565 | ASCAAD 2024
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE
EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
The Case o Sheikh Isa House in Bah ain
EIMAN ELGEWELY, MOHAMED ALI
School o Design, College o A chi ec u e, A and Design (AAD), Vi ginia
Tech Uni e si y
Bu uss Hall, 121, 800 D ill ield D , Blacksbu g, VA 24061, USA
[email p o ec ed]
mohameda99@ .edu
AND
DEEPAK GUPTA
Depa men o Compu e Science, College o Enginee ing, Vi ginia Tech
Uni e si y
185 Ken S , Blacksbu g, VA 24061
deepakg@ .edu
Abs ac This s udy employs ad anced i ual eali y (VR) echnology o
ein e p e he sus ainable a chi ec u al p ac ices o Sheikh Isa House in
Bah ain, o e ing aluable insigh s in o imme si e lea ning en i onmen s.
Focusing on he passi e sola sys ems o his o ic e nacula a chi ec u e
ac oss he A ab wo ld, Sheikh Isa House se es as a pi o al case s udy.
Th ough de ailed building pe o mance simula ions, a chi ec u al ea u es
such as windca che s, in e connec ed cou ya ds, and seasonal ooms a e
analyzed o hei con ibu ions o sus ainabili y and he mal com o . A
signi ican ad ancemen o his esea ch is he ansi ion om indi idual VR
expe iences o a mul i-use imme si e en i onmen , enabling classes and
g oups o engage collec i ely wi hin he i ual space. The VR applica ion
in eg a es imme si e digi al s o y elling o acili a e an in e ac i e
explo a ion o egional a chi ec u al he i age and sus ainable p ac ices.
Fu u e wo k in ol es o ming s uden ocus g oups o e alua e he
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
566 | ASCAAD 2024
e ec i eness o hese mul i-use imme si e expe iences compa ed o
indi idual VR, aiming o enhance he educa ional impac o he applica ion.
Keywo ds: Digi al he i age, Vi ual Reali y, 360 Imme si e en i onmen s, Educa ion,
Sus ainable he i age.
1. In oduc ion
The Sus ainable A ab He i age in VR p ojec (Sus ainable He i age in VR, 2024),
ini ia ed in 2022, seeks o ha ness he a chi ec u al wisdom o he pas by ocusing
on he sus ainable passi e sola sys ems used in his o ic e nacula a chi ec u e
ac oss he A ab wo ld. By analyzing hese sys ems, he p ojec add esses
con empo a y challenges ela ed o hea managemen and ene gy consump ion in
oday's buildings. The House o Sheikh Isa in Bah ain was chosen as he i s case
s udy o de eloping an educa ional i ual eali y (VR) applica ion designed o
b ing his aluable knowledge in o class ooms in an engaging and in e ac i e way.
This selec ion unde lines he s ong po en ial o VR and augmen ed eali y (AR)
applica ions in design and a chi ec u e educa ion, pa icula ly hei abili y o
enhance unde s anding o scale, p opo ionali y, colo , and ma e iali y wi hin a
i ual en i onmen (Guazza oni and Pillai, 2020; Baza an e al., 2021; Vila ,
Filguei as and Rebelo, 2022; Hou e al., 2024).
Building upon he ounda ional esea ch om he Educa ional Vi ual Model
o Sheikh Isa House p ojec , his pape u he explo es VR's ans o ma i e
po en ial in digi al cul u al he i age. The ini ial p ojec o e ed a comp ehensi e
unde s anding o he building's in e ac ion wi h i s en i onmen al con ex . I
showcased he e icacy o ad anced isualiza ion echniques in communica ing
complex scien i ic da a wi hin a i ual en i onmen . The wo k low and
amewo k es ablished du ing his phase laid a solid ounda ion o a e sa ile
me hodology wi h signi ican implica ions o he i age and sus ainabili y
educa ion. I also p o ided aluable insigh s in o sus ainable a chi ec u al
p ac ices applicable o con empo a y con ex s.
