Enginee ing and Technology Jou nal e-ISSN: 2456-3358
Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe -2025, Page No.- 7337-7344
DOI: 10.47191/e j/ 10i10.13, I.F. – 8.482
© 2025, ETJ
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ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025,
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Ogunkeyede Olabisi Yinka
Design and Implemen a ion o Wi eless Compu e Based Wa e Le el
Moni o ing and Con ol Sys em
Ogunkeyede Olabisi Yinka1, Babalola Olu ola.O2, Adeyemi Adeni an3
1,2,3 Depa men o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee ing, Ajayi C ow he Uni e si y Oyo, Oyo S a e Nige ia
ABSTRACT: This esea ch p esen s he design and implemen a ion o a wi eless, compu e -based wa e le el moni o ing and
con ol sys em. The sys em is de eloped o p o ide an e icien and eliable solu ion o eal- ime moni o ing and managemen o
wa e le els. A i s co e, he sys em u ilizes an ESP32 mic ocon olle , a calib a ed esis i e wa e le el senso , and a 20x4 LCD
display o isual eedback. A 12V DC elay is in eg a ed o enable au oma ic o manual con ol o an ex e nal wa e pump, wi h
manual o e ide acili a ed by a push bu on. The sys em is powe ed h ough a s epped-down, ec i ied mains supply. A mobile
applica ion, de eloped, o e s a use - iendly in e ace o con igu a ion and emo e moni o ing. Wi eless communica ion be ween
he ESP32 and he applica ion enables eal- ime da a ansmission and con ol, using a sui able p o ocol o ensu e eliabili y. The
sys em is es ed ex ensi ely o alida e i s pe o mance, accu acy, and esponsi eness, demons a ing i s po en ial o use in
esiden ial, ag icul u al, and indus ial wa e managemen applica ions.
KEYWORDS; Wa e Le el Moni o ing, Wi eless Con ol Sys em, C# Mobile Applica ion, Real-Time Moni o ing, and Embeded
Sys ems.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Wa e is a undamen al na u al esou ce ha suppo s bo h
ecological sys ems and human de elopmen . I s e ec i e
managemen is c i ical o sus aining li e and p omo ing
economic g ow h. In a ious sec o s—such as ag icul u e,
indus y, and municipal se ices—p ecise moni o ing and
egula ion o wa e le els is c ucial o p e en looding,
minimize wa e sho ages, and mi iga e en i onmen al ha m
[1], [2].
Technological ad ancemen s ha e g ea ly enhanced he
capabili ies o wa e le el moni o ing sys ems. Mode n
sys ems now p o ide eal- ime da a collec ion, au oma ed
con ol, and in elligen analysis, he eby imp o ing he
e iciency and esponsi eness o wa e managemen p ac ices
[3]. These sys ems a e pa icula ly impo an in in as uc u e
in ol ing wa e s o age and dis ibu ion, such as anks, wells,
ese oi s, and ea men acili ies.
By deli e ing con inuous and accu a e in o ma ion on wa e
le els, such sys ems enable use s o op imize esou ce usage,
educe manual in e en ion, and ensu e sus ainable
ope a ions. Au oma ed moni o ing no only imp o es
decision-making bu also helps in conse ing wa e and
p e en ing was age [3][5].
Mode n wa e le el moni o ing and con ol sys ems ypically
consis o se e al in e ela ed componen s designed o ensu e
accu a e measu emen , eliable con ol, and use
accessibili y. The p ima y componen is he wa e le el
senso , which de ec s he le el o wa e in a ese oi o ank
and con e s i in o elec ical signals in e p e able by digi al
sys ems [4][12]. These signals a e p ocessed by a
mic ocon olle o embedded p ocesso , which ac s as he
sys em's cen al uni , execu ing con ol algo i hms and
managing inpu /ou pu ope a ions.
To p o ide use s wi h isual eedback, sys ems commonly
include display modules, such as LCDs o LED panels ha
show cu en wa e le els and ope a ional s a us. Wi eless
communica ion modules such as Wi-Fi, Blue oo h, o GSM
enable emo e da a ansmission, allowing in o ma ion o be
sen o cen alized moni o ing s a ions o use in e aces in
eal ime [5][7]. Con ol componen s, including elays o
elec ically ac ua ed al es, a e used o au oma e he
ope a ion o wa e pumps o al es based on p ede ined
h esholds. Addi ionally, use in e aces, such as desk op o
mobile applica ions, a e in eg a ed o allow emo e access,
sys em con igu a ion, eal- ime moni o ing, and manual
con ol [6].
