3-phase Chemis y:
❑Gas-phase
❑Solid-phase
❑Bulk
❑Single—poin (0D)
❑Time-depeden
❑1D
❑Time-depeden
❑Th. + nTh. deso p.
Compu a ional e iciency
High- empe a u e egimes Low- empe a u e egimes
Fa hes poin
P e-s ella s age Hea ing s age
Closes poin
P e-s ella s age
Hea ing s age
Con ac : nle@s .leidenuni .nl
100 x ISM CR ioniza ion a e
T ~ 250 K
Sg B2(N1) ho co e
70 x ISM CR ioniza ion a e
ALMA Obs: Busch e al. 2022
High-mass p o os a s
APEX Obs: Bouscasse e al. 2024
X(HNCO)/X(NH2CHO) s. Luminosi ies
Obs: Nummelin e al. 2000; Gibb e al. 2000a
Bisschop e al. 2007; López-Sepulc e e al. 2015
