s de ec ion in he Eb o Del a in 2012 (Cas ejón and Gue ao
2013), he blue c ab apidly sp ead ac oss a ious ansi ional coas al ecosys ems
along he Spanish Medi e anean coas (González-Wangüeme and Pujol 2016;
Cla e o e al. 2022), e en ually c ossing he S ai o Gib al a (González-O egón
e al. 2022). In sou heas e n Spain, he blue c ab has shown a ema kable adap abil-
i y, inhabi ing a wide ange o salini y le els, om nea ly eshwa e sys ems o hy-
pe saline en i onmen s (Bedma e al. 2024), such as he Ma Meno coas al lagoon.
As men ioned abo e, he i s eco ded cap u e o he blue c ab in he Ma Meno
da es o 2004, when h ee specimens we e collec ed in he Encañizadas si e. Howe -
e , he i s e idence o a sel -main aining popula ion in he lagoon da es om 2016
(Vi as e al. 2025), when ishe ies da a con i med i s es ablishmen . Comme cial
landings inc eased up o 900 kg in 2018 (Guija o-Ga cía e al. 2019). Gi en he
absence o eco ded indi iduals du ing he in e ening yea s, i seems easonable o
sugges ha he ecen demog aphic explosion o he species in he Ma Meno may
be a ibu ed o mul iple a i al e en s. The e o e, he blue c ab has had a cons an
p esence in he lagoon o o e a decade, wi h i s g owing popula ion po en ially in-
luenced by habi a changes linked o eu ophica ion (Gue e o-Gómez e al. 2024).
Figu e 1. Geog aphical loca ion o he s udy a ea in he Ma Meno coas al lagoon (sou heas e n Spain). Sampling sec o s a e amed in
dashed-line squa es: Ma Meno (MM) and Medi e anean (MED). Dis ibu ion o habi a ypes (Caule pa p oli e a, Cymodocea nodosa
and ba e subs a e) ac oss shallow a eas and a ia ion o wa e dep h le els (isoba hs) is also depic ed. Modi ied om Belando e al. (2014).
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NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
Da a collec ion
Sampling isi s we e conduc ed e e y wo mon hs om No embe 2021 o
Sep embe 2023, hus o alling 12 sampling isi s and encompassing wo com-
ple e annual cycles o moni o ing (sampling pe iods). Bo h sec o s we e sam-
pled consecu i ely (Fig. 1) and aps we e deployed o 24 hou s on a e age. We
e alua ed he c ab apping e ec i eness o 4 ypes o aps (Fig. 2): (1) collaps-
ible cylind ical aps (CCT), consis ing o a cylind ical ne wi h wo openings
placed on igid olding ings; (2) yke ne s (FN), cone-shaped aps assembled
on igid ings (Glamuzina e al. 2021), which inco po a e a 200 cm clo h wall
a he en ance o guide ishes in o inside; (3) la ‘bee-hi e’ ype aps (BHT),
a cylind ical plas ic-ne con aine wi h a single en ance on he op; (4) min-
now aps (MT), small cylind ical and igid s uc u es wi h wo en ances a
bo h sides (Ha ison e al. 1986). A each habi a ype, we deployed h ee uni s
o each ype o ap wi h he aim o assessing apping e ec i eness in each o
he sec o s. Acco dingly, we deployed a o al o 36 aps pe sampling sec o
du ing each sampling isi : 3 aps x 4 ap ypes x 3 habi a ypes. T aps we e
always bai ed wi h esh chicken o p omo e c ab a ac ion and o allow o an
inc eased apping e ec i eness. Du ing ap e ie al, we eco ded he numbe
o blue c abs cap u ed pe ap and hei sex based on hei ap on shape (Ji o
and Hines 1998). Ca apace wid h (he ea e CW) was measu ed be ween he
wo mos ex e nal la e al spines by using a e nie callipe (± 1 mm). Addi-
ionally, we also eco ded species-le el abundance and ichness da a o o he
non- a ge animal axa unin en ionally cap u ed by aps.
Fo each sampling e en , wa e empe a u e (°C), conduc i i y (µS/cm), salini y
(g/l), dissol ed oxygen (mg/l), and oxygen sa u a ion (%) we e measu ed h ee imes
Figu e 2. Illus a ion o he di e en ap ypes used o blue c ab sampling ac oss shallow wa e s o he Ma Meno coas al lagoon (SE
Spain). A. Collapsible cylind ical ap (CCT); B. Minnow ap (MT); C. Fla ‘bee-hi e’ ype ap (BHT); D. Fyke ne (FN). Leng h,
heigh , mesh size and en ance diame e (Ø) o each ap ype is indica ed. T ap en ances a e ma ked in ed.
