he jou nal o
biodi e si y da a
NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
930
Academic edi o : Guilhe me Ga bino
Recei ed: 24 June 2025
Accep ed: 6 Oc obe 2025
Published: 10 Oc obe 2025
Copy igh © The au ho s. This is an open‑access
a icle dis ibu ed unde e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion License (A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional – CC BY 4.0)
Abs ac . We p o ide new eco ds o Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960, expanding i s known ange in no he n
Cen al Ame ica. These include he i s con i med eco ds o Gua emala, Belize, and El Sal ado , as well as
new locali ies in Hondu as and Nica agua. An indi idual was collec ed in Bocas del Polochic Wildli e Re uge,
Izabal, Gua emala. Acous ic ouche s con i m i s p esence in he Maya Moun ains o Belize and Ahuachapán
and Sonsona e, El Sal ado . This inding highligh s he impo ance o combining cap u e and acous ic sam‑
pling, and eanalyzing a chi ed eco dings as new ocal signa u es a e alida ed.
Key wo ds. Bioacous ics, geog aphic dis ibu ion, ange ex ension, Vespe ilionidae
T ujillo LA, Mille B, O doñez-Mazie DI, Salgue o D, Á ila-Palma H, Es ada N, Mansilla D, Hoope K,
Al a ez W, Ma ínez-Fonseca JG (2025) New insigh s in o he dis ibu ion o Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960
(Mammalia, Chi op e a) in no he n Cen al Ame ica: i s eco ds o Gua emala, Belize, and El Sal ado .
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INTRODUCTION
The genus Myo is Kaup, 1829, is among he mos species‑ ich mammalian gene a, comp ising o e 140 ec‑
ognized species wo ldwide (Mo a elli e al. 2019b; MDD 2025; Simmons and Ci anello 2025). In he Neo‑
opics, he genus exhibi s bo h high species ichness and ema kable di e si ica ion, including nume ous
endemic axa (Ca ión‑Bonilla e al. 2024; Mo a elli and Wilson 2011, 2014; Mo a elli e al. 2011, 2013, 2016, 2017,
2019a, 2019b; No aes e al. 2021, 2022a, 2022b, 2023, 2024). In Cen al Ame ica, Myo is is he mos di e se ba
genus, wi h 14 ecognized species documen ed o da e (Owen and Gi ón 2012; Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020;
Tu cios‑Casco e al. 2020; Ramí ez‑Fe nández e al. 2023; T ujillo e al. 2024; Simmons and Ci anello 2025).
Cen al Ame ica encompasses a wide ange o ecological and ele a ional g adien s, suppo ing a high
di e si y o Myo is h oughou he egion. Gua emala ha bo s he highes ichness, wi h 11 species, including
he endemic M. cobanensis Goodwin, 1955, and se e al No h Ame ican axa ha each hei sou he nmos
limi s in he coun y (K ake ‑Cas añeda e al. 2016; T ujillo e al. 2024). Panama and Cos a Rica each hos se en
species, while Hondu as suppo s six, Nica agua i e, El Sal ado ou , and Belize only wo (Owen and Gi ón
2012; Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020; Mille 2003b, 2009; Tu cios‑Casco e al. 2020; Simmons and Ci anello
2025).
