D2.4 - High-level study of regional dynamics for the use of Bio-based Technologies (BBTs)

Deli e able 2.4
1
CTA
Augus 2024
High-le el s udy o egional
dynamics o he use o Bio-
based Technologies (BBTs)
DELIVERABLE D2.4
Deli e able 2.4
2
© 2024 by BBioNe s conso ium is licensed
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Documen in o ma ion.
Documen ID
D2.4
Ti le
High-le el s udy o egional dynamics o he use o Bio-based
Technologies (BBTs)
Wo k Package
WP2 – Bio-Based Technologies and egional dynamics
Due Da e
31/08/2024
Deli e y Da e
31/08/2024
Dissemina ion Le el
PU - Public
Pa ne Responsible
CTA
Main Au ho s
Paola Giambiaggi Dall´O so - CTA
Paula Rosa Ál a ez – CTA
Na halie Cha ie – CTA
Maca ena U eña – CTA
Con ibu o s
All pa ne s
Pee e iewe s
Re iewe 1
D . Ma a Lai – CREA
D . Lau a Mi a – CREA
D . F ancesco Basse – CREA
D . Pa izia Bo so o - CREA
Re iewe 2
Ms. Concepción Mi a Rodado – TEPRO
M . An onio Al ea Almunia - TEPRO
Ms. Maca ena Ley a Manchón - TEPRO
Coo dina o
Ca men Gi ón Domínguez - MTU
Documen his o y
Ve sion
Da e
Main Modi ica ions
Au ho (s)
0.1
31/07/2024
Fi s e sion
CTA
0.2
22/08/2024
Second e sion
CTA, CREA, TEPRO, MTU
Views and opinions exp essed a e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o
he Eu opean Union o he Eu opean Resea ch Execu i e Agency (REA). Nei he he Eu opean Union
no he g an ing au ho i y can be held esponsible o hem.
Deli e able 2.4
3
© 2024 by BBioNe s conso ium is licensed
unde CC BY-NC 4.0. To iew a copy o his license, isi
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0
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1.0
28/08/2024
Final e sion eady o
submission
CTA
2.0
13/09/2024
Copy igh added
CTA
Views and opinions exp essed a e hose o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o
he Eu opean Union o he Eu opean Resea ch Execu i e Agency (REA). Nei he he Eu opean Union
no he g an ing au ho i y can be held esponsible o hem.
4
Table o Con en s
1 In oduc ion .......................................................................................... 19
1.1 EU bioeconomy amewo k..................................................................................... 19
1.1.1 EU bioeconomy s a egy ..................................................................................................... 19
1.1.2 EU unding p og ammes ..................................................................................................... 21
2 Czech-Republic - Sou he n Mo a ia ....................................................... 23
2.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ........................................................................... 23
2.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ................................................................................. 23
2.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................... 24
2.1.3 Economic Indica o s ............................................................................................................ 29
2.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................... 29
2.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion .................................................................. 30
2.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y .............................................................................................. 30
2.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................... 32
2.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke ................................................................................................ 32
2.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ............................................................. 34
2.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies ............................................................................................ 35
2.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................... 36
2.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion .................................................................................. 36
2.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs ............................................................... 37
2.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................... 39
Re e ences ................................................................................................................................ 40
3 G eece – Cen al Macedonia, C e e & Peloponnese ............................... 42
3.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ........................................................................... 42
3.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ................................................................................. 42
3.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................... 45
3.1.3 Economic indica o s ............................................................................................................ 51
3.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................... 53
3.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion .................................................................. 55
3.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y .............................................................................................. 55
3.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................... 62
3.2.3 Bio-P oduc s a ge ma ke ................................................................................................ 63
3.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ............................................................. 65
3.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies ............................................................................................ 66
3.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion .................................................................................. 67
3.3.2 Bio-based echnologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs ................................................................ 69
3.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................... 69
Re e ences ................................................................................................................................ 70
5
4 I aly - Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a & Ligu ia ................................................ 72
4.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ........................................................................... 72
4.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ................................................................................. 72
4.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................... 72
4.1.3 Economic Indica o s ............................................................................................................ 79
4.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................... 80
4.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion .................................................................. 82
4.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y .............................................................................................. 82
4.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................... 88
4.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke ................................................................................................ 88
4.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ............................................................. 93
4.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies ............................................................................................ 96
4.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................. 102
4.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion ................................................................................ 102
4.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs ............................................................. 105
4.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................. 105
Re e ences .............................................................................................................................. 106
5 I eland ................................................................................................. 109
5.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ......................................................................... 109
5.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ............................................................................... 109
5.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................. 109
5.1.3 Economic Indica o s .......................................................................................................... 115
5.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................. 116
5.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion ................................................................ 117
5.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y ............................................................................................ 117
5.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................. 120
5.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke .............................................................................................. 121
5.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ........................................................... 126
5.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies .......................................................................................... 128
5.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................. 133
5.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion ................................................................................ 133