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NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
a each habi a ype pe sampling sec o by using a mul ipa ame e WTW® Mul i340i
o HACH® HQ30d. Subme ged habi a a iables we e eco ded a ap le el. Using
he ap posi ion as he cen e o a squa e o 10 m2 su ace a ea, six a iables ela ed o
mic ohabi a s uc u e and p esence o e uge o auna we e conside ed: subme ged
ege a ion co e pe m2 (%), wa e dep h (cm), pe cen age o subs a e size ca ego-
ies, acco ding o Bain and S e enson (1999): mud, sand, g a el, pebble and boulde .
Subme ged ege a ion a iables we e isually assessed always by he same obse e s.
Wa e dep h was manually eco ded by using a 1-cm ma ked po able s ick.
Da a analysis
The ela i e abundance o he blue c ab was compu ed as cap u e pe uni e o
(he ea e CPUE), which was calcula ed as he numbe o indi iduals cap u ed pe
ap pe 24 hou s. The ma u i y s age o c abs was classi ied in age classes (i.e. ju-
eniles, subadul s and adul s) based on CW size, since his measu emen has been
success ully p o en as a p oxy o c ab ma u i y (Fishe 1999). Following Ju e al.
(2003), size-based age classes we e es ablished in o h ee main ca ego ies: ju eniles
(CW < 80 mm), subadul s (80 mm ≤ CW < 120 mm) and adul s (CW ≥ 120 mm).
A model calib a ion was pe o med o de e mine whe he habi a (i.e. habi a
ype) and apping e ec i eness a e bo h o sepa a ely linked wi h he size (i.e. size
classes), o wi h he sex o he blue c abs. Fu he mo e, sex was modelled acco d-
ing o i s po en ial ela ionship wi h sampling sec o and apping e ec i eness.
Fou hypo heses we e es ed o e e y model o assess he in luence o size o sex
wi h hese ac o s (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S1). Log-Gaussian Gene alized Addi-
i e Models (GAMs) we e pe o med using he “mg c” package (Wood 2011) o
modelling e ec s om habi a and apping e ec i eness, using sampling pe iod,
mon h, ype o ap, habi a ype, dissol ed oxygen, wa e empe a u e, salini y,
wa e dep h, mud co e and he co e o he meadow as p edic i e a iables. Fo
he sampling sec o and apping e ec i eness, we conside ed as p edic o a iables
he “sampling pe iod” (e.g. 2021/22), “mon h”, “ ap ype”, “sampling sec o ” and
“habi a ype”. Hence, esponse a iables we e CPUE based on he age classes and
sex. Model anking and selec ion we e based on he es ima e o he s anda d co -
ec ion o Akaike’s In o ma ion C i e ion (AICc), o educe biases caused by small
sample size (Mille e al. 2023). When model compa isons yielded an inadequa e
suppo o he iden i ica ion o he bes model (AICc di e ence lowe han 2),
hen he mos pa simonious o mula ion (i.e. he model e aining less in e ac ions)
was selec ed (Ca anaugh and Nea h 2019). Addi ionally, he de iance explained
was calcula ed as a measu e o model i ing. A s a i ied pai wise sampling (Tukey
adjus men ) om package “emmeans” (Len h 2020) was also ca ied ou o as-
sess he ela ionship be ween he ac o s. All s a is ical analyses we e conduc ed
h ough he R ee so wa e (R Co e Team 2023).
Resul s
En i onmen al a iables
Ou en i onmen al assessmen e lec ed he hype saline na u e o he s udy
a ea (Table 1), wi h an a e age salini y o 42.3 g/l in he sec o wi h g ea e la-
goon in luence (MM), which was sligh ly highe han he eco ded in he mo e
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NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
Medi e anean-in luenced sec o (MED). Wa e empe a u e emained homo-
geneous ac oss bo h sec o s, showing simila mean alues and a empo al ange
be ween a minimum o 12.5 ± 0.1 °C (MM, Janua y 2022) and a maximum o
35.2 °C ± 0.1 °C (MM, July 2022). The shallow na u e and dominance o ine-
g ained subs a e o he s udy a ea a e also e lec ed in habi a s uc u e pa ame-
e s, wi h mean dep hs no exceeding 64.3 ± 1.5 cm and subs a es p edominan ly
composed o muds and sands (Table 1).