Among he species epo ed in Cen al Ame ica is he Ripa ian Myo is, Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960, a
widely dis ibu ed Neo opical ba anging om Olancho, Hondu as o Buenos Ai es, A gen ina. This b oad
la i udinal ange e lec s i s ema kable ecological plas ici y, as he species occu s in habi a s om lowland
and mon ane o es s o sa annas and e en human‑modi ied en i onmen s such as ag icul u al ields and
pas u es (Ba quez e al. 2011). Al hough M. ipa ius is known om sea le el o abou 2,000 m in ele a ion,
mos eco ds come om lowland a eas (Reid 2009; Ba quez e al. 2016; No aes e al. 2017). Despi e his ex‑
ensi e dis ibu ion, he species had no p e iously been con i med o Gua emala, Belize, o El Sal ado ,
21 (5) · h ps://doi.o g/10.15560/21.5.930
21 (5): 930–939
New insigh s in o he dis ibu ion o Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960
(Mammalia, Chi op e a) in no he n Cen al Ame ica: i s eco ds o
Gua emala, Belize, and El Sal ado
Luis A. T ujillo1, 2, B uce Mille 3, Diego I. O doñez-Mazie 4, 5, Diana Salgue o1, 2, He e Á ila-Palma6, Ne eyda Es ada7, Diana Mansilla1, 2,
Ka a ina Hoope 2, Wal e Al a ez-Jacin o1, José G. Ma ínez-Fonseca8
1 Fundación De enso es de la Na u aleza, Gua emala Ci y, Gua emala
2 Escuela de Biología, Uni e sidad de San Ca los de Gua emala, Gua emala Ci y, Gua emala
3 Neo opical Ba Acous ic Assessmen s, Canadian Lakes, Michigan, USA
4 Asociación Pa a La Sos enibilidad e In es igación Cien í ica en Hondu as (ASICH), F ancisco Mo azán, Hondu as
5 Depa men o Beha io al Ecology, Facul y o Biological Sciences, Uni e si y o W ocław, Sienkiewicza, W ocław, Poland
6 PANTHERA, Tegucigalpa, Hondu as
7 Escuela de Biología, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de Hondu as, Tegucigalpa, Hondu as
8 School o Fo es y, No he n A izona Uni e si y, Flags a , A izona, USA
Co esponding au ho : Luis A. T ujillo ( ujillososalui[email p o ec ed]om)
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T ujillo e al. · Myo is ipa ius in no he n Cen al Ame ica 931
unde sco ing he exis ence o signi ican gaps in he dis ibu ional and axonomic knowledge o he genus
in no he n Cen al Ame ica.
Al hough M. ipa ius emains poo ly documen ed in no he n Cen al Ame ica, ecen disco e ies om
Sou h Ame ica, such as he ange ex ension epo ed by Bocchiglie i and Beze a (2018) in he A lan ic Fo ‑
es o no heas e n B azil, con inue o e ine he species’ known dis ibu ion and unde sco e i s ema kable
ecological plas ici y ac oss he Neo opics. Species dis ibu ion models indica e ha M. ipa ius is p ima ily
associa ed wi h o es ed habi a s and e eal p onounced discon inui ies among popula ions ac oss Sou h
Ame ican eco egions. This spa ial sepa a ion sugges s ha he species once o med a widesp ead, pan‑
mic ic me apopula ion ha agmen ed du ing he Middle Pleis ocene, likely in esponse o clima e‑d i en
en i onmen al shi s (No aes e al. 2023). The ecogni ion o a leas ou allopa ic o pa apa ic c yp ic
e olu iona y uni s u he aises he possibili y ha Mesoame ican popula ions ep esen dis inc lineages
om hose in Sou h Ame ica (No aes e al. 2023).
To add ess exis ing dis ibu ional and axonomic gaps, we p esen he i s con i med eco d o M. i-
pa ius, in Gua emala, based on a collec ed specimen om he Bocas del Polochic Wildli e Re uge. We also
epo he i s e i ied eco ds o Belize and El Sal ado , suppo ed by acous ic ouche s om he sou he n
V.a Moun ains and he depa men s o Ahuachapán and Sonsona e, espec i ely. In addi ion, we p o ide
new acous ic de ec ions om Hondu as and Nica agua, ex ending he known dis ibu ion o M. ipa ius
beyond p e iously documen ed locali ies (GBIF 2025). Collec i ely, hese eco ds cla i y he no he n limi s
o he species and unde sco e he impo ance o in eg a ing acous ic moni o ing in o egional assessmen s
o Myo is di e si y, pa icula ly in unde ‑sampled a eas (O’Fa ell and Gannon 1999).
METHODS
Field eco ds we e ob ained in he Rese a Na u al P i ada Selempim wi hin he Re ugio de Vida Sil es‑
e Bocas del Polochic, Izabal, Gua emala,, an a ea o humid opical o es loca ed along he ansi ion
be ween lowland Ca ibbean loodplains and p emon ane slopes (Fundación De enso es de la Na u aleza
2003; IARNA‑URL 2018). In Belize, acous ic ouche s con i med he p esence o he species in he Maya
Moun ains, a egion cha ac e ized by ex ensi e e e g een and submon ane o es s a ele a ions anging
om 200 o 800 m (Mee man and Sabido 2001). In El Sal ado , de ec ions we e concen a ed in he depa ‑
men s o Ahuachapán and Sonsona e, whe e emnan mois o es s and ipa ian co ido s pe sis wi hin a
mosaic o ag icul u al landscapes (Koma 2002).
