In e na ional Jou nal o Social Science and Human Resea ch
ISSN (p in ): 2644-0679, ISSN (online): 2644-0695
Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijssh / 8-i10-36, Impac ac o - 8.007
Page No: 7841-7849
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7841
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous
A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and Inno a ion O ien a ion
Nguyen Khanh Ly1, Nguyen Chi Hai2
1S udying PhD a Vinh Uni e si y; Head o Facul y o Basic Sciences, Nghe An Uni e si y, Vie nam
2PhD, Facul y o Law and Poli ical Science, An Giang Uni e si y, Vie nam Na ional Uni e si y Ho Chi Minh Ci y, Vie nam
ABSTRACT: The a icle analyzes he policy o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in Vie nam in he con ex o
na ional in eg a ion and digi al ans o ma ion. The pape app oaches he heo y o public adminis a ion and capaci y
de elopmen , using he me hod o policy analysis combined wi h in-dep h in e iews in se e al locali ies in Vie nam. The esul s
show ha he cu en policy sys em has con ibu ed o imp o ing he quali y o e hnic mino i y cad es, bu he e a e many
limi a ions in p og am design, esou ces, moni o ing mechanisms, and he connec ion be ween aining and use. The s udy
p oposes ou inno a ion di ec ions o he pe iod 2026–2035, including (1) de eloping digi al capaci y and skills; (2) enhancing
egional speci ici y; (3) linking aining wi h planning and ou pu assessmen ; (4) p omo ing li elong lea ning. Comp ehensi e
policy e o m will help p omo e he ole o e hnic mino i y cad es as a co e o ce in local go e nance, con ibu ing o na owing
he egional de elopmen gap and p omo ing sus ainable de elopmen .
KEYWORDS: T aining and os e ing; e hnic mino i y cad es; public policy; digi al capaci y; moun ainous a eas o Vie nam
1. INTRODUCTION
Vie nam cu en ly has 34 p o inces and ci ies in he midland and moun ainous egions, accoun ing o o e wo- hi ds o he
coun y's na u al a ea, and is home o mo e han 14 million people om 53 e hnic mino i ies. Locali ies wi h la ge e hnic mino i y
popula ions a e mainly loca ed in he No he n Midlands and Moun ains, No h Cen al Coas and Cen al Highlands, which ha e
a pa icula ly impo an s a egic posi ion in e ms o economy, poli ics, na ional de ense and secu i y; a he same ime, hese a e
a eas acing many di icul ies in in as uc u e de elopmen , educa ion, heal h ca e, digi al ans o ma ion and s a e managemen
(Thanh e al., 2024). In his con ex , he con ingen o e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas plays a key ole in con eying
he Pa y and S a e's policies and guidelines o he people, ensu ing he e ec i eness and e iciency o local go e nance,
con ibu ing o s eng hening he g ea na ional uni y bloc (Nguyen e al., 2024).
P ac ice shows ha he capaci y o a numbe o e hnic mino i y cad es has no me he equi emen s o inno a ion and
in eg a ion, in he con ex o digi al ans o ma ion and knowledge-based economic de elopmen . Some p ominen challenges
include gaps in educa ional a ainmen , managemen skills and o eign languages, limi a ions in he applica ion o in o ma ion
echnology and digi al skills, and a lack o speci ic aining and de elopmen p og ams sui able o he language, cul u e and
socio-economic condi ions o moun ainous a eas (Hai e al., 2023). The planning, use and e alua ion o aining and de elopmen
esul s a e o malis ic, lacking a connec ion be ween he ac ual needs o he locali y and he con en o he aining p og am. These
limi a ions a ec he e ec i eness o e hnic policy implemen a ion, slowing down he p ocess o sus ainable and equi able
de elopmen in moun ainous a eas.
O e he pas yea s, he Communis Pa y o Vie nam and he S a e o Vie nam ha e issued many policies and guidelines on
aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es, ypically Resolu ion No. 24-NQ/TW (2003) on e hnic wo k, Dec ee No.
05/2011/ND-CP on e hnic wo k, Decision No. 402/QD-TTg (2016) app o ing he P ojec "De eloping he con ingen o e hnic
mino i y cad es, ci il se an s and public employees in he new pe iod", and ecen ly he E hnic Wo k S a egy o he pe iod
2021-2030, wi h a ision o 2045. This policy clea ly a i ms he consis en iewpoin o he Communis Pa y o Vie nam and he
S a e in building a con ingen o e hnic mino i y cad es wi h quali ies, capaci y, p es ige, and equal o he ask. Howe e , a e
many yea s o implemen a ion, he ac ual e ec i eness o he policy has no been uni o m among egions and le els; he
ins i u ionaliza ion o speci ic policies has no been imely; and he assessmen o aining and de elopmen quali y s ill lacks a
quan i a i e basis and a moni o ing sys em based on ou pu esul s (Nghia, 2020).
