Co esponding au ho : Akansha Dungdung
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
The media ing ole o Machia ellianism on In e ac ion In ol emen and Social
Desi abili y among adul s
Akansha Dungdung 1, * and Lokesh L 2
1 Msc. Clinical Psychology, Depa men o Psychology, K is u Jayan i College (Au onomous), Bengalu u, Ka na aka, India.
2 Assis an p o esso , Depa men o Psychology, Ki s u Jyana i College (Au onomous), Bengalu u, Ka na aka, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 2701-2707
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 08 Ap il 2025; e ised on 16 May 2025; accep ed on 19 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1955
Abs ac
The s udy examined how ac ics and iews dimensions o Machia ellianism as a whole, wi h social desi abili y, may
a ec in e pe sonal communica ion o gain bene i s om o he s. The s udy included 190 pa icipan s ac oss India (97
males, 91 emales and 2 non-bina y) wi h an inclusion c i e ion ha hey should no ha e any diagnosed psychological
diso de /condi ion and he ea men o he same should no be ongoing. The s udy used a co ela ional non-
expe imen al esea ch design inco po a ing media ion and eg ession analysis o examine he p edic i e and
in e ac i e ela ionship be ween a iables. The s udy e ealed ha he e was a weak nega i e co ela ion be ween
Machia ellianism and in e ac ion in ol emen ; a nega i e mode a e co ela ion be ween social desi abili y and
Machia ellianism, and a posi i e weak co ela ion be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen , sugges ing
his weak co ela ion could be due o sca e ed da a, which is no linea . The esul s o media ion sugges ha he e is
a pa ial di ec e ec o social desi abili y on in e ac ion in ol emen ha is highly signi ican , making he o al e ec
signi ican . In addi ion o his, he p- alue o he indi ec e ec caused by Machia ellianism is 0.073, sugges ing a
possible indi ec e ec , suppo ing ha he e is a end o media ion.
Keywo ds: Machia ellianism; Social desi abili y; In e ac ion in ol emen ; Response bias; Imp ession managemen ;
Co ela ional s udy; Pe sonali y ai s; Decep i e communica ion
1. In oduc ion
Communica ion is a na u al discipline by which indi iduals sha e hei expe iences, hough s and eelings wi h o he s.
Each indi idual communica es di e en ly and hei in e ac ion s yle e lec s how hey communica e wi h o he s (
Bea ie, 2014). Machia ellianism, social desi abili y, and in e ac ion in ol emen a e h ee in e connec ed cons uc s
ha play signi ican oles in unde s anding human beha io , pa icula ly in psychosocial con ex s, especially du ing
in e ac ion wi h o he s. Machia ellianism and na cissism ha e simila ai s which o e lap wi h each o he , and he e
a e much esea ch done on manipula i e beha io s which consis o hese wo pe sonali y ai s. Na cissism has
g andiose ye agile sense o sel and has p eoccupa ion sense o admi a ion whe eas Machia ellianism is cha ac e ised
by a endency o beha e in he di ec ion o in e pe sonal manipula i e manne . Social desi abili y also plays an
impo an ole in shaping in e pe sonal ela ionships which migh a ec he s yle o in e ac ion indi iduals ha e wi h
o he s. The s udy will aim o ind he ela ionship be ween Machia ellianism and how i a ec s in e pe sonal
communica ions, which include he social desi abili y ac o and in e ac ion in ol emen .
1.1. Machia ellianism as a concep
Machia ellianism is de ined as “a s a egy o social conduc ha in ol es manipula ing o he s o pe sonal gain, o en
agains o he s' sel -in e es ” (Wilson, Nea , & Mille , 1996). In simple e ms, indi iduals who manipula e o he s o hei
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 2701-2707
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bene i . I is simila o na cissism in mul iple aspec s, and esea ch shows hey bo h a e highly co ela ed wi h each
o he , such as bo h being ask-o ien ed compa ed o pe son-o ien ed (McHoskey, 1995); exploi a ion o o he s, highly
manipula i e, sel -in la ed sense o sel (Lee & Ash on, 2017). The e is a cons uc o subclinical o no mal na cissism,
which c ea es he baseline o diagnose pe sonali y as na cissis ic pe sonali y diso de (Raskin and Hall, 1979).
Machia ellianism is a pe sonali y ai , whe eas na cissism could be a pe sonali y ai as well as a diso de , depending
on he se e i y o he ai s.