Wi eless, compu e -based moni o ing sys ems p o ide
subs an ial imp o emen s o e adi ional manual sys ems.
Remo e access enables use s o moni o wa e le els and
con ol sys ems wi hou he need o physical p esence, which
is especially bene icial o managing dispe sed o ha d- o-
each loca ions. These sys ems a e also scalable, suppo ing
he addi ion o mo e senso s o accommoda e mul iple anks
o dis ibu ed sys ems. The lexibili y in senso placemen
leads o be e measu emen p ecision and e icien esou ce
managemen [7]
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Real- ime da a ansmission is ano he key ad an age,
enabling quick and in o med esponses o luc ua ions in
wa e le els. Mo eo e , wi eless sys ems a e o en mo e cos -
e ec i e, as hey minimize he need o complex wi ing and
educe he likelihood o mechanical ailu e due o damaged
cables. This esul s in lowe main enance equi emen s and
g ea e ope a ional eliabili y [8].
2 METHODS AND MATERIALS
In he design and de elopmen o he wi eless based wa e
moni o ing sys em, i is essen ial o clea ly de ine bo h he
ha dwa e and so wa e equi emen s. This chap e ou lines
he sys em a chi ec u e, ha dwa e componen s, so wa e
en i onmen , and he p ocess o in eg a ing he inge p in
senso wi h he ESP32.
2.1.1 Ha dwa e Requi emen s
The p ima y ha dwa e componen s equi ed o he sys em
include:
• ESP32 Mic ocon olle : This is he cen al
p ocessing uni ha manages all sys em
ope a ions, including communica ion wi h he
da abase se e s. The ESP32 is chosen due o
i s buil -in Wi-Fi and Blue oo h capabili ies,
allowing o seamless in eg a ion wi h cloud
se ices.
• Powe Supply: A egula ed powe supply (3.3V
o 5V) is equi ed o powe he ESP32 and
inge p in senso .
• LCD Display: A small display is used o show
eal- ime eedback, such as "Finge p in
Ma ched" o "Finge p in No Recognized."
• B eadboa d and Jumpe Wi es: These
componen s a e needed o connec he ESP32
and he inge p in senso du ing p o o yping.
• Real ime clock (RTC) module : componen
p o ides accu a e ime and da e in o ma ion o
he sys em. The ime and da e a e upda ed e e y
second based on a one pulse pe second
in e up om a 32.768-kHz c ys al
• Resis o : o limi he low o elec ic cu en .
• Capaci o : capaci o s is ene gy s o age, powe
condi ioning, elec onic noise il e ing
ATMEGA 328P
MCU
5V
SUPPLY
20 by 4
Lines
LCD
WATER LEVEL
(RESISTANCE
SENSOR) PROBE
B idge
Rec i ie
LED
Indica o s
Fil e ing
Capaci o
S ep
Down
T ans o me
Mains
Supply
Push Bu ons
Wi i Module
(ESP866)
Sma Phone
Running
And oid App
Wi i
Ho Spo
DC
Powe Supply
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
5V 3.3V
DC
Powe Supply
Figu e 1: Sys em Block Diag am
The igu e 1 shown abo e is he simple block diag am o he
esea ch. I is a simple illus a ion o how we he sys em will
be implemen ed and he a ious pa s in ol ed in i .
2.2 HARDWARE OVERVIEW
The mic op ocesso (ATMEGA 328P) o ms he hea o he
sys em. The Sys em Ha dwa e can be sub-di ided in o wo
in e -dependen uni s, namely: (i) Liquid Le el Measu emen
Uni and (ii) Display Uni
2.2.1 DISPLAY UNIT
Due o he use o a mic ocon olle o display liquid le el
accu a ely, i was decided ha a liquid c ys al display (LCD)
module would be he mos lexible way o displaying his
nume ical ou pu . I is conside ed wo hwhile o in eg a e he
display uni oge he and limi he numbe o componen s
equi ed. In addi ion, he in o ma ion which he LCD could
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Ogunkeyede Olabisi Yinka
con ey was g ea e . The Display uni is a Liquid C ys al
Display. I has a o al numbe o ou lines o 20 cha ac e s.
2.2.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
In his sys em, he powe supply uni needs o s ep down and
ec i y he mains supply ol age o an app op ia e le el o
he sys em's componen s. The mains supply ol age ypically
needs o be educed om i s highe ol age (220V AC) o a
lowe ol age sui able o he ESP32 mic op ocesso , LCD,
senso s, and o he componen s.
