Design o an End- o-End and Open-Sou ce
5G MBS SDR Valida ion Pilo
Ca los Ba jau Es e an
Ins i u o de Telecomunicaciones y
Aplicaciones Mul imedia
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València
Valencia, Spain
ORCID: 0000-0002-4258-6113
Da id Gómez-Ba que o
Ins i u o de Telecomunicaciones y
Aplicaciones Mul imedia
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València
Valencia, Spain
ORCID: 0000-0003-2610-7765
Jaime Sanchéz Roldán
Ins i u o de Telecomunicaciones y
Aplicaciones Mul imedia
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València
Valencia, Spain
ORCID: 0000-0002-3262-055X
Ma ía del Ma Mo eno Escaño
Ins i u o de Tecnologías e Ingenie ía
del So wa e
Uni e sidad de Málaga
Málaga, Spain
Bo ja Iñes a
Ins i u o de Telecomunicaciones y
Aplicaciones Mul imedia
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València
Valencia, Spain
ORCID: 0000-0002-1613-616X
Abs ac —Poin - o-Mul ipoin (P M) communica ions we e
iden i ied by 3GPP as a equi emen du ing he s a o 5G.
Despi e his, i was no un il Release 17 ha he New Radio (NR)
na i e P M mode was s anda dized, named 5G Mul icas
B oadcas Sys ems (MBS). Mos no ably, i added new Ne wo k
Func ions in he 5G Co e while ully eu ilizing NR physical
laye o ease adop ion and up ake amongs manu ac u e s. In
his con ex , he pape p o ides he design and goals o an MBS
alida ion pilo , ully end- o-end ( om 5G Co e o Recei e )
based on open-sou ce implemen a ion om he 5G-MAG
Re e ence Tools eposi o ies. Mo eo e , his expe imen
le e ages he p og ammabili y o So wa e-De ined Radio
equipmen and expe imen a ion amewo k p o ided by he
Eu opean 6G-SANDBOX SNS p ojec , he T ial Ne wo k
Li ecycle Manage o o ches a e and log he measu emen s
pe o med.
Keywo ds—3GPP, B oadcas , Mul icas , SDR, Open-Sou ce,
SNS, Rel-18
I. INTRODUCTION
The ITU has published he equi emen s o he 6G
echnology, called IMT-2030, in June 2023 [1]. Acco dingly,
3GPP will p epa e a candida e echnology o align wi h he
ITU submission p ocess, wi h ini ial 6G s udies beginning in
Release 20 [2]. Howe e , his does no mean ha 5G
speci ica ion wo k will s op. The la es elease e sion o 5G
is known as 5G-Ad anced, and i aims o e ine all he
p omised unc ionali ies om 5G while expanding he ma ke
oppo uni ies. In his ega d, Poin - o-Mul ipoin (P M) was
no speci ied un il Release 17, despi e being one o he o iginal
equi emen s o he 5G Sys em [3].
P M is he abili y and he unc ion o send he da a once o
se e al use s wi hou eplica ing packe s. Inside 3GPP,
se e al P M solu ions al eady exis : LTE-based 5G B oadcas
[4], comple ed in Rel-16, which is a Digi al Te es ial
Tele ision (DTT) capable solu ion. As i is an e olu ion o
enhanced Mul icas B oadcas Mul imedia Se ices
(eMBMS), i inco po a es se e al new logic unc ions in he
EPC and equi es speci ic wa e o m in he eNB o unc ion,
alongside a synch oniza ion p o ocol be ween eNBs o ensu e
he Single F equency Ne wo k ope a ion.
On he o he hand, P M in he 5G Sys em in ol es he use o
mul icas deli e y o se e al gNodeBs a Co e le el, while in
he RAN, he same New Radio (NR) se ices and signals o
mul iple use s o use -g oups. To do so, 3GPP de ined in Rel-
17 he 5G Mul icas B oadcas Se ice o MBS, adding
componen s o he 5G Co e and (op ional) Se ice Laye
while eusing he NR PHY laye . MBS suppo s bo h
B oadcas (no uplink) and Mul icas (HARQ e ansmissions).
Mo e in o o all he inno a ions o MBS can be ound in [5];
and he 3GPP a chi ec u al enhancemen s is loca ed a [6].