Many domes ic and in e na ional s udies ha e ocused on socio-economic de elopmen in e hnic mino i y a eas, po e y
educ ion, o social secu i y policies. S udies app oaching om he pe spec i e o public adminis a ion and public policy on
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7842
aining and de elopmen o e hnic mino i y cad es a e s ill ew (Nguyen e al., 2023). This is a esea ch gap ha should be illed,
especially in he con ex o Vie nam inno a ing i s public adminis a ion model owa ds digi al go e nmen , digi al ci izens and
digi al socie y, equi ing g ass oo s cad es o ha e mode n managemen capaci y, digi al skills and he abili y o lead he
communi y in a mul icul u al en i onmen .
The a icle aims o comp ehensi ely analyze he policy on aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas
o Vie nam, based on he app oach o mode n public adminis a ion heo y and public human esou ce de elopmen . The esea ch
ocuses on h ee objec i es including (i) Analyzing he policy amewo k and he cu en implemen a ion o aining and os e ing
e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas; (ii) E alua ing he e ec i eness, limi a ions and ac o s a ec ing he policy; (iii)
P oposing o ien a ions and solu ions o policy inno a ion in he pe iod 2026–2035, in line wi h he end o sus ainable
de elopmen and na ional digi al ans o ma ion.
To achie e he objec i es, he s udy aises h ee esea ch ques ions
(1) How is he cu en policy on aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es designed and implemen ed?
(2) Wha a e he di icul ies, ba ie s and p ac ical esul s o he policy implemen a ion p ocess?
(3) Wha o ien a ions will help imp o e he e ec i eness, speci ici y and sus ainabili y o he policy o aining and os e ing
e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas o Vie nam in he coming pe iod?
Answe ing hese ques ions will con ibu e o supplemen ing he heo e ical basis o public policy esea ch in he e hnic sec o ,
which has p o ound p ac ical signi icance in p oposing solu ions. I aims o de elop a eam o high-quali y e hnic mino i y cad es,
mee ing he equi emen s o comp ehensi e, sus ainable and inclusi e de elopmen o moun ainous a eas in he cu en pe iod o
in eg a ion and digi al ans o ma ion.
2. THEORETICAL REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. Theo e ical Basis o T aining and Fos e ing Cad es in Public Managemen
In he ield o public managemen , aining and os e ing cad es and ci il se an s is conside ed one o he key ools o imp o e
ins i u ional capaci y, ensu ing he e ec i eness and e iciency o he s a e appa a us. De eloping public human esou ces is he
p ocess o equipping knowledge and skills, building adminis a i e capaci y, public e hics, and he abili y o adap o change. In
Vie nam, he concep o " aining" is unde s ood as he p ocess o equipping basic knowledge and skills o o m he capaci y o
pe o m public du ies; and " os e ing" is he ac i i y o upda ing and supplemen ing specialized knowledge and new skills o mee
he equi emen s o speci ic asks in each s age o de elopmen (Hai, 2025).
Cad es a e people who hold leade ship and managemen posi ions in he poli ical sys em, esponsible o planning, o ganizing,
and supe ising policy implemen a ion. E hnic mino i y cad es a e hose who pe o m adminis a i e managemen unc ions,
ac ing as a b idge be ween he S a e and e hnic communi ies, con ibu ing o s eng hening us and encou aging people's
pa icipa ion in local go e nance. Capaci y building o his eam has a dual meaning o bo h enhancing he e ec i eness o e hnic
policy implemen a ion and c ea ing condi ions o he de elopmen o speci ic human esou ces in moun ainous a eas.
F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, he s udy applies he Compe ency-Based App oach and he Public Human Resou ce
De elopmen (PHRD) heo y as he basis o analysis. Acco ding o he compe ency model, public se ice e ec i eness is
de e mined by a combina ion o compe encies, including (1) p o essional compe ence (knowledge), (2) implemen a ion skills
(skills), and (3) a i udes and public se ice alues (a i udes). When applied o e hnic mino i y cad es, hese ac o s should be
de eloped based on he speci ic cul u al and social con ex o each egion. The PHRD heo y emphasizes in es men in human
esou ces as a sou ce o public capi al, conside ing aining and de elopmen as a long- e m s a egy o ensu e he sus ainabili y o
he s a e go e nance sys em.
