Co esponding au ho : Be ul Tuba Gemici
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
In es iga ion an ibac e ial e ec o eupho bia plan agains di e en ypes o bac e ia
Be ul Tuba Gemici 1, *, Niyazi E dem Delikanli 1, Handan Ucun Ozel 1, Halil Ba is Ozel 2 and Hakan Se ik 3
1 Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, A chi ec u e and Design, Ba ın Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
2 Depa men o Fo es Enginee ing, Facul y o Fo es y, Ba ın Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
3 Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and A chi ec u e, Kas amonu Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 29 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 06 May 2025; accep ed on 09 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1756
Abs ac
In he p esen s udy, an ibac e ial ac i i y assays we e conduc ed using he ex ac o Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki .
agains a ange o bac e ial s ains. The e icacy o di e en dosage o he plan ex ac agains di e en bac e ial species
was e alua ed employing he disk di usion me hod. The es ed mic oo ganisms included Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas luo escens, Salmonella ken ucky, Lis e ia innocua, Se a ia ma cescens, S aphylococcus au eus, Bacillus
sub ilis, and Esche ichia coli. The esul s demons a ed ha Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki ex ac exhibi s no able
an ibac e ial ac i i y, wi h he mos p onounced inhibi o y e ec s obse ed agains Bacillus sub ilis (29.35 mm) and
Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.95 mm). These indings sugges he po en ial u ili y o Eupho bia-de i ed compounds in bo h
medical and en i onmen al disin ec ion applica ions.
Keywo ds: An ibac e ial es ; Bac e ium; Disin ec ion; Eupho bia plan
1. In oduc ion
Disin ec ion e e s o he sys ema ic p ocess o elimina ing o neu alizing pa hogenic mic oo ganisms o inhibi he
ansmission o in ec ious diseases and sus ain hygienic s anda ds in bo h pe sonal and communal en i onmen s [1].
Pa icula ly in he pos -pandemic pe iod, he c i ical ole o e ec i e disin ec ion p ac ices has in ensi ied signi ican ly
wi hin indi idual and socie al con ex s. The apid p oli e a ion o pa hogenic mic oo ganisms on a ious su aces,
equipmen , and wa e sys ems necessi a es he deploymen o obus and sa e disin ec ion me hods [2]. His o ically,
hea y me als such as sil e and zinc ha e been ex ensi ely s udied and u ilized o hei an ibac e ial p ope ies;
howe e , he u iliza ion o hese me als has aised conce ns ega ding en i onmen al pollu ion, oxici y, and po en ial
heal h isks om di ec human con ac [3]. Fu he mo e, he inad e en elease o such me allic compounds in o
ecosys ems has been linked o subs an ial ecological ha m, a ec ing bo h aqua ic and e es ial o ganisms ad e sely
[4]. Recen s udies show ha some o he hea y me als pose a h ea o human heal h e en a e y low concen a ions
[5-13], and e en hose necessa y o li ing hings can be ha m ul a high concen a ions [14-19]. The e o e, i is
ecommended o educe he elease o hea y me als in o na u e and e en o ca y ou s udies o educe hei
concen a ions in na u e [20-27]. Consequen ly, he e is an escala ing demand o explo ing no el, na u ally sou ced
disin ec an s o complemen o eplace con en ional chemical me hods, leading o inc eased scien i ic a en ion
owa ds plan -based an imic obial agen s
Plan s ul ill many ecological, economic and social unc ions in na u e [28-41]. In addi ion, hey a e widely used in
medicine. Medicinal plan s, deeply embedded in human cul u e, adi ion, and his o y, con inue o g ow in p ominence
o hei he apeu ic and an ibac e ial po en ials [42]. The appeal o plan -de i ed disin ec an s is p ima ily due o hei
na u al bioac i e cons i uen s, including alkaloids, glycosides, e penoids, saponins, s e oids, la onoids, annins,
quinones and couma ins, known o hei abili y o dis up mic obial cell walls o in e e e wi h i al mic obial
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
1150
me abolic pa hways, hus o e ing po en biological de ense mechanisms [43,44]. Among hese medicinal plan s,
Eupho bia species ha e a no able his o y in adi ional medicine p ac ices, and con empo a y esea ch consis en ly
highligh s hei subs an ial an imic obial ac i i ies [45,46]. These s udies indica e p omising oppo uni ies o
employing ce ain Eupho bia species in na u al disin ec ion p ac ices.