We compiled eco ds om independen su ey e o s in each coun y, including mis ‑ne ing in Gua e‑
mala and acous ic su eys in Belize, El Sal ado , Hondu as, and Nica agua. In Gua emala, ba s we e cap u ed
using ou mis ne s o 12 m in leng h, se a g ound le el along na u al lyways such as o es ails and wa e
bodies, ollowing he me hodology desc ibed by Kunz and Pa sons (2009). Ne s we e opened sho ly be‑
o e sunse (app oxima ely 17:30 h) and emained open o app oxima ely 5 h. Fo each cap u ed indi idual,
mo phome ic da a we e eco ded, including head and body leng h (HB), o ea m leng h (FA), ea leng h
(E), ail leng h (T), hind oo leng h (HF), and body mass (W ). Species iden i ica ion was conduc ed in he
ield using diagnos ic cha ac e s om Reid (2009), Medellín e al. (2008), and Yo k e al. (2019), and ollowed
cu en axonomic c i e ia (Simmons and Ci anello 2025). All p ocedu es adhe ed o he e hical guidelines
o he Ame ican Socie y o Mammalogis s (Sikes e al. 2016). The ouche specimen, comp ising skin, skull,
issue, and pho og aphic eco ds, was deposi ed in he Mammal Collec ion o he Uni e sidad de San Ca los
de Gua emala (USAC). Specimen collec ion was conduc ed unde pe mi s issued by he Consejo Nacional
de Á eas P o egidas (CONAP), as co‑adminis a o s o he p o ec ed a ea (Go e nmen Dec ee No. 93‑93).
Addi ionally, we conduc ed a comp ehensi e eassessmen o a chi ed acous ic ouche eco ds in
no he n Cen al Ame ica o e alua e i s po en ial occu ence wi hin he species’ no he n ange. The anal‑
ysis was pe o med using he Acous ic Da a Managemen Sys em (ADMS), a ela ional da abase wi h cus‑
om‑buil modules o managing and analyzing mo e han wo million ba call eco ds collec ed be ween
1995 and 2025 ac oss he Neo opics, wi h ex ensi e co e age in Cen al Ame ica. The da ase was que ied
o e i ied M. ipa ius calls, iles ini ially iden i ied as sonospecies, and “Myo is‑like” sequences o e lapping
wi h he diagnos ic cha ac e is ic equency (Fc) o he dominan ha monic. Among he pa ame e s used
o species iden i ica ion, he Fc o he dominan ha monic p o ed especially diagnos ic, emaining consis‑
en ac oss ull‑spec um and ze o‑c ossing eco dings and una ec ed by eco ding ampli ude o analy ical
con igu a ion (Mille and Co ben 2020; Co ben 2025). To dis inguish M. ipa ius om o he Myo is species
occu ing in no he n Cen al Ame ica, e i ied call pa ame e s we e compiled and compa ed in R (R Co e
Team 2025) o isualize diagnos ic a ia ion. A species‑speci ic Anaba il e was de eloped using equency,
empo al, and slope pa ame e s, as well as he p opo ion o maximum equency o cha ac e is ic equen‑
cy (PMC), o exclude calls om species wi h pa ially o e lapping equency anges (Co ben 2022).
The il e was applied o mo e han 1.5 million a chi ed eco dings, yielding app oxima ely 6,000 candi‑
da e iles o manual e iew in AnalookW ( . 4.7.w; Co ben 2025). Because mul iple species can occu wi hin
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T ujillo e al. · Myo is ipa ius in no he n Cen al Ame ica 932
a single 15‑second call sequence, all lagged iles we e manually e i ied using spli ‑sc een compa isons
wi h con i med M. ipa ius ouche s. Sequences ma ching he diagnos ic acous ic p o ile we e upda ed o
“Myo ip” in he me ada a, while unce ain o agmen a y iles we e eassigned o le unclassi ied. Ve i ied
eco ds we e geo e e enced and expo ed as poin shape iles in A cGIS P o ( . 3.5.3; Es i Inc. 2025) o spa ial
analysis. Visualiza ion o hese da a e ealed nume ous e i ied acous ic eco ds beyond he p e iously
ecognized ange o M. ipa ius, p omp ing a eassessmen o i s dis ibu ional limi s in no he n Cen al
Ame ica.
