J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
26 | Rahman e al.
RE
RERE
RESEARCH
SEARCHSEARCH
SEARCH
PAPER
PAPERPAPER
PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
Biomass es ima ion and ca bon seques a ion po en ial o
gymnospe ms in he unique ecological milieu o Kalash alley
Chi al, Pakis an
Aziz U
Rahman, As
ad Ullah
*
, Sheeza Za a
Ins i u e o Plan Biodi e si y, Uni e si y o Peshawa , Pakis an
A icle published on June 04, 2025
Key wo ds:
Biomass es ima ion, Ca bon seques a ion po en ial,
Gymnospe ms, Ecological milieu,
Kalash alley,
Chi al, Pakis an
Abs ac
This s udy is o ho oughly in es iga e biomass and o gain comp ehensi e insigh s in o he ca bon
seques a ion dynamics o Gymnospe m ees in h ee sub- alleys wi hin he Kalash egion: Bumbu a e,
Rambu , and Bi i . The s udy honed in on coni e s dis ibu ed abo e an ele a ion o 1800 me e s abo e sea
le el. The species selec ed we e Ced us deoda a, Junipe us excelsa, Pinus ge a diana, and Pinus
wallichiana. Remo e sensing using NDVI indica es ha coni e s cons i u e an expanse o 11,251 hec a es
and 3.325% o he o al 1,048 squa e kilome es selec ed o his s udy. The o al biomass con ibu ion o
he ou Gymnospe m species in he a ea is eco ded a 30.22 onnes pe hec a e, seques e ing 136,171
onnes o ca bon and emi ing a ca bon dioxide equi alen o 499,297 onnes. The Shannon di e si y index
was de e mined o be 1.57, while Simpson's Di e si y Index (D) s ood a 0.78. The s udy ound no able
con ibu ion o Gymnospe ms in ca bon seques a ion and long e m sink o ca bon bo h AGB and BGB.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Asad Ullah asa[email p o ec ed]u.pk
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 26-33, 2025
h p://www.innspub.ne
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
27 | Rahman e al.
In oduc ion
The concen a ion o CO
2
in he a mosphe e has
exponen ially isen o dange ous ange o 800 ppm
(By ne, 2023) i makes en i onmen al conce ns as a
mode n op mos issue. The pi o al ole played by
o es ege a ion in s o ing biomass and ca bon (C)
s ock and p ima y solu ion o mi iga e he impac s in
ising CO
2
Concen a ion (Haq, 2023). To coun e
his issue Fo es ecosys ems ha e he capabili y o
p o ide c ucial ca bon sinks con ibu ing o global
ca bon neu ali y (Xu e al., 2023). I is
unques ionable ha Fo es s play an impo an ole in
ca bon s o age, known as ca bon biomass. They se e
as massi e ca bon eposi o ies and and po en ial sink
o ca bon in he a mosphe e (Bae e al., 2004) by
seques e ing and emo ing ca bon om he
a mosphe e and s o es i as biomass in g een plan s
(Cha an and Rasal, 2012) and aluable and iable
solu ion o mi iga ing clima e change. They hold 92%
o all land-based biomass and s o e abou 400 billion
ons o ca bon (Pan, 2013). Ca bon Biomass is s o ed
in plan s and o he plan ma e ial (Os adhashemi,
2014). The IPCC classi ies biomass ca bon pools in o
AGB, BGB, li e , woody deb is, and soil o ganic
ma e (Nunoo e al., 2006). Assessing biomass and
ca bon budge s is essen ial o assessing p oduc i i y,
sus ainabili y, and ca bon seques a ion capaci y bu
assessmen s p ima ily ely on accu a e biomass
es ima ions (Salunkhe e al., 2023)
Biomass es ima ion is key o e alua e he s a us and
lux ca bon and dynamics o he ecosys em. Biomass
can be es ima ed in a ious ways like Des uc i e o
ha es ing me hod, emo e sensing me hod and non-
des uc i e allome ic equa ion. The equa ions
ailo ed o ind biomass o ees can p o ide mo e
accu a e es ima es o biomass pa icula ly i alida ed
wi h he help o emo e sensing (Na a , 2009). The
es ima ion o biomass and C s ock based on accu a e
local/ egional allome ic models is sui able me hod o
la ge-scale alling o o es ee (Salunkhe e al.,
2023) and be e ma hema ical app oach as
compa ed o des uc i e and manual me hods. As pe
he IPCC, e es ial ecosys ems encompass i e
ca bon pools ela ed o biomass: abo e-g ound
biomass, below-g ound biomass, li e , and woody
deb is, and soil o ganic ma e . AGB is he
p edominan componen o he ca bon pool, se ing
as he mos signi ican and conspicuous ese oi
wi hin he e es ial o es ecosys em (Haq e al.,
2023). Abo eg ound biomass (AGB) in pa icula
se es as a c ucial indica o o ecosys em s uc u e
and unc ionali y, playing a signi ican ole in he
es ima ion o o es ca bon s ocks (Fig. 1).