MBS bene i s a e wo- old: P M as a se ice e.g. Digi al
Te es ial Tele ision and a ne wo k op imiza ion o scalable
media deli e y. Fo e icals, Public P o ec ion and Disas e
Relie (PPDR) and Vehicula o E e y hing (V2X) al eady
inco po a e 5G mul icas signals ha a e equi ed o
ope a ion and 5G connec i i y. Se e al o he sec o s can be
expanded wi h he inclusion o MBS: 1) Media and
En e ainmen , as P M is a mean o massi ely deli e y con en
in a scalable way; 2) Public Wa ning Se ices (PWS) can
le e age he wide each capabili ies and inc eased bandwid h
o MBS o send mul imedia ich ala ms o e deeply g anula
geog aphical a eas; 3) In e ne o Things (IoT), o massi ely
i mwa e upda es o wide a ea senso s; and 4) Non-Te es ial
Ne wo ks, while no a e ical, can also bene i om MBS, as
i ully euses 5G p o ocols and use he ex a co e age.
MBS has ga he ed academic in e es : in [7], ATSC 3.0 and
MBS a e compa ed o handheld applica ions; in [8], he
pe o mance o MBS is e alua ed sys em-wide; in [9], he
au ho s explo e an hyb id deli e y sys em using MBS o e
NTN and unicas .
Howe e , he e a e no comme cial deploymen s o he sys em,
no o - he-shel de ices ha suppo his mode. In o de o
pe o m MBS es ing and p o o yping, i is equi ed o being
able o cus omize and ex end bo h he 5G Co e, RAN and UE.
Se e al open-sou ce 5G solu ions exis nowadays, such as
OpenAi In e ace, s sRAN, ee5GC and Open5GS. To ill
he gap in he adio ansmi ing (gNB) and ecei ing pa
(UE/de ice), So wa e-De ined Radio equipmen (SDR) has
been chosen, due o i s lexibili y in p o o yping and es ing
new wi eless echnologies wi hou equi ing echnology-
locked ha dwa e speci ic solu ions.
In his pape , we desc ibe an end- o-end and ully open-sou ce
MBS alida ion pilo based on s sRAN o he ecei e and
gNodeB, and Open5GS o he 5GC. The alida ion pilo will
make use o he 6G-SANDBOX p ojec T ial Ne wo k
Li ecycle Manage (TNCLM) [10]. The pape is s uc u ed as
ollows: Sec ion II desc ibes he echnology solu ions used,
while Sec ion III ou lines he unc ionali ies o he pla o m.
Sec ion IV desc ibes he expe imen a ion plan. Sec ion V
closes wi h he conclusions and u u e wo k o he SDR pilo .
II. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
The expe imen aims o e i y an in e ope able alida ion
pilo o MBS ully based on open-sou ce solu ions. To do so,
he alida ion pilo inco po a es open-sou ce componen s,
such as he MB-UPF, MB-SMF, and SDR-enabled gNB and
UEs, adap ed o MBS unc ionali ies. This de elopmen is
ully in eg a ed in o he Eu opean SNS p ojec 6G-
SANDBOX. The MBS alida ion pilo will expand he ial
ne wo k po olio wi h a b oadcas -enabled one. I is buil
upon he 5G-MAG Re e ence Tools and seeks o e alua e he
e iciency and scalabili y o MBS agains adi ional unicas
me hods. Subsequen subsec ions will de ail he SDR
equipmen used, he open-sou ce code de ails and he
TNCLM o expe imen o ches a ion.
A. SDR Equipmen
The RAN and UE pa o he Valida ion Pilo is enabled
hanks o SDR equipmen . SDR allows o agile p o o yping
o mobile communica ions sys ems, including 4G, 5G, and
u u e 6G echnologies. This in as uc u e enables ull
digi al implemen a ion o adio sys ems, whe e adio laye
unc ionali ies such as modula ion, coding, and in e lea ing
a e execu ed in so wa e, quick adap a ion o swi ch be ween
s anda ds. UPV labo a o y hos s a o al o en SDR de ices—
se en wi h embedded p ocesso s and E he ne connec i i y,
and h ee connec ed ia USB 3.0—enabling a ange o
deploymen scena ios. Synch oniza ion ac oss mul iple
de ices is suppo ed h ough a dedica ed Oc oClock CDA-
2990 e e ence signal gene a o , which is essen ial o p ecise
MIMO o Single-F equency Ne wo k (SFN) con igu a ions.