A dis ibu ion map o M. ipa ius was gene a ed using he species ange p o ided by he In e na ional
Union o Conse a ion o Na u e (Ba quez e al. 2016) as a base laye . Occu ence da a a ailable in he Global
Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF 2025) we e used o e e ence; o he 1,803 eco ds lis ed globally, only
six we e loca ed wi hin he no he n po ion o he ange, co esponding o wo locali ies in Hondu as
and ou in Nica agua (GBIF 2025). To complemen his limi ed ep esen a ion, we inco po a ed addi ional
con i med eco ds om Nica agua (Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020). All occu ence da a we e compiled and
mapped in A cGIS P o . 3.5.3 o isualize he upda ed no he n dis ibu ion o he species (Figu e 1).
RESULTS
Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960
Figu e 2
New eco ds. GUATEMALA — Izabal• El Es o , Rese a Na u al P i ada Selempim, Re ugio de Vida Sil‑
es e Bocas del Polochic; 15.3244, −089.3867; 33 m ele .; 10.XII.2024; Luis A. T ujillo leg.; mis ne se along a
o es pa h in a small agmen o lowland opical ain o es ; HB 48.6 mm; FA 34.8 mm; E 12 mm; T 36 mm;
HF 7 mm; W 5 g; 1♂, adul , sink, skull and issues, USAC 6607.
BELIZE —Toledo • CRFR Expedi ion Camp; 16.3817, −089.1208; 19–21.II.1997; BMW obs.; acous ic eco ding
Figu e 1. Upda ed dis ibu ion o Myo is ipa ius based on GBIF eco ds (n = 1,803) and new con i med locali ies in Gua emala, Belize, El Sal ado , and Hondu as. The
newly documen ed eco ds ep esen signi ican ange ex ensions beyond p e iously e i ied occu ences.
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T ujillo e al. · Myo is ipa ius in no he n Cen al Ame ica 933
• CRFR Expedi ion Camp 2; 16.38762, ‑89.09105; 18.II.1997; BMW obs.; acous ic eco ding.
EL SALVADOR — ahuachapán • El Imposible Na ional Pa k; 13.8262, −089.9473; 15.V.2003, 18.V.2003; BMW
obs.; acous ic eco ding — SanTa ana • Volcano de San a Ana; 13.8658, −089.6215; 14–16.V.2003; BMW obs.;
acous ic eco ding.
HONDURAS — G acIaS a dIoS • Mosqui ia, Auka; 14.940, −083.8323; 37 m ele .; 21–25.VII.2021; MATC obs.;
acous ic eco ding • Mosqui ia, Ma i a, Rus Rus; 14.7480, −084.4488; 70 m ele .; 9–10.XII.2024; MATC obs.;
acous ic eco ding • P ahbani, Mosqui ia; 15.2634, −083.7719; 11 m ele .; 22–24.VII.2021; MATC obs.; acous ic
eco ding • Mosqui ia, Tipi; 15.2634, −083.7719; 11 m ele .; 25–26.VII.2021; MATC obs.; acous ic eco ding —
co TéS • San Ped o Sula, Pa que Nacional Cusuco; 15.4961, −088.2122; 1,606 m ele .; 4.V.2021; HDAP obs.; acous‑
ic eco ding — ISlaS de la bahía • Guanaja, eas end; 16.4885, −085.8290; 37 m ele .; 25–26.VII.2021; MATC
obs.; acous ic eco ding — InTIbucá • In ibucá, Re ugio de Vida Sil es e Mixcu e; 14.9402, −088.1712; 1,951 m
ele .; 2.III.2025; MATC obs.; acous ic eco ding.
NICARAGUA — ca azo • San a Te esa, Rio La Cho a; 11.5967, −086.1442; 47 m ele .; 8.XII.2024; JGMF
obs.; FA 31mm; W 3.5 g; 1♂, adul , eleased — JInoTeGa • Macizo Peñas Blancas; 13.271, −085.7162; 1,067 m
ele .; 14.III.2024; JGMF obs.; FA 35 mm; W 5 g; 1 ♂, adul , eleased — eGIón auTónoma coSTa ca Ibe no Te
• Ce o Waylawás, nea Siuna; 13.6452, −084.8139; 124 m ele .; 24.II.2024; JGMF obs.; FA 34 mm; W 4 g; 1♀,
adul , eleased — eGIón auTónoma coSTa ca Ibe Su • Kuk a Hill, G een ields; 12.2216, −083.7466; 5 m ele .;
24.III.2024; JGMF obs.; FA 33mm; W 5 g; 1♂, adul , eleased • Kuk a Hill, G een ields; 12.2216, −083.7466; 5 m
ele .; 25.III.2024; JGMF obs.; FA 34mm; W 4 g; 1♂, adul , eleased.