This esea ch ad ances he discussion by shi ing he ocus om indi idual VR
expe iences o a mul i-use imme si e en i onmen . This ansi ion is pi o al in
enhancing he inclusi i y and accessibili y o digi al cul u al he i age applica ions,
pa icula ly wi hin educa ional se ings such as class ooms and museums. By
enabling simul aneous pa icipa ion, his app oach maximizes he educa ional
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
567 | ASCAAD 2024
impac o he VR applica ion, b oadening i s each and os e ing deepe
engagemen wi h cul u al he i age con en .
By using he House o Sheikh Isa as a case s udy, his esea ch aims o b idge
his o ic a chi ec u al knowledge wi h con empo a y echnological applica ions.
The insigh s gained a e in ended o be bo h p ac ically and academically ele an ,
con ibu ing o he ongoing discou se on sus ainable design and digi al he i age.
2. His o ical Backg ound
The house o Sheikh Isa in Bah ain was selec ed as he i s case s udy o his
mul i-phased p ojec . I is a his o ic 19 h-cen u y house loca ed in Muha aq, he
old capi al o Bah ain. I is p ese ed in excellen condi ion as pa o he
UNESCO Pea ling Pa h, which includes app oxima ely 17 o he buildings and
ex ends o 2.7 miles(Pea ling, Tes imony o an Island Economy, no da e; Ka imi,
no da e). The imeline o he house saw many al e a ions, bu he mos signi ican
pe iod was when i se ed as he esidence o Bah ain's ule om 1869 o 1932,
playing a signi ican ole in Bah ain's poli ical his o y (al-Khali a and Rice, 1993;
Ya wood, 2000; Ya wood and El-Mas i, 2006; Al-Sulai i, 2011).
The excellen condi ion o he exis ing s uc u e, in addi ion o documen a ion
e o s by he Bah ain Au ho i y o Cul u e and An iqui ies (BACA) and an
in e na ional esea ch eam led by Ba azze i e al., made he house an abundan
subjec o s udy o sus ainable p ac ices in he A ab wo ld, pa icula ly in he
Gul egion, and he me hods o adap a ion o he a id clima e in his
egion(Ba azze i, Mezzino and Quin e o, 2017). The s uc u e o he house
includes ou connec ed cou ya ds o help ci cula e ai inside he building,
essen ial o p i acy and in e nal social in e ac ion. The house also includes a
windca che (Figu e 1), a s uc u e commonly used in he Middle Eas o cool he
ai inside ooms. The windca che in he House o Sheikh Isa wasn' an in eg al
pa o he s uc u e un il i was added on op o "Al Majlis," he main li ing oom,
o help cool i down (Figu e 2). This house is also a signi ican example o he use
o na i e building ma e ials, such as mudb ick, o building hick walls o help
imp o e insula ion agains hea (Bay al-Shaykh, n.d.; Lalande Ha dy-Guilbe ,
1981; Ya wood and El-Mas i, 2006)
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
568 | ASCAAD 2024
Figu e 1: 3D model o he main cou ya d o Sheikh Isa's house, known as he Women's
Cou ya d, be o e(le ) and a e ( igh ) adding ex u es. The scene shows he windca che
connec ed o he main li ing oom, Al Majlis.
Figu e 2: 3D isualiza ion o he main amily oom, Al Majlis, di ec ly connec ed o he
windca che .
3. P ojec Wo k low and Me hodology
The wo k low and amewo k used in he Sus ainable He i age in VR p ojec ,
pa icula ly in de eloping he educa ional model o Sheikh Isa House, commenced
wi h he c ea ion o a highly accu a e 3D model o he House o Sheikh Isa in
Bah ain. The model de elopmen in ol ed using a ious 3D modeling so wa e,
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
569 | ASCAAD 2024
including Au odesk 3DS Max and Rhino 3D, which we e pi o al in ensu ing he
p ecision o he a chi ec u al de ails. This model was hen expo ed o
Twinmo ion, whe e ex u es, ma e ials, and ligh ing we e applied o enhance he
isual ealism o he s uc u e. Subsequen ly, he model was in eg a ed in o Un eal
Engine 5.3('Un eal Engine 5', 2022), which se ed as he p ima y ool o
de eloping VR educa ional applica ions, enabling u he e inemen and
in e ac i e capabili ies.