2.2. Public Policy App oach o T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es
F om he pe spec i e o he public policy cycle, aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es is seen as a specialized policy,
including p oblem iden i ica ion, policy o mula ion, implemen a ion, moni o ing, e alua ion, and adjus men (Cong, 2024). In
Vie nam, his policy is di ec ly in luenced by ins i u ional ac o s (cons i u ion, law), o ganiza ion (adminis a i e appa a us,
aining acili ies), and socie y (needs o e hnic mino i y communi ies).
The h ee basic p inciples in he e hnic policy app oach emphasized in he E hnic Wo k S a egy 2021-2030 include (1)
Equali y and social jus ice - ensu ing ha all people ha e he oppo uni y o de elop hei capaci y and pa icipa e in social
managemen ; (2) Respec and p ese a ion o e hnic cul u al iden i y - aining mus be app op ia e o he language, cus oms, and
li es yle o each egion; (3) Sus ainable and inclusi e de elopmen – linking cad e aining wi h he goal o socio-economic
de elopmen and digi al ans o ma ion in moun ainous a eas. I can be a i med ha aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es
is a human esou ce ac i i y, an impo an public policy ool o na ow he egional de elopmen gap, imp o e ins i u ional
capaci y, and s eng hen people's us in he S a e.
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7843
2.3. O e iew o Domes ic and Fo eign Resea ch
In he wo ld, mul i-e hnic coun ies, including China, Laos, Thailand, and Indonesia, ha e implemen ed many policies o de elop
indigenous e hnic cad es in line wi h mode n go e nance equi emen s. In China, he policy o aining e hnic mino i y cad es is
implemen ed in pa allel wi h he s a egy o "e hnic egional sel -managemen ", in which he s a e suppo s schola ships, language
aining, and ans e s o e hnic mino i y cad es o he cen al go e nmen o imp o e managemen expe ience. In Laos, he “on-
si e aining” model has been e ec i ely applied, combining adminis a i e heo y and communi y leade ship skills, helping o
educe cos s and inc ease p ac icali y. Thailand ocuses on bilingual aining and mul icul u al local go e nance, aiming a he
in eg a ion o e hnic mino i y cad es in he adminis a i e appa a us.
In Vie nam, many s udies ha e men ioned he wo k o de eloping e hnic mino i y cad es, mos ly ocusing on he aspec s o
planning, use, and emune a ion policies. The abo e s udies a e mos ly desc ip i e and ha e no o med a comp ehensi e
analy ical amewo k on he policy o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es om he pe spec i e o mode n public
adminis a ion. Mo eo e , he e is a lack o egional compa ison wo ks, as well as an e alua ion o policy e ec i eness based on
capaci y and ou pu -ou come. This gap shows he u gen need o an in eg a ed app oach, combining policy analysis, s a
capaci y, and sus ainable de elopmen o moun ainous a eas in he same esea ch model.
2.4. Analy ical F amewo k
Based on he heo e ical ounda ion and o e iew men ioned abo e, he a icle builds a policy analysis amewo k o aining and
os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es based on ou pilla s, including (i) Policy Con ex , including ins i u ions, inancial esou ces,
aining acili ies, and coo dina ion mechanisms be ween go e nmen le els; (ii) Policy Design & Implemen a ion e lec ed in
p og am con en , aining o ms (concen a ed, in-se ice, online), and esul s e alua ion mechanism; (iii) Compe ency and
Mo i a ion o e hnic mino i y cad es (Compe ency & Mo i a ion). Associa ed wi h p o essional quali ica ions, digi al skills,
communi y managemen skills, and public se ice esponsibili y; (i ) Ou comes & Impac s a e measu ed h ough he quali y o
public se ice pe o mance, people's sa is ac ion, and he con ibu ion le el o e hnic mino i y cad es o sus ainable de elopmen
in moun ainous a eas.
The ela ionship be ween he ou ac o s is en isioned as ha ing a wo-way impac : good policies will imp o e he capaci y
and e ec i eness o e hnic mino i y cad es' public se ice; con e sely, he cad e eam's capaci y and eedback a e he basis o
adjus ing and pe ec ing policies. The analy ical amewo k helps o clea ly iden i y in luencing ac o s, c ea ing a ounda ion o
p oposing di ec ions o policy inno a ion in he pe iod 2026-2035.
Figu e 1. Impac o aining and os e ing policies o e hnic mino i y cad es
Figu e 1 desc ibes he alue chain o impac s o aining and os e ing policies o e hnic mino i y cad es. When policies a e
designed and implemen ed e ec i ely, he ci il se ice and digi al capabili ies o o icials a e enhanced, local go e nance is
imp o ed, social us is s eng hened, and sus ainable de elopmen in moun ainous a eas is p omo ed. A policy amewo k ha
e lec s he wo-way ela ionship is eedback om p ac ice ha will help pe ec policies in he public adminis a ion cycle.