Mo phological iden i ica ion. Myo is ipa ius is cu en ly ecognized as a complex o a leas ou c yp‑
ic species exhibi ing allopa ic and pa apa ic dis ibu ions. The specimen examined in his s udy (Figu e
2A) is mo phologically dis inguishable om closely ela ed congene s in he egion, including M. nig icans
Schinz, 1821, M. ex emus Mille & Allen, 1928 (No aes e al. 2024), and M. pilosa ibialis LaVal, 1973. Diagnos ic
ea u es include he posi ion o a small uppe P3 displaced lingually ela i e o he oo h ow (Figu e 2B), and
dis inc di e ences in pelage and skin colo a ion (Reid 2009; No aes e al. 2017). The do sal u o M. ipa ius is
long and woolly, ypically eddish‑b own o cinnamon, wi h sha ply bicolo ed en al hai s (da k bases and
yellowish ips), a pa e n ha c ea es a s ong con as wi hin he pelage (Figu e 2C). This ma ked di e en i‑
a ion is dis inc i e when compa ed o he less‑con as ing, sho e , and da ke pelage o M. nig icans, and o
he pale , g ayish ones wi h only sub le con as in M. pilosa ibialis. Addi ionally, acial skin pigmen a ion is
a diagnos ic ai : M. ipa ius shows a dis inc i e pinkish‑b own acial skin colo a ion (Figu e 2A), con as ing
wi h he blackish skin obse ed in M. nig icans and M. ex emus. Finally, M. ipa ius can be sepa a ed om M.
pilosa ibialis by he nea absence o hai on he u opa agium and ee , whe eas M. pilosa ibialis bea s dense
u along he ibia ex ending on o he legs, ee , and ail memb ane, a ea u e ha eadily dis inguishes he
wo axa.
Acous ic iden i ica ion. Field iden i ica ion o M. ipa ius and M. pilosa ibialis based on ex e nal mo ‑
phology can be challenging due o hei simila size and gene al appea ance; howe e , he wo species a e
eadily dis inguished by hei echoloca ion calls (Figu e 3). As demons a ed in p io s udies, Myo is species
Figu e 2. Myo is ipa ius Handley, 1960
om Bocas del Polochic Wildli e Re uge,
Gua emala (USAC 6607). A. La e al iew.
B. Small uppe P3 displaced owa d he
lingual side in ela ion o he oo h ow.
C.Ven al u colo a ion.
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ha a e di icul o di e en ia e mo phologically can o en be eliably iden i ied by hei ocal signa u es
(O’Fa ell 1999). A compa ison o he cha ac e is ic equency (Fc) among all Myo is species po en ially oc‑
cu ing in he egion e eals clea sepa a ion be ween axa (Figu e 4). A summa y o he ocal signa u e
o M. ipa ius, based on con i med calls om ee‑ lying indi iduals, is p esen ed in Table 1. The diagnos ic
Fc, anged om 54.05 o 56.74 kHz in 90% o eco ded calls. This ange ma ched he Fc alues o he un‑
iden i ied Myo is eco ded in Belize in 1997 and El Sal ado in 2003. These indings suppo he acous ic
iden i ica ion o M. ipa ius om a chi ed ouche iles and ep esen he i s e i ied eco ds o he species
o bo h coun ies. Al hough call pa ame e s allow eliable iden i ica ion using Fc (Figu e 4) in mos cases,
pa ial o e lap V. occu wi hin indi idual a ia ion among o he Myo is species o simila size, emphasizing
he need o con inued de elopmen o egional acous ic lib a ies o e ine species‑le el disc imina ion in
no he n Cen al Ame ica.