Abundance and popula ion s uc u e
A o al o 1981 specimens om 31 di e en axa o mac o auna we e caugh o e
he s udy pe iod (No embe 2021 – Sep embe 2023). F om he o al cap u es,
538 indi iduals co esponded o C. sapidus being he second dominan species
behind he na i e sh imp Palaemon elegans (819 cap u es) (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able
S2). Ou esul s e ealed he highes abundance o Callinec es sapidus du ing he
wa me mon hs in bo h sampling sec o s (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S4), wi h July
and Sep embe o alling 25.6% and 39.3% o o al ca ches (ju eniles included), e-
spec i ely. This empo al pa e n was pa icula ly p onounced in he MED sec o ,
which exhibi ed a signi ican ly lowe numbe o cap u es as compa ed o he MM
sec o (75.9% o o al cap u es in MM) (Figs 3, 4). Mo eo e , al hough he sex- a-
io was domina ed by males in mos o he sampling e en s (Fig. 3), he MED
sec o eco ded highe emale ca ches wi hin he s udy a ea, pa icula ly in wa me
mon hs. Howe e , his sec o showed ei he negligible o no cap u es du ing he
emaining sampling mon hs (No embe , Janua y, Ma ch, and May). Fu he mo e,
o ige ous emales (n = 4) we e only cap u ed in he MED sampling sec o .
Ou o he o al cap u es, 400 indi iduals we e males and 135 we e emales, wi h
3 unde e mined specimens, esul ing in a sex a io o 2.96:1 (males: emales). How-
e e , ma kedly e iden di e ences we e obse ed be ween sampling sec o s (Fig. 4),
wi h sex a ios o 4.41:1 in MM and 1.15:1 in MED. The a ge popula ion was
domina ed by subadul s (49.8% o o al ca ches) and adul s (37.6%) specimens,
whe eas ju eniles comp ised a lowe po ion o he popula ion (12.6%). Mon hs
Table 1. Summa y able o he en i onmen al cha ac e is ics and he mic ohabi a s uc u e me ics. Da a o he wo sampling pe iods
and he whole s udy pe iod a e p esen ed in di e en columns, p o iding mean alues ± s anda d e o sepa a ely o he wo sampling
sec o s: Ma Meno (MM) and Medi e anean (MED).
En i onmen al a iables No 2021 – Sep 2022 No 2022 – Sep 2023 No 2021 – Sep 2023
MM MED MM MED MM MED
Wa e empe a u e (°C) 21.2 ± 0.7 20.2 ± 1.1 21.6 ± 0.7 22.7 ± 0.6 21.4 ± 0.5 22.7 ± 0.5
Conduc i i y (µS/cm) 63.0 ± 0.2 51.2 ± 2.2 63.1 ± 0.2 57.5 ± 0.3 63.0 ± 0.1 57.6 ± 0.2
Salini y (g/l) 42.2 ± 0.2 34.1 ± 1.4 42.4 ± 0.3 38.2 ± 0.1 42.3 ± 0.1 38.3 ± 0.1
Dissol ed oxygen (mg/l) 10.4 ± 0.5 10.4 ± 1.6 9.3 ± 0.3 9.2 ± 0.3 9.9 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.8
Oxygen sa u a ion (%) 115.4 ± 5.6 102.2 ± 5.4 106.0 ± 4.0 104.8 ± 3.8 111.2 ± 3.6 109.6 ± 2.7
Wa e dep h (cm) 44 ± 0 54.4 ± 1.7 43.6 ± 1.0 64.3 ± 1.5 42.3 ± 0.7 59.5 ± 1.2
Mud subs a e (%) 37.9 ± 1.5 17.9 ± 1.0 26.9 ± 1.5 11.8 ± 0.7 32.3 ± 1.1 14.9 ± 0.7
Sand subs a e (%) 59.0 ± 1.3 76.6 ± 1.7 68.8 ± 1.4 88.0 ± 0.7 64.0 ± 1.0 82.4 ± 1.0
G a el subs a e (%) 3.1 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.2 3.8 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.1
Pebble and boulde (%) 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
Subme ged ege a ion co e (%) (C. p oli e a)95 ± 1.2 97.1 ± 0.7 97.3 ± 0.8 72.8 ± 3.0 96.1 ± 0.7 86.1 ± 1.8
Subme ged ege a ion co e (%) (C. nodosa)74.6 ± 3.1 78.7 ± 2.2 79.7 ± 2.3 99.2 ± 0.3 77.2 ± 1.9 89.6 ± 1.4
Subme ged ege a ion co e (%) (Ba e) 2.6 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.3 0.9 ± 0.2
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An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
Figu e 4. Spa ial di e ences be ween s udy sec o s in CPUEs (A) and CW (B) alues o blue c abs acco ding o sex in he Ma Meno
coas al lagoon. Values o cap u es pe uni e o (CPUEs) and ca apace wid h (CW) a e shown as mean ± s anda d e o . Bo h spa ial
app oaches add ess he wo s udy sec o s sepa a ely: Medi e anean (MED) and Ma Meno (MM).