In pa allel, a second model was c ea ed using DesignBuilde
so wa e('DesignBuilde ', 2023) o conduc comp ehensi e building pe o mance
simula ions. These simula ions o e ed c i ical insigh s in o he sus ainable
ea u es o he house, including he mal com o analysis, ai low pa e ns h ough
Compu a ional Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (Figu e 3), and dayligh ing analysis. The
de ailed analysis o ai low pa e ns, bo h inside and ou side he house, e ealed
how he cou ya ds and windca che wo k in andem o acili a e na u al
en ila ion, e icien ly cooling he in e io ooms. Addi ionally, empe a u e
simula ions demons a ed he he mal pe o mance o he building's ma e ials,
showcasing how adi ional cons uc ion echniques e ec i ely main ained
com o able indoo en i onmen s. Such analyses we e i al in unde s anding he
building's en i onmen al in e ac ions and assessing i s sus ainable design aspec s.
The esul s o his sus ainabili y s udy a e being dissemina ed h ough sepa a e
publica ions, p o iding an in-dep h explo a ion o he indings. (Fa deheb, 2007;
Hensen and Lambe s, 2011; A ia, 2014; Rajapaksha e al., 2018; Al-Sallal and
Rahmani, 2019; Olawale-Johnson, Ajwang and Ondimu, 2021; Oza isoy and
Al an, 2021).
Figu e 3: 3D isualiza ion o he ex e nal CFD eloci y o he house o Sheikh Isa c ea ed using
DesignBuilde so wa e.
Upon acqui ing he esul s o he sus ainabili y s udy, hese indings we e
seamlessly in eg a ed in o he i ual en i onmen de eloped in Un eal Engine
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
570 | ASCAAD 2024
5.3. This p ocess acili a ed he c ea ion o a e sa ile, mul i-pu pose model
adap able o a ious ou pu s depending on he in ended use and audience.
Po en ial ou pu s include a VR applica ion, a 360-deg ee ideo ins alla ion, and a
mobile applica ion. This wo k low se es as a eplicable model o simila
sus ainable he i age p ojec s (Figu e 4).
Figu e 4. A low diag am illus a ing he in eg a ion o 3D isualiza ion and building
pe o mance simula ion esul s in o a i ual en i onmen , p oducing ou pu s such as a
VR applica ion, 360 ideo ins alla ion, and mobile applica ion.
4. In eg a ion wi h VR En i onmen
The building pe o mance simula ion s udy esul s we e ansla ed in o a isual
o ma and audio na a ion wi hin Un eal Engine 5.3, guiding use s as hey
explo ed he i ual en i onmen . A e isualizing he da a, in e ac i e elemen s
we e de eloped o enhance use engagemen wi h hese simula ions in he VR
en i onmen . A he beginning o he expe ience, use s a e g ee ed wi h an
ins uc ion sc een ou lining he con ols. Gi en he building's la ge size, we
de eloped an in e ac i e na iga ion map ha can be opened using he bu ons on
he le con olle . This map allows use s o explo e he building by selec ing
poin s o in e es . By poin ing a speci ic ooms o cou ya ds on he map wi h he
sui able con olle and p essing he igge , use s a e ins an ly elepo ed o ha
a ea (Figu e 5).
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
571 | ASCAAD 2024
Use s can also in e ac wi h doo s, opening o closing hem by poin ing and
p essing he igge bu on on he sui able con olle . Sound na a ion is a key
ea u e ha accompanies use s h ough di e en a eas, p o iding con ex ual
in o ma ion and enhancing he use 's unde s anding o he en i onmen .
Backg ound audio and hese audio cues play au oma ically o explain he
en i onmen , u he enhancing imme sion.