5.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs ............................................................. 135
5.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................. 136
Re e ences .............................................................................................................................. 137
6 Poland ................................................................................................. 141
6.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ......................................................................... 141
6.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ............................................................................... 141
6.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................. 142
6.1.3 Economic Indica o s .......................................................................................................... 144
6.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................. 145

6
6.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion ................................................................ 147
6.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y ............................................................................................ 147
6.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................. 151
6.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke .............................................................................................. 152
6.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ........................................................... 154
6.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies .......................................................................................... 156
6.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................. 159
6.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion ................................................................................ 159
6.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OG ............................................................... 160
6.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................. 162
Re e ences .............................................................................................................................. 162
7 Spain - Andalusia ................................................................................. 162
7.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion ......................................................................... 166
7.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion ............................................................................... 166
7.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion .................................................................. 166
7.1.3 Economic Indica o s .......................................................................................................... 171
7.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k .................................................................................. 172
7.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion ................................................................ 173
7.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y ............................................................................................ 173
7.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces ............................................................. 176
7.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke .............................................................................................. 177
7.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion ........................................................... 181
7.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies .......................................................................................... 184
7.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups ............................................................................. 188
7.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion ................................................................................ 188
7.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs ............................................................. 190
7.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions ............................................................................. 192
Re e ences .............................................................................................................................. 192
8 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 195
Lis o Figu es
Figu e 1. EU egions wi h bioeconomy s a egy. .................................................................................. 20
Figu e 2: Loca ion o Czech Republic in Eu ope (Sou ce: Ru al Obse a o y)[9]. ................................. 24
Figu e 3: Main c ops acco ding o p oduc ion quan i ies ( ) (Czech S a is ical o ice) [6].................... 25
Figu e 4: Chechia, Highlands and Sou h Mo a ia egion % o li es ock p oduc ion, 1s Q 2024 [6]. ... 26
Figu e 5: Chechia, Highlands and Sou h Mo a ia egion li es ock p oduc ion in li e weigh , 1s Q
2024 [6] ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Figu e 6: Fo es A ea in ha and Wood ha es in m3 wi hou ba k (Czech S a is ical o ice) [6]. ......... 28
Figu e 7: Funds g an ed o each p ojec (€) (Sou ce: S a os) [16]. ...................................................... 37
Figu e 8: Biomass used de eloped BBTs (Sou ce: S a os) [16]. ........................................................... 38
Figu e 9: Expec ed esul s o he ca ego y o inal use s (Sou ce: S a os)[16]. ................................. 38
7
Figu e 10: TRLs o each p ojec de eloped BBTs (Sou ce: S a os) [16]. ............................................. 39
Figu e 11: Cen al Macedonia Region. .................................................................................................. 42
Figu e 12: C e e egion. ......................................................................................................................... 43
Figu e 13: Peloponnese egion. ............................................................................................................. 44
Figu e 14: Ag icul u al p oduc ion in Cen al Macedonia. .................................................................... 45
Figu e 15: Ha es ed a ea in 2018. ....................................................................................................... 45
Figu e 16: Types o di e en plan p oduc ion 2010-2018. .................................................................. 46
Figu e 17: p oduc ion o ui s & ege ables in he pe iod 2010-2018. ............................................... 46
Figu e 18: Animal p oduc ion in Cen al Macedonia. ........................................................................... 47
Figu e 19: Annual biomass p oduc ion, in k onnes, by ag icul u al was e ca ego y in G eece. ........... 57
Figu e 20: Biomass pe sou ce in G eece. ............................................................................................. 57
Figu e 21: Po en ial o woody biomass ( ee plan a ions and o es s) in G eece by egion (k onnes). 58
Figu e 22: Biomass po en ial by sou ce and Regional Uni o C e e (in k onnes)................................. 60
Figu e 23: Biomass po en ial. ................................................................................................................ 60
Figu e 24: To al Biomass po en ial in he Region o C e e (in onnes) by biomass sou ce, 2010 ........ 61
Figu e 25: Loca ion o I alian FAN (Piemon e, Ligu ia, Valle d’Aos a) in Eu ope (Sou ce: ISTAT) ......... 72
Figu e 26: Use ul ag icul u al a ea (ha) in I alian FAN o e he yea s (ISTAT, s.d.) .............................. 73
Figu e 27: Land use in he I alian FAN a ea 2020 (Census) (ISTAT, 2023). ............................................ 74
Figu e 28: Piemon ese ca le & Sambucana sheep ............................................................................... 76
Figu e 29: Dis ibu ion o o es a di e en al i udes. (Sou ce: In en a io Nazionale delle Fo es e e
dei se ba oi di Ca bonio 2015 – INFC 2015) (Ca abinie i & CREA, 2021). ............................................. 77
Figu e 30: Pu e and mixed o es s o coni e s and b oadlea es ........................................................... 77
Figu e 31: Dis ibu ion o business in he ood and d ink indus y, wo ke s by business and ood and
d ink indus y specialised by numbe o wo ke s (Sou ce: CREA (CREA, 2023)). ................................. 78
Figu e 32: Bioeconomy alue added by egion (billion eu os, 2019) Weigh o Bioeconomy alue
added o o al egional VA (%, 2019) (In esa San Paolo, Giugno 2022). ............................................... 83
Figu e 33: The e olu ion o he weigh o he Bioeconomy in I aly in e ms o alue o p oduc ion (%
o o al economy) and in e ms o employmen (% o o al economy) (In esa San Paolo, 2023). ....... 84
Figu e 34: Numbe and Powe o Biogas Plan s Na ionwide (No., MW) .............................................. 88
Figu e 35: Tu no e and employmen o bioeconomy in I aly in 2017 (Eu os a da a). ...................... 90
Figu e 36: Bio-based bio e ine y plan s, esea ch cen es, pilo and demo plan s a ailable in he
coun y (Go e nmen , 2019) ................................................................................................................. 92
Figu e 37: Solid biomass powe plan s in Piedmon (Anon., s.d.). ........................................................ 93
Figu e 38: Mission 2 o he Na ional Reco e y and Resilience Plan. .................................................... 96
Figu e 39: Numbe o 2014-2022 OGs p ojec pe egion/au onomous p o ince (RRN, s.d.) ........... 103
Figu e 40: Pe cen age o OGs pe sec o (RRN, s.d.) ........................................................................... 104
Figu e 41: Numbe o 2014-2022 OGs wo king on BBTs pe egion/au onomous p o ince (RRN, s.d.)