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
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3. METHODOLOGY
This s udy was conduc ed based on he public policy app oach combined wi h quali a i e analysis o cla i y he con en ,
mechanism, and e ec i eness o implemen ing policies on aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas o
Vie nam. Based on he p esen ed analy ical amewo k, he s udy selec ed app op ia e me hods o ensu e sys ema ici y,
scien i ici y, and he abili y o gene alize o p ac ice. Documen a y analysis was used o syn hesize and analyze legal documen s,
esolu ions, p ojec s, and epo s o he Go e nmen and he Minis y o Home A ai s. Key documen s include he Law on Cad es
and Ci il Se an s (2019); Dec ee 101/2017/ND-CP on aining and os e ing cad es, ci il se an s, and public employees;
Decision 402/QD-TTg (2016) on de eloping e hnic mino i y cad es, along wi h he Summa y Repo s o he Na ional Ta ge
P og am o Socio-Economic De elopmen in E hnic Mino i y A eas o he 2021–2025 pe iod.
The analysis o documen s helps o iden i y he legal amewo k, objec i es, and cu en policy o ien a ions, and a he same
ime cla i ies he inhe i ance and inno a ion in hinking abou public human esou ce managemen in moun ainous a eas. The
s udy uses he semi-s uc u ed in e iew me hod. In-dep h in e iews wi h 15 manage s in he p o inces o Cao Bang, Ha Giang,
Son La (in he No he n Midlands and Moun ains), and Gia Lai, Dak Lak (in he Cen al Highlands). The in e iew con en
ocuses on h ee g oups o opics: (1) Assessmen o he cu en s a us o implemen ing policies on aining and os e ing e hnic
mino i y cad es; (2) Di icul ies, ba ie s, and lessons lea ned; (3) P oposing inno a ion o ien a ions sui able o he con ex o
digi al ans o ma ion and he equi emen s o sus ainable de elopmen in moun ainous a eas.
The collec ed da a we e coded and p ocessed using con en analysis me hods o iden i y ecu ing hemes, he ela ionship
be ween policy, implemen a ion, and esul s, he eby d awing conclusions and policy ecommenda ions. To ensu e eliabili y, he
s udy conduc ed iangula ion be ween seconda y da a sou ces and in e iew esul s. This app oach helps he a icle ha e
heo e ical dep h, e lec ich p ac ices, and c ea e a basis o p oposing policy inno a ion o ien a ions o he pe iod 2026-2035.
4. RESEARCH RESULTS
4.1. Cu en Legal F amewo k and Policy O ien a ion
The aining and os e ing o e hnic mino i y cad es and ci il se an s is iden i ied by he Communis Pa y o Vie nam and he
S a e o Vie nam as a s a egic ask in de eloping human esou ces in moun ainous a eas and e hnic mino i ies. The sys em o
legal documen s in his ield is ela i ely comple e, demons a ing he consis en a en ion o he S a e.
Resolu ion No. 24-NQ/TW (2003) on e hnic a ai s a i ms ha “ aining, os e ing and using e hnic mino i y cad es is a key
ask o p omo e he in e nal s eng h o he e hnic communi y”. Conclusion No. 65-KL/TW (2019) o he Poli bu o emphasizes he
equi emen o “inno a e he aining, planning, and a angemen o e hnic mino i y cad es in associa ion wi h he equi emen s o
ans o ming local go e nance models”. Dec ee No. 05/2011/ND-CP on e hnic a ai s and Decision No. 402/QD-TTg (2016)
app o ing he P ojec on de eloping he con ingen o e hnic mino i y cad es, ci il se an s, and public employees in he new
pe iod a e wo undamen al documen s, es ablishing a comp ehensi e policy amewo k om objec i es, objec i es, o
implemen a ion mechanisms.
The s a egy o e hnic a ai s o he pe iod 2021-2030, ision 2045 (issued wi h Decision 1719/QD-TTg, 2021) con inues o
a i m he impo ance o imp o ing he quali y o human esou ces in e hnic mino i y a eas, in which p io i y is gi en o aining
g ass oo s cad es o e hnic mino i ies wi h quali ies, capaci y, p es ige and unde s anding o he cus oms and languages o he
people. The Law on Cad es and Ci il Se an s (2019), Dec ee 101/2017/ND-CP on aining and os e ing cad es, ci il se an s,
and public employees, and guiding ci cula s o he Minis y o Home A ai s ha e c ea ed a uni ied legal co ido , clea ly
s ipula ing he p ocess, con en and me hods o aining, con ibu ing o he ins i u ionaliza ion o he Pa y's policies on e hnic
a ai s.