The s o y elling na a i e embedded wi hin he VR applica ion p o ides use s
wi h in o ma ion abou he house's his o ical backg ound and daily usage. I also
highligh s he sus ainable design ea u es ha con ibu ed o i s adap a ion o ha sh
wea he condi ions and imp o ed he mal com o . The na iga ion map ea u es a
sus ainabili y mode, enabling use s o p e iew BPS esul s and in e ac wi h a
"See in 3D" bu on ha o e lays hese esul s on o he 3D model o enhanced
imme sion and unde s anding (Figu e 5). This app oach simpli ies he complex
scien i ic da a gene a ed by he building pe o mance s udy, seamlessly
in eg a ing i in o he VR en i onmen o c ea e an e ec i e educa ional ool. The
goal is o make in ica e a chi ec u al design and sus ainabili y concep s accessible
o a b oad spec um o use s, allowing s uden s and o he lea ne s o explo e hese
ideas in an imme si e and in e ac i e way.
Figu e 5. A sc eensho o he VR walk h ough c ea ed in Un eal Engine 5.3- showcasing he
na iga ion in e ace map inside he educa ional VR model o Sheikh Isa House.
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
572 | ASCAAD 2024
Figu e 6. A sc eensho showing he na iga ion in e ace map wi hin he sus ainabili y
mode o he educa ional VR applica ion, displaying a sola gain map o he main cou ya d
(le ). The in e ac i e ea u e "See in 3D" maps he sola gain da a on o he 3D model,
acili a in
g
a
b
e e in e
p
e a ion o he esul s
(
i
g
h
)
.
5. Inclusi e VR Imme si e Expe iences: Enhancing Accessibili y and
Engagemen
The need o mo e inclusi e VR imme si e expe iences became e iden
ollowing igo ous es ing o he demo VR applica ion. The applica ion was
showcased a se e al e en s held a Vi ginia Tech Uni e si y. These e en s
a ac ed housands o isi o s om di e se backg ounds, including unde g adua e
and g adua e s uden s and indi iduals om he public wi h a ying ages and
expe iences. This wide- anging audience highligh ed some limi a ions o ou
cu en VR applica ion. Many isi o s, pa icula ly hose wi h isual impai men s,
discom o using VR headse s wi h eyeglasses, o physical disabili ies ha made
i challenging o ope a e con olle s, aced di icul ies na iga ing he i ual
en i onmen . Addi ionally, in a class oom se ing, he ime limi a ions o a 75-
minu e lec u e pose challenges in p o iding each s uden wi h an indi idual VR
expe ience. These ac o s unde sco e he impo ance o de eloping mo e
accessible and use - iendly VR expe iences o accommoda e a b oade ange o
use s and he p ac ical cons ain s o educa ional en i onmen s (Mo e al., 2019;
Williams, 2022; C eed e al., 2023; Dudley e al., 2023).
The challenges abo e inspi ed us o explo e al e na i e me hods o in ol e
mul iple use s wi hin he imme si e en i onmen and p o ide a ue sense o scale
and p opo ionali y. This was made possible by he a ailabili y o he Cyclo ama
display sys em, a key acili y o he Ins i u e o C ea i i y, A s, and Technology
(ICAT) a Vi ginia Tech Uni e si y. Si ua ed a he Moss A s Cen e on Vi ginia
Tech's main campus. The design o he exhibi ion ensu ed i p o ided a collec i e
and inclusi e expe ience accessible o hose unable o use adi ional VR de ices.
This imme si e, in e ac i e 360 ideo ins alla ion allowed a b oade audience o
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
573 | ASCAAD 2024
engage wi h he VR con en wi hou he need o headse s, p omo ing inclusi i y
and accessibili y o all isi o s. Addi ionally, due o he a ailabili y o wo
p ojec o s, he display sys em can also be p e iewed using s e eoscopic headse s,
allowing o 3D s e eoscopic ision and p o iding use s wi h 3D glasses. This
sys em opens many possibili ies o a chi ec u e and in e io design educa o s who
migh use his sys em o p o ide hei s uden s wi h an uncon en ional me hod o
lea ning abou buil en i onmen s, whe e he en i e class oom could be held inside
he Cyclo ama(A gy iou, Economou and Bouki, 2017, 2020; Wole z e al., 2018;
Škola e al., 2020; Webe , Weibel and Mas , 2021; Cinnamon and Jahiu,
2023)(Figu e 7).