In e ms o adio capabili ies, he a ailable SDR ha dwa e
includes h ee USRP B210 uni s, i e USRP N310, and wo
USRP N321 de ices, each wi h unique speci ica ions in e ms
o equency ange, bandwid h, and ou pu powe , which can
be seen in Table 1.
Table 1: SDR equipmen speci ica ions a UPV SDR labo a o y
Model Channels F equencies
Bandwid h
Ou pu
Powe
B210 2TX & 2RX
70 MHz – 6
GHz
20 MHz 20 dBm
N310 4TX & 4RX
10 MHz – 6
GHz
100 MHz -15 dBm
N321 2TX & 2RX
3 MHz – 6
GHz
200 MHz -15 dBm
The es bed’s high-speed swi ching ab ic, comp ised o a
Laye 2 and 3 E he ne swi ch wi h SFP+/QSFP+ in e aces,
p o ides 10/40 Gbps connec i i y, acili a ing emo e access
and high- h oughpu da a exchange. These speci ica ions
enable he labo a o y o se e no jus as a de elopmen
pla o m bu as a ull expe imen a ion acili y, suppo ing
dynamic alloca ion o SDR de ices and ne wo k
econ igu a ion in eal ime. The SDR pla o m in eg a es
seamlessly wi h open-sou ce so wa e en i onmen s such as
s sRAN and OpenAi In e ace, bo h o which p o ide 4G and
5G s ack implemen a ions.
B. 5G-MAG Re e ence Tools
The 5GC and he NG-RAN u ilized o he MBS alida ion
pilo a e so wa e-based and open sou ce, le e aging he 5G-
MAG Re e ence Tools. In de ail, an Open5GS o k enhanced
o suppo MBS ea u es o ms he 5GC and he equi ed and
modi ied Ne wo k Func ions; while he RAN and UE a e
p o ided by a modi ied s sRAN pla o m. The code
implemen s MBS-capable Ne wo k Func ions such as he
Mul icas -B oadcas Session Managemen Func ion (MB-
SMF) and Mul icas -B oadcas Use Plane Func ion (MB-
UPF) by ex ending he exis ing unicas SMF and UPF
modules. Addi ionally, he Access and Mobili y Managemen
Func ion (AMF) and Ne wo k Reposi o y Func ion (NRF)
a e modi ied o handle mul icas con ex s and APIs based on
3GPP TS 29.532, TS 29.518, and TS 29.244 speci ica ions.
The a chi ec u e adop s 5GC Sha ed MBS a ic deli e y
o e a Laye 2 mul icas -enabled ne wo k using IGMP/MLD
p o ocols. This choice acili a es e icien mul icas da a
o wa ding and se es as he basis o subsequen scalabili y
e alua ions.
These componen s a e con aine ized ia Docke Compose
and Kube ne es Helm Cha s, simpli ying deploymen and
ep oducibili y ac oss di e en pla o ms.
C. T ial Ne wo k Li ecycle Manage
The T ial Ne wo k Li ecycle Manage (TNLCM) is an open-
sou ce co e o ches a ion, execu ion and measu emen
ga he ing componen , being used and alida e wi hin 6G-
SANDBOX p ojec . I began as he Ex ended Li ecycle
Manage (ELCM) in he 5GENESIS Eu opean p ojec [11],
enabling au oma ed and esou ce-awa e managemen o
Figu e 1: The SDR ack wi h he N310, N321, om he back (le ) and on (middle). The B210 connec ed o an In el 11 NUC ( igh ).
expe imen s ac oss 5G pla o ms. A chi ec u ally, i is
di ided in o a Schedule , Compose , and Execu ion Engine,
each handling dis inc s ages o an expe imen — anging om
esou ce easibili y checks and pla o m-speci ic
con igu a ion gene a ion o s age-based ask execu ion. The
ELCM ensu es pa allel expe imen execu ion h ough
h eaded execu o s, coo dina ed by a hea bea mechanism
ha handles s age ansi ions. Addi ional componen s such as
he Pla o m Regis y, Expe imen Regis y, and an
in eg a ed Flask-based adminis a ion in e ace suppo
con igu a ion managemen , execu ion moni o ing, and log
inspec ion. In eg a ion wi h ex e nal sys ems like he Ka ana
Slice Manage o ne wo k se ice deploymen and G a ana
o dashboa d isualiza ion ensu es a comp ehensi e and
in e ac i e expe imen al en i onmen .