Figu e 3. Spa io empo al a ia ion in he numbe o cap u es o blue c abs in Encañizadas acco ding o sex. C ab sampling was conduc ed
h oughou wo comple e sampling pe iods (2021/22 and 2022/23). Columns co espond o mon hs whe eby c ab samplings we e ca ied
ou , whe eas ows ep esen cap u es o each sampling pe iod in each o he wo sampling sec o s: Ma Meno (MM) and Medi e anean
(MED). The dashed line dis inguishes he h ee size classes (ju eniles, subadul s and adul s).
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An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
wi h highes ac i i y o C. sapidus (May o Sep embe ) showed he g ea es CW size
ange in he s udied popula ion, pa icula ly in he MM sec o . In he MED sec o ,
only he sampling conduc ed a he end o he wa m pe iods displayed a wide size
ange (Fig. 3; mean CW: 111.6 ± 2.6 mm), wi h a high abundance o adul s and
subadul s. Du ing he colde mon hs, he size dis ibu ion was domina ed by la ge
indi iduals, wi h he highes CW eco ded in No embe in he MM sec o (mean
CW: 136.3 ± 2.7 mm). The la ges indi iduals eco ded co esponded o wo males
(CW: 171 mm; bo h cap u ed in MED du ing Sep embe 2023), while he smalles
indi idual was also a male (CW: 21 mm) eco ded in MED du ing Sep embe 2023.
The cap u e o di e en size classes was in luenced by habi a ype and apping
e ec i eness, a pa e n e lec ed om he dependence obse ed in he bes i ed
model (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S3). Mos o he blue c abs we e caugh in he MM
sec o , wi h only 130 indi iduals om he MED sec o . In addi ion, he e we e
no ca ches in he MED sec o in i e sampling mon hs. Bo h esul s showed he
s ong in luence o he s udy sec o (lagoon o ma ine) on bo h c ab p esence and
abundance. In ac , GAM model i ing analyses indica ed ha he bes explana-
o y model o ca ches conside s a signi ican ela ionship be ween he sampling
sec o and he sex o cap u ed indi iduals (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S3).
The pai wise es showed ha he e we e no signi ican di e ences in he abun-
dance o males and emales in he MED sec o , while he abundance o males in
MM sec o was signi ican ly highe han emales. The es also demons a ed ha
blue c ab emales showed a signi ican p e e ence o he MED sec o , whe eas
males demons a ed a clea selec ion o he MM sec o (Suppl. ma e ial 1: ig. S1).
Acco ding o he coe icien s o he bes model (Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S3), majo
di e ences in sex- a io we e ound be ween s udy sec o s.
Habi a use
Based on he low numbe o cap u es ob ained om he MED sec o , analyses
o habi a use and apping e ec i eness we e conduc ed exclusi ely conside ing
cap u es om he MM sec o , which p o ides a eliable ep esen a ion o he blue
c ab popula ion in he s udy a ea.
The habi a ype was ound o exe an in luence on he ca ches o blue c abs
(Fig. 5), pa icula ly signi ican in he case o subadul s and adul s. The habi a
ype wi h he highes c ab abundance was ound o be ba e subs a e, showing
his one as he mos sui able o apping he species. In con as , ege a ed hab-
i a domina ed by C. p oli e a showed he lowes abundance (Fig. 5). The bes
i ed GAM model e ealed ha selec ion o habi a ype by blue c abs elied on
size (Figs 5, 6, Suppl. ma e ial 1: able S3). The in luence o ba e subs a e was
mo e signi ican o he subadul size class, bu weake o adul s, which also
showed a highe selec ion o ege a ed habi a s domina ed by C. nodosa. Ju e-
niles showed a signi ican p e e ence o ba e subs a e, bu jus wi h espec o
C. p oli e a meadows (Suppl. ma e ial 1: ig. S2).
In addi ion, he esul s showed a signi ican in luence o he mic ohabi a s uc-
u e on he abundance o he di e en size classes. Acco ding o he model smoo h-
e s (Fig. 6), an e ec o p e ailing subs a e was ound, wi h a signi ican e ec o
muds, mainly on ju enile and adul abundance. Wa e dep h also showed a signi i-
can e ec on size class abundance, wi h lowe ju enile and subadul abundance in
deepe wa e s, his ela ionship being pa icula ly mo e ma ked o ju eniles (Fig. 6).