Me hanolic ex ac s o a ious Eupho bia species including Eupho bia aleppica L, E. mac oclada, and E. i ga e ha e
demons a ed signi ican inhibi o y e ec s agains a ange o pa hogenic mic oo ganisms. Ki bag e al. [45] epo ed
he an imic obial ac i i y o me hanolic ex ac s and la ex om se e al Eupho bia species (Eupho bia aleppica, E.
szo i sii a . ha pu ensis, E. alca a e c.)used medicinally in Tü kiye. Ex ac s om eigh species we e es ed agains
a ious bac e ia (S aphylococcus au eus, Esche ichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans e c.) and he esul s
showed a ying le els o mic obial inhibi ion, wi h MIC alues anging om 31.2 o 1000 µg. Simila ly, Ribinskas e al.
[47] e alua ed me hanolic ex ac s o Eupho bia helioscopia L. agains me hicillin- esis an S aphylococcus au eus
(MRSA) s ains using he disc di usion me hod demons a ing no able an ibac e ial e ec s. Eupho bia hi a has also
been ex ensi ely s udied o an imic obial po en ial. Pe umal e al. [48] assessed he an imic obial and cy o oxic
p ope ies o di e en sol en ex ac s de i ed om Eupho bia hi a. Among he es ed ex ac s, he e hanolic ac ion
displayed he mos po en an imic obial e ec , pa icula ly agains Salmonella yphi. The s udy sugges ha E. hi a
con ains bioac i e compounds wi h signi ican an imic obial po en ial and low cy o oxici y. These indings indica e ha
Eupho bia species con ain bioac i e compounds speci ically phenolic compounds and la onoids ha con ibu e o hei
an imic obial e ec i eness. Consequen ly, Eupho bia species ep esen p omising candida es o he de elopmen o
plan -based disin ec an s and no el an imic obial agen s.
Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki . is a pe ennial he baceous species belonging o he Eupho biaceae amily, commonly
ound in mois habi a s such as i e alleys, we meadows, and o es edges. Na i e o egions s e ching om Cen al
Eu ope o Cen al Asia, i is also pa o he na u al lo a o Tü kiye. The plan is cha ac e ized by i s glossy da k g een
lanceola e lea es and yellowish-g een lowe s. While E. lucida is conside ed a e o locally dis ibu ed in coun ies such
as Ge many and Aus ia, i is mo e widesp ead in pa s o Eas e n Eu ope and Tü kiye. Mo eo e , se e al Eupho bia
species ha e long been used in adi ional medicine due o hei bioac i e compounds wi h epo ed an imic obial,
cy o oxic, and an i-in lamma o y p ope ies [49]. In his con ex , Eupho bia lucida holds po en ial o u he
phy ochemical and pha macological explo a ion.
In his s udy, he an ibac e ial ac i i y o a ious concen a ions o Eupho bia lucida ex ac was e alua ed agains
di e en bac e ial s ains. An ibac e ial assays we e conduc ed using he s anda d disk di usion me hod, and he es ed
o ganisms included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas luo escens, Salmonella ken ucky, Lis e ia innocua, Se a ia
ma cescens, S aphylococcus au eus, Bacillus sub ilis, and Esche ichia coli. The aim o he s udy was o assess he po en ial
o Eupho bia lucida as a na u al an imic obial agen and o in es iga e whe he i s e icacy a ies by dose and bac e ial
species..