............................................................................................................................................................. 104
Figu e 42: Loca ion o I eland in Eu ope (adap ed om: Eu opean Union). ...................................... 109
Figu e 43: Ag icul u al A ea U ilized (ha) in I eland o e he yea s (Ag icul u al Census 2000: Main
Resul s, 2001; Fa m S uc u e Su ey 2010, 2010; Census o Ag icul u e 2020 de ailed esul s:
O ganics, 2020) .................................................................................................................................... 110
Figu e 44: U ilized Ag icul u al A ea (ha) in I eland o e he yea s (Ag icul u al Census 2000: Main
Resul s, 2001; Fa m S uc u e Su ey 2010, 2010; Census o Ag icul u e 2020 de ailed esul s:
O ganics, 2020) .................................................................................................................................... 110
Figu e 45: Main c ops p oduc ion 2010-2020 (A ea, Yield and P oduc ion o C ops 2020, 2021) ..... 111
Figu e 46: Fa ms by ype, 2020 (Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - P elimina y esul s, 2021) ................. 111
Figu e 47: Land u iliza ion 1991-2020 (Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - P elimina y Resul s: Land
U ilisa ion, 2020). ................................................................................................................................ 112
Figu e 48: To al ca le and sheep in each egion in 2023 (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2024a) .............. 113
Figu e 49: Roundwood emo als by p oduc in 2022 (Fo es and Wood Remo als 2022, 2023). ..... 114
8
Figu e 50: Biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2022 in I eland (Ma e ial Flow Accoun s 2022: Key
indings, 2023) ..................................................................................................................................... 117
Figu e 51: Ni a e zone designa ions in I eland (Köninge , 2021). ..................................................... 119
Figu e 52: Loca ions o I ish po s wi h ish landings, 2022 (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2023). ............ 120
Figu e 53: Sha e o indigenous p ima y ene gy p oduc ion by ene gy ype in I eland (Ene gy in I eland
2023, 2023). ......................................................................................................................................... 122
Figu e 54: Su ey o biome hane p oduc ion capaci y by coun y in I eland, 2022 (adap ed om
Biome hane Ene gy Repo ) (Biome hane ene gy epo , 2023). ....................................................... 123
Figu e 55: OGs e olu ion in he pe iod 2017-2022 in I eland (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s -
I eland; EU CAP Ne wo k, 2024). ........................................................................................................ 134
Figu e 56: OGs budge e olu ion o e he pe iod 2017-2022 (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s -
I eland; EU CAP Ne wo k, 2024). ........................................................................................................ 135
Figu e 57: Loca ion o Poland in Eu ope [1] ........................................................................................ 141
Figu e 58: Cul i a ion o ag icul u al land in 2020 [3]. ........................................................................ 142
Figu e 59: A ea o indi idual c ops [ha] [3]. ........................................................................................ 143
Figu e 60: Ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 [17]. ..................................... 147
Figu e 61: Ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 di ided in o oi odeships [17].
............................................................................................................................................................. 148
Figu e 62: Maps o ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces c ea ed in 2023 [17] ............................ 148
Figu e 63: Li es ock biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2020 [17]. ....................................................... 149
Figu e 64: Li es ock biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2020 di ided in o oi odeships [17], ............. 149
Figu e 65: Ag o-indus ial esidues biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2023 [18]. ................................ 150
Figu e 66: Ag o-indus ial biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 di ided in o oi odeships
[18]. ..................................................................................................................................................... 150
Figu e 67: Fo es y biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2022 [4]. ........................................................... 151
Figu e 68: Balance o liquid bio uels in 2018-2022 [23] ...................................................................... 154
Figu e 69: OGs e olu ion in he pe iod 2015-2024 in Poland [32]...................................................... 159
Figu e 70: OGs budge e olu ion o e he pe iod 2015-2023 [32] ..................................................... 160
Figu e 71: Biomass used in BBTs de eloped by OGs. .......................................................................... 161
Figu e 72: Bio-p oduc s gene a ed by BBTs. ....................................................................................... 161
Figu e 73: P ocessing me hods. .......................................................................................................... 162
Figu e 74: Loca ion o Andalusia in Eu ope. ........................................................................................ 166
Figu e 75: U ilised ag icul u al a ea (ha) in Andalusia o e he yea s (Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca,
Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). .......................................................................... 167
Figu e 76: Main c ops acco ding o occupied a ea (ha) (Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y
Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). ...................................................................................... 168
Figu e 77: Main c ops acco ding o p oduc ion quan i ies ( ) (Sou ce: Jun a de Andalucía) (Conseje ía
de Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023) . ...................................... 168
Figu e 78: Andalusian li es ock a ms (%) by ype o managemen in 2022 (Conseje ía de Ag icul u a,
Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). ............................................................... 169
Figu e 79: “Dehesa”............................................................................................................................. 170
Figu e 80: Dis ibu ion o co k oak g o es in Andalusia in ha. (Sou ce: S a egic Plan o co k oak in
Andalusia 2017). .................................................................................................................................. 171
Figu e 81: Biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2021 dis ibu ion by c op and by p o ince. Adap ed om
(Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). ................... 174
Figu e 82: Des ina ion o biomass esou ces gene a ed by s udied c ops (wi hou ho icul u al c ops).