1.2. Cha ac e is ics o he Machia ellianism pe sonali y ai
The main beha iou o a Machia ellian indi idual is lying and chea ing, and be ayal. Machia ellians ha e also been
known o cause mis o une in a Roman ic ela ionship (Abell & B ewe , 2018). Because o hei une hical beha io , hey
a e mo e p one o b ibe people and gi e kickbacks (Hega y, 1995). These indi iduals po ay be ayal only when hey
see he e en as bene icial o hem. They a e manipula i e and acco ding o H.W. F anke i is a co e beha iou o he
de imen o he people a ge ed. The e has been plen y o esea ch which p o es Machia ellianism in wo k makes an
indi idual mo e s ained owa ds wo k, less job sa is ac ion (Gemmill and Heisle , 1972). In con as o i , in he wo k
en i onmen , Machia ellians pe o m well whe e he ules a e ambiguous because hey don’ like ollowing ules and
hey end o igno e se p ocedu es o he ins i u ion. (G o e & Enz, 2005)
1.3. Social Desi abili y
The endency o p esen onesel a o ably in social si ua ions, mainly aligning hei esponses o socie al no ms, is
e e ed o as social desi abili y ( C owne & Ma low, 1960). I is also showing o e ly posi i e and downplaying nega i e
beha iou o esponses, which hampe s he alidi y and in e p e a ion o sel - epo (A hu e al., 2021; B ownback &
No o ny, 2018; Z. Lee & Sa gean , 2011; Ones e al., 1996). Social desi abili y is highly no ed in psychological sel - epo
pe sonali y es s. Unde s anding he concep o social desi abili y is impo an as i can hampe he alidi y and
psychological esul s and could lead o misin e p e a ion o da a because indi iduals wan o be mo e socially
accep able (Lanz e al., 2021c). Unde s anding he cause behind esponse biases would help he esea che s o ge pas
his bias, al hough social desi abili y esponse bias canno be omi ed comple ely, bu esea che s can ake measu es o
educe i so ha he esul s and he analysis won’ ge a ec ed o hampe ed (Fishe , 1993). Socially desi able esponse
biases mos ly happen when a opic is oo sensi i e o alk abou , he indi idual migh eel judged i hey gi e hei ue
opinions, he e o e, hey eel p essu ed o con o m o pe cei ed social no ms and s anda ds (La kin e al., 2017). Fo
ins ance, a s udy ound ha indi iduals wi h dep ession ga e mo e socially desi able esponses and unde epo ed
dep essi e symp oms because men al heal h issues a e s igma ised in a simila popula ion and didn’ gi e accu a e
esul s. Socie y and s igma a ound men al heal h a e a majo cause o socially desi able esponses in psychological
assessmen s.
1.4. In e ac ion In ol emen
In e ac ion in ol emen e e s o he ex en o which an indi idual pa icipa es wi h ano he in a con e sa ion and
esponds du ing an in e ac ion a en i ely wi h sensi i i y and unde s anding o o he people’s eelings ( Cegala, 1980).
Fo an indi idual o engage in a con e sa ion, hey need o pay a en ion o wha he o he pe son is sha ing and should
ha e he abili y o connec emo ionally (Duncan & Fiske, 1977). I is o en s udied as a cogni i e ac o in communica ion
compe ence ( Cegala, 1984; Kelle mann & Rolo , 1983; Spi zbe g J Cupach, 1988). In e ac ion in ol emen also has
he concep o social in e ac ion ha a ec s all de elopmen al domains. Du ing social in e ac ions, indi iduals exp ess
hei needs and in e ac wi h o he s and ecip oca e i in a ansac ional manne (T onick e . al, 2019). The a iable
in e ac ion in ol emen is based on social exchange heo y. The e a e ou assump ions by Molm (1997) o exchange
heo y; hey desi e o inc ease o dec ease loss depending upon he mo i a ion o he beha io ; bo h pa ies, i.e.
indi iduals con e sing ha e some eason o exchange o ob ain esou ces; indi iduals a e no engaged in one sho
ansac ional; he ou come obey psychological p inciple o sa ia ion.