Fig.
1.
Land co e o Kalash
alley
2022 (Landsa
-
8
image)
Pakis an no dissimila om he wo ld, is acing an
imminen isk o inc eased de o es a ion and o es
deg ada ion by an h opogenic ac i i ies and
exace ba ed by he ad e se e ec s o clima e change
(Hussain and Fa ima, 2015). Luckily Pakis an has
signi ican po en ial o ca bon seques a ion, i.e.,
o es s, ang elands, and ag icul u al lands seques e
up o 225 million ons o CO
2
pe yea (Khila a ,
2022). Acco ding o FAO 2020, Biomass ese oi o
Pakis an is app oxima ely 213 million onnes o
ca bon including o al o es a ea o 4.2 million
hec a es (Mahmood, 2011) 4.57 million ha acco ding
o Bha i, 2011. Nume ous s udies in Pakis an, such as
Nizami e al. (2009) on sub opical pine o es s in
Mu ee hills, Shaheen e al. (2016) on sub opical
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
28 | Rahman e al.
Himalayan o es s (Gha oo , 2020; Nizami e al.,
2009; Shaheen e al., 2016; Khan e al., 2021;
Hamayoon Jalla ; Ami e al., 2018; Ali e al., 2020a;
Sheikh e al., 2012; Nizami, 2012; Ali and Anwa ,
2020; Ma in e al., 2013; A i e al., 2017; Akba e
al., 2023; Raqeeb, 2020) help us o unde s and
Ca bon seques a ion in Pakis an.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy a ea
The a ea cen ed Fo Biomass s udy was Kalash
Valley was on h ee esea ch si es, i.e., Bumbu e ,
Rambu and Bi i , whe ein he in es iga ion del ed
in o he biomass and ca bon s ock speci ically
pe aining o Gymnospe ms, aiming o
unde s anding o Ca bon seques a ion o he A ea.
Ced us deoda a, Junipe us exelsa, Pinus
ge a diana and Pinus wallichiana we e
Gymnospe m ees o he a ea.
Chi al, a moun ain locked land, si ua ed be ween 35
0
15
/
o 36
0
55
/
No h la i udes and 71
0
11
/
o 73
0
51
/
Eas
longi udes. I co e s an a ea o 14,850 km² (DCR,
1998) (Ali and Qaise , 2009) while Lowe Chi al
(es ablished in 2018) is a dis ic in he Malakand
di ision co e ing 6,458 km² and loca ed be ween 35°
and 37° N la i udes and 71° and 22° o 74° E
longi udes (GoP). 40 km downs eam om Chi al
ci y lies Kalash Valley, posi ioned wi hin 35° 70
/
o
35°42
/
No h La i ude and 71°69
/
o 71°41
/
Eas
Longi ude. The ele a ion anges om 1900 o 2200
(DCR, 1998), (Open Loca ion Code 8J7 HPM6H). The
alley comp ises h ee sub- alleys and esea ch si e in
his s udy a e Bumbu e , Rumbo , and Bi i . They a e
bblessed wi h di e se lo a, o oak and coni e ous
o es s, ich biodi e si y and indigenous cul u e.
Kalash a e belie ed o be descended om Alexande
he G ea 's a my (Hadi and Ib a , 2015; Ullah e al.,
2014; Zeb, 2019). Rambu , posi ioned a a highe
ele a ion han Bumbu e , is enowned o i s eeding
glacie s and alpine meadows. Bumbu e , he la ges
alley among he Kalash alley is si ua ed a
coo dina es 35º 41' N and 71º 38' E. The a ea is
cha ac e ized by ugged opog aphy and s eep slopes.