Adap ed om (Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023).
............................................................................................................................................................. 174
Figu e 83: Des ina ion o biomass gene a ed by p o ec ed ho icul u al c ops. Adap ed om
(Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). ................... 175
Figu e 84: Li es ock biomass gene a ion by ac i i y and p o ince. Adap a ion om (Conseje ía de
Ag icul u a, Pesca, Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). ........................................... 175
9
Figu e 85: Ag o-indus ial gene a ed biomass. Adap a ion om (Conseje ía de Ag icul u a, Pesca,
Agua y Desa ollo Ru al. Jun a de Andalucía, 2023). .......................................................................... 176
Figu e 86: OGs e olu ion in he pe iod 2015-2023 in Andalusia. ....................................................... 188
Figu e 87: OGs budge e olu ion o e he pe iod 2015-2023. ........................................................... 189
Figu e 88: OG by sec o in Andalusia. ................................................................................................. 189
Figu e 89: Biomass used in BBTs de eloped by OGs. .......................................................................... 190
Figu e 90: Bio-p oduc s gene a ed by BBTs. ....................................................................................... 191
Figu e 91: TRLs o each BBTs. ............................................................................................................. 191
Figu e 92: P ocessing me hods. .......................................................................................................... 192
Lis o Tables
Table 1. Chechia, Highlands and Sou h Mo a ia egion o li es ock p oduc ion in pieces, 1s Q 2024
[6]. ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Table 2: De ailed in o ma ion in Czech Republic .................................................................................. 28
Table 3. Economic indica o s by egion/coun y [3]. ............................................................................ 29
Table 4. Key pilla s o p ocessing indus ies [13]. ................................................................................. 31
Table 5. Examples o Key Ac o s o Biomass Ta ge Ma ke s [5]. ......................................................... 33
Table 6. Na ional bioeconomy p ojec s ongoing. ................................................................................. 35
Table 7: C e e c opland a eas. .............................................................................................................. 48
Table 8: De ailed in o ma ion in C e e .................................................................................................. 49
Table 9: Numbe o ag icul u al holdings and u ilized ag icul u al a ea............................................... 50
Table 10: Pu ely ag icul u al, pu ely li es ock, and mixed holdings. .................................................... 50
Table 11: Dis ibu ion o holdings by main ca ego ies o use. .............................................................. 50
Table 12: Dis ibu ion o u ilized ag icul u al a ea o holdings by main ca ego ies o use (hec a es). 50
Table 13: Holdings wi h animals by ype o animal. .............................................................................. 51
Table 14: Numbe o animals by ype. .................................................................................................. 51
Table 15. Economic indica o s............................................................................................................... 53
Table 16: Biomass ypes in Cen al Macedonia. ................................................................................... 55
Table 17: Annual quan i ies o p uning p oduc in C e e...................................................................... 58
Table 18: Ag icul u al holdings in he Region o C e e (land in K hec a es). ........................................ 59
Table 19: Quan i ies o bi-phase oil mills. ............................................................................................. 59
Table 20: Quan i ies o ag icul u al was e (in onnes/yea , 2007). ...................................................... 61
Table 21: A ea and ag icul u al p oduc ion in he I alian FAN e e ence a ea 2022 (Annua io) (CREA,
2023)...................................................................................................................................................... 74
Table 22: Fa ms wi h animals on 1 Decembe 2020 (census). .............................................................. 75
Table 23: Ex ension o o es , o he wooded land and o al wooded a ea (ha). (Sou ce: In en a io
Nazionale delle Fo es e e dei se ba oi di Ca bonio 2015 – INFC 2015). (Ca abinie i & CREA, 2021) ... 76
Table 24: De ailed in o ma ion in I aly .................................................................................................. 78
Table 25: Economic indica o s by egion/coun y (Eu opean Union, s. .). ........................................... 80
Table 26: Economic indica o s by egion/coun y (ITABIA, 2020) ........................................................ 83
Table 27: I alian o e iew o bioeconomy. ........................................................................................... 85
Table 28: Ag icul u al was e ( onnes o d y ma e pe yea ; 2002) Wood Fo es s ( /yea ;2005) and
Ene gy c ops ( /hec a e; 2005) pe Fan a ea and NUTS 3. ................................................................... 87
Table 29: I alian p oduce s o elec ici y om solid biomass (Anon., s.d.). .......................................... 92
Table 30: Majo Eu opean R&I p ojec s coo dina ed by I aly, unded by H2020 (Socie al Challenges 2.
3, 5), impo an o he Bioeconomy (RIAV, s.d.). ................................................................................. 97
Table 31: Budge o 2014-2022 OGs pe egion/p o ince and a e age budge pe p ojec (RRN, s.d.)