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Pe epa a ion o Eupho bia Plan Ex ac
Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki . was collec ed om Ba ın, Tü kiye and i s ex ac was sepa a ed. Then he ex ac o his
plan was p ese ed a 4 °C.
2.2. Types o Bac e ia and Pape Disc P epa a ion
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas ae uginosa (DSMZ 50071), Salomonella ken ucky, Lis e ia innocua, Sa a ia
ma escens (ATCC 13048), S aphylococcus au eus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus sub ilis (DSMZ 1971) and Esche ichia coli
(ATCC 25922) we e used in he s udy. The il e pape was pe o a ed wi h a punch and placed in a glass pe i dish.
Then i was s e ilized unde 1 a m p essu e a 200ºC o 2 hou s.
2.3. Expe imen al S udy
The solu ion o be used was ob ained by adding he desi ed concen a ion o bac e ia o s e ile dis illed wa e . The
desi ed ini ial bac e ial concen a ion (105 CFU/mL) was ob ained by making he necessa y dilu ion om he bac e ial
cul u e incuba ed o e nigh a 37°C he day be o e. Disk di usion me hod was used in he s udy and s udies we e
ca ied ou a ambien empe a u e. Nu ien b o h and nu ien aga we e used o bac e ium as a medium. S udies
we e ca ied ou wi h Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki .ex ac undilu ed and 3 di e en concen a ions (2%, 10%, 100%).
Samples aken du ing he s udies we e incuba ed o 1 day a 37 °C a e being plan ed in sui able media.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
1151
3. Resul s and Discussion
In he s udy, s udies we e conduc ed wi h di e en Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki . ex ac dosages and he esul s a e
shown in Table 1. An ibac e ial e ec o Eupho bia lucida Walds . & Ki . on some bac e ia is shown in Fig.1. In he s udy,
he bes bac e ial e ec was seen in Bacillus sub ilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae bac e ia. This sugges s ha he
phy ochemical componen s p esen in Eupho bia may exe a iable e ec s on bo h G am-posi i e and G am-nega i e
bac e ia. The s ong inhibi o y e ec obse ed agains Bacillus sub ilis is likely due o he cell wall s uc u e o his G am-
posi i e bac e ium, which may be mo e suscep ible o he ac i e compounds in he ex ac . Klebsiella pneumoniae also
showed conside able sensi i i y o he ex ac . This indica es ha he Eupho bia ex ac may con ain bioac i e
compounds capable o pene a ing e en mo e esilien bac e ial de enses, poin ing o a p omising po en ial o b oad-
spec um applica ion. On he o he hand, ela i ely lowe an ibac e ial ac i i y was obse ed agains Pseudomonas
luo escens, Salmonella ken ucky, Lis e ia innocua, Se a ia ma cescens, S aphylococcus au eus, and Esche ichia coli.
These esul s sugges ha he e icacy o he ex ac is s ain-speci ic, and ce ain bac e ia may possess in insic o
acqui ed esis ance o i s ac i e cons i uen s. In pa icula , he lowe e ec obse ed on Pseudomonas luo escens, a
bac e ium known o i s en i onmen al esilience, suppo s his in e p e a ion. These indings highligh he po en ial
o Eupho bia ex ac as a na u al an imic obial agen .
Table 1 An ibac e ial E ec Resul s o Di e en Dilu ions o Eupho bia Plan Ex ac
Types o Bac e ia
Undilu ed (mm)
%2 (mm)
%10 (mm)
%100 (mm)
Klebsiella pneumoniae(4)
24.95
17.61
6
6
Pseudomonas ae uginosa (5)
20.11
12.50
8.14
-
Salomonella ken ucky(7)
11.43
-
-
-
Lis e ia innocua(9)
10.31
9.89
-
-
Sa a ia ma escens(19)
19.59
11.63
-
-
S aphylococcus au eus(15)
17.05
16.67
10.01
7.10
Bacillus sub ilis
29.35
15.87
8.51
-
Esche ichia coli
22.76
-
-
-
- : no zone o ma ion
(a)
(b)
©
Figu e 1 An ibac e ial e ec o eupho bia ex ac on some bac e ia (a) Bacillus sub ilis (b) Esche ichia coli (c)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
4. Conclusion
In his s udy, he an ibac e ial e ec s o Eupho bia plan ex ac we e e alua ed agains eigh di e en bac e ial s ains.
