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IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE BY
ADDING HYDROGEN TO THE DIESEL–AIR MIXTURE
Isma o Jumaniyoz ayzullae ich
Candida e o echnical sciences, associa e p o esso . Tashken S a e Technical Uni e si y named
a e o Islom Ka imo . Uzbekis an, Tashken
Email: jumani[email p o ec ed]
Qu bono Khu shid Azama o ich
applican , Tashken S a e T anspo Uni e si y, Uzbekis an, Tashken
Email: xu s[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . This a icle highligh s he p essing issues associa ed wi h he use o in e nal combus ion
diesel engines based on a sys em analysis app oach. The s udy examines he ope a ing condi ions o
diesel-powe ed ehicles in which hyd ogen is used as an addi i e o he uel–ai mix u e, ensu ing
o ced combus ion. Compa ed o gas and elec ic powe sys ems, such an app oach p o ides highe
eliabili y, imp o ed uel economy, en i onmen al cleanliness, and adap abili y o a ious clima ic
condi ions.
Keywo ds: diesel engine, sys em analysis, en i onmen al sa e y, combus ion p ocess, hyd ogen
addi i e, combus ion phases, e ec o hyd ogen on soo o ma ion.
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО
ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ПУТЁМ ДОБАВЛЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА В ТОПЛИВНО-ВОЗДУШНУЮ
СМЕСЬ
Исматов Джуманияз Файзуллаевич
кандидат технических наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный технический университет
имени Ислама Каримова, Узбекистан, Ташкент
Email: jumani[email p o ec ed]
Курбонов Хуршид Азаматович
соискатель, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Узбекистан, Ташкент
Email: xu s[email p o ec ed]
Аннотация. В данной статье с использованием системного анализа рассматриваются
актуальные вопросы эксплуатации дизельных двигателей внутреннего сгорания. Исследованы
условия работы дизельных транспортных средств, в которых водород применяется в качестве
добавки к топливно-воздушной смеси, обеспечивая принудительное воспламенение. По
сравнению с газовыми и электрическими энергетическими установками данный подход
отличается более высокой надёжностью, экономичностью, экологической чистотой и
адаптацией к различным климатическим условиям.
Ключевые слова: дизельный двигатель, системный анализ, экологическая безопасность,
процесс сгорания, добавка водорода, фазы сгорания, влияние водорода на образование сажи.
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In oduc ion.
The u iliza ion o hyd ogen in diesel engines is cons ained by i s high sel -igni ion
empe a u e. The e o e, o ensu e s able combus ion o hyd ogen, diesel engines employ o ced
igni ion, ei he by means o a spa k plug o h ough he igni ion dose o liquid uel. In his case,
hyd ogen can be supplied oge he wi h ai o di ec ly injec ed in o he cylinde s. Howe e , s able
ope a ion o a diesel engine wi h hyd ogen is achie ed only wi hin a na ow ange o uel mix u e
composi ions, which is limi ed by he condi ions o igni ion and de ona ion [6].
Li e a u e Re iew.
Analysis o he combus ion p ocess shows ha he uel en e ing he combus ion chambe (as
p esen ed in Table 1) equi es a ce ain amoun o ime o comple ely e apo a e and oxidize wi h
oxygen. The longe his pe iod, he g ea e he de ia ion o he engine’s heo e ical pa ame e s and
uel quali y om hei op imal alues. The igni ion delay pe iod gene ally co esponds o a c anksha
o a ion angle o 12–25° o 0.001–0.003 s. Table 1 p esen s he combus ion phases and hei
cha ac e is ics wi hin he cylinde o a diesel engine [1].
Table 1.
Combus ion phases and cha ac e is ics in a diesel engine cylinde
Combus ion
phase
C anksha
o a ion
angle, °φ
Du a ion, μs
D ople
diame e ,
μm
Pis on
mo emen
di ec ion
P essu e,
MPa
Tempe a u e,
°C
Igni ion delay
(1s phase)
12–25
0.001–0.003
30–40
Upwa d
2.5–5
750–1000
Rapid
combus ion
(2nd phase)
10–20
0.008–
0.0015
10–20
Upwa d
6–9
1600–1800
Con olled
combus ion
(3 d phase)
15–25
0.0012
Vapo o m
Downwa d
5.5–8
1800–2200
A e bu ning
(4 h phase)
50–60
0.0035–
0.005
Bu ned uel
Downwa d
3–4
630–930
Fo he H₂–CH₄ mix u e, he di usion coe icien is 62.5 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s a 273 K and 72.6 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s a
298 K. In gene al, conside ing ha HHO o hyd ogen ep esen s an ideal combina ion o uel and
oxidize , i comple ely bu ns all exhaus gases wi hou lea ing any esidues, p oducing only wa e
apo (bu no oxygen) as he inal p oduc [2].