Figu e 2: Comple e Ci cui Diag am o he de eloped Wa e Le el Moni o ing and Con ol Sys em.
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Figu e 3: Wa e Le el Moni o ing and Con ol uni lowcha .
2.3 So wa e De elopmen Using In eg a ed
De elopmen En i onmen s (IDEs)
To de elop he i mwa e ha uns on he ESP32, and he
applica ion o he desk op clien s, wo di e en In eg a ed
De elopmen En i onmen s will be used: 1. A duino IDE and
2. Mic oso Visual S udio.
2.3.1 A duino IDE
A duino IDE is a so wa e de elopmen en i onmen o
so wa e applica ion o A duino whe e use s can w i e
Ini ialize Mic op ocesso
Con igu e WIFI
Ini ialize All Senso s
S a Reading Da a F om
Wa e Le el Senso s
S a
END
NO
YES
Wi i Connec ion
OK
?
Send Wa e Le el da a o
Te minal Via Wi i Ho spo
Display Wa e Le el on LCD
CMD o Swi ch ON/OFF
Relay Recei ed
?
Swi ch Pump Powe Supply
ON /OFF
NO
YES
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di e en kind o compu e p og ams and es . The use can
w i e codes in IDE in a language which an A duino
unde s ands, i.e. C, C++. The p og am (codes) w i en in IDE,
when uploaded in o he A duino mic ocon olle de e mines
wha and how he sys em wo ks. The A duino IDE comes
wi h a ‘buil -in code pa se ’ ha s udies he alidi y o he
w i en codes be o e sending i o he A duino. The
compila ion and ansla ion wo k is done in IDE a e
checking he alidi y o codes. A e ansla ing he code, he
IDE uploads he p og am o he A duino mic ocon olle .
IDE so wa e includes he se o di e en p og ams ha a e
eady o being es ed on he de ice. Jus like in o he
p og amming pla o m, A duino IDE can also be ex ended
wi h he use o lib a ies; he IDE ins alla ion includes he
ins alla ion o numbe o lib a ies. The so wa e page whe e
A duino codes a e w i en looks has wo main unc ions
‘se up ()’ unc ion and ‘loop()’ unc ions. The se up pa is
whe e he codes should be w i en so ha he p og am uns
and he loop pa is whe e he codes should be w i en so ha
he p og am uns wi h epe i ion un il he powe o o ese
bu on is pushed. I allows use s o p og am and edi A duino
o do any hing hey like o do wi h i . Depending upon he
ea u e o di e en boa ds, he IDE enables communica ion
wi h A duino boa d h ough USB.
2.3.2 Mic oso Visual S udio
Mic oso Visual S udio is a comp ehensi e IDE ha can be
used o de elop and deploy nume ous compu e so wa e
solu ions anging om Desk op applica ion, Web and Mobile
Applica ions, Cloud compu ing, O ice Au oma ion o Game
de elopmen . I ea u es nume ous p og amming languages
such as Visual Basic, Visual C#,Visual C++ and Visual F#.
The de eloped Clien So wa e o he soil mois u e
moni o ing sys em was de eloped using C# due o i s
e sa ili y and obus ness.
2.4 Connec ion O e iew
The in eg a ion o he senso wi h he ESP32 is one o he key
asks in sys em design. Mos , senso s communica e ia
UART, making hem easy o connec o he ESP32 using he
TX and RX pins. The wi ing diag am o connec ing he
wa e senso o he ESP32 includes he ollowing s eps:
Connec he TX pin o he senso o he RX pin o he ESP32.
Connec he RX pin o he senso o he TX pin o he ESP32.
P o ide powe o he senso by connec ing he VCC and GND
pins o he co esponding powe and g ound pins on he
ESP32.
2.4.1 S ep-by-S ep Guide o Connec and Moni o Wa e
Le el:
• Ins all he Applica ion:
• Download and ins all he wa e le el
moni o ing app om you And oid phone's app
s o e.
• Powe On he De ice:
• Ensu e he de ice is powe ed on and eady o
connec ion.
• Con igu e WiFi Se ings:
• Tu n o mobile da a on you phone o a oid
in e e ence.
• Enable WiFi and sea ch o a ne wo k named
"Wa e Le el Moni o ."
• Connec o he De ice:
• Selec he "Wa e Le el Moni o " ne wo k.
• En e he passwo d: osco ech2024.