............................................................................................................................................................. 103
Table 32: De ailed in o ma ion in I eland ........................................................................................... 114
16
Abb e ia ion
Desc ip ion
UAA
U ilised ag icul u al a ea
URE
(PL) Polish Ene gy Regula o y Agency
VA
Value Added
VC
Ven u e Capi al
VUPT
Fodde Resea ch Ins i u e in T oubsko
WDC
(IE) Wes e n De elopmen Commission
WMU
Was e Managemen Uni s
WP
Wo k Package
WTS
Was e T ans e S a ions
Table o Uni s
Abb e ia ion
Desc ip ion
€
Eu o
B€
Billion eu os
GJ
Gigajoule
GWh
Gigawa hou s
ha
Hec a es
hab.
Habi an s
J
Joule
k€
Thousand eu o
kg
Kilog ams
kJ
Kilojoule
kJ/kg
Kilojoule pe -kilo

17
Abb e ia ion
Desc ip ion
km
Kilome es
km2
Squa e kilome es
k
Kilo onnes
k oe
Thousand onnes o oil equi alen
kWh
Kilowa hou s
m
Me es
m.a.s.l.
Me es abo e sea le el
M€
Million eu o
m2
Squa e me es
m3
Cubic me es
Mha
Million hec a es
MJ
Megajoule
mm
Millime es
M
Million onnes
MWe
Megawa elec ic
MWh
Megawa hou s
PJ
Pe ajoule
Tonnes
CO2e
Tonne o ca bon-dioxide equi alen s
TWh
Te awa s hou
18
Execu i e Summa y
This documen p o ides an o e iew on egional dynamics in e ms o OGs ac i i y, ma u i y o BBTs
and po en ial in each o he six ep esen a i e egions in BBioNe s p ojec . The epo o e s a
cha ac e iza ion o each egion going h ough geog aphical, economical, ag icul u al and o es y and
bioeconomy egula ions aspec s conside ed as le e s and ba ie s o he use o Biobased Technologies
(BBTs) in he di e en egions. Economic indica o s we e ex ac ed om he Ru al Obse a o y
da abase om Eu opean Union so ha hey a e compa able. Then i ocuses on he cu en s a e o
biomass alo isa ion, conside ing he main aspec s such as biomass a ailabili y, managemen s, bio-
p oduc s, R&D sys ems and suppo and inancing policies. In addi ion o his, an analysis o he
Ope a ional G oups (OGs) unded in each egion was mainly conduc ed using in o ma ion p o ided by
EIP CAP Ne wo k P ojec Da abase and complemen ed wi h o he local da abases such as na ional
iso s o OGs and egional calls esolu ions. This o e iew allows o unde s and he con ex , le el, and
ends o he wo k conduc ed by OGs in he egion/coun y.
The key esul o his s udy is a classi ica ion o each egion/coun y in g een, yellow, o ed ligh
acco ding o i s capabili y o implemen ing BBTs. A “g een ligh ” means ha he coun y has he
economic esou ces and inancial suppo o implemen BBTs, and in addi ion, i s ac ion plans include
alo isa ion as an ac ion ha helps o mi iga e ca bon emissions; a “yellow ligh ” means ha he
coun y has only one o he abo e aspec s; and a “ ed ligh ” means ha i has none o he abo e
aspec s. This analysis was conduc ed acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he egion such as he
economic si ua ion o a ailable esou ces, he economic suppo en i onmen , and he a ailabili y o
biomass, in o de o ge a pic u e o he cu en si ua ion in each o he egions. Sou h Mo a ian in
Czech Republic is epo ed as ed ligh ; Poland and G eece (C e e and Peloponnese) as yellow ligh ,
while I eland, I aly (Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a & Ligu ia), Spain (Andalusia) and G eece (Cen al
Macedonia) a e g een ligh .
19
1 In oduc ion
This documen ga he s he epo s on high-le el s udy in e ms o OGs ac i i y, ma u i y o BBTs and
po en ial in each o he egional dynamics conduc ed by BBioNe s pa ne s in each egion/coun y.
This deli e able is a esul o he T2.3 om he wo k package 2. CTA o mula ed he guidelines and
p o ided i o pa ne s o hem o conduc a li e a u e e iew a hei na ional/ egional le el
acco dingly.
This documen has h ee main objec i es. Fi s ly, o in oduce and cha ac e ize he egion/coun y
p o iding an in-dep h unde s anding o egional dynamics, ma u i y and po en ial. This includes a b ie
geog aphical, economic and bioeconomic desc ip ion o he egion, as well as he cha ac e iza ion o
he ag icul u al and o es y sec o s. In he second place, o p o ide an accu a e pic u e o he biomass
alo isa ion in he egion. Finally, o p esen an o e all analysis and desc ip ion o cu en p ac ices
ega ding OG-iden i ied and locally implemen ed BBTs o unde s and he con ex , le el, and ends in
he egion/coun y. A de ailed analysis o he echnological aspec s o BBTs has also been unde aken.
Based on he li e a u e e iew and he analysis o he con ex ha acili a e he up ake o BBTs, he
egion/coun y is classi ied in g een, yellow, o ed ligh acco ding o i s capabili y o implemen hem
in he p ima y sec o .