Figu e 7. A 3D model depic ing he s uc u e o he Cyclo ama ea u ing p ojec o s, a 180-deg ee
cu ed sc een, and he sugges ed In e ac i e ouch able
5.1. Enhancing he Imme si e Expe ience Th ough Audio Na a ion
and S o y elling
The imme si e 360-deg ee en i onmen is en iched by oice na a ion and
con ex ual music, o e ing de ailed explana ions o key a eas such as he
cou ya ds, summe and win e ooms, he women's sec ion, and he gues sec ion.
These na a ions help pa icipan s be e unde s and he spa ial ela ionships and
cul u al signi icance o hese spaces and hei e e yday use. Addi ionally, he
oice na a ion succinc ly p esen s he key indings om he building
pe o mance simula ion s udy, p o iding insigh in o he sus ainabili y aspec s o
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
580 | ASCAAD 2024
sou ce pla o ms, acili a ing b oade dissemina ion and collabo a ion. These
e o s s i e o c ea e mo e inclusi e, engaging, and educa ional imme si e
expe iences, bene i ing di e se educa ional, cul u al, and museum applica ions.
Funding:
This p ojec was unded by Vi ginia Poly echnic Ins i u e and S a e Uni e si y h ough a
Facul y Ini ia ed Resea ch G an (FIRG) om he College o A chi ec u e, A s, and
Design (AAD) and an ICAT Majo SEAD G an om he Ins i u e o C ea i i y, A s,
and Technology (ICAT).
Acknowledgmen s
We g a e ully acknowledge he esea ch conduc ed by Ba azze i e al., suppo ed by he
Bah ain Au ho i y o Cul u e and An iqui ies (BACA) in 2017. Thei comp ehensi e
wo k on he House o Sheikh Isa p o ided essen ial documen a ion and insigh s ha ha e
guided ou unde s anding and analysis o his s udy. Ou since e g a i ude ex ends o ou
es eemed collabo a o s: Thomas Tucke , Associa e P o esso o C ea i e Technology a
he School o Visual A s; Da id Hicks, P o esso o Educa ion a he School o Educa ion;
and Todd Ogle, Execu i e Di ec o o The Applied Resea ch in Imme si e Expe iences
and Simula ions (ARIES) p og am a he Uni e si y Lib a ies, Vi ginia Tech. We also
ex end ou hea el hanks o he Ins i u e o C ea i i y, A s, and Technology (ICAT)
eam o hei unwa e ing suppo and assis ance. Addi ionally, we deeply app ecia e he
con ibu ion o ou g adua e s uden , Emily Wilson, a Mas e o A chi ec u e candida e,
whose e o s ha e been pi o al o he p ojec 's success.
Re e ences
al-Khali a, S. A. bin K. and Rice, M. (1993) Bah ain Th ough he Ages: The His o y.
Al-Sallal, K. A. and Rahmani, M. (2019) 'Ve nacula A chi ec u e in he MENA Region: Re iew
o Bioclima ic S a egies and Analysis o Case S udies', in. Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG. doi:
10.1007/978-3-030-06185-2_3.
Al-Sulai i, A. (2011) 'A iew o he de ence s a egy o Muha aq, a T ibal own in he Gul
(pos e )', in P oceedings o he Semina o A abian S udies.
A gy iou, L., Economou, D. and Bouki, V. (2017) '360-Deg ee In e ac i e Video Applica ion o
Cul u al He i age Educa ion', Thi d Imme si e Lea ning Resea ch Ne wo k Con e ence.
A gy iou, L., Economou, D. and Bouki, V. (2020) 'Design me hodology o 360° imme si e ideo
applica ions: he case s udy o a cul u al he i age i ual ou ', Pe sonal and Ubiqui ous
Compu ing, 24(6). doi: 10.1007/s00779-020-01373-8.
A ia, M. K. (2014) 'Sus ainabili y in Saudi e nacula buil en i onmen : The case o Al-Ahsa', in
Ve nacula A chi ec u e: Towa ds a Sus ainable Fu u e. doi: 10.1201/b17393.