Building on his ounda ion, he TNCLM eme ges as he
e olu iona y s ep, designed o manage no jus expe imen s
bu en i e T ial Ne wo ks concep om 6G-SANDBOX [10];
wi h inc eased modula i y and ex ensibili y. Following he
ELCM’s modula ized app oach, TNLCM adop s a
componen ized a chi ec u e o ensu e ha indi idual
modules—such as wo k low logic o in e ace laye s—can be
eplaced o ex ended independen ly. A he co e o TNLCM
lies a REST ul API-d i en Co e componen esponsible o
li ecycle managemen , in eg a ion wi h o ches a ion sys ems
like Jenkins, and s a us epo ing. The F on -End le e ages
hese APIs o p o ide pla o m owne s and po en ially
expe imen e s wi h a web-based con ol in e ace, while
enabling he de elopmen o al e na i e clien s using he
same API laye .
Complemen ing he co e and on -end, TNLCM in oduces
Schedule s ha au oma e in e ac ion wi h T ial Ne wo ks,
dynamically modi ying hei con igu a ions o igge ing
ansi ions. The Playbook and Lib a y componen s
encapsula e he domain logic and in e ace wi h he 6G-
Lib a y [12], espec i ely, enabling obus handling o
wo k lows o he c ea ion, upda e, and ea down o T ial
Ne wo k en i ies. These componen s abs ac he complexi y
o managing e sioned in as uc u e empla es s o ed in Gi
eposi o ies, o e ing ep oducibili y and isola ion om
ups eam changes. TNCLM is implemen ed in Py hon 3.11
and o ganized as con aine - eady modula se ices using
Docke and Gi Hub o e sioning.
III. PILOT DESIGN
In o de o c ea e an MBS alida ion pilo , he
implemen a ion is ocused on de eloping a Minimum Viable
P oduc (MVP) using exis ing open-sou ce ools ha
in eg a es MBS unc ionali ies in o a 5G a chi ec u e o es
end- o-end connec i i y be ween an o igin se e and se e al
SDR UEs. The MVP p io i izes a educed ea u e se o ease
o implemen a ion while p ese ing compliance wi h 3GPP
Release 17. This includes suppo ing B oadcas only mode,
and omi ing suppo o mobili y, policy and cha ging
con ol, and QoS en o cemen , gi en hei limi ed suppo in
he cu en Open5GS codebase. These eposi o ies a e
a ailable a 5G-MAG Re Tools.
The de elopmen o 5GC unc ionali ies ocuses on adap ing
he Open5GS so wa e o suppo 3GPP TS 23.247-de ined
mul icas -b oadcas p ocedu es. The p ojec implemen s
essen ial ne wo k unc ions such as he Mul icas -B oadcas
Session Managemen Func ion (MB-SMF) and Mul icas -
B oadcas Use Plane Func ion (MB-UPF) by ex ending he
exis ing SMF and UPF modules. Addi ionally, he Access
and Mobili y Managemen Func ion (AMF) and Ne wo k
Reposi o y Func ion (NRF) a e modi ied o handle mul icas
con ex s and APIs based on 3GPP TS 29.532, TS 29.518, and
TS 29.244 speci ica ions. The a chi ec u e adop s 5GC
Sha ed MBS a ic deli e y o e a Laye 2 mul icas -enabled
ne wo k using IGMP/MLD p o ocols. This choice acili a es
e icien mul icas da a o wa ding and se es as he basis o
subsequen scalabili y e alua ions.
On he RAN side, he implemen a ion a ge s he b oadcas
subse o MBS due o i s ela i e simplici y and unidi ec ional
downlink na u e. The RAN de elopmen uses
s sRAN_P ojec o he gNB and s sRAN_4G o he UE.
The suppo o di e en ame pa e ns and Modula ion-
Coding Schemes (MCS) is enabled, since he exis ing NR
unicas ea u es a e eused. The MVP also in eg a es suppo
o key MBS channels such as Mul icas Con ol Channel
(MCCH), Mul icas T anspo Channel (MTCH), and
Mul icas Channel (MCH), all mapped o exis ing physical
downlink sha ed channels (PDSCH). The sys em ansmi s
con ol in o ma ion using sys em in o ma ion blocks SIB20
and SIB21, which in o m UEs o he con igu a ion
pa ame e s needed o decode 5MBS b oadcas ansmissions.