P oblem S a emen and Objec i e.
The wide concen a ion limi s o hyd ogen combus ion in ai make i possible o egula e he
uel igni ion p ocess in engine combus ion chambe s wi h high p ecision. Due o he easibili y o
o ganizing he wo king p ocess o in e nal combus ion engines using hyd oca bon–hyd ogen
mix u es, a numbe o s udies ha e been ca ied ou o de e mine he concen a ion limi s o lame
p opaga ion in mul icomponen combus ible gas mix u es.
Expe imen al da a we e ob ained o he lowe concen a ion limi s o lame p opaga ion in CO₂+H₂,
CH₄+H₂, and C₃H₈+H₂ ai mix u es. The ini ial empe a u e o he mix u es was 25 °C. On he abscissa
axis o he g aphs, he ela i e olume ic ac ion o hyd ogen in he composi e uel was deno ed as
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[H₂]/[H₂+CO], [H₂]/[H₂+CH₄], and [H₂]/[H₂+C₃H₈]. Based on hese obse a ions, an impo an
conclusion was d awn ega ding he applicabili y o Le Cha elie ’s empi ical ule o es ima ing he
lowe lammabili y limi in combus ible ai mix u es such as (CO+H₂), (CH₄+H₂), (C₃H₈+H₂),
(CH₄+C₃H₈+H₂), and (CO+CH₄+H₂) [3].
The high alues o he no mal lame p opaga ion eloci y, which a e s ongly dependen on
empe a u e and p essu e, educe he du a ion o physicochemical combus ion p ocesses and
posi i ely in luence he concen a ion o NOₓ emissions and CHₓ compounds in he exhaus gases
unde op imal mix u e condi ions. The in ensi ica ion o hese p ocesses, esul ing om sho e
combus ion du a ion, con ibu es o imp o ing engine e iciency.
Acco ding o a ious es ima es, he maximum no mal lame p opaga ion eloci y in hyd ogen–ai
mix u es anges om 24 o 270 cm/s and is highly dependen on empe a u e (Table 2). The
au oigni ion empe a u e o hyd ogen depends on he mix u e composi ion and o he s oichiome ic
mix u e is app oxima ely 500–510 °C [4].
The maximum eloci y does no co espond o he s oichiome ic a io bu shi s signi ican ly owa d
he lean mix u e egion (α = 1.7). Unde condi ions o high p essu e, empe a u e, and u bulence in
he combus ion chambe , he combus ion a e o hyd ogen mix u es is conside ably highe han he
no mal lame p opaga ion eloci y. Unde hese ci cums ances, he sha p inc ease in lame
p opaga ion a e can cause sel -igni ion o he mix u e in adjacen igni ion cen e s [8].
Table 2.
Dependence o lame p opaga ion eloci y on empe a u e in hyd ogen–ai mix u es
Mix u e empe a u e, °С
20
100
200
300
400
Flame p opaga ion eloci y, m/s
250
400
600
900
1200
Mode n da a on he combus ion a e o diesel–ai mix u es a a mosphe ic p essu e and oom
empe a u e a e p esen ed in [9].
A change in he hyd ogen concen a ion wi hin he (CH₄+H₂) mix u e al e s he hea elease
cha ac e is ics; in pa icula , an inc ease in he hyd ogen con en sha ply educes he combus ion
du a ion.
The high combus ion a e o hyd ogen–ai mix u es and he esul ing high a e o p essu e ise wi hin
he engine cylinde s con ibu e o an inc ease in he engine’s indica ed e iciency.
The wo king p ocess cha ac e is ics o an in e nal combus ion engine ope a ing wi h hyd ogen a e
de e mined by he p ope ies o he hyd ogen–ai mix u e - he combus ion and lame p opaga ion
limi s, lame empe a u e, and ene gy. All hese pa ame e s a e supe io o hyd ogen compa ed o
hyd oca bon uels (Table 3) [10].
Hyd ogen, which possesses a signi ican ly highe lame p opaga ion eloci y han hyd oca bons, ac s
as a kind o “p e-combus ion” ca alys ha igni es he wo king mix u e, ensu ing comple e
combus ion wi hin a sho ime and gene a ing highe p essu e and he mal ene gy. This, in u n,
con ibu es o inc eased o que. As he uel bu ns mo e comple ely, he emission o ha m ul
componen s in he exhaus gases is educed [14].
Table 3.