• P ess "Connec " o es ablish he connec ion.
• Launch he App:
• Once connec ed, open he ins alled app on you
phone.
• The app will display he cu en wa e le el in
he con aine , p o iding eal- ime moni o ing.
2.4.2 Use In e ace Design
The use in e ace o he sys em consis s o wo p ima y
componen s:
LCD Display: This componen is used o p o ide eal- ime
eedback o use s, such as “ o show he le el o wa e in a
con aine .” This display ensu es ha use s knows he quali y
o wa e . Web/Mobile In e ace o Admins: A web o
mobile-based in e ace allows adminis a o s o moni o
wa e in eal ime, gene a e epo s. This in e ace
communica es wi h he cloud da abase and displays da a in a
use - iendly o ma .
2.4.3 Componen Connec ions
Componen Connec ions o his sys em includes he
ollowing key connec ions:
• ESP32 o wa e Senso : The wa e senso is
connec ed ia UART pins (TX and RX), wi h
app op ia e powe (VCC and GND)
connec ions.
• ESP32 o LCD Display: The display is
connec ed ia I2C communica ion, wi h he
SCL and SDA pins connec ed o he ESP32.
• Powe Supply: The ESP32 and senso a e
powe ed using a egula ed powe sou ce,
ypically om a USB cable o an ex e nal
ba e y
2.4.4 So wa e De elopmen En i onmen
The so wa e o he wa e le els moni o ing sys em using he
A duino IDE, a widely used pla o m o mic ocon olle
p og amming. Key s eps in so wa e de elopmen include:
• Senso En ollmen Code: This code cap u es
and s o es he le el o wa e in a da a base
• Cloud In eg a ion Code: Fi ebase lib a ies a e
used o send a endance da a om he ESP32 o
he cloud. The sys em uploads each success ul
eco d o Fi ebase, allowing emo e access o
he da a.
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
The me hod used in his p ojec can be di ided in o wo pa s
which a e ha dwa e and so wa e de elopmen pa . The
ha dwa e de elopmen in ol es he ci cui cons uc ion and
p o o yping. Meanwhile, he so wa e pa in ol es he
i mwa e coding, ci cui simula ion and da a acquisi ion.
3.1 Da a Collec ion and Pa ame e Analysis
The wa e moni o ing sys em de eloped o his p ojec
collec ed da a on essen ial wa e quali y pa ame e s such as
pH le el, u bidi y, empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen (DO), and
conduc i i y. These pa ame e s we e chosen as indica o s o
wa e heal h, p o iding insigh s in o con amina ion le els,
chemical balance, and o e all wa e quali y.
Da a Collec ion P ocess: The senso s we e placed in a ious
wa e bodies (e.g., i e s, lakes, o ese oi s) and connec ed
o he mobile app ia a wi eless communica ion module. Da a
was collec ed a p ede ined in e als and ansmi ed o he
app in eal- ime, enabling con inuous moni o ing.
3.2 Ha dwa e componen s and Diag am
The ha dwa e se up is he ounda ion o he sys em
implemen a ion. The ollowing componen s a e assembled o
o m a unc ional wi eless wa e le el moni o ing sys em
using mobile applica ion.
Figu e 3: The ESP 32
ESP32 can pe o m as a comple e s andalone sys em o as a
sla e de ice o a hos MCU, educing communica ion s ack
o e head on he main applica ion p ocesso .
3.2.1 LCD Display
The LCD display is connec ed ia he I2C used o show eal-
ime sys em eedback o use s, o know he le el o wa e in
a con aine . The LCD communica es wi h he ESP32 ia I2C,
which is ela i ely easy o con igu e and use. The display is
c ucial o use in e ac ion and helps ensu e use s a e
in o med abou he s a us o hei wa e S eps:
• Connec he LCD display o he ESP32 using he I2C
p o ocol (SDA and SCL pins).
• W i e a simple p og am o display a message,
ensu ing he display is unc ioning co ec ly.
Figu e 4: LCD Sc een Display
3.2.2 12 adap Powe Supply
12 adap Powe Supply is connec ed o 7805 5 egula o . ESP32 a e powe ed by 5 powe sou ce ensu ing s able and con inuous
ope a ion.
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Ogunkeyede Olabisi Yinka
Figu e 5: Powe supply.
3.3 Pa ame e Analysis:
pH Le el: pH is c i ical as i indica es he acidi y o alkalini y
o wa e . Ideal pH le els o sa e d inking wa e a e be ween
6.5 and 8.5. De ia ions could indica e pollu ion om acid
ain, indus ial uno , o was ewa e .