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An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
s uc u e o FN likely con ibu ed o a highe biomass o cap u es and a b oade
size ange, as al eady epo ed by A a e al. (2002) o hoop ne s (s uc u ally
simila o FN). Ou ‘bee-hi e’ ype aps (BHT) we e ine ec i e. Despi e he ex-
cellen swimming abili y o blue c abs (Houlihan e al. 1985), he op-en y design
o BHT may u he educe hei e ec i eness in shallow wa e s. Minnow aps
(MT) exclusi ely cap u ed small ju eniles (maximum CW o 64 mm), accoun ing
o 23.5% o he o al ju enile cap u es. This likely e lec s he low abundance o
ju eniles a he han ap pe o mance. Fu he mo e, MT p e en s p eda ion om
la ge conspeci ics once small-sized c abs a e inside he ap, making his ap ype
sui able o p olonged sampling e en s aimed o iden i y ec ui men a eas.
Al hough cannibalism in blue c abs has been demons a ed (Hines 2007; B o-
milow and Lipcius 2017), no e idence o his was obse ed inside he aps du ing
ou s udy (e.g. ca casses o emains). Ju eniles could display a oidance beha iou
owa ds aps con aining adul c abs (Moi and Weissbu g 2009), which would
also explain hei low cap u e a e. The mesh size and clo h wall o FN may educe
ju enile e asion by p eda o s, while hei p e e ence o li e p ey o e ca ion (Sei z
e al. 2011) could also in luence he success o cap u e.
No signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween FN and CCT in cap u ing
ju eniles o adul s. Howe e , FN we e sligh ly mo e e ec i e o subadul c abs
(Suppl. ma e ial 1: ig. S3) and in cap u ing emales (Suppl. ma e ial 1: ig. S4),
likely due o he clo h wall acili a ing he en y o mobile indi iduals, pa icula ly
du ing spawning mig a ions. This is suppo ed by he ac ha 57.2% o adul
emales we e cap u ed using FN.
Managemen ecommenda ions
In he Medi e anean Sea and associa ed coas al lagoons, such as he Ma Meno ,
he blue c ab is a highly impac ul in asi e species wi h well-documen ed nega i e
e ec s on local ecosys ems (Mancinelli e al. 2017b; Cla e o e al. 2022) and so-
cio-economic ac i i ies (Glamuzina e al. 2021). P e ious s udies ha e highligh ed
he u gen need o implemen e ec i e managemen measu es aimed o mi iga e
hese impac s. P omo ing comme cial exploi a ion o blue c ab popula ions o e s
a p omising app oach o con ol hei abundance while o se ing economic losses
in in aded a eas (Ma chessaux e al. 2023c; Mancinelli e al. 2024). Howe e , com-
me cial exploi a ion should be complemen ed wi h a ge ed managemen ac ions
aimed o con ol blue c ab popula ions in ecologically sensi i e habi a s (Mancinel-
li e al. 2017a). Minimizing ecological and economic impac s should be a p ima y
goal o pos -in asion managemen s a egies. These s a egies mus be ailo ed o
he species’ li e his o y and he en i onmen al condi ions o he in aded ecosys em,
a ge ing speci ic size classes and sexes. Fo example, iden i ying spawning co ido s
is c ucial o an e ec i e con ol, as a ge ing apping e o s in o hese a eas could
signi ican ly educe he ep oduc i e ou pu o in asi e popula ions. Ou s udy
unde sco es he complex in e play o ecological, physiological, and beha iou al
ac o s d i ing habi a selec ion in he blue c ab. Sound managemen implica ions
can be d awn om ou esul s o op imize apping p o ocols in shallow spawning
co ido s. A highe ishing p essu e should be applied du ing wa me mon hs when
c ab ac i i y peaks, and aps should be deployed in p edominan ly un ege a ed,
muddy subs a es o mixed habi a s wi h pa ches o C. nodosa. FN and CCT we e
he mos e ec i e aps, wi h FN pe o ming be e o cap u ing a wide ange o
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NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
size classes and being pa icula ly e ec i e o he cap u e o emales. Fu u e s udies
should explo e al e na i e ap ma e ials, mesh sizes, and en ance designs o en-
hance apping e ec i eness and o boos con ol s a egies.
