Co esponding au ho : E nes O. Dawodu
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
P elimina y assessmen o la icidal ac i i y o Age a um conyzoides (L.) lowe and
Spinosad agains Aedes aegyp i (Dip e a: Culicidae): A ec o o dengue e e
E nes O. Dawodu 1, *, Samuel A. Baba inde 2, Olukayode J. Adelaja 3, Ismail A. Ayegboyin 2, Tolulope E.
Aje omobi 2 and Omola a R. Salami 2
1 Depa men o Ag icul u al Science and Technology, Bamidele Olumilua Uni e si y o Educa ion, Science and Technology,
Ike e-Eki i, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o C op and En i onmen al P o ec ion, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology, Ogbomoso, Nige ia.
3 Depa men o Zoology, Uni e si y o Ilo in, Ilo in, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1365-1371
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 30 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 09 May 2025; accep ed on 11 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1785
Abs ac
The la icidal po en ials o aqueous ex ac o Age a um conyzoides L. (As e aceae) lowe was compa ed wi h Spinosad
agains 4 h o 5 h ins a Aedes aegyp i (Dip e a: Culicidae) a 1, 2, 3 and 4 pe cen olume pe olume ( / ). Dichlo os
and dis illed wa e se ed as posi i e and nega i e con ol, espec i ely. Mo ali y da a collec ed a 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and
3.0 hou s a e ea men (HAT) we e subjec ed o analysis o a iance. The le hal ime (LT50 and LT90) we e es ima ed
using p obi analysis. A 2.0-3.0 HAT, Dichlo os was consis en ly supe io (90.00%) o o he ea men s, while
Spinosad e oked 49.45-85.40% mo ali y compa ed o 49.50-69.55% mo ali y obse ed in 4% / A. conyzoides. The e
was no signi ican di e ence in he LT50 o A. conyzoides applied a 4% / and Spinosad. Age a um conyzoides showed
lowe oxici y capabili y agains A. aegyp i han Dichlo os.
Keywo ds: Mosqui o; La ae; Age a um conyzoides; Vec o ; Aedes Aegyp i; Dengue Fe e
1. In oduc ion
In many opical and sub opical coun ies o he wo ld, mosqui oes (Dip e a: Culicidae) se e as ec o s o li e-
h ea ening diseases such as mala ia, lympha ic, ila iasis, dengue e e , Japanese encephali is, chikungunya, Zika and
yellow e e among o he s [1, 2]. Apa om he a ou able wea he condi ions ha a ou he biology o mosqui oes,
di e se conduci e habi a s is ano he ac o ha is con ibu o y o hei success. Ag icul u al p ac ices such as he use
o i iga ion, he use o ponds o ish a ming and he s o age o wa e in anks o li es ock p o ide sui able b eeding
g ounds o mosqui oes [3]. Besides, abandoned con aine s, ee unks, uncomple ed buildings can se e as b eeding
si es. Mosqui o habi a a ies o each species and can include na u al a eas such as ain puddles and ponds,
decomposing ma e ial such as we lea ma e , di ches and ma shes [4]. Vec o ’s con ol s a egies ha e adi ionally
ocused on killing mosqui oes using a a ie y o insec icides. En i onmen al managemen ( h ough educ ion o
emo al o mosqui o b eeding si es) has o en been used alongside chemical o [mic obiological o icides, la icides,
and pupicides [5, 6, 7) in a eas whe e endemic mosqui o-bo ne diseases occu . The use o syn he ic insec icides has o
be egula ed gi en ha he de elopmen o esis ance o insec icides is widesp ead [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Dichlo os is s ill
being used in some de eloping coun ies despi e i s ba n in some de eloped coun ies. I is a popula mosqui ocide sold
in ma ke s wi h di e en b and names and in di e en packages. Al hough, Spinosad has been iden i ied as a
mosqui ocide in some de eloped coun ies, he need o he e alua ion o geog aphical in luence on i s e icacy agains
di e en species o mosqui oes is pe inen [13]. Since he issue o esis ance has become a majo conce n in he
managemen o disease ec o s, Spinosad has been p oposed as a eliable al e na i e in places whe e o ganophospha es
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1365-1371
1366
esis ance in mosqui oes ha e been epo ed [14]. Inciden ally, no many a ming amilies in he u al esou ce-poo
se ups cu en ly ha e access o a o dable b ands o Spinosad. The e o e, a emp s a e ocused on he explo a ion o
bo anicals as sou ces o mosqui ocidal compounds.