Rambu is posi ioned be ween coo dina es 35º 46' N
and 71º 40' E, si ua ed o he no h o Bumbu e in
p oximi y o abou 8 kilome es. Bi i alley is loca ed
a he sou he nmos end o Chi al ci y. In con as o
he o he wo alleys, i has na owe wid h, a
coo dina es 35º 40' N and 71º 45' E and an ele a ion
o 1360 me e s (Zeb, 2019). Inhabi an s o he a ea
ely hugely on o es and o es y p oduc s o hei
li elihood. Acco ding o Aziz and Nadi a (2003),
app oxima ely 25 housand me ic ons o o es wood
is used as a sou ce o uel o 13% o he popula ion
(I um e al., 2014).
The alley expe iences ha sh and snowy win e s,
some ime as low as -20°C in ce ain a eas and
summe anging om 15 o 25°C. The monsoon
season con ibu ing signi ican ly o annual
p ecipi a ion om 1500 o 2500 mm pe yea (Ali,
2010). In Gymnospe ms Ced us deoda a, Junipe us
sp., Pinus ge a diana and Pinus wallichiana along
wi h Que cus spp. domina e he na u al o es o he
a ea (Hadi e al., 2014; She e al., 2003; FAO, 2010).
Sampling and ield campaign
Ci cula plo s, wi h a adius o 17.84 me e s
(equi alen o 0.1 hec a es), we e deployed wi hin he
expanse o gymnospe m o es o Kalash alley using
geog aphic coo dina es ob ained h ough andom
sampling as used by Ismail e al., 2017. The
e inemen o plo adius was achie ed by applying
slope co ec ion ac o s. Fo measu emen o
Diame e a B eas Heigh (DBH), ees wi h
diame e s exceeding 5 cen ime es and heigh
su passing 2 me e s we e eco ded wi hin he
con ines o each designa ed plo . Fo his pu pose
Diame e Tape (D-Tape) was used. Fo ee heigh
Haga Al ime e was used. Reading was penned down
along wi h Coo dina es eco ded by GPS. Fo es
image y was cap u ed using a digi al came a. Fo
be e compa ison Image o SAT 8 we e also aken.
Occu ence and dis ibu ion o ee species/ T ee
e enness and di e si y index
T ees and communi y we e iden i ied ollowed by
Vege a ion analysis i.e., T ee heigh , DBH, Basal A ea
(BA), Rela i e F equency (RF), Rela i e Densi y (RD),
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
29 | Rahman e al.
Rela i e Abundance (RA), Rela i e Co e , and
Impo ance Value Index (IVI) using he o mulae
used by Ismail e al., 2017. Reg ession model o
Heigh s and DBH we e calcula ed o each ee and
si es. T ee species di e si y index, i.e., Shannon
Di e si y Index (H') (Equa ion 1) and Simpson
Di e si y Index (Equa ion 2).
H=−(Pi×lnPi)
Eq.1
Whe e H/ is Shanon Di e si y Index, Pi is F ac ion o
en i e popula ion made up o species i, and s is
numbe o species encoun e ed and ln is na u al
algo a hm.
D=∑(n/N)2 Eq. 2
Whe e D is Simpson Di e si y Index, n is o al
numbe o pa icula species and N is numbe o o al
ees. The alue o D anges om 0- 1. 0 means
in ini e di e si y and 1 means no di e si y.
T ee allome ic equa ions o biomass es ima ion
To es ima e he abo e-g ound ee biomass (AGTB),
T ee allome ic equa ions speci ic o he selec ed
species, de eloped by p e ious esea che s we e
employed. These equa ions a e, i.e., M= Ln (D
2
H)
n
Ced us deoda a = 0.0491(D
2
H)
0.9167
Eq. 3
Pinus oxbu ghii =0.0224(D
2
H
)0.9767
Eq. 4
Pinus ge a diana = 0.0253D
2.6077
Eq. 5
Junipe us exelsa = 0.1645 × (p × Dˆ2 × H)ˆ0.8586
Eq. 6 (Ali e al., 2015)
Whe e M is D y biomass o he ee in kilog am; D is
Diame e a B eas Heigh in cen ime e; H is To al
heigh o ee in m; Ln is Na u al Loga i hm and p is
wood densi y. Used by Ali (2020).
Below G ound Biomass, abo e g ound Ca bon, below
g ound ca bon andCO2 equi alen we e calcula ed
using exi ing li e a u e as ollowing.