Cu en policy documen s ha e demons a ed inhe i ance, uni y, and mu ual complemen a i y, aiming a he goal o building a
con ingen o e hnic mino i y cad es o mee he equi emen s o sus ainable de elopmen in moun ainous a eas. Howe e , he
implemen a ion and o ganiza ion o policy implemen a ion in many locali ies s ill ha e many limi a ions, leading o esul s ha
a e no commensu a e wi h he se goals (Ta e al., 2023).
4.2. Achie emen s in Policy Implemen a ion
Cu en ly, he coun y has o e 25,000 e hnic mino i y cad es, ci il se an s, and public employees, accoun ing o abou 22% o
he o al numbe o ci il se an s a he commune le el in moun ainous p o inces. This a e is no high compa ed o he popula ion
s uc u e, bu has had a posi i e change compa ed o he pe iod 2010-2015, e lec ing he ini ial e ec i eness o aining and
de elopmen p og ams o e he pas decade.
Some no able esul s include he expansion and di e si ica ion o he sys em o aining and de elopmen acili ies. P o incial
poli ical schools, egional adminis a i e academies, and poli ical aining cen e s ha e o ganized hund eds o sho - e m aining
cou ses o e hnic mino i y cad es each yea . Many locali ies, such as Lao Cai, Son La, Dak Lak, Gia Lai, and An Giang (o which
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7845
he i s ou p o inces a e in he moun ainous and midland egions, and An Giang has a moun ainous a ea in he Wes o he
Mekong Del a), ha e de eloped pe iodic aining plans linked o job posi ions and job i le s anda ds.
The p og am con en has been g adually inno a ed owa ds p ac icali y and mul i-disciplina y. T aining cou ses ha e ocused
on upda ing knowledge on public adminis a ion, law, leade ship skills, p ojec managemen , digi al skills, applica ion o
in o ma ion echnology, and policy communica ion skills in e hnic mino i y a eas. Some pilo models, such as bilingual aining in
Vie namese - Khme o Vie namese - H'Mong, ha e helped imp o e access o in o ma ion o o icials and people (Chaudh y,
2016).
Financial suppo and lea ning incen i es ha e been implemen ed. Many p o inces ha e issued egula ions o suppo aining
and de elopmen cos s, p io i ize en ollmen , a ange jobs a e aining, o send e hnic mino i y cad es o s udy mas e 's and
doc o al p og ams domes ically and in e na ionally (Dau Tuan, 2023). The ini ial connec ion be ween aining ins i u ions and
local au ho i ies has been es ablished, con ibu ing o imp o ing aining e iciency. Awa eness o Pa y commi ees and
au ho i ies a all le els has been aised. The aining and de elopmen o e hnic mino i y cad es has become an impo an indica o
in he local human esou ce de elopmen plan, in eg a ed in o socio-economic de elopmen p og ams in e hnic mino i y a eas.
The esul s show ha he policy o aining and de eloping e hnic mino i y cad es has con ibu ed posi i ely o imp o ing he
quali y o cad es in moun ainous a eas, g adually o ming a gene a ion o young cad es wi h uni e si y and pos g adua e deg ees,
unde s anding he locali y, and ha ing he abili y o apply managemen knowledge in o p ac ice.
4.3. Limi a ions, Di icul ies, and Causes
The p ac ical implemen a ion o he policy o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas s ill has many
sys ema ic limi a ions. The con en and aining me hods a e no sui able o he cha ac e is ics o e hnic mino i y egions. Mos o
he p og ams a e s ill hea y on heo y, li le p ac ice, and no linked o he cha ac e is ics o language, cul u e, and local
de elopmen needs. Topics on communi y managemen , in e cul u al communica ion skills, and digi al skills ha e no been
widely augh (DeJaeghe e e al., 2015).
Lack o a mechanism o moni o and e alua e policy e ec i eness. Many locali ies do no ha e a se o indica o s o moni o
and e alua e he esul s o aining and os e ing based on ou pu (ou pu -ou come). The e alua ion o en s ops a he numbe o
pa icipan s, no e lec ing he quali y and impac on he capaci y o pe o m public du ies. In es men esou ces a e s ill limi ed.