Age a um conyzoides is a weed wi h no able e hnobo anical po en ials [15]. I s an imic obial ac i i ies ha e been
epo ed [16]. To a e y g ea ex en , published wo ks on he pes icidal po en ials o A. conyzoides ocused on he whole
plan o i s lea es. Fo ins ance, bo h he essen ial oil as well as he majo componen o he oil, namely P ecocene, ha e
been epo ed o ha e an iju enile ho monal ac i i y. The oil exe ed acu e oxici y on Callosob uchus macula us upon
umiga ion [17], while [18] epo ed i s bioac i i y agains house ly, Musca domes ica. Va ious insec s which ha e been
suscep ible o he weed ha e been documen ed [19].
Se e al au ho s ha e epo ed he insec icidal po en ials o Age a um species agains di e en species o mosqui oes.
Fo ins ance, [20] e alua ed he la icidal ac i i y o he essen ial oil o Age a um conyzoides ae ial pa s and i s majo
cons i uen s agains Aedes albopic us. The oxici y o he ex ac s o he lea es agains Anopheles s ephensi has been
epo ed [21] while he oxici y o he ola ile oils o he lea es agains Culex species has also been epo ed [22]. The
wo k o [23] seems ou s anding since hey e alua ed he mosqui ocidal po en ial o he essen ial oils and c ude ex ac s
ob ained om he lea es and he lowe s. Inciden ally, majo i y o he epo ed cases o he sc eening o he p oduc s
om A. conyzoides did no compa e hei e icacy wi h Spinosad, a bio- a ional mic obe-based insec icide, o any
syn he ic insec icide. The s udy which compa ed he mosqui o la icidal po en ial o h ee bo anical oils including ha
o A. conyzoides wi h syn he ic insec icide was on Endosul an and no Spinosad and Dichlo os [24].
Essen ial oils and ino ganic ex ac s ha e ecen ly ecei ed enewed a en ion as bio a ional al e na i es o o e -
dependence on syn he ic mosqui ocides. Al hough, hey displayed ou s anding e icacy, hey would p ac ically be
di icul o esou ce-poo populace o adop due o he echnicali y in ol ed in hei ex ac ion. The p esen s udy
e alua es a cos -e ec i e o mula ion wi h educed endency o echnological bo leneck o adop ion. The e o e, he
aim o he s udy was o e alua e he compa a i e la icidal po en ials o he aqueous ex ac o A. conyzoides lowe and
Spinosad agains he dengue e e mosqui o, Aedes aegyp i.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Resea ch si e
The esea ch was ca ied ou a he En omology Uni o he Depa men o C op and En i onmen al P o ec ion
Labo a o y, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nige ia.
2.2. Field collec ed labo a o y main ained Aedes aegyp i la ae
The la ae o Aedes aegyp i we e collec ed a he p emises o Adegolu Poul y House, Facul y o Ag icul u al Sciences
Teaching and Resea ch Fa m, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. The Field Collec ed Labo a o y Main ained (FCLM) la ae we e
ca e ully anspo ed om he collec ion si e o he labo a o y and we e so ed by sepa a ing 4lh o 5 h la al ins a o
A. aegyp i la ae om o he species and p eda o s. The la ae we e iden i ied using s anda d mo phological keys [25].
The Field Collec ed Labo a o y Main ained (FCLM) mosqui o la ae we e allowed o adap o he labo a o y
en i onmen by placing hem in clean wa e and le o 12h; a e which he ac i e la ae we e selec ed o he bioassay.
2.3. P epa a ion o Age a um conyzoides aqueous ex ac
Age a um conyzoides lowe s used o he s udy we e ha es ed om he Facul y o Ag icul u al Sciences Teaching and
Resea ch Fa m, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nige ia. The lowe ing weeds we e ca e ully up oo ed and he lowe s we e
manually se e ed and ai -d ied un il c isps, unde ambien condi ions o 16 days. The d ied lowe s we e pul e ized,
and 50 g o he powde was weighed in o a ound bo om lask wi h 500 ml dis illed wa e and soaked o 24h.