This deli e able p o ides a comp ehensi e desc ip ion o he cu en s a e o OG-iden i ied and locally
applied BBTs o be used as a benchma k o u u e assessmen when p esen ing sui able al e na i es
and hei cos -e ec i eness o p ima y p oduce s oge he wi h T2.1 and T2.2 esul s.
1.1 EU bioeconomy amewo k
1.1.1 EU bioeconomy s a egy
The Eu opean Bioeconomy S a egy eme ged in 2012 ecognising ha bioeconomy, cu en ly wo hing
2.3 illion in u no e and accoun ing o 8.2% o he EU’s wo k o ce, plays a key ole in add essing EU
challenges. I was iden i ied i e objec i es o which he s a egy was o con ibu e: (i) ensu ing ood
secu i y, (ii) managing na u al esou ces sus ainabili y, (iii) educing dependence on no- enewable
esou ces, (i ) mi iga ing and adap ing o clima e change, and ( ) c ea ing and main aining EU
compe i i eness.
In a ecen epo by he Eu opean Commission, i led "Bioeconomy S a egy De elopmen in EU
Regions", he de elopmen o bioeconomy s a egies a he egional le el wi hin he EU-27 was
analysed. The Figu e 1. EU egions wi h bioeconomy s a egy.Figu e 1 p esen s he impo ance and
he s a us o he bioeconomy s a egies in he di e en egions.
20
Figu e 1. EU egions wi h bioeconomy s a egy.
In pa icula , he S a egy succeeded in mobilising Resea ch and Inno a ion unding in bioeconomy by
a) doubling he EU Resea ch and Inno a ion unding dedica ed o he bioeconomy unde Ho izon 2020,
b) inc easing suppo o p i a e in es men and public/p i a e pa ne ships h ough he launch o he
BBI JU, and c) encou aging Resea ch and Inno a ion in es men s in he Membe S a es.
21
1.1.2 EU unding p og ammes
A Eu opean le el, he e a e a numbe o p og ams p o iding echnical assis ance and unding acili ies
o p ojec s and inno a i e ideas in bioeconomy and ag i- ood sec o , like he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie
ac ions, Eu odesk, Eu opean Coope a ion in Science and Technology (COST). O he Eu opean
Ini ia i es and Financial Ins umen s, po en ially suppo ing bioeconomy a e lis ed below:
• Eu opean In es men s Bank loans – Loans o p ojec s in ag icul u e, o es based, blue
economy, was e managemen . Loans gua an eed by Eu opean Fund o S a egic In es men s
o high- isk in es men in p oduc ion and p ocessing o ood, biobased ma e ials, and bio
ene gy.
• Eu opean Ci cula Bioeconomy Fund (ECBF) - In es men in la e-s age bioeconomy s a s-ups.
• LIFE – P og amme o he En i onmen and Clima e Ac ion.
• Inno Fin – Loans and gua an ees o inno a i e businesses o esea ch and inno a ion
ac i i ies.
• Inno a ion Fund – Funding suppo ing he deploymen o biobased solu ions in ca bon
in ensi e sec o s.
• The Eu opean Ag icul u al Fund o Ru al De elopmen (EAFRD) ocuses on new alue chains
based on he sma and in eg al use o ag o-was e and specialized c ops o indus ial uses o
be g own on ma ginal lands, c ea ing he necessa y in e ace o ag o-ene gy and bio-based
indus ies. They p o ide inancial suppo o sus ainable ag icul u al p ac ices, he
de elopmen o bio-based indus ies, and he alo isa ion o ag icul u al and o es y esidues.
• Eu opean Ag icul u al Gua an ee Fund (EAGF) - helps he EU's a me s o p o ide a secu e
supply o sa e, heal hy, and a o dable ood. EU coun ies can also use he EAGF o und
speci ic schemes o help small and medium sized a ms, a me s who ope a e in a eas o
na u al cons ain , and sec o s unde going di icul ies. The EAGF also unds measu es o
suppo and s abilise ag icul u al ma ke s. These measu es ope a e as pa o he Common
Ma ke O ganisa ion.
• Eu opean Ma i ime and Fishe ies Fund (EMFF) - helps ishe s o adop sus ainable ishing
p ac ices and coas al communi ies o di e si y hei economies, imp o ing quali y o li e along
Eu opean coas s.
• EIT - Eu opean Ins i u e o Inno a ion and echnology.
• SMP – EUROCLUSTERS: Single Ma ke P og amme – Join Clus e Ini ia i es
• PRIMA P og amme
• COSME P og amme
• In e eg P og ammes

22
• Ho izon Eu ope, speci ically Clus e 6.
23
2 Czech-Republic - Sou he n Mo a ia and Highlands
2.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion
2.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion
The Czech Republic is a landlocked coun y si ua ed in he wes e n pa o Eas e n Eu ope. The Czech
Republic is he 21s la ges coun y in Eu ope, wi h a o al a ea o 78,864 squa e kilome es. I is low-
lying, wi h an a e age ele a ion o 433 me es abo e sea le el. The highes moun ain peak is Sněžka,
which eaches 1,602 me es. The coun y has no access o he open sea and is bo de ed di ec ly by
ou neighbou ing coun ies: Aus ia, Ge many, Poland, and Slo akia.