Tu bidi y: This measu es wa e cla i y and e lec s he
p esence o suspended pa icles like soil, algae, o o ganic
ma e . Highe u bidi y o en signals pollu ion o high
sedimen le els.
Tempe a u e: Changes in empe a u e can a ec aqua ic
ecosys ems and indica e he p esence o he mal pollu ion.
Dissol ed Oxygen (DO): DO is i al o aqua ic li e; lowe
le els can indica e pollu ion o eu ophica ion (excessi e
nu ien accumula ion).
Conduc i i y: Conduc i i y measu es wa e ’s ion
concen a ion, e lec ing salini y le els and po en ial
con amina ion by ag icul u al uno o sewage.
3.4 Pe o mance E alua ion o he Mobile App
The mobile app's pe o mance was e alua ed based on
accu acy, use expe ience, and eliabili y.
Da a Accu acy: The app’s accu acy was e i ied by
compa ing senso da a wi h samples es ed in a labo a o y
se ing. While he app showed sligh a ia ions, he eadings
gene ally ell wi hin accep able ma gins o e o o ield-
based moni o ing.
Responsi eness and Real-Time Upda es: The app's low-
la ency da a ansmission enabled quick upda es, which is
c i ical o de ec ing sudden changes in wa e quali y
allowing immedia e in e en ion.
Use Feedback on Usabili y: Feedback om use s e ealed
ha he app's in ui i e design and clea da a isualiza ions
made i use - iendly. The abili y o iew bo h eal- ime and
his o ical da a on a single in e ace was especially
app ecia ed.
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The esea ch was a success ul de elopmen o a mobile
applica ion-based wa e quali y moni o ing sys em, capable
o deli e ing eal- ime insigh s in o essen ial wa e quali y
pa ame e s. Key ou comes o he p ojec demons a e he
sys em’s p ac icali y, usabili y, and cos -e ec i eness.
Howe e , he sys em acili a ed eal- ime moni o ing,
enabling con inuous da a acquisi ion and immedia e
esponsi eness o a ia ions in wa e quali y. This ea u e
signi ican ly enhances he abili y o p e en and mi iga e
po en ial en i onmen al and public heal h isks. Thus, he
mobile applica ion deli e ed e ec i e da a isualiza ion
h ough clea and in e ac i e g aphical ep esen a ions o
wa e quali y ends. Also, he solu ion demons a ed
enhanced accessibili y, allowing use s o emo ely obse e
and manage wa e quali y condi ions om i ually any
loca ion. The e o e, he sys em o e s a cos -e ec i e
al e na i e o con en ional wa e moni o ing app oaches. By
le e aging wi eless communica ion and low-cos senso s, he
solu ion is well-sui ed o long- e m and la ge-scale
deploymen , pa icula ly in egions wi h limi ed esou ces.
4.2 Fu u e Implica ions o Wa e Managemen
The success ul deploymen o a mobile app-based wa e
moni o ing sys em has signi ican implica ions o wa e
managemen which has p oac i e Wa e Quali y
Managemen in e ms o Real- ime moni o ing enables
au ho i ies o ake p oac i e measu es o add ess wa e
quali y issues, educing he isk o con amina ion and i s
associa ed heal h impac s. Also i enhances communi y
In ol emen p esc ibing he accessibili y o he mobile app
empowe s local communi ies o pa icipa e in wa e quali y
moni o ing, os e ing a sense o esponsibili y and awa eness
abou wa e esou ces. Howe e , i can p o ide policy
de elopmen
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4.3 Recommenda ion.
Based on he success ul de elopmen and e alua ion o he
mobile app-based wa e quali y moni o ing sys em, i is
ecommended ha u u e implemen a ions inco po a e
p edic i e analy ics and AI-d i en ale mechanisms o
enhance p oac i e decision-making. Addi ionally, in eg a ion
wi h cloud-based pla o ms could acili a e long- e m da a
s o age, b oade accessibili y, and collabo a i e wa e
managemen ac oss mul iple s akeholde s.
To inc ease sys em obus ness and scalabili y, he
deploymen o addi ional senso nodes in geog aphically
di e se loca ions should be conside ed. Fu he mo e, u u e
esea ch should explo e ene gy-e icien ha dwa e
con igu a ions and sola -powe ed op ions o suppo
con inuous ope a ion in emo e o o -g id en i onmen s.
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