The ea e , he ex ac was sie ed wi h a muslin clo h and he il a e was kep in a bo le as he s ock solu ion. The
p ocess was epea ed o ob ain su icien olume o he ex ac o he bioassay.
2.4. La icidal Ac i i y o Age a um conyzoides aqueous ex ac
The la icidal ac i i y assay o he ex ac agains A. aegyp i la ae was based on he p ocedu e desc ibed by he Wo ld
Heal h O ganiza ion [26]. Se ial dilu ions o he s ock solu ion we e made wi h dis illed wa e o ob ain 1.0, 2.0, 3.0,
4.0% ( / ) in 50 ml ex ac -dis illed wa e mix u e sepa a e anspa en 200 ml-capaci y plas ic cups. A po ion (10 g)
o Spinosad (Spin e ® dus 12.5% a. i.) was mixed wi h 50 ml o dis illed wa e and 0.5 ml o he Spinosad solu ion was
added o 50 ml o dis illed wa e in 200 ml-capaci y plas ic cups.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1365-1371
1367
One ml o Dichlo os (2% EC) was dissol ed in 500 ml dis illed wa e o ob ain a s ock solu ion o Dichlo os, ou o
which 0.5 ml dissol ed in 50 ml dis illed wa e was used as he posi i e con ol. Dis illed wa e (50 ml) se ed as he
nega i e con ol. Ten ac i e FCLM 4 h-5 h ins a la ae o A. aegyp i we e ca e ully in oduced in o each cup and we e
no ed h oughou he expe imen al pe iod. La al mo ali y was eco ded a 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 Hou s A e
T ea men (HAT), pe cen age mo ali y (PM) was calcula ed using he o mula below:
PM = Numbe o dead la ae
Numbe o Assayed la ae 𝑥 100
The expe imen was eplica ed ou imes.
2.5. Expe imen al design and da a analysis
The expe imen s we e se up in comple ely andomized design and da a we e subjec ed o analysis o a iance
(ANOVA). Signi ican means we e sepa a ed using S uden ized Newman Keuls (SNK) a 5% signi icance le el.
The ea e , p obi analysis was used o de e mine he le hal ime (LT50 and LT90) o each o he ea men s. All
s a is ical analyses we e ca ied ou wi h he aid o SPSS So wa e e sion 16.
3. Resul s
The e was no mo ali y in dis illed wa e h oughou he expe imen al du a ion. When A. aegyp i la ae we e exposed
o he ea men a 0.5 HAT, he e was no mo ali y in all A. conyzoides concen a ions and Spinosad, bu Dichlo os
caused 45.00% mo ali y. A 1.0 HAT, Dichlo os caused signi ican ly (F=118.945; d =6, 27; p<0.0001) highe mo ali y
(52.00%) han 22.50 and 13.80% mo ali y obse ed in Spinosad and 4% A. conyzoides, espec i ely. The same end
was obse ed a 1.5 HAT, whe e 80.80% mo ali y obse ed in Dichlo os was signi ican ly (F=158.886; d =6, 27;
p<0.0001) highe han 36.50, 22.50 and 26.20% la al mo ali y obse ed in Spinosad, A. conyzoides a 3% and 4%,
espec i ely. A 2.0-3.0 HAT, Dichlo os was consis en ly supe io (wi h 90.00% mo ali y) o o he ea men s, while
Spinosad e oked 49.45-85.40% mo ali y compa ed o 49.50-69.55% mo ali y obse ed in 4% A. conyzoides (Table 1).