Funding o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es is la gely based on local budge s, while many moun ainous p o inces
s ill ace di icul ies. Some p og ams ha e o be educed in scale, ime, o canno be main ained con inuously. The e is a lack o
lec u e s who unde s and e hnic cul u e and language (De Nguyen e al., 2025). In i ing expe s and lec u e s wi h p ac ical
expe ience in e hnic mino i y a eas is s ill limi ed. T aining ma e ials and ma e ials ha e no been compiled in bilingual o m,
causing di icul ies o lea ne s.
The planning, use, and o a ion o cad es a e aining a e no e ec i e. Many cases a e aining a e s ill no assigned o
sui able jobs, o do no ha e a mechanism o p omo e capaci y. This educes lea ning mo i a ion and was es esou ces. The impac
o digi al ans o ma ion poses new equi emen s o skills and aining me hods. While he majo i y o e hnic mino i y cad es in
emo e a eas s ill ace di icul ies in echnology in as uc u e, equipmen , and In e ne , online aining p og ams - he cu en
mains eam end - ha e no been widely applied. This inc eases he gap in digi al capaci y be ween cad es in moun ainous and
lowland a eas.
The causes o he abo e limi a ions s em om many ac o s including (1) lack o synch oniza ion in policy design be ween he
cen al and local le els; (2) weak ins i u ional capaci y and in e -sec o al coo dina ion; (3) inconsis en awa eness o he ole o
aining and os e ing in sus ainable de elopmen o e hnic mino i y a eas; and (4) inancial - moni o ing - e alua ion mechanisms
ha a e no esul s-o ien ed.
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. The Le el o Con o mi y Be ween Policy Objec i es and Implemen a ion P ac ices
Analysis o he cu en si ua ion shows ha policies on aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in moun ainous a eas o
Vie nam ha e been planned wi h qui e comp ehensi e goals, aiming o imp o e he quali y o g ass oo s cad es aiming o educe
inequali y in capaci y and de elopmen oppo uni ies be ween egions. When pu in o p ac ice, he gap be ween goals and esul s
is s ill qui e la ge. Policy objec i es a e buil a he cen al le el wi h a wide co e age, while implemen a ion condi ions in each
locali y a e e y di e en , leading o a si ua ion o "one-size- i s-all" policies. The lack o egional-speci ic policies has educed
implemen a ion e ec i eness, causing many aining p og ams o only achie e quan i a i e a ge s wi hou eally c ea ing changes
in adminis a i e capaci y and communi y leade ship skills (T ung, 2021).
In e -sec o al coo dina ion be ween he Minis y o Home A ai s, he Na ional Academy o Public Adminis a ion, and
moun ainous p o inces is s ill loose. The unclea decen aliza ion mechanism leads o o e lapping esponsibili ies and di icul ies
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7846
in moni o ing and e alua ing esul s. This eali y shows ha he policy p ocess should be edesigned lexibly, aking in o accoun
he geog aphical, cul u al, and economic cha ac e is ics o each egion.
5.2. Fac o s A ec ing Policy E ec i eness
F om he esea ch esul s, i is possible o iden i y ou main g oups o ac o s ha di ec ly a ec he e ec i eness o aining and
os e ing policies o e hnic mino i y cad es
Ins i u ional and legal ac o s. Al hough he sys em o legal documen s is qui e comple e, i lacks a speci ic mechanism o
implemen ing policies a he local le el. Regula ions on p og am con en , ou pu s anda ds, and quali y assessmen a e no uni ied,
leading o la ge di e ences be ween p o inces. In addi ion, he lack o mechanisms o encou age cad es o sel -s udy and sel -
de elop, and he lack o policies linking aining wi h planning, p omo ion, and o a ion o cad es ha e educed he mo i a ion o
capaci y de elopmen (F iede ichsen, 2012).
Financial esou ces and acili ies. T aining p og ams in moun ainous a eas a e limi ed by igh budge s, deg aded aining
acili ies, and a lack o mode n eaching equipmen . In he con ex o digi al ans o ma ion, in es men in online aining
pla o ms, elec onic lib a ies, and lea ning managemen sys ems has no been implemen ed synch onously. This makes he
lea ning p ocess o e hnic mino i y cad es hea ily dependen on adi ional cen alized o ms, which a e bo h cos ly and in lexible.
Capaci y and cul u al and social cha ac e is ics o ainees. A pa o e hnic mino i y cad es ha e limi ed educa ion, o eign
languages, and in o ma ion echnology (T ung, 2022). Di e ences in language, cus oms, habi s, and li es yle di ec ly a ec he
p ocess o acqui ing knowledge. In some locali ies, he ea o s udying away om home o he lack o condi ions o ake ca e o
he amily make i impossible o many ainees o ully pa icipa e in he cou ses. The e o e, he design o he p og am needs o
ensu e cul u al sensi i i y and lexibili y in space and ime o s udy.