Figu e 2: 5G Sys em used o he MBS alida ion pilo , wi h he modi ied logical unc ions o suppo MBS
The SDR RAN lib a ies include a G aphical Use In e ace
whe e he ecei ed da a me ics a e displayed in eal- ime,
such as he ecei ed cons ella ion, decoded se ice da a
(MCS, TMGIs…), synch oniza ion and acquisi ion e o s. I
can be seen in he igu e below.
Figu e 3: MBS SDR GUI a UE side o signal moni o ing.
The TNCLM is u ilized o o ches a e he expe imen s and
p o ide a compa ible amewo k o mig a e he se up in any
es bed ha also deploys he 6G-Lib a y amewo k om 6G-
SANDBOX. Mo eo e , TNCLM inco po a es a logging
ea u e whe e measu ed KPIs can be s o ed o eal- ime
display (e.g. ia G a ana) o pos -p ocessing.
IV. EXPERIMENTATION PLAN
The expe imen a ion plan goal is o, i s , alida e he
unc ionali ies implemen ed in he open-sou ce solu ion, and
second, compa e he pe o mance o using
Mul icas /B oadcas e sus unicas deli e y. In his s age, he
pape ocuses on he alida ion o MBS unc ionali ies. The
ansmission de ails a e co e ed in he able below:
Table 2: Planned pa ame iza ion o he expe imen s
Band
F eq
Bandwid h
MIMO
Scheme
An enna
Gain
F ame
Pa e n
MCS
N40
2370-
2390
MHz
20 MHz 2x2
3 dBi
(Omni)
TX/RX
7D1S2U
9
22
Wi h he pa ame iza ion chosen, using MCS 9 would
p o ide a heo e ical maximum o 31.270 Mbps, while
choosing MCS 22 p o ides a o al h oughpu o 92.014
Mbps. These capaci ies exceed wha is usual o b oadcas
TV channels, bu p epa e o u u e imme si e se ices such
as eX ended Reali y (XR) o Volume ic Video. Fo he
expe imen s, he SDR N310 will ac as a ixed gNB, adia ing
a -15 dBm; while 3 SDR B210 dis ibu ed ac oss he
labo a o y will ecei e and decode he B oadcas signal. A
en a i e disposi ion o he labo a o y and he ecei e s is
shown in Figu e 4.
The expe imen will be pe o med using wo di e en ypes
o ile deli e y: a es whe e he de ices ha e o download a
la ge ile being deli e ed o e B oadcas , measu ing me ics
such as o al ime o download, h oughpu a iance, signal
o in e e ence plus a io (SINR). The o he es is a eal- ime
deli e y o ideo con en , whe e each de ice will measu e he
h oughpu a iance and SINR, and i will be e alua ed
subjec i ely i he ideo deg ades (e.g. pixela ion) while
being ecei ed.
A di e en ba ch o es s is also planned, whe e he TNCLM
will be es ed o au oma ically schedule expe imen s wi h he
Table 2 pa ame iza ion. In hese es s, di e en me ics will
be measu ed such as he o al ime o expe imen a ion se up,
including he shu down o he ele an p ocesses.
Figu e 4: SDR dis ibu ion plan ac oss he UPV indoo
labo a o y.
V. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
This pape in oduces he alida ion plan o an open-
sou ce MBS solu ion based on SDR equipmen . The goal o
he plan is wo- old: alida e MBS unc ionali ies as hey ge
implemen ed and compa e i s pe o mance agains NR
unicas in se e al scena ios. Mo eo e , o ches a ion ool
TNCLM is used o p epa e, au oma e and ga he expe imen
me ics. In he u u e, he expe imen s will be ca ied ou in
UPV p emises o e alua e MBS unc ionali ies and hen on-
boa ded in o he Uni e sidad de Málaga es bed, as pa o he
6G-SANDBOX Open Call p ojec .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This wo k is unded om he 6G-SANDBOX 3 d Open Call ,
which has ecei ed unding om he Sma Ne wo ks and
Se ices Join Unde aking (SNS JU) unde he Eu opean
Union’s Ho izon Eu ope esea ch and inno a ion p og amme
unde G an Ag eemen No 101096328.
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