A high in e ac ion in ol emen is associa ed wi h a p oduc i e con e sa ion and can enhance ela ionship sa is ac ion,
bu indings sugges ha indi iduals wi h high Machia ellianism exhibi lowe in e ac ion in ol emen because hey
ha e hei sel -se ing mo i es leading o supe icial in e ac ions ha lead o shallow ela ionships ha lack emo ional
esonance (Jones & Paulhus, 2014). In con as , a low in e ac ion in ol emen in ol es an indi idual engaging in a
con e sa ion, e y li le o no con e sa ion a all, limi ing hei ac i e pa icipa ion in an in e pe sonal ela ionship.
They a e ese ed o align wi h social no ms o modes y. Highly manipula i e people gi e desi able answe s, bu some
s udies con i m ha people wi h high Machia ellianism ha e low in e ac ion wi h o he people, al hough hey ha e a
high endency o gi e desi able answe s because o hei sel -se ing mo i es ( Hoe e , 1999). These h ee a e one o
he main concep s o build an in e pe sonal ela ionship, he e o e, his s udy will open new insigh s ela ed o hese
a iables and will gi e a be e unde s anding o he in e ac ion people ha e.
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1.5. Aim and objec i e o he s udy
To examine he impac o Machia ellianism and social desi abili y on in e ac ion in ol emen among adul s.
1.5.1. Objec i es
• To examine he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and Machia ellianism.
• To examine he ela ionship be ween in e ac ion in ol emen and social desi abili y.
• To examine he ela ionship be ween Machia ellianism and in e ac ion in ol emen .
• To examine whe he Machia ellianism media es he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion
in ol emen .
1.5.2. Hypo hesis
• H01: The e is no co ela ion be ween social desi abili y and Machia ellianism
• H02: The e is no co ela ion be ween in e ac ion in ol emen and social desi abili y
• H03: The e is no co ela ion be ween Machia ellianism and in e ac ion in ol emen
• H04: Machia ellianism media es he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen .
1.6. Signi icance o he s udy
By s udying one o he pe sonali ies om he da k iad in dep h wi h social desi abili y and in e pe sonal in ol emen ,
his s udy opens up a new di ec ion in unde s anding pe sonali y in social in e ac ions, which b idges he gap be ween
p e ious esea ch. I would also help he apis s o analyse clien s’ decei ing endencies; hey migh use o look mo e
socially desi able. By explo ing he pe sonali y ai s, especially he da k iad ai s, e.g. Machia ellianism, as hey could
a ec in e pe sonal communica ion and p oduce an unheal hy in e ac ion s yle.
The s udy will also help indi iduals, especially indi iduals who a e being manipula ed o decei ed, o unde s and how
manipula i e endencies could be used wi h social desi abili y ha could cause con lic ing ela ionships. Thus, he s udy
will help indi iduals iden i y and ecognise he manipula i e beha io o o he s and p e en hem om ge ing in o
un a o able si ua ions and con e sa ions.
2. Me hodology
2.1. Resea ch design
The s udy used a co ela ional non-expe imen al esea ch design o explo e he co ela ions be ween Machia ellianism,
social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen , ollowed by explo ing he in luence o Machia ellianism on social
desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen .
2.2. Pa icipan s
The sample consis ed 190 indi iduals (97 males, 91 emales, 2 non-bina y) ac oss India, aged anging om 18-44, who
do no ha e any psychological condi ions/diso de and hei ea men o he same is no ongoing. This c i e ion is
used o ensu e he e a e no disc epancies in he esponses due o any psychological condi ion. Machia ellianism is one
o he pe sonali y ai s in BPD, and indi iduals wi h BPD end o show manipula i e ac ics o cope wi h insecu i y o
emo ional ins abili y (Mandal e . al, 2013).
2.3. Technique used
The samples we e collec ed ia con enience sampling which is a non-p obabili y sampling echnique. This echnique
was used o ensu e ha indi iduals who ell unde he inclusion c i e ia we e eached, which p o ided be e
in o ma ion o ul il he aim o he s udy.
2.4. Da a analysis
Desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics we e ca ied ou o ob ain a de ailed s a is ical esul o he objec i es. Desc ip i e
s a is ics included mean, median and s anda d de ia ion along wi h no mali y o he es . In e en ial included
co ela ional and media ion analysis using Jamo i 2.3.28.
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3. Resul s and discussion
The s udy aimed o explo e he media ing e ec o Machia ellianism on social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen
among adul s, pa allel o he esea ch objec i es. The de ailed explana ion o he esul s is discussed below.