Quali y o lec u e s and p og am con en . P o incial poli ical and adminis a i e aining ins i u ions ely mainly on pa - ime
lec u e s, ew o whom ha e p ac ical expe ience in e hnic mino i y a eas. The aining p og am is s ill hea ily heo e ical, lacking
p ac ical skills and mode n managemen ools. The lack o in eg a ion o con en on digi al go e nmen , digi al ans o ma ion,
policy communica ion skills, and mul icul u al communi y go e nance makes he p og am unable o keep up wi h he
equi emen s o he new e a.
5.3. In e na ional Compa ison and Lessons Lea ned
The expe ience o se e al mul i-e hnic coun ies in Asia shows ha aining e hnic mino i y cad es is only uly e ec i e when
combined wi h ins i u ional e o m and local decen aliza ion. In China, he policy o egional au onomy helps e hnic locali ies o
p oac i ely de elop aining p og ams sui able o local cul u e, while also mo i a ing e hnic mino i y cad es o s i e o imp o e.
In Thailand, he bilingual aining model combined wi h on-si e aining has p o en e ec i e in imp o ing he abili y o
indigenous cad es o pa icipa e in he adminis a i e appa a us. Laos ocuses on on-si e aining, combined wi h communi y
de elopmen , he eby educing cos s and main aining he bond be ween cad es and people.
Compa ed o in e na ional models, Vie nam has a highly cen alized poli ical-adminis a i e sys em, so policies should be
designed in he di ec ion o s onge decen aliza ion o locali ies, encou aging c ea i i y in building speci ic p og ams. A he
same ime, i is possible o lea n om he expe iences o hese coun ies in building a da abase o e hnic mino i y human
esou ces, applying lexible lea ning p og ams, and compe ency acking sys ems (T an & Wal e , 2010).
5.4. Digi al T ans o ma ion and Requi emen s o Inno a ion in T aining Con en
One o he majo challenges oday is ha digi al ans o ma ion has become a d i ing o ce o inno a ion in aining e hnic
mino i y cad es. While Vie nam is p omo ing he de elopmen o digi al go e nmen and g ass oo s digi al go e nmen , e hnic
mino i y cad es a e he di ec "b idge" be ween ci izens and he s a e. Ci il se an s should be equipped wi h new capaci ies,
including skills in using digi al pla o ms, da a mining, mul imedia communica ion, and decision-making based on digi al
in o ma ion.
The applica ion o a blended lea ning model be ween online and in-pe son aining is a sui able end o moun ainous a eas,
helping o sa e cos s and expand lea ning oppo uni ies o o icials in emo e a eas. Howe e , o implemen e ec i ely, i is
necessa y o in es synch onously in echnology in as uc u e, bilingual elec onic lea ning ma e ials, and a eam o lec u e s wi h
knowledge o digi al skills. A he same ime, i is necessa y o de elop a se o digi al compe ency s anda ds speci ically o
e hnic mino i y o icials, simila o he compe ency amewo k o ci il se an s o e-Go e nmen ha is being issued.
6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS
En e ing a new s age o de elopmen , Vie nam is p omo ing he ans o ma ion o he na ional go e nance model owa ds digi al
go e nmen , digi al socie y, and digi al ci izens, in which he human ac o - especially he g ass oo s cad es and ci il se an s -
plays a decisi e ole. Wi h he cha ac e is ics o moun ainous a eas and e hnic mino i y a eas, he equi emen o aining and
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7847
os e ing cad es is o imp o e p o essional quali ica ions and aim o de elop comp ehensi e capaci y, digi al skills, and
communi y leade ship quali ies.