Vysočina Region - Czech Highlands
The Vysočina Region, o en e e ed o as he Czech Highlands, is loca ed in he cen al pa o he
Czech Republic, spanning he his o ical lands o Bohemia and Mo a ia. This egion is no able o i s
pic u esque olling hills, ex ensi e o es s, and nume ous a i icial lakes and ponds. Co e ing an a ea
o app oxima ely 6,800 squa e kilome es, Czech Highlands has a popula ion o a ound 517,960
people, 4.75% o he coun y's o al popula ion.
The Region is dis inguished by i s ugged opog aphy, ele a ed al i ude, and spa se popula ion densi y.
The egion is cha ac e ised by a mode a ely cool clima e, wi h ela i ely high p ecipi a ion and
mode a e empe a u es [13]. This clima ic condi ion is conduci e o ag icul u al ac i i ies, pa icula ly
he cul i a ion o c ops such as ce eals, po a oes, and odde plan s. Howe e , he egion's cool and
mois clima e can occasionally impede he ma u a ion o c ops and he commencemen o he ha es
pe iod, po en ially esul ing in delays. In e ms o li es ock, he clima e is conduci e o dai y a ming
and ca le b eeding, due o he p esence o ex ensi e pas u elands and he sui abili y o condi ions o
he g ow h o odde c ops. The o es y sec o in Vysočina bene i s om hese condi ions, wi h a
signi ican po ion o he egion co e ed by o es s, p edominan ly sp uce and pine. These clima ic
condi ions acili a e obus o es g ow h, ye hey also p esen challenges, such as an inc eased
suscep ibili y o pes s and diseases du ing we e pe iods [6].
Sou h Mo a ia
Sou h Mo a ia, loca ed in he sou heas e n pa o he Czech Republic, is enowned o i s e ile
landscapes and ex ensi e ineya ds Co e ing abou 7,188 squa e kilome es, i is one o he mos
impo an ag icul u al egions in he coun y, pa icula ly known o wine p oduc ion. The Sou h
Mo a ia Region has a popula ion o 1,226,749 people, 11.25% o he coun y's popula ion, wi h he
capi al ci y being B no, he second-la ges ci y in he Czech Republic wi h 10,900,55 people [6].
In compa ison o o he egions o he Czech Republic, Sou h Mo a ia is cha ac e ised by a wa me and
d ie clima e, which has esul ed in he egion becoming one o he mos ag icul u ally p oduc i e
a eas in he coun y. The egion's clima e is conduci e o i icul u e, wi h ex ensi e ineya ds
p oducing high-quali y wines. Fu he mo e, c ops such as ce eals, sun lowe s, and ege ables lou ish
in his clima e. The wa me empe a u es and longe g owing seasons ha e a bene icial e ec on c op
yields and quali y. The egion is also conduci e o li es ock a ming, wi h ca le and pig a ming being
pa icula ly well-sui ed o he en i onmen , which o e s an abundance o eed c ops. In o es y, he
d ie clima e limi s ee g ow h a es compa ed o mo e humid egions, bu he egion s ill main ains
a subs an ial o es ed a ea wi h species such as oak and beech. Howe e , clima e change poses a isk
24
o inc eased d ough s, which can s ess bo h ag icul u al and o es y ac i i ies, necessi a ing he
adop ion o clima e-sma p ac ices o sus ain p oduc i i y.
The clima ic condi ions ha e a ma ked impac on he ag icul u al, li es ock and o es y sec o s in bo h
Czech Highlands and Sou h Mo a ia. This emphasises he necessi y o ailo ed p ac ices o op imise
p oduc i i y and sus ainabili y in each egion [2].
Figu e 2: Loca ion o Czech Republic in Eu ope (Sou ce: Ru al Obse a o y) [9].
2.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion
Ag icul u al sec o
In he Czech Republic in 2023, he o al a ea o ag icul u al land unde cul i a ion was 3,534,000
hec a es. O his, 71% was a able land, 27% was pe manen g assland, and he emaining 2% was
dis ibu ed among hop ields, ineya ds, and o cha ds. The ce eal ha es was 3% lowe han he
p e ious yea , which had been abo e a e age. Con e sely, he ape c op yielded mo e oilseeds (+9%).
In compa ison o he p e ious yea , he p oduc ion o legumes, oo c ops and odde c ops was ound
25
o be lowe , wi h dec eases o 10%, 7% and 6%, espec i ely. Con e sely, he yield o ege ables and
hops exhibi ed posi i e g ow h, wi h inc eases o 15% and 57%, espec i ely. Howe e , he ha es o
ui and ines expe ienced a no able decline, wi h educ ions o 23% and 16% espec i ely [6].
The agg ega e p oduc ion o he i ems lis ed in he Figu e 3 in he Czech Republic in 2023 was 28,040
onnes. The a o emen ioned p oduc ion igu es ela e o he ollowing c ops: ce eals pe g ain, whea ,
ba ley, legumes and p o ein c ops o g ain, po a oes, suga bee , ape, and co n on he cob. The o al
p oduc ion in he Highlands egion is 2,834 onnes, ep esen ing 10.1% o he o al p oduc ion. In he
egion o Sou h Mo a ia, he o al p oduc ion is 3,255 onnes, which ep esen s 11.6% o he o al
p oduc ion [6].