The indings e ealed ha he ex ac exhibi ed no ably high an ibac e ial ac i i y agains Bacillus sub ilis and Klebsiella
pneumoniae. These indings sugges ha Eupho bia ex ac exhibi s s ong disin ec an p ope ies, pa icula ly agains
hese wo bac e ial species indica ing he ex ac 's po en ial e ec i eness agains bo h G am-posi i e and some
esis an G am-nega i e bac e ia. Limi ed e ec s we e eco ded agains Pseudomonas luo escens, Salmonella ken ucky,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
1152
Lis e ia innocua, Se a ia ma cescens, S aphylococcus au eus, and Esche ichia coli, sugges ing ha he ex ac ’s e icacy
a ies depending on he bac e ial species. O e all, his s udy suppo s he po en ial use o plan -de i ed ex ac s as
al e na i e an imic obial agen s. Howe e , u he esea ch is needed o isola e and iden i y he speci ic bioac i e
compounds esponsible o he obse ed e ec s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgemen s
We hanks o Ba in Uni e si y, Facul y o Fo es y and Facul y o Enginee ing, A chi ec u e and Design.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey no con lic o in e es . The none o he au ho s ha e any compe ing in e es s in he
manusc ip .
Re e ences
[1] Ru ala, W. A., Boyce J.M., & Webe , D. J. (2019). Disin ec ion, s e iliza ion and an isepsis: An o e iew. Ame ican
Jou nal o In ec ion Con ol, 51, A3-A12.
[2] Kamp , G., Tod , D., P aende , S., & S einmann, E. (2020). Pe sis ence o co ona i uses on inanima e su aces and
hei inac i a ion wi h biocidal agen s. Jou nal o Hospi al In ec ion, 104(3), 246-251.
[3] E ans, A., & Ka anagh K.A. (2021). E alua ion o me al-based an imic obial compounds o he ea men o
bac e ial pa hogens. Jou nal o Medical Mic obiology, 70(5). h ps://doi.o g/10.1099/jmm.0.001363
[4] Singh, R., Gau am, N., Mish a, A., & Gup a, R. (2011). Hea y me als and li ing sys ems: An o e iew. Indian Jou nal
o Pha macology, 43(3), 246-253
[5] Koç İ, Can u k U, Cobanoglu H, Kulac S, Key K, & Se ik H. (2025). Assessmen o 40-yea Al Deposi ion in some
Exo ic Coni e Species in he U ban Ai o Düzce, Tü kiye. Wa e , Ai , & Soil Pollu ion, 236(2), 1-14.
[6] Özel HB, Şe ik H, Yıldız Y, & Çobanoğlu H. (2024). E ec s o Sil e Nanopa icles on Ge mina ion and Seedling
Cha ac e is ics o O ien al Beech (Fagus o ien alis) Seeds. BioResou ces, 19(2). 2135-2148
[7] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. (2024). A Compa a i e S udy Abou Physical P ope ies o Coppe
Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanopa icles on Fagus o ien alis L. as Bioindica o . Wa e , Ai , & Soil Pollu ion, 235(11),
738.
[8] Se ik H, Ozel HU, Yildiz Y, & Ozel HB. (2025). E ec s o Adding Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Nanopa icles o Soil on
Ge mina ion and Seedling Cha ac e is ics o O ien al Beech. BioResou ces, 20(1), 70-82.
[9] Isinka ala O, Isinka ala K, & Se ik H. (2025). Heal h o he u u e: spa io empo al CA-MC modeling and spa ial
pa e n p edic ion ia dend och onological app oach o nickel and lead deposi ion. Ai Quali y, A mosphe e &
Heal h, 1-13.