Con en (SWOT)
Analysis o cu en policies
Solu ion o ien a ion
S eng hs
Full legal sys em;
High awa eness o Pa y commi ees;
Wide aining ne wo k
P omo ing he ole o poli ical-adminis a i e bases;
S anda dizing p og ams acco ding o job posi ions
Weaknesses
Hea y heo e ical con en ;
Lack o e hnic lec u e s;
No ou pu assessmen
Building a digi al compe ency amewo k;
Applying blended lea ning
Oppo uni ies
Digi al ans o ma ion;
Local decen aliza ion;
In e na ional coope a ion o e hnic
mino i y human esou ces
Taking ad an age o digi al echnology;
Socializing aining, public-p i a e pa ne ship
Th ea s
Regional gap;
Language ba ie ;
Lack o s able inancial esou ces
Imp o ing he esul s-based budge mechanism;
Linking aining wi h public se ice assessmen
Figu e 2. O ien a ions o inno a ion in aining and os e ing policies o e hnic mino i y cad es
Figu e 2. The SWOT ma ix helps o comp ehensi ely iden i y ac o s a ec ing aining and os e ing policies o e hnic
mino i y cad es. F om he e, ou main o ien a ions a e o med, including (1) de eloping digi al capaci y and skills; (2) enhancing
egional speci ici y; (3) linking aining wi h planning, use, and e alua ion; (4) p omo ing li elong lea ning. The diag am shows
he mindse o ans o ming policies om “adminis a i e – cen alized” o “capaci y – esul s – digi al adap a ion”. Based on he
analysis o he cu en si ua ion and discussion, ou key inno a ion o ien a ions o he pe iod 2026–2035 can be iden i ied
Fi s , shi ing om aining acco ding o p og ams o aining acco ding o capaci y and job posi ion. T aining con en should
be designed based on he s anda d compe ency amewo k o each posi ion g oup (commune leade s, p o essional depa men s,
specialized cad es on e hnic a ai s, women, you h). Applying he Compe ency-Based T aining model will help pe sonalize he
lea ning pa h, linking aining wi h ou pu s and ac ual needs o he locali y (Văn, 2025).
Second, inc ease speci ici y and lexibili y in p og am design. I is necessa y o de elop sepa a e p og ams o each cul u al-
linguis ic egion, such as he No hwes , Cen al Highlands, Sou h Cen al, o he Khme egion in he Sou h. Cou ses should
combine bilingualism (Vie namese - e hnic mino i ies), ocusing on in e cul u al communica ion skills, communi y managemen ,
and applying legal knowledge in handling adminis a i e si ua ions (Vũ, 2022).
Thi d, in eg a e digi al ans o ma ion con en and mode n so skills. The new policy should conside digi al compe ency as a
manda o y c i e ion in he compe ency amewo k o e hnic mino i y cad es (Michaud, 2022). The aining p og am should
include opics on e-go e nmen , open da a, online public se ice exploi a ion skills, in o ma ion secu i y, and so skills such as
p esen a ion, communi y leade ship, c i ical hinking, and p oblem-sol ing.
Fou h, aining should be linked o planning, use, and ea men o cad es a e aining. Planning wo k needs o ensu e he
p inciples o "lea ning goes hand in hand wi h p ac ice" and " aining goes hand in hand wi h use". A e comple ing he cou se,
cad es mus be e-e alua ed on hei abili y o pe o m public du ies and conside ed o app op ia e job placemen o p omo ion
acco ding o a anspa en and ai compe i ion mechanism (Ha e al., 2024). A he same ime, he e should be policies o
encou age young e hnic mino i y cad es o s i e o s udy, imp o e hei p o essional quali ica ions, and c ea e a sus ainable
sou ce o successo s.
7. CONCLUSION
The policy o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es in he midland and moun ainous egions o Vie nam is one o he
impo an pilla s in he s a egy o sus ainable de elopmen , ensu ing equi y and social cohesion. The cu en policy sys em has
c ea ed a ela i ely comple e legal amewo k, con ibu ing o imp o ing he quali ica ions, awa eness, and public se ice capaci y
o e hnic mino i y cad es. Howe e , he implemen a ion p ocess s ill has many limi a ions in he s ages o p og am design, in e -
sec o al coo dina ion mechanisms, inancial esou ces, and aining e ec i eness assessmen . The gap be ween policy objec i es
and p ac ical esul s shows he u gen need o inno a e he app oach owa ds capaci y - ou pu - egional speci ici y.
Policy on T aining and Fos e ing E hnic Mino i y Cad es in Moun ainous A eas o Vie nam: Cu en Si ua ion and
Inno a ion O ien a ion
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 7848
In he pe iod 2026-2035, he policy o aining and os e ing e hnic mino i y cad es should be o ien ed acco ding o ou
p inciples: (1) comp ehensi e capaci y de elopmen , especially digi al capaci y; (2) linking aining wi h he use and planning o
cad es; (3) s eng hening decen aliza ion and egional speci ici y; (4) encou aging li elong lea ning and inno a ing eaching
me hods. The eby, he e hnic mino i y cad es uly become he co e o ce in local go e nance, a b idge be ween he S a e and he
people, con ibu ing o na owing he de elopmen gap be ween he moun ainous and lowland egions. Policy inno a ion has
p o ound humanis ic and poli ical signi icance, and is a p e equisi e o ealizing he goal o “lea ing no one behind”, owa ds a
sus ainable, inclusi e, and adap i e Vie nam in he digi al ans o ma ion e a.
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