Ba azze i, L., Mezzino, D. and Quin e o, M. S. (2017) 'Digi al wo k low o he conse a ion o
Bah ain buil he i age: The sheik ISA bin Ali house', in In e na ional A chi es o he
Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences - ISPRS A chi es.
In e na ional Socie y o Pho og amme y and Remo e Sensing, pp. 65–70. doi: 10.5194/isp s-
a chi es-XLII-2-W5-65-2017.
FROM VR CONTROLLERS TO MULTI-USER IMMERSIVE EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIENCES IN DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE
581 | ASCAAD 2024
Bay al-Shaykh' Issa bin' Ali al-Khila aMuha aq, Bah ain (no da e)
h ps://www.a chne .o g/si es/3798. A ailable a : h ps://www.a chne .o g/si es/3798 (Accessed:
22 Augus 2024).
Baza an, L. C. e al. (2021) 'Vi ual Reali y and Augmen ed Reali y in Educa ion', in P oceedings
o he 2021 30 h Annual Con e ence o he Eu opean Associa ion o Educa ion in Elec ical and
In o ma ion Enginee ing, EAEEIE 2021. Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s Inc. doi:
10.1109/EAEEIE50507.2021.9531005.
Cinnamon, J. and Jahiu, L. (2023) '360-deg ee ideo o i ual place-based esea ch: A e iew
and esea ch agenda', Compu e s, En i onmen and U ban Sys ems. doi:
10.1016/j.compen u bsys.2023.102044.
C eed, C. e al. (2023) 'Inclusi e Augmen ed and Vi ual Reali y: A Resea ch Agenda',
In e na ional Jou nal o Human-Compu e In e ac ion. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2023.2247614.
'DesignBuilde ' (2023). DesignBuilde So wa e L d.
Dudley, J. e al. (2023) 'Inclusi e Imme sion: a e iew o e o s o imp o e accessibili y in i ual
eali y, augmen ed eali y and he me a e se', Vi ual Reali y, 27(4), pp. 2989–3020. doi:
10.1007/s10055-023-00850-8.
Fa deheb, F. (2007) 'Examina ion and Re iew o Passi e Sola Cooling S a egies in Middle
Eas e n and No h A ican Ve nacula A chi ec u e', in P oceedings o ISES Wo ld Cong ess
2007. P oceedings o ISES Wo ld Cong ess 2007. doi: h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-
3_508.
Google (no da e) Google A s & Cul u e, h ps://a sandcul u e.google.com. A ailable a :
h ps://a sandcul u e.google.com/explo e (Accessed: 10 Oc obe 2024).
Guazza oni, G. and Pillai, A. S. . (2020) Vi ual and augmen ed eali y in educa ion, a , and
museums. PA: Enginee ing Science Re e ence, an imp in o IGI Global.
Hensen, J. and Lambe s, R. (2011) 'Building pe o mance simula ion o sus ainable building
design and ope a ion', in 60 h Anni e sa y o En i onmen al Enginee ing Depa men .
Hou, N. e al. (2024) 'Vi ual eali y space in a chi ec u al design educa ion: Lea ning e ec o
scale eeling', Building and En i onmen , 248. doi: 10.1016/j.builden .2023.111060.
Ka imi, A. I. (no da e) A S ing o Pea lsBah ain's Pea ling Pa h o e s a wo-decade
e ospec i e on his o y, iden i y, and a chi ec u al na a i e. A ailable a :
h ps://www.a chpape .com/2024/08/bah ain-pea ling-pa h- e ospec i e-his o y-iden i y-
a chi ec u al-na a i e/ (Accessed: 22 Augus 2024).
Lalande Ha dy-Guilbe , C. (1981) LA MAISON DE SHAYKH ISA A BAHRAYN (MÉMOIRE.
ERC.
Mo , M. e al. (2019) 'Accessible by design: An oppo uni y o i ual eali y', in Adjunc
P oceedings o he 2019 IEEE In e na ional Symposium on Mixed and Augmen ed Reali y,
ISMAR-Adjunc 2019. Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s Inc., pp. 451–454. doi:
10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunc .2019.00122.