BGB=AGB*R/S (BGB is below g ound Biomass R is
oo and S is shoo . R/ S= 0.27 Eq. 7 (Ali e al., 2017)
AGC=0.47*AGB (AGC is Abo e G ound Ca bon) Eq. 8
(Ali e al., 2020a)
BGC=0.26*AGB (BGC is below g ound ca bon) Eq. 9
(IPCC, 2008)
e Value=CS ock*44/12 (CO
2
equi alen ) Eq. 10
(Pea son e al., 2007)
Valida ion o coni e o es by h ough emo e
sensing and image y
To alida e ield s udies sa elli e image y o
gymnospe ms o Augus 2023 o Kalash Valley was
aken om om he Land-sa 8 Ope a ional Land
Image (OLI) on 08-12-2023. Bounda ies d awn
based on GPS USGS Ea h Explo e . Mul i empo al
sa elli e images 2023 we e downloaded om Uni ed
S a e o Geological Su ey websi e
h p://glo is.usgs.go /). Remo e sensing so wa e,
such as ENVI o QGIS, we e used o isualize he
sa elli e. The LULC classi ica ion is a clus e ing
algo i hm known as ISO Da a Analysis Techniques;
sel -o ganizing (ISO) A (ISODATA), which was used
o he pu pose as used by Khan e al., 2016. The
me hodology used by Tau ik 2016; Huang, 2021 and
Ha oyo, 2022. The da a was p io con i med by
Ques ionnai e me hod and hec ic ield su ey om
2021-2023 in a ious season.
Resul s
Gymnospe ms ees Ced us deoda a, Junipe us
excelsa, Pinus ge a diana, and Pinus wallichiana,
ocused in his s udy, we e obse ed o play a
subs an ial ole in ca bon seques a ion wi h
ecological con ibu ion encompassing 11,251 hec a es
ou o he o al 104,800 hec a es (Fig. 2). The
ele a ion o hese ees a e 1,830 - 2,745 masl, 2,700
masl, 2,000 - 3,500 masl and abo e 2, 900 masl
espec i ely. Que cus dila a and Qe cs baloo we e
ound o o e lap in lowe al i ude and domina e
below 1,800 masl in he a ea as s udied by (Khan e
al., 2010). Da a o FAO shows coni e o es sp ead in
he a ea o 11251 hac e s while emo e sensing shows
3.325% o 1048 km
2
o al a ea selec ed o his s udy.
O e all he a ea is ba en and ege a ion is chie ly
domina ed by Que cus dila a and Qe cus baloo .
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
30 | Rahman e al.
Fig. 2.
Ca bon s ocking by coni e ees
Fig. 3.
Reg essional model DBH o
heigh
o
C.
deoda a
Fig. 4.
Reg essional model
D
BH o heigh o
J. exelsa
Fig. 5.
Reg essional Model DBH o
heigh
o
P.
ge a diana
Ced us deoda a, o alling 126,845 onne in biomass
o he a eas and con ibu ing o a ca bon s ock o
59,617 onnes and seques e ing app oxima ely
218,596 onnes o equi alen ca bon dioxide (e-CO
2
).
I also s ands all wi h an a e age diame e a b eas
heigh (DBH) o 20.25 cm and heigh o 26.95 m, BA
o 2.45 m², RA a 28.63%, RF o 50% and RD o
29.57%, signi ying i s ecological p ominence.
Reg ession o DBH and heigh o Ced us deoda a
was 0.4561 (Fig. 3). While Junipe us excelsa
exhibi ed o al biomass 75,171 onnes and lowe in
p opo ion (Fig. 4). I p esen s a compa a i ely
smalle p o ile wi h a e age DBH o 19.64 cm and a
sho e a e age heigh o 11.22 and eg ession
ajec o y o R
2
equal o 0.0205 i showed BA o 2.29
m², RA o 21.89%, RF o 47.5%, and RD o 22.61%.
Pinus ge a diana, cha ac e ized by an a e age DBH
o 21.64 cm and an a e age heigh o 18.88 m and
linea eg ession o 0.4732, BA o 2.74 m², RA o
36.74%, RF o 54%, and RD o 37.93%, unde lining i s
ecological signi icance and dominance wi h an
a e age AGB o 88.99 kg pe ee, con ibu ed a o al
AGB o 37,982 onnes (Fig. 5).
Fig. 6.
Reg essional Model DBH o
heigh
o
P.
walli ana
Fig. 7.