DISCUSSION
This s udy p o ides he i s specimen o Myo is ipa ius om Gua emala, and i s acous ic de ec ion o
he species in Belize and El Sal ado , signi ican ly ex ending he known no he n dis ibu ion o he species
in Cen al Ame ica. These eco ds ill c i ical gaps in i s documen ed ange and expand i s global dis ibu‑
ion by app oxima ely 390 km no heas wa d in o he Maya Moun ains o Belize. P io o his s udy, he
no he nmos e i ied occu ence was om Olancho, Hondu as (GBIF 2025). In addi ion o e ining dis i‑
bu ional limi s, hese new eco ds inc ease he numbe o documen ed ba species o 106 in Gua emala
(K ake ‑Cas añeda e al. 2016; T ujillo e al. 2020, 2021, 2024), 72 in Belize (He e a e al. 2018), and 66 in El
Sal ado (Owen and Gi ón 2012).
Ou indings demons a e ha M. ipa ius is dis ibu ed mo e b oadly ac oss he no he n Cen al Ame ‑
ican egion, encompassing Gua emala, Belize, El Sal ado , and Hondu as, wi hin wha has been e e ed o
as Nuclea Cen al Ame ica (Schuche 1935). This co e a ea, lying be ween he Is hmus o Tehuan epec and
he Nica aguan dep ession, is cha ac e ized by a complex physiog aphy ha spans d y Paci ic lowlands,
in e io alleys, and humid Ca ibbean slopes (McCa hy e al. 1993). The occu ence o M. ipa ius ac oss his
he e ogeneous landscape indica es ha he species is no cons ained by sha p ecological ba ie s bu in‑
Figu e 3. Compa ison o he wo Myo is
species eco ded in he Maya Moun ains
clea ly demons a es di e ences in he
equency o maximum ene gy (Fc).
F equency is shown on a loga i hmic scale,
and ime (in milliseconds) is displayed in
comp essed mode, wi h in e als be ween
pulses isually emo ed.
Table 1. Summa y o key call pa ame e s o M. ipa ius wi h he diagnos ic Fc o he dominan ha monic bolded. In‑
cluded a e alues o whe e 90% o call pulses occu . Du is pulse du a ion measu ed in ms, equencies a e in kHz, and
he cha ac e is ic slope (Sc) is measu ed as oc a es pe second.
Va iable NMin. Max. Mean S d. de . Median 90%
Du 145 2.08 6.70 3.77 1.12 3.56 5.36
Fmin 145 52.12 57.55 54.58 0.99 54.61 55.86
Fmax 145 58.39 108.11 74.20 13.41 69.57 96.39
Fmean 145 55.15 64.83 58.86 2.42 58.16 62.89
Fc 145 54.05 57.76 55.65 0.85 55.56 56.74
Sc 145 −34.19 104.91 31.26 28.11 33.55 62.91
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s ead pe sis s in di e se en i onmen s associa ed wi h wa e bodies and o es co e , om lowland ipa ian
sys ems o submon ane o es s (Ba quez e al. 2011). In his con ex , he species exempli ies b oade biogeo‑
g aphical pa e ns in a egion whe e Nea c ic, Neo opical, and Pan‑Ame ican aunal elemen s con e ge,
unde sco ing bo h i s ecological lexibili y and he ole o no he n Cen al Ame ica as a ansi ional zone o
ba assemblages (McCa hy e al. 1993; Ba quez e al. 2016).
Cen al Ame ica ha bo s a subs an ial p opo ion o he global ange o M. ipa ius and ep esen s bo h
he no he nmos and sou he nmos ange bounda ies o se e al axa (T ujillo e al. 2024). In eg a i e anal‑
yses show ha M. ipa ius is monophyle ic bu gene ically s uc u ed in o a leas ou c yp ic e olu iona y
uni s wi h no haplo ype sha ing ac oss popula ions (No aes e al. 2023). Thus, he new Cen al Ame ican
eco ds a e axonomically impo an , as hey help de ine he limi s o no he n lineages and p o ide an
oppo uni y o eassess ela ionships bo h wi hin he M. ipa ius complex and wi h o he membe s o he
ube g oup, such as M. elegans and M. pilosa ibialis (No aes e al. 2023).