Table 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o he a iables
Desc ip i es
Shapi o-Wilk
N
Mean
Median
SD
W
p
Social desi abili y
190
10.6
11.0
3.15
0.961
< .001
Machia ellianism
190
41.2
42.0
9.81
0.975
0.002
In e ac ion in ol emen
190
43.1
43.0
6.56
0.991
0.244
Table 1 shows he desc ip i e s a is ics o 190 pa icipan s ac oss h ee a iables. Mean, median, and s anda d de ia ion
o Machia ellianism, social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen we e measu ed. The mean, median and s anda d
de ia ion o Machia ellianism a e 10.6, 11,3.15 espec i ely. Simila ly, mean, median and s anda d de ia ion o social
desi abili y a e 41.2,42 and 9.81, espec i ely. And las ly, mean, median and s anda d de ia ion o in e ac ion
in ol emen a e 43.1,43 and 6.56.
Shapi o-Wilk no mali y es was ca ied ou o check i he da a is no mally dis ibu ed. The esul shows ha only
in e ac ion in ol emen is no mally dis ibu ed wi h a p- alue o 2.44, which is g ea e han he signi icance alue o
0.05.
To check Hypo hesis 1, Hypo hesis 2 and Hypo hesis 3, Spea man’s Co ela ional analysis was ca ied ou .
Table 2 Co ela ional ma ix o he a iables
Co ela ion Ma ix
Social desi abili y
Machia ellianism
In e ac ion in ol emen
Social desi abili y
Spea man's ho
—
d
—
p- alue
—
Machia ellianism
Spea man's ho
-0.415***
—
d
188
—
p- alue
< .001
—
In e ac ion in ol emen
Spea man's ho
0.183*
-0.237**
—
d
188
188
—
p- alue
0.011
0.001
—
No e. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 2 depic s Spea man’s Co ela ional analysis o Machia ellianism, social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen .
• H01: The e is no co ela ion be ween Machia ellianism and social desi abili y
The esul s show he e is a nega i e mode a e co ela ion be ween Machia ellianism and social desi abili y wi h ρ =-
0.415, p<.001 a a 0.05 signi icance le el. A s udy suppo s his esul , he s udy compa ed he da k iad pe sonali y
wi h social desi abili y, and i was ound ou ha social desi abili y is posi i ely co ela ed wi h na cissism bu
nega i ely co ela ed wi h Machia ellianism and psychopa hy ( Kowalski e . al, 2018). Ano he s udy explo ed hese
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 2701-2707
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a iables by using MACH-IV scale and ound a small mode a e nega i e co ela ion wi h social desi abili y ( Hoe e ,
1999). This esul does no link wi h HO1, which is ha Machia ellianism and social desi abili y do no co ela e, and
he e o e, we ejec H01.
• HO2: The e is no co ela ion be ween in e ac ion in ol emen and social desi abili y
Table 2 depic s ha he e is a weak posi i e co ela ion wi h ρ=0.183, p=0.011 a 0.05 signi icance le el, ejec ing H02.
The e a e no di ec s udies ela ed o in e ac ion in ol emen bu he e a e s udies ha explo ed in e pe sonal
communica ion skills and ound ou ha social desi abili y is associa ed wi h sel -decep ion whe e indi iduals pe cei e
hemsel es as socially compe en in luencing hei in e ac ion in ol emen posi i ely (Hoe e , 1999). Acco ding o he
“Two-Componen Model o Socially Desi able Responding”, Sel -Decep i e Enhancemen (SDE) had no signi ican
ela ionship wi h obse able social beha io s o in e pe sonal in ol emen . Imp ession Managemen , on he o he
hand, was sligh ly co ela ed wi h ce ain social p esen a ion beha iou s, bu only in speci ic con ex s (e.g., job
in e iews, socially e alua i e si ua ions). SDE ↔ In e pe sonal in ol emen ( = ~0.06, p<0.05), IM ↔ Social
exp essi eness ( ≈ 0.15–0.20), o en weak and con ex -dependen . (Paulhus, 1984)
• HO3: The e is no co ela ion be ween Machia ellianism and in e ac ion in ol emen
Machia ellianism and in e ac ion in ol emen ha e a weak nega i e co ela ion wi h ρ=-0.237, p=0.001 a a 0.05
signi icance le el. This esul is suppo ed by a ew s udies such as one s udy ha explo ed ha Machia ellianism
posi i ely p edic s emo ional manipula ion and nega i ely p edic s emo ional in elligence, which hinde s e ec i e
in e ac ion among indi iduals, suppo ing he nega i e co ela ion o Machia ellianism wi h in e ac ion in ol emen
(Wal e s e al, 2021). Ano he s udy ound ha indi iduals high in Machia ellianism end o use manipula i e ac ics
a he han genuine in e ac ion s a egies, which may educe hei in ol emen in meaning ul in e pe sonal exchanges
(G ams and Roge s, 1990).