No. o c
oni e s
in compa ison
The biomass pe hec a e o Pinus ge a diana was
3.38 onnes, con ibu ing o a ca bon s ock o 17,851
onnes and seques e ing app oxima ely 65,456 onnes
o e-CO
2
. Pinus wallichiana, al hough small in
numbe exhibi ed he highes a e age AGB, wi h
444.07 kg pe ee (Fig. 6). The biomass pe hec a e
o Pinus wallichiana was 5.84 onnes, con ibu ing
o a ca bon s ock o 30,884 onnes and seques e ing
a ound 113,242 onnes o e-CO
2
. The DBH was 26.61
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
31 | Rahman e al.
cm and o 30.94 m in a e age, and R
2
equal o 0.4561.
I has BA/Hac o 0.40 m² and highes among o he
coni e s (Fig. 7).
Fig. 8.
LULC Map o
coni e and non coni e
in
Kalash alley using NDVI 2023
Da a ob ained om Land-sa 8, de ailing land co e
and land use change (LCLUC) (Fig. 8) in he Kalash
Valley o alida e g ound s udies, p esen s an analysis
o he dis ibu ion o o he ege a ion ca ego ies,
e ealing a nuanced landscape composi ion.
Gymnospe ms, speci ically coni e s, al hough lowe in
composi ion in niche co e ing 3.23% o he Kalash
Valley bu o signi ican impo an mos ly domina ing
High ele a ion. Among o he ca ego ies, wa e bodies
accoun o 14.26% o he o al a ea, ba en land
comp ises a 22.5% o he landscape, a subs an ial
p esence o he baceous ege a ion in 24.86% o he
a ea. Sh ubs con ibu e o 22.02% o he a ea, a
di e se g oup o lowe ing plan s, occupying 13.1% o
he landscape.
Discussion
UN -FAO es ima e ha he wo ld has los one- hi d o
i s o es and 10 million hec a es o o es a e being
clea ed pe yea which is damaging na u al balance
i epa ably. Fo es s, in eg al in he clima e change
landscape, se e as long e m ca bon sinks (Ali e al.,
2023). To undo such ca as ophic loss scien i ic
e alua ion o cha coun e measu e is c ucial. As
hey a e la ges ese oi o Ca bon so necessi a e
accu a e biomass assessmen s o ack empo al
changes ca bon cycle. The es ima ion o o es
biomass in ol es g ound su eys o emo e sensing,
wi h ield su ey wi h des uc i e and non-des uc i e
sampling. The o me , as elucida ed by Gibbis (2007),
includes ha es ing all ees and measu ing a ious
pa s' biomass. On he o he hand Allome ic,
explained by Gha oo (2020), p o ides a
ma hema ical and s a is ical unde s anding in
ela ion o biomass.
Va ious esea che s in Pakis an ha e con ibu ed o
Biomass es ima ion o he coun y. Sa angzai e al., 2012
s udied aboiu Junipe in Balochis an and e ealed 278
ees wi h an es ima ed a e age ca bon con en o 1.96
ons pe hec a e. Ami e al. (2018) e ealed abou he
abo eg ound biomass o Pinus oxbu ghii and ound
weak co ela ions be ween ee cha ac e is ics and
biomass. Ali e al. (2020) epo ed a ia ions in ee
dimensions, while Sheikh e al. (2012) p o ided
es ima es o diame e a b eas heigh (DBH), heigh ,
and s and densi y. Ali and Anwa 's (2020) esea ch in
Khybe Pakh unkhwa highligh ed di e se soil ca bon
densi ies ac oss di e en o es ypes. Ma in e al.
(2013) ound he subs an ial ole o opical o es s in he
e es ial ca bon balance. A i e al. (2017) conduc ed
a ho ough assessmen o ca bon seques a ion in he
Chichawa ni I iga ed Plan a ion in Pakis an. Akba
e al. (2023) epo ed on he o es s uc u e in
Ska du, while Ali e al. (2023) de eloped an
allome ic equa ion o Ced us deoda a in no he n
a eas. Raqeeb (2020) conduc ed a comp ehensi e
o es in en o y in Gilgi Bal is an, es ima ing abo e-
g ound biomass. Simila ly, a s udy in Malakand,
Khybe Pakh unkhwa, p o ided es ima es o
abo eg ound and belowg ound ca bon, as well as he
o al ee ca bon s ock. Ahmad e al. (2014)
conduc ed a s udy on biomass and ca bon s ocks in
coni e ous o es s o Di Kohis an, KPK. They
epo ed an a e age biomass o 264.53 Mg ha
-1
ac oss
all o es s ands, wi h mean ca bon s ocks we e
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
32 | Rahman e al.