The in eg a ion o mul iple lines o e idence is essen ial o documen ing and eassessing species
bounda ies in Myo is. In his ega d, a chi ed acous ic eco dings play a ole compa able o museum speci‑
mens, se ing as ime‑s amped ouche s ha can be e isi ed as axonomic knowledge ad ances (Mille e
al. 2024). Thei alue is pa icula ly e iden o sequences o iginally iden i ied only o he sono‑species le el,
which can la e be eanalyzed as ocal signa u es a e alida ed and axonomic amewo ks e ined. Mo e‑
o e , acous ic da ase s ex end beyond species diagnoses, as Ochoa e al. (2000) demons a ed ha hey also
cap u e diagnos ic ea u es a highe axonomic le els, including gene a and amilies. F om his pe spec i e,
acous ic ouche s complemen mo phological and gene ic e idence, ensu ing ha pas eco ds emain sci‑
en i ically ele an . Collec i ely, hese elemen s unde sco e he endu ing con ibu ion o acous ic a chi es
o e ining species iden i ica ions and ad ancing ou unde s anding o ba di e si y.
Ou esul s p o ide solid acous ic e idence o he occu ence o M. ipa ius in Belize and El Sal ado .
Howe e , eliance on bioacous ic da a alone o delimi he occu ence o Myo is should be app oached wi h
cau ion. The genus exhibi s high di e si y, equen c yp ic species, and poo ly documen ed in aspeci ic
a ia ion (No aes e al. 2023), while comp ehensi e acous ic e i ica ion emains lacking o mos Neo op‑
ical axa (Zamo a‑Gu ié ez e al. 2020). Mo eo e , he p esence o o he Myo is species o simila size and
wi h pa ially o e lapping call pa ame e s highligh s he isk o misiden i ica ion, pa icula ly when eco ds
depend solely on un e i ied acous ic da a o on au oma ed classi ica ion algo i hms wi hou expe alida‑
ion. The e o e, he collec ion o ouche specimens o gene ic samples emains essen ial o con i ming
species iden i y and expanding he e e ence base needed o e ine acous ic diagnos ics (Mille e al. 2023;
Ochoa e al. 2025). A he same ime, he de elopmen o open‑access egional call lib a ies will be c i ical
o documen ing geog aphic a ia ion in echoloca ion and, oge he wi h ouche ma e ial, will p o ide a
mo e comp ehensi e amewo k o unde s anding he e olu iona y his o y o he M. ipa ius complex in
no he n Cen al Ame ica.
Taken oge he , hese indings ein o ce he ole o no he n Cen al Ame ica as a key egion o ba
di e si y and demons a e how combining mis ‑ne ing wi h acous ic moni o ing enhances he de ec ion
o c yp ic o unde ‑ eco ded species such as M. ipa ius. F om a conse a ion pe spec i e, documen ing M.
ipa ius in new locali ies has di ec implica ions o ipa ian and o es ed habi a s in Gua emala, Belize, and El
Sal ado , whe e ongoing p essu es om de o es a ion, ag icul u al expansion, and wa e cou se al e a ion
V. h ea en popula ions a he edge o hei dis ibu ion.
Figu e 4. Cha ac e is ic equency (Fc)
alues o i e Myo is species om no he n
Cen al Ame ica, including species o simi‑
la body size and phylogene ic ela edness
o M. ipa ius. No e he clea sepa a ion in
he equency o maximum ene gy, wi h
in e qua ile ange (50%), median (da k
ba ),andou lie s.
Check Lis 21 (5) · h ps://doi.o g/10.15560/21.5.930
T ujillo e al. · Myo is ipa ius in no he n Cen al Ame ica 936
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wan o hank all ield pe sonnel, wi h special ecogni ion o Al onzo Pé ez. Ou app ecia ion also goes
o he Di ec o o he Bocas del Polochic Wildli e Re uge (BPWR), Luis Ba ien os, and he Execu i e Di ec o
o Fundación De enso es de la Na u aleza (FDN), Ja ie Má quez, along wi h he en i e FDN eam, o hei
in aluable suppo and unwa e ing dedica ion o he conse a ion o Gua emala’s biodi e si y and na u al
he i age. We a e also g a e ul o he Miski o communi ies o Auka and Tipi, he NGO Fo es o he Wo ld, and
Mopawi o hei logis ical suppo du ing ieldwo k in he Hondu an Moski ia o es . Finally, we a e g a e ul
o he e iewe s and edi o s whose commen s and sugges ions signi ican ly imp o ed his manusc ip .
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
E hical s a emen
No e hical s a emen is epo ed.