Dizel a odo odning asosiy xususiya la i
P ope y
Diesel
Hyd ogen
Fuel densi y, kg/m³
860
0,0899
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Minimum igni ion ene gy, MJ
0,23
0,02
Lowe hea ing alue, MJ/kg
43,76
120
S oichiome ic ai equi emen pe
1 kg o uel, kg/kg
14,3
34,3
Maximum lamina lame speed,
m/s
0,20
2,75
Di usion coe icien , cm²/s
0,078
0,63
Concen a ion limi s o lame
p opaga ion, α
αmax –0,9; αmin –5,0
αmax –0,22; αmin –4,0
Resul s.
Hyd ogen is almos an ideal ype o uel; howe e , he main challenge lies in he ac ha
on ou plane , i exis s only in combina ion wi h o he chemical elemen s. The p opo ion o
“pu e” hyd ogen in he a mosphe e does no exceed 0.00005%. Conside ing hese ac s, he
issue o de eloping a hyd ogen gene a o emains highly ele an . The p inciple o ope a ion,
design ea u es, scale, and easibili y o sel -manu ac u ing such a de ice we e examined in his
s udy [11].
The e a e se e al me hods o sepa a ing hyd ogen om o he subs ances, among which
he mos common a e as ollows:
Elec olysis. This is he simples me hod and can e en be pe o med a home. A di ec elec ic
cu en is passed h ough an aqueous solu ion con aining sal , esul ing in a chemical eac ion
ha can be desc ibed by he ollowing equa ion: 2NaCI+2HH2→2NaOH+CI2+H2↑.
In his case, a solu ion o o dina y able sal is used as an example; howe e , his is no he mos
a o able op ion, since he eleased chlo ine is a oxic subs ance, al hough he hyd ogen
ob ained by his me hod is o e y high pu i y (app oxima ely 99.9%).
2. Passing s eam o e hea ed coke. When wa e apo is passed o e coke hea ed o a
empe a u e o abou 1000 °C, he ollowing eac ion occu s: H2O + С ⇔ СО↑ + H2↑.
3. S eam e o ming o me hane. Hyd ogen can be ob ained om me hane h ough s eam
con e sion, wi h he equi ed eac ion empe a u e being app oxima ely 1000 °C: СН4 + H2О
⇔ СО + 3H2.
The second a ian is me hane oxida ion: 2СН4 + О2 ⇔ 2СО + 4H2.
4. Du ing he c acking p ocess (oil e ining), hyd ogen is eleased as a by-p oduc . Fo his
pu pose, indus ial ins alla ions o hyd ogen p oduc ion a e manu ac u ed, ypically in he o m o
memb ane- ype elec olyze s. A simpli ied design and ope a ional p inciple o such a de ice a e
p esen ed in Figu e 1 [12].
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Figu e 1. Simpli ied schema ic o a memb ane- ype hyd ogen gene a o
A - chlo ine d ain ube (Cl₂); B - hyd ogen ou le (H₂); C - anode whe e he eac ion occu s: 2Cl⁻ →
Cl₂ + 2e⁻; D - ca hode, whe e he eac ion can be desc ibed by he ollowing equa ion: 2H₂O + 2e⁻
→ H₂ + 2OH⁻; E - wa e and sodium chlo ide solu ion (H₂O & NaCl); F - memb ane; G - o ma ion
o sa u a ed sodium chlo ide solu ion and caus ic soda (NaOH);
H - b ine and dilu ed caus ic soda ou le ; I - inle o sa u a ed b ine solu ion; J - co e .
Conclusion
The p oposed sys em consis s o hyd ogen p oduc ion equipmen (an elec olyze ins alled in
he engine compa men , al e na i e ene gy sou ces, and an elec ical ene gy accumula o ) and
pipelines o supplying hyd ogen o he powe sys em o he in e nal combus ion engine.
The p ospec s o using hyd ogen as an addi i e o he main uel in o de o imp o e he ope a ing
cycle pa ame e s o an in e nal combus ion engine a e de e mined by he ollowing ac o s:
− he possibili y o educing he oxici y o exhaus gases in e ms o hei main componen s -
CO, CH, and NOₓ;
− he educ ion o ha m ul emissions in exhaus gases achie ed h ough inc eased uel
e iciency;
− he easibili y o implemen ing he p oposed me hod wi hou signi ican design modi ica ions
o he in e nal combus ion engine.
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Ilmiy exnika iy a amaliy ju nali №2/2023. 188-192 be
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oydalanish o qali ekologik xususiya la ini yaxshilash” Kompozi sion ma e ialla Ilmiy exnika iy a
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