140.37 Mg ha
-1
o deoda o es , 134.60 Mg ha
-1
o
deoda kail o es , 142.40 Mg ha
-1
o mixed
coni e ous o es , and 111.68 Mg ha
-1
o mixed i -
sp uce o es .
Re e ences
Ahmad A, Mi za SN, Nizami SM. 2014. Assessmen
o biomass and ca bon s ocks in coni e ous o es o Di
Kohis an, KPK. Pakis an Jou nal o Ag icul u al
Sciences 51(2).
Ak am U, Shahzad N, Saeed U, Naeem S,
Hashmi SGM, Iqbal IA. 2012. Junipe o es bel
assessmen using objec -based image analysis, Sulaiman
Range, Pakis an. In: P oceedings o he 7 h In e na ional
Con e ence on Coope a ion and P omo ion o
In o ma ion Resou ces in Science and Technology,
Nanjing, China, 22–25 No embe 2012.
Ali A, Ash a MI, Gulza S, Akmal M, Ahmad B.
2020. Es ima ion o soil ca bon pools in he o es s o
Khybe Pakh unkhwa P o ince, Pakis an. Jou nal o
Fo es y Resea ch 31, 2313–2321.
Ali A, I ikha M, Ahmad S, Muhammad S, Khan
A. 2016. De elopmen o allome ic equa ion o
biomass es ima ion o Ced us deoda a in d y empe a e
o es s o No he n Pakis an. Jou nal o Biodi e si y and
En i onmen al Sciences 9, 43-50.
Ali H, Qaise M. 2009. The e hnobo any o Chi al
alley, Pakis an wi h pa icula e e ence o medicinal
plan s. Pakis an Jou nal o Bo any 41(4), 2009–2041.
Ali S, Ali W, Khan S, Khan A, Rahman ZU, Iqbal
A. 2017. Fo es co e change and ca bon s ock
assessmen in Swa alley using emo e sensing and
geog aphical in o ma ion sys ems. Pu e and Applied
Biology 6, 850–856.
Bae MS, Schaue JJ, DeMin e JT, Tu ne JR.
2004. Hou ly and daily pa e ns o pa icle-phase
o ganic and elemen al ca bon concen a ions in he
u ban a mosphe e. Jou nal o he Ai and Was e
Managemen Associa ion 54(7), 823–833.
Cha an B, Rasal G. 2012. To al seques e ed
ca bon s ock o Mangi e a indica. Jou nal o
En i onmen and Ea h Science 2(1).
FAO. 2020. Global o es esou ces assessmen
2020 – Key indings. Rome: Food and Ag icul u e
O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions.
h ps://doi.o g/10.4060/ca8753en
Gha oo GZ, Sha i F, Khan AU, Shahzad L,
Hayya MU. 2020. Assessmen o ee biomass
ca bon s ock o a sub opical sc ub o es , Soan
Valley, Pakis an. Applied Ecology and
En i onmen al Resea ch 18(2).
Haq SM, Rashid I, Waheed M, Khu oo AA.
2023. F om o es loo o ee op: Pa i ioning o
biomass and ca bon s ock in mul iple s a a o
o es ege a ion in Wes e n Himalaya.
En i onmen al Moni o ing and Assessmen 195(7),
812.
Ha oyo AP, Pamoengkas P, Mudzaky RH,
Khai unnisa S, Ramadhi, Munawi A,
Koma udin K, Hidaya i S, Sunka A. 2022.
Es ima ion o ege a ion co e changes using
no malized di e ence ege a ion index (NDVI) in
Moun Halimun Salak Na ional Pa k, Indonesia.
IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al
Science 1109, 012068.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012068
Huang S, Tang L, Hupy JP, Wang Y, Shao G.
2021. A commen a y e iew on he use o
no malized di e ence ege a ion index (NDVI) in
he e a o popula emo e sensing. Jou nal o
Fo es y Resea ch 32, 1–6.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11676-020-01155-1
Hussain K, Fa ima M. 2015. Unde s anding he
ins i u ional se up and policies in he con ex o
Pakis an’s REDD+ p og amme. In: Mul i-Scale
Fo es Biomass Assessmen and Moni o ing in he
Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Geospa ial
Pe spec i e, 46.