Funding
This publica ion is based upon wo k pa ially suppo ed by he Uni ed S a es Agency o In e na ional De‑
elopmen unde awa d numbe (Coope a i e ag eemen N. 72052023CA00006).
Au ho con ibu ions
Concep ualiza ion: LAT, BM, JGMF. Da a cu a ion: LAT, BM, JGMF. In es iga ion: LAT, BM, DIOM, DS, HAP, NE,
DM, KH. WAJ, JGMF. W i ing – o iginal d a : LAT. W i ing – e iew and edi ing: LAT, BM, DIOM, DS, HAP, NE,
DM, KH. WAJ, JGMF. Visualiza ion: LAT, BM, JGMF.
Au ho ORCIDs
Luis A. T ujillo h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0001‑8364‑6189
B uce Mille h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0001‑5719‑1942
Diego O doñez‑Mazie h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0001‑6285‑662X
Diana Salgue o h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0002‑9563‑4668
He e Á ila‑Palma h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0002‑7098‑7635
Ne eyda Es ada h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0002‑0731‑6521
Diana Mansilla h ps://o cid.o g/0009‑0001‑3066‑2641
Ka a ina Hoope h ps://o cid.o g/0009‑0002‑0170‑6331
José G. Ma ínez‑Fonseca h ps://o cid.o g/0000‑0002‑3181‑2525
Da a a ailabili y
All da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable in he main ex .
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APPENDIX
Table A1. Ve i ied eco ds o Myo is ipa ius in no he n Cen al Ame ica, om Gua emala o Nica agua.
Coun y Depa men Locali y Da e La i ude Longi ude Sou ce Da a ype
Gua emala Izabal El Es o , Re ugio de Vida Sil es e
Bocas del Polochic
10.XI.2024 15.3242 −089.3867 New eco d Museum eco d
Belize Toledo CRFR Expedi ion Camp 1 19–21.II.1997 16.3817 −089.1208 New eco d Acous ics
Belize Toledo CRFR Expedi ion Camp 2 18.II.1997 16.3876 −089.0911 New eco d Acous ics
El Sal ado Ahuachapán El Imposible Na ional Pa k 15–18.V.2003 13.8262 −089.9473 New eco d Acous ics
El Sal ado San a Ana San a Ana Volcano 14–16.V.2003 13.8658 −089.6215 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as G acias a Dios Auka, Mosqui ia Hondu as 21–25.VII.2021 14.9402 −083.8323 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as G acias a Dios Guanaja, Eas end ‑ Hondu as 25–26.VII.2021 16.4885 −085.8290 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as G acias a Dios Ma i a, Rus Rus, G acias a Dios 9–10.XII.2024 14.7480 −084.4488 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as Co és Pa que Nacional Cusuco, SPS, Co . 4.V.2021 15.4961 −088.2122 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as G acias a Dios P ahbani, Mosqui ia Hondu as 22–24.VII.2021 15.2634 −083.7719 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as G acias a Dios Tipi, Mosqui ia Hondu as 25–26.VII.2021 15.2634 −083.7719 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as In ibucá Re ugio de Vida Sil es e Mixcu e 2.III.2025 14.9402 −088.1712 New eco d Acous ics
Hondu as El Pa aiso 7 km E Danli, 620 m 14.VIII.1967 14.0333 −086.5182 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as El Pa aiso 7 km E Danli, 620 m 14.VIII.1967 14.0333 −086.5182 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as El Pa aiso 1 km SE Danli, 780 m 19.VIII.1967 14.0270 −086.5767 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as Olancho 40 km E Ca acamas, 500 m 21.IV.1967 14.7997 −085.5263 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as Olancho 40 km E Ca acamas, 500 m 19.IV.1967 14.7997 −085.5263 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as Olancho 40 km E Ca acamas, 500 m 19.IV.1967 14.7997 −085.5263 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Hondu as Olancho 40 km E Ca acamas, 500 m 15.IV.1967 14.7997 −085.5263 GBIF.o g 2024 h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.s3hy u Museum eco d
Nica agua Ma agalpa Ma iguas 17.II.2004 12.7929 −085.4125 Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020 Cap u e
Nica agua Rio San Juan Re ugio Ba ola 13.XI.2011 10.9725 −084.3375 Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020 Cap u e
Nica agua Rio San Juan Re ugio Ba ola 14.XI.2011 10.9739 −084.3394 Ma ínez‑Fonseca e al. 2020 Cap u e