Table 1 Compa a i e oxici y o Age a um conyzoides lowe ex ac , spinosad and Dichlo os agains Aedes aegyp i
la ae
Mo ali y a Hou s a e ea men
T ea men s
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Age a um conyzoides a
1% /
0.00 ±0.00a
0.00 ±0.00a
0.00 ±0.00a
4.60±4.60a
20.45±2.05b
28.25±1.65b
Age a um conyzoides a
2% /
0.00 ±0.00a
0.00 ±0.00a
9.20±5.31a
18.40±0.00b
22.50±2.36b
28.25±1.65b
Age a um conyzoides
a 3% /
0.00 ±0.00a
4.60±4.60ab
22.50±2.36b
33.05±2.57c
43.50±3.69c
52.55±4.56c
Age a um conyzoides a
4% /
0.00 ±0.00a
13.80±4.60bc
26.20±3.02b
43.50±3.69d
50.85±2.40c
69.55±2.05d
Spinosad
0.00 ±0.00a
22.50±2.36c
36.05±3.15c
49.45±4.40d
74.15±5.62d
85.40±4.60e
Dichlo os
45.00±2.36b
52.50±3.88d
80.80±5.31d
90.0±0.00e
90.0±0.00e
90.0±0.00e
Nega i e con ol
0.00±0.00a
o. oo±0.00a
0.00±0.00a
0.00±0.00a
0.00±0.00a
0.00±0.00a
ANOVA Resul
d ꞊6,27
F=91.956
P<0.001
d ꞊6,27
F=118.945
P<0.001
d ꞊6,27
F=158.886
P<0.001
d ꞊6,27
F=149.091
P<0.001
d ꞊6,27
F=178.125
P<0.001
d ꞊6,27
F=299.865
P<0.001
Values a e means ou eplica es ± SE. Means ollowed by same le e o alphabe wi hin he column a e no signi ican ly di e en using SNK a 5%
signi icance le el.
The esul o p obi analysis ollowed he same end as he analysis o a iance. When A. conyzoides was applied a 1%
/ , he LT50 alue [0.555 (0.511-0.636) h] was highe han he alue ob ained in applica ion o A. conyzoides a 4%
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1365-1371
1368
[0.401 (0.358-0.454) h] and he alue ob ained when Spinosad [0.276 (0.200-0.360) h] and Dichlo os was applied
[0.181(0.001-0.034) h]. Tha indica es ha applica ion o A. conyzoides a 4% / pe o med a pa wi h Spinosad, bu
no Dichlo os. The LT90 alues o Dichlo os, Spinosad and A. conyzoides applied a 4% / we e simila wi h he
o e lap o hei iducial limi s (Table 2).
Table 2 LT50 and LT90 o Aedes aegyp i exposed o Age a um conyzoides lowe ex ac s, spinosad, and Dichlo os
T ea men s
LT50(LFL-UFL)
LT90(LFL-UFL)
Slope
X2
d
P
In e cep
SE
Age a um conyzoides a
1% /
0.555(0.511-
0.636)
0.760(0.669-
0.937)
-8.030
2.817
4
0.589
-3.479
0.433
Age a um conyzoides a
2% /
0.620(0.545-
0.751)
1.004(0.845-
1.298)
-
10.832
4.713
4
0.318
-2.064
0.191
Age a um conyzoides
a 3% /
0.542(0.382-
1.570)
1.034(0.668-
3.951)
-
12.102
19.361
4
0.001
-1.413
0.117
Age a um conyzoides a
4% /
0.401(0.358-
0.454)
0.835(0.733-
0.987)
-
11.388
5.160
4
0.271
-1.181
0.`104
Spinosad
0.276(0.200-
0.360)
0.648(0.523-
0.906)
-9.907
9.868
4
0.043
-0.953
0.096
Dichlo os
0.181(0.001-
0.034)
0.419(0.268-
0.760)
6.013
11.253
4
0.024
0.387
0.064
LFL: Lowe iducial limi ; UFL = Uppe iducial limi
4. Discussion
The esul s o his s udy indica e ha A. conyzoides lowe ex ac possessed oxici y po en ial agains A. aegyp i. The
oxici y was dependen on concen a ion and exposu e pe iod. In ea lie bo anical s udies, oxici y o bo anical
o mula ion was dependen on dose/concen a ion and exposu e pe iod [27, 28, 29, 30]. The inc ease in mo ali y wi h
dosage ag ees wi h [31] which epo ed ha he oxici y o A omomum melegue a lea and seed ex ac s agains
Anopheles species inc eased wi h an inc ease in concen a ion. The basis o he p og ession in he obse ed oxici y
was ha he expe imen al insec s had no escape ou e om he ea men s and we e exposed o he oxican s ia con ac
in he expe imen al uni , which could consequen ly a ec he physiology o he la ae. Besides, since he expe imen al
la ae we e no ed, hey o ally picked le hal phy ochemicals om he ex ac s added o he wa e whe e hey we e
con ined o.