In conclusion, H01, H02 and H03 we e ejec ed based on Spea man’s co ela ional analysis. Fu he , media ion analysis
was ca ied ou o ind he media ing e ec o Machia ellianism on he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and
in e ac ion in ol emen .
Table 3 Media ion analysis
Media ion Es ima es
E ec
Label
Es ima e
SE
Z
p
% Media ion
Indi ec
a × b
0.131
0.0743
1.77
0.077
25.4
Di ec
c
0.385
0.1617
2.38
0.017
74.6
To al
c + a × b
0.517
0.1462
3.53
< .001
100.0
Table 4 Pa h es ima es
Pa h Es ima es
Label
Es ima e
SE
Z
p
Social desi abili y
→
Machia ellianism
a
-1.3805
0.2022
-6.83
< .001
Machia ellianism
→
In e ac ion in ol emen
b
-0.0952
0.0520
-1.83
0.067
Social desi abili y
→
In e ac ion in ol emen
c
0.3853
0.1617
2.38
0.017
Table 3 p edic s he media ion e ec o Machia ellianism be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen ,
which is he ou h hypo hesis.
• H04: Machia ellianism media es he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen .
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The able sugges s ha he e is an indi ec , i.e. a media ing e ec o 25.4% o Machia ellianism on he ela ionship, bu
i is no signi ican a he 0.05 signi icance le el, p- alue 0.077 o he indi ec e ec is close o he signi ican alue
0.05, bu may suppo a end owa ds media ion. Al hough he di ec e ec o social desi abili y on in e ac ion
in ol emen is Signi ican wi h p=0.017 a a 0.05 signi icance le el, wi h an es ima e o 0.3853 and a media ion
pe cen age o 74.6%. The esul ails o accep H04; he e o e, Machia ellianism do no media e be ween social
desi abili y and in e ac ion in ol emen . Hoe e (1999) ound ha Machia ellianism and social desi abili y a e
nega i ely co ela ed, and indi iduals ha ing manipula i e endencies p io i ize sel -se ing beha io . While di ec
esea ch be ween in e ac ion in ol emen and Machia ellianism is limi ed and he co ela ional analysis om Table 2
also indica ed an insigni ican ela ionship be ween hese a iables.
Thus, Hypo hesis 4, which is Machia ellianism, media es he ela ionship be ween social desi abili y and in e ac ion
in ol emen is ejec ed.
4. Conclusion
Social desi abili y along wi h Machia ellianism, b ings change in in e ac ion in ol emen , and all h ee a iables a e
signi ican ly co ela ed wi h each o he . Machia ellianism is nega i ely co ela ed while social desi abili y is posi i ely
co ela ed o in e ac ion in ol emen , sugges ing ha high Machia ellian indi iduals end o engage less in social
si ua ions and i hey do engage, hey do i because o hei mo i es o bene i om o he s. O e all, bo h ai s in luence
in e ac ion wi h social desi abili y playing mo e di ec ole.
Limi a ions and sugges ions
The s udy could ha e mo e esponses o inc ease he gene alizabili y. Machia ellianism has wo dimensions iew and
ac ics and in e ac ion in ol emen consis o a en i eness, esponsi eness and pe cep i eness, so his s udy lacks he
analysis o which dimension o Machia ellianism a ec which dimension dimensions o in e ac ion in ol emen and
how much does he pe sonali y o he indi idual a ec his ela ionship The s udy could ha e use a quali a i e app oach
o mo e de ailed esul s o a c oss-sec ional s udy wi h he same a iables.
Implica ions
The s udy emphasized he impo ance o da k iad pe sonali y in in e pe sonal communica ion, which suppo s he
heo y o social exchange whe e indi iduals seek o maximize he bene i h ough in e ac ions and minimizing he cos .
Fo he apis s, his s udy helps o unde s and no o in e p e da k pe sonali ies in isola ion, as indi iduals exhibi ing
high Machia ellian ai s may s ill be capable o p osocial o socially desi able beha iou
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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