Olawale-Johnson, O. P., Ajwang, P. and Ondimu, S. N. (2021) 'Reducing cooling demands in sub-
saha an a ica: A s udy on he he mal pe o mance o passi e cooling me hods in enclosed
spaces', Jou nal o Sus ainable De elopmen o Ene gy, Wa e and En i onmen Sys ems, 9(4).
doi: 10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0313.
Open He i age 3D Open He i age 3D, h ps://openhe i age3d.o g/. A ailable a :
h ps://openhe i age3d.o g/ (Accessed: 10 Oc obe 2024).
Open S age Con ol (2023) 'Open S age Con ol'. Lib e and modula OSC / MIDI con olle .
A ailable a : h ps://opens agecon ol.ammd.ne / (Accessed: 15 July 2024).
Oza isoy, B. and Al an, H. (2021) 'Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o bioclima ic design elemen s:
Theo ies, me hodologies and cases in he Sou h-eas e n Medi e anean clima e', Ene gy and
E. ELGEWELY, M. ALI, AND D. GUPTA
582 | ASCAAD 2024
Buildings. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111281.
Oza isoy, B. and Al an, H. (no da e) Sys ema ic Li e a u e Re iew o Bioclima ic Design
Elemen s: Theo ies, Me hodologies and Cases in he Sou h-eas e n Medi e anean Clima e.
Pea ling, Tes imony o an Island Economy (no da e) h ps://whc.unesco.o g/en/lis /1364/.
P i i e a, A. G., Fon ana, F. and Ge onazzo, M. (2024) 'The Role o Audio in Imme si e
S o y elling: a Sys ema ic Re iew in Cul u al He i age', Mul imedia Tools and Applica ions. doi:
10.1007/s11042-024-19288-4.
Rajapaksha, I. e al. (2018) 'Explo ing he mal com o in he con ex o his o ical conse a ion. A
s udy o he e nacula a chi ec u e o Pompeii', A chi ec u al Science Re iew, 61(1–2), pp. 4–14.
doi: 10.1080/00038628.2017.1405790.
Škola, F. e al. (2020) 'Vi ual eali y wi h 360- ideo s o y elling in cul u al he i age: S udy o
p esence, engagemen , and imme sion', Senso s (Swi ze land), 20(20). doi: 10.3390/s20205851.
Sus ainable He i age in VR (2024) h ps://sheikh .house/. A ailable a : h ps://sheikh .house/
(Accessed: 10 Oc obe 2024).
'Un eal Engine 5' (2022). Epic Games, Inc.
Vila , E., Filguei as, E. and Rebelo, F. (2022) Vi ual and Augmen ed Reali y o A chi ec u e and
Design, Vi ual and Augmen ed Reali y o A chi ec u e and Design. CRC P ess. doi:
10.1201/9781003051381.
Webe , S., Weibel, D. and Mas , F. W. (2021) 'How o Ge The e When You A e The e Al eady?
De ining P esence in Vi ual Reali y and he Impo ance o Pe cei ed Realism', F on ie s in
Psychology, 0, p. 1538. doi: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.628298.
Williams, S. (2022) Examining he E ec s o Disabili ies on VR Usage and Examining he E ec s
o Disabili ies on VR Usage and Accessibili y Issues o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies Accessibili y
Issues o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies. A ailable a : h ps://a ow. udublin.ie/scschcomdis.
Wole z, J. e al. (2018) 'In e aces o Imme si e Media', In In e ace C i ique Jou nal, 1. doi:
10.11588/ic.2018.0.44743.
Wo ldViewe (2023) 'Wo ldViewe '. The Elumena i. A ailable a : h ps://www.elumena i.com/
(Accessed: 22 Augus 2024).
Ya wood, J. and El-Mas i, S. (2006) Al Muha aq. Mi acle Publishing.
Ya wood, J. R. (2000) Al Muha aq: A chi ec u e o a T adi ional A abian Town in Bah ain. A s
& The Islamic Wo ld .