[10] Ghoma WEO, Se ik H, & Isinka ala K. (2023). Compa ison o he a e o ce ain ace me als accumula ion in
indoo plan s o smoking and non-smoking a eas. En i onmen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch, 30(30): 75768-
75776.
[11] Key K, Kulaç Ş, Koç İ, & Se ik H. (2023). P oo o concep o cha ac e ize his o ical hea y-me al concen a ions in
a mosphe e in No h Tu key: de e mining he a ia ions o Ni, Co, and Mn concen a ions in 180-yea -old Co ylus
colu na L. (Tu kish hazelnu ) annual ings. Ac a Physiologiae Plan a um, 45(10); 1-13.
[12] Se ik H, Yildiz Y, Ozel HB. (2024). Phy o emedia ion and Long- e m Me al Up ake Moni o ing o Sil e , Selenium,
An imony, and Thallium by Black Pine (Pinus nig a A nold), BioResou ces, 19(3). 4824-4837.
[13] E dem R, Koç İ, Çobanoglu H, & Şe ik H. (2024). Va ia ion o Magnesium, One o he Mac onu ien s, in Some
T ees Based on O gans and Species. Fo es is , 74(1). 84-93
[14] Se ik H, Ce in M, Ozel HB, & Pina B. (2019). De e mining oxic me al concen a ion changes in landscaping plan s
based on some ac o s. Ai Quali y, A mosphe e & Heal h, 12, 983-991.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
1153
[15] Se ik H, Ce in M, Oz u k A, Ozel HB, & Pina B. (2019). Changes in Pb, C and Cu concen a ions in some
bioindica o s depending on a ic densi y on he basis o species and o gans. Applied Ecology And En i onmen al
Resea ch 17(6):12843-12857
[16] Koc I, Cobanoglu H, Can u k U, Key K, Kulac S, & Se ik H. (2024). Change o C concen a ion om pas o p esen
in a eas wi h ele a ed ai pollu ion. In e na ional Jou nal o En i onmen al Science and Technology, 21(2), 2059-
2070.
[17] Oz u k Pula oglu A, Koç İ, Özel HB, Şe ik H, & Yıldız Y. (2025). Using T ees o Moni o Ai bo ne C Pollu ion:
E ec s o Compass Di ec ion and Woody Species on C Up ake du ing Phy o emedia ion. BioResou ces, 20(1),
121-139.
[18] Cobanoglu H, Se ik H, & Koç İ. (2023). Do annual ings eally e eal Cd, Ni, and Zn pollu ion in he ai ela ed o
a ic densi y? An Example o he Ceda T ee. Wa e , Ai , & Soil Pollu ion, 234(2); 65.
[19] Koç İ, Can u k U, Isinka ala K, Ozel HB, & Se ik H. (2024). Assessmen o me als (Ni, Ba) deposi ion in plan ypes
and hei o gans a Me sin Ci y, Tü kiye. En i onmen al Moni o ing and Assessmen , 196(3), 282.
[20] Se ik H, Koç İ, & Cobanoglu H. (2024). De e mina ion o Some Exo ic Landscape Species As Biomoni o s Tha Can
Be Used o Moni o ing and Reducing Pd Pollu ion in he Ai . Wa e , Ai , & Soil Pollu ion, 235(10), 615.
[21] Can u k U, Koç, İ, Ozel HB, & Se ik H. (2024). Iden i ica ion o p ope species ha can be used o moni o and
dec ease ai bo ne Sb pollu ion. En i onmen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch, 1-11.
[22] Yaşa İsmail, T.S., İsmail, M.D, Çobanoğlu, H., Koç, İ., & Se ik, H. (2024). Moni o ing a senic concen a ions in
ai bo ne pa icula es o selec ed landscape plan s and hei po en ial o pollu ion mi iga ion, Fo es is .
h ps://doi.o g/10.5152/ o es is .2024.24071
[23] Koç İ, Cobanoglu H, Can u k U, Key K, Se ik H, & Kulac S. (2025). Va ia ion o 40-yea Pb deposi ion in some
coni e s g own in he ai -pollu ed-u ban a ea o Düzce, Tü kiye. En i onmen al Ea h Sciences, 84(7), 186.