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
25
33 | Rahman e al.
IPCC. 2007. Clima e Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Con ibu ion o Wo king G oup I o he
Fou h Assessmen Repo o he In e go e nmen al
Panel on Clima e Change. In: Solomon S, Qin D,
Manning M, Chen Z, Ma quis M, A e y KB, Tigno
M, Mille HL (eds). Camb idge, UK and New Yo k,
USA: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Khan IA, Khan WR, Ali A, Naz e M. 2021.
Assessmen o abo e-g ound biomass in Pakis an
o es ecosys em’s ca bon pool: A e iew. Fo es s
12(5), 586.
Khan N, Ahmed M, Wahab M, Ajaib M. 2010.
Phy osociology, s uc u e and physiochemical
analysis o soil in Que cus baloo G i . o es , Dis ic
Chi al, Pakis an. Pakis an Jou nal o Bo any 42(4),
2429–2441.
Mahmood K. 2011. Con o mi y o quali y
cha ac e is ics o ex books: The illusion o ex book
e alua ion in Pakis an. Jou nal o Resea ch and
Re lec ions in Educa ion 5(2), 170–190.
h ps://ue.edu.pk/j e/a icles/52006.pd
Ma in PA, New on AC, Bullock JM. 2013. Ca bon
pools eco e mo e quickly han plan biodi e si y in
opical seconda y o es s. P oceedings o he Royal
Socie y B 280, 22–36.
Nizami SM, Mi za SN, Li esley S, A nd S, Fox
JC, Mahmood T. 2009. Es ima ing ca bon s ocks in
sub- opical pine (Pinus oxbu ghii) o es s o Pakis an.
Jou nal o Fo es y Resea ch 20(2), 205–209.
Nizami SM. 2012. The in en o y o he ca bon s ocks
in sub- opical o es s o Pakis an o epo ing unde
Kyo o P o ocol. Jou nal o Fo es y Resea ch 23(3),
377–384.
Nunoo FKE, Eggles on DB, Vande puye CJ.
2006. Abundance, biomass and species composi ion
o nea sho e ish assemblages in Ghana, Wes
A ica. A ican Jou nal o Ma ine Science 28(3–4),
689–696.
Os adhashemi R, Shah aji TR, Roehle H,
Limaei SM. 2014. Es ima ion o biomass and ca bon
s o age o ee plan a ions in no he n I an. Jou nal
o Fo es Science 60(9), 363–371.
Raqeeb A, Nizami SM, Saleem A, Ansa i L,
Gulza S, Ali B, Saleem M. 2020. Biomass
allome ic equa ions o na u ally g owing Ced us
deoda a in d y empe a e o es ecosys ems. Pakis an
Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch 33, 498–507.
Salunkhe OR, Val i GR, Singh S, Rane GM,
Khan ML, Saxena V, Kha e PK. 2023. Fo es
ca bon s ock and biomass es ima ion in Wes Cen al
India using wo allome ic models. Ca bon Resea ch
2(1), 9.
Sa angzai AM, Ahmed M, Ahmed A, Ta een L,
Jan SU. 2012. The ecology and dynamics o
Junipe us excelsa o es in Balochis an, Pakis an.
Pakis an Jou nal o Bo any 44(5), 1617–1625.
Shaheen H, Khan RWA, Hussain K, Ullah TS,
Nasi M, Mehmood A. 2016. Ca bon s ocks
assessmen in sub opical o es ypes o Kashmi
Himalayas. Pakis an Jou nal o Bo any 48, 2351–
2357.
Ullah A, Rashid A, Pa een SN. 2014. Medicinal
plan s used in he isola ed egion o Bumbu e ,
Kalash Valley, Dis ic Chi al, Pakis an. Pakis an
Jou nal o Weed Science Resea ch 20(3). A ailable
a : h ps://sea ch.ebscohos .com
Xu H, Yue C, Zhang Y, Liu D, Piao S. 2023.
Fo es a ion a he igh ime wi h he igh species can
gene a e pe sis en ca bon bene i s in China.
P oceedings o he Na ional Academy o Sciences
120(41), e2304988120.
Zeb A, Hamann A, A ms ong GW, Acuna-
Cas ellanos D. 2019. Iden i ying local ac o s o
de o es a ion and o es deg ada ion in he Kalasha
alleys o Pakis an. Fo es Policy and Economics 104,
56–64.