Ea lie s udies epo ed he phy ochemical componen s o A. conyzoides lowe o con ain e penes, annin, alkaloids,
ch omenes s e ols and la onoids om di e en pa s o he plan [16, 32]. The obse ed bioac i i y could ha e been
due o he bioac i e compounds p esen in he lowe . This pos ula ion ag ees wi h p e ious au ho s who epo ed ha
he bioac i i y o bo anicals was ela ed o he inhe en bioac i e compounds. Acco ding o [20], he la icidal
p ope ies o he essen ial oil o A. conyzoides agains A. albopic us was a ibu ed o P ecocene II and P ecocene I, he
majo compounds o he oil. Also, ano he g oup o esea che s ela ed he oxici y o Cle odend um phlomidis Linn. F.
agains A. s ephensi o Pec olina ingenin, a compound isola ed om he plan [33]. Aedes Aegyp i la ae we e ulne able
o he bioac i e compounds in he assayed A. conyzoides lowe ex ac , Spinosad and Dichlo os, wi h con ac , sys emic
and s omach oxici y being he possible mechanism o ac ion, because he ea men s we e di ec ly applied in o he
habi an o FCLM A. aegyp i la ae.
The esul s o he p obi analysis indica ed ha A. conyzoides lowe ex ac applied a 4% / compa ed wi h spinosad.
Howe e , Dichlo os was supe io o o he ea men s. The ANOVA esul s also a i med he supe io oxici y o
Dichlo os o e o he ea men s. This ag ees wi h he epo s o [20] who epo ed he supe io bioac i i y o
Chlo py i os compa ed wi h he essen ial oil o A. conyzoides agains A. albopic us. Inciden ally, [34] epo ed ha he
oxici y o Ocimum g a issimum essen ial oil applied a 50 µL/L ai in a umigan bioassay pe o med a pa wi h
Chlo py i os agains T ogode ma g ana ium; while he e icacy o he syn he ic pes icide su passed he oxici y o he
lowe doses o he essen ial oil. Tha implies ha he oxici y o Chlo py i os is in luenced by he me hod o assay and
he species o insec s. In an ea lie s udy o e alua e he e icacy o spinosad agains h ee species o mosqui os (Aedes
aegyp i, Anopheles s ephensi, and Culex pipiens) unde labo a o y condi ion, Spinosad was pa icula ly e ec i e agains
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1365-1371
1369
la al Aedes and Culex, wi h a less ma ked ac i i y agains anophelines [35]. The oxici y o spinosad epo ed in he
p esen s udy indica es ha he Nige ian s ain o A. aegyp i was suscep ible o Spinosad.
Despi e he supe io e icacy o Dichlo os, i s ecological sa e y and cos implica ions a e majo cons ain s o i s
ecommenda ion o esou ce-poo u al dwelle s. The e o e, since A. conyzoides is o en ega ded as weed in many
a ming sys ems, i s lowe can be ha es ed and p ocessed as A. aegyp i la icide. This e hnobo anical po en ial o A.
conyzoides can also se e as a weed managemen scheme in A. conyzoides-p one ag a ian se lemen s. Wi h he esul
o his inding, A. conyzoides has also been es ablished as a po en ial componen o In eg a ed Pes Managemen o A.
aegyp i.
5. Conclusion
The e ec o ex ac s om Age a um conizoides was de e mined on he 4 h and 5 h ins a Aedes aegyp i, wi h Spinosad
and Dichlo os as sou ce o compa ison. Mo ali y o la ae was eco ded a 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hou s a e
ea men (HAT). Da a was subjec ed o analysis o a iance. P obi analysis was ca ied ou a es ima ed le hal ime o
(LT50 and LT90). A 2.0-3.0 HAT, Dichlo os was consis en ly supe io (90.00%) o o he ea men s, while Spinosad
caused 49.45-85.40% mo ali y compa ed o 49.50-69.55% mo ali y obse ed in 4% / A. conyzoides. The oxican
e ec exhibi ed by A. conizoides showed ha i could be a e i able sou ce o he con ol o A. aegyp i al hough,
Dichlo os was mo e oxic.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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