[24] Gül ekin Y, Bay ak a MK, Se ik H, Ce in M, & Bay ak a T. (2025). Op imal ege able selec ion in u ban and u al
a eas using a i icial bee colony algo i hm: Hea y me al assessmen and heal h isk. Jou nal o Food Composi ion
and Analysis, 139, 107169.
[25] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Koç İ, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. (2024). Assessing he possibili y o ai bo ne bismu h
accumula ion and spa ial dis ibu ion in an u ban a ea by ee ba k: A case s udy in Düzce, Tü kiye. Biomass
con e sion and bio e ine y, 14(18), 22561-22572.
[26] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Koc I, Se ik H, & Ozel HB. (2025). A mosphe ic T ace Me al Exposu e in a 60-Yea -
Old Wood: A Sus ainable Me hodological App oach o Measu emen o D y Deposi ion. In J En i on Res 19, 112
(2025). h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s41742-025-00783-x
[27] Kuzmina N, Menshchiko S, Mohnache P, Za yalo K, Pe o a I, Ozel HB, A icak B, Ona SM, and Se ik H. (2023).
Change o aluminum concen a ions in speci ic plan s by species, o gan, washing, and a ic densi y,
BioResou ces, 18(1); 792-803.
[28] H i nák M, K ajme o á D, Paule L, Zhele P, Se ik H, I anko ić M, Goginash ili N, Paule J, Gömö y D. (2024). A e
he e hyb id zones in Fagus syl a ica L. sensu la o?. Eu opean Jou nal o Fo es Resea ch, 143, 451–464.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10342-023-01634-0
[29] Se ik H, Yahyaoglu Z, & Tu na I. (2012). De e mina ion o gene ic a ia ion be ween popula ions o Abies
no dmanniana subsp. bo nmulle iana Ma acco ding o some seed cha ac e is ics, gene ic di e si y in plan s.
Chap e , 12; 231-248.
[30] Ku z M, Koelz A, Go ges J, Ca mona BP, B ang P, Vi asse Y, ... & Csille y K. (2023). T acing he o igin o O ien al
beech s ands ac oss Wes e n Eu ope and epo ing hyb idiza ion wi h Eu opean beech–Implica ions o assis ed
gene low. Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 531; 120801.
[31] Tandoğan M, Özel HB, Göze FT, & Şe ik H. (2023). De e mining he axol con en s o yew ee popula ions in
wes e n Black Sea and Ma ma a egions and analyzing some o es s and cha ac e is ics. BioResou ces, 18(2),
3496-3508.
[32] K a kaz-Kuscu IS, Sa iyildiz T, Ce in M, Yigi N, Se ik H, & Sa aci G. (2018). E alua ion o he soil p ope ies and
p ima y o es ee species in Taskop u (Kas amonu) dis ic . F esenius En i onmen al Bulle in, 27(3), 1613-
1617.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1149-1154
1154
[33] Se ik H, Ce in M, Oz u k A, Yigi N, & Ka akus O. (2019). Changes in mic omo phological cha ac e s o Pla anus
o ien alis L. lea es in Tu key. Applied Ecology and En i onmen al Resea ch, 17(3);5909-5921.