Ou esul s p o ide baseline in o ma ion on blue c ab popula ion dynamics, habi a
use and apping e iciency in high salini y wa e s, which can in o m moni o ing and
managemen in o he in aded egions. By imp o ing apping p o ocols and in eg a -
ing ecological knowledge, con ol s a egies can be ailo ed o e icien ly manage blue
c ab popula ions while minimizing impac s on na i e biodi e si y and local ishe ies.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s a e g a e ul o o he membe s o he Depa men o Zoology and Phys-
ical An h opology o he Uni e si y o Mu cia o hei help in ield sampling and
labo a o y p ocessing, pa icula ly o An onio Guillén Bel án and Pa icio López
Ma ínez de la Plaza. We would like o hank he Aqua ic En i onmen Sec ion o
he Scien i ic and Technical Resea ch A ea o he Uni e si y o Mu cia (SEMA) o
he logis ical suppo p o ided in his p ojec and Salinas y A enales de San Ped o
del Pina a Regional Pa k o acili a ing access o he s udy a ea. We also hank he
anonymous e iewe , as well as Gio gio Mancinelli and he edi o ial eam, o hei
help ul commen s ha imp o ed he o iginal e sion o his manusc ip .
Addi ional in o ma ion
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e decla ed ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
E hical s a emen
No e hical s a emen was epo ed.
Use o AI
No use o AI was epo ed.
Funding
Pa o his esea ch was suppo ed by he En i onmen al Se ice and Ma Meno Se ice o he Go e n-
men o he Au onomous Communi y o Mu cia (CARM, Spain) and he con ac s “Es udio, alo ación
y seguimien o de la ic io auna y análisis de elaciones con o os g upos aunís icos. Es udio, alo ación y
seguimien o de la especie de cang ejo exó ica in aso a, Callinec es sapidus, de á eas some as e in e ma eales
del Ma Meno ” and “Es udio y seguimien o espacio empo al de poblaciones aunís icas de ges ión p io -
i a ia (ic io auna y la especie in aso a Callinec es sapidus): Si uación ac ual en zonas some as e in e ma -
eales del Ma Meno ”. This s udy was also pa ially suppo ed by he LIFE INVASAQUA p ojec (Aqua ic
In asi e Alien Species o F eshwa e and Es ua ine Sys ems: Awa eness and P e en ion in he Ibe ian
Peninsula) (LIFE17 GIE/ES/000515) unded by he EU LIFE P og am. A.A. H-R. is suppo ed by a p e-
doc o al g an unded by Uni e si y o Mu cia (R-483/2023). J.M. Z-M. is suppo ed by a pos doc o al
g an unded by he Gene ali a Valenciana and he Eu opean Social Fund Plus (CIAPOS/2023/129).
Au ho con ibu ions
An onio A. He e o-Reyes: W i ing – o iginal d a , e iew & edi ing, In es iga ion, Me hodolo-
gy, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion. Ad ián Gue e o-Gómez: Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, In-
es iga ion, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. An onio Zamo a-López: Me hodology, Fo mal analysis,
368
NeoBio a 102: 351–375 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.148388
An onio A. He e o-Reyes e al.: Habi a use and apping e iciency o blue c ab in hype saline coas al lagoon
In es iga ion, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Ma To al a: In es iga ion, W i ing – e iew & edi ing,
Funding acquisi ion, P ojec adminis a ion. José Manuel Zamo a-Ma ín: In es iga ion, Supe i-
sion, W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing. F ancisco José Oli a-Pa e na: In es i-
ga ion, Funding acquisi ion, Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Valida ion. All au ho s ha e
e iewed and con ibu ed o imp o e he ex and igu es.
Au ho ORCIDs
An onio A. He e o-Reyes h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-7358-9205
Ad ián Gue e o-Gómez h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0790-1667
An onio Zamo a-López h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4337-1018
Ma To al a h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1517-3337
José M. Zamo a-Ma ín h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7021-267X
F ancisco J. Oli a-Pa e na h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8288-5321
Da a a ailabili y
All o he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable in he main ex o Supplemen a y
In o ma ion.
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Supplemen a y ma e ial 1
Supplemen a y in o ma ion
Au ho s: An onio A. He e o-Reyes, Ad ián Gue e o-Gómez, An onio Zamo a-López, Ma To al-
a, José M. Zamo a-Ma ín, F ancisco J. Oli a-Pa e na
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