[34] Yigi N, Öz ü k A, Se ik H, Özel HB, Ramadan Kshkush FE, & Işık B. (2023). Clonal Va ia ion Based on Some
Mo phological and Mic omo phological Cha ac e is ics in he Boyaba (Sinop/Tu key) Black Pine (Pinus nig a
subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) Seed O cha d. BioResou ces, 18(3): 4850-4865
[35] Can ü k U, Koç İ, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. (2024). Possible changes o Pinus nig a dis ibu ion egions in Tü kiye wi h
he impac s o global clima e change. BioResou ces, 19(3), 6190-6214
[36] Özdikmenli G, Yiği N, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. (2024). Al i ude-dependen Va ia ions in Some Mo phological and
Ana omical Fea u es o Ana olian Ches nu . BioResou ces, 19(3). 4635-4651
[37] Se ik H, Çe in M, & Kapucu O. (2016). E ec o ligh on young s uc u es o Tu kish i (Abies no dmanniana subsp.
bo nmulle iana). Oxida ion Communica ions, 39(1), 485-492.
[38] Se ik H, & Topacoglu O. (2015). Va ia ion and inhe i ance pa e n in cone and seed cha ac e is ics o Sco s pine
(Pinus syl es is L.) o e alua ion o gene ic di e si y. Jou nal o En i onmen al Biology, 36(5), 1125.
[39] Ozel HB, Se ik H, Ce in M, Va ol T, & Isik B. (2024). Impac o employmen policies on disabled indi iduals in
sil icul u al ac i i ies. En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y, 1-14.
[40] Se ik H, Ce in M, Kapucu O, A icak B, & Can u k U. (2017). E ec s o ligh on mo phologic and s oma al
cha ac e is ics o Tu kish Fi needles (Abies no dmanniana subsp. Bo nmulle iana Ma .). F esenius
En i onmen al Bulle in, 26 (11), 6579-6587.
[41] Özel HB, Şe ik H, Ona SM, & Yigi N. (2022). The e ec o geog aphic loca ion and seed s o age ime on he
con en o a y acids in s one pine (Pinus pinea L.) seeds. BioResou ces, 17(3), 5038.
[42] Jamshidi Kia, F., Lo igooini, Z., & Amini Khoci, H. (2018). Medicinal plan s: Pas his o y and u u e pe spec i ,
Jou nal o He bmed Pha macology, 7(1), 1-7.
[43] Elisha, I. L., Bo ha, F. S., McGaw, L. J., & Elo , J. N. (2017). The an ibac e ial ac i i y o ex ac s o nine plan species
wi h good ac i i y agains Esche ichia coli agains i e o he bac e ia and cy o oxici y o ex ac s. BMC
Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine, 17(1). h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s12906-017-1645-z
[44] Das, K., Tiwa i, R.K.S., & Sh i as a a, D. K. (2010). Techniques o e alua ion o medicinal plan p oduc s as
an imic obial agen s: cu en me hods and u u e ends. J Med Plan s Res. 4:104–11.
[45] Ki bag, S., E ece i , P., Zengin, F., & Gu enc, A. (2013). An imic obial ac i i ies o some Eupho bia species. A ican
Jou nal o T adi ional, Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicines, 10(5). 305-309
[46] Kamba A., & S Hassan L. G. (2010) Phy ochemical sc eening and an imic obial ac i i ies o Eupho bia balsami e a
lea es, s ems and oo agains some pa hogenic mic oo ganisms. A ican Jou nal o Pha macy and Pha macology,
4(9):645-652.
[47] Ribinskas, T., Vi kauskiene, A., Ka ei iene, V., & Ze ziko iene, A. (2024). An imic obial Ac i i y o Eupho bia
helioscopia Agains Me hicillin-Resis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) In Vi o. Cu eus. 16(9): e69840.
[48] Pe umal, S., Mahmud, R., Pillai, S., Lee, W. C., & Ramana han, S. (2012). An imic obial ac i i y and cy o oxici y
e alua ion o Eupho bia hi a (L.) ex ac s om Malaysia. APCBEE P ocedia, 2, 80-85.
[49] Đu o ić, S., Ranimi o ić, M., Tomo ić, G., Pe ko ski, G., & Nike ić, M. (2022). Genus Eupho bia L. (Eupho biaceae
juss.) in Se bia based on he ba ium da a om he collec ions BEO and BEOU. Bulle in o he Na u al His o y
Museum, 15, 97-120.