Figu e 3: Main c ops acco ding o p oduc ion quan i ies ( ) (Czech S a is ical o ice) [6]
Li es ock sec o
The ag icul u al indus y ep esen s one o he mos signi ican sec o s o he Czech economy, wi h
a ms accoun ing o 44% o he coun y's o al land a ea. The coun y’s ag icul u al p oduc ion is
cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o di e si ica ion. The p incipal expo p oduc s a e milk, li es ock,
g ains, suga , and mal . App oxima ely 13.7% o he Czech Republic's ag icul u al land is dedica ed o
o ganic a ming p ac ices.
Excluding poul y, he Czech Republic's mos p e alen li es ock species in 2023 we e ca le (38.6%)
and pigs (38.4%), wi h he gene a ed li es ock uni s exceeding hose o cows, sheep, and goa s
combined. Con e sely, in he Highlands egion, he la ges census was ha o pigs (47.6%), ollowed
by ca le (35.3%). In he Sou h Mo a ia egion, ca le cons i u ed 29.9% o he li es ock, wi h a
signi ican ly la ge p opo ion o pigs (52.5%). The Figu e 4 p esen s a g aphical ep esen a ion o he
highes pe cen age o li es ock in he Czech Republic and he Czech Highlands and Sou h Mo a ia
egions. The Table 1 p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o he li es ock in he Czech Republic,
o ganised by species and in nume ical e ms.
32
In o es y, biomass is p edominan ly a ailable in he o m o s emwood, p ima y, and seconda y
esidues. Howe e , in e ms o bioene gy and bio-ma e ial po en ial, s emwood’s con e sion o ene gy
is no pa icula ly e icien and he e o e no he p e e able use.
Timbe o es s in he Czech Republic accoun o 26Mha o o es land. Timbe o es s in he Czech
Republic accoun o 2.6M ha o o es land. Howe e , he Czech Republic has a lowe ela i e imbe
consump ion, due o insu icien imbe -p ocessing capaci ies and low cus ome demand, esul ing in
a p e alence o expo o aw wood.
The seconda y by-p oduc s o o es y biomass mainly e e o wood p ocessing indus ial esidues
such as sawdus , ba k and black liquo . Thei a ailabili y and exploi a ion depend comple ely on he
de elopmen o imbe and pape indus ies, while pelle p oduc ion is la gely con ained wi hin he
sawmill indus y [13].
2.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces
The di icul ies in he logis ics o biomass alo isa ion and i s line o p oduc ion a e g ea ly desc ibed
by he o es y indus y due o he inhe en di icul ies caused by he igidi y and mass o he p oduc s.
As in mos cases, he anspo o he biomass is one o he bigges unde akings, wi h he load on he
local and municipal oads being one o he leading ac o s o damage and a e inc ease o dange on
commonly used oads. A e anspo , long- e m s o age o biomass equi es as spaces and is usually
p eceded by he need o d y o change he p oduc . Apa om spa ial challenges, he e is a g ea gap
be ween he a ailable on- si e echnologies and wo k o ce and he ac ual needs o he indus y, which
will make he biomass p oduc ion p ocess easie , sa e , and mo e p o i able.
In o es y, o es main enance and all o es ca e up o imbe logging all unde he Minis y o
Ag icul u e. Rela ed ac i i ies om anspo o la e p ocessing o biomass all unde he
adminis a ion o he Minis y o Indus y and T ade, while adminis a ion o employmen and
ela ions be ween employees and employe s a e unde he esponsibili y o he Minis y o Labou and
Social A ai s. Following he same example, many biomasses ela ed indus ies all unde he au ho i y
o di e en minis ies, egional au ho i ies, o p i a e o ganisa ions, since hei exploi s a e bo de ing
wi h many di e en ju isdic ions. Clea bo de s o esponsibili ies and a cohesi e app oach in
managemen and expec a ions a e key o he su i al, ad ancemen , p omo ion, and e olu ion o
biomass alo isa ion in he Czech Republic [13].
2.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke
Con e sion o biomass in o seconda y p oduc s which a e in demand by ei he business o cus ome s,
a e a key s ep in he alue chain o he bioeconomy. The Czech Republic has a long his o y o success
du ing he age o indus ial manu ac u ing, which ac s as an ad an age in bo h he exis ing bu also o
he po en ial a ge ma ke s.
Table 5 below shows some chosen examples o he abo e-men ioned a ge indus ies. Fo he ull lis
o he ele an Bioeconomy S akeholde s in he Czech Republic, e e o he Na ional Bioeconomy
Dossie CZ, CELEBio [5].

33
Table 5. Examples o Key Ac o s o Biomass Ta ge Ma ke s [5].
Ac o
Ma ke
HEMPOINT
Ag icul u e - Hemp specialisa ion
Resea ch Ins i u e o Fodde C ops, L d.
T oubsko
Ag icul u e esea ch
The Czech Hemp Clus e
Ag icul u e - Hemp specialisa ion
AGRI ČR+
Ag icul u e - ood in o ma ion
EKOVERMES
Ag icul u e - o ganic e ilise
VUC Se ices spol. s .o.
Ag icul u e - g ound co e ing
UHUL (ÚSTAV PRO HOSPODÁŘSKOU ÚPRAVU
LESŮ BRANDÝS NAD LABEM)
Fo es Managemen Ins i u e
The Fo es o he Czech Republic
Fo es Managemen
PEFC
Fo es y Ce i ica ion
The Ins i u e o Ci cula Economy
En i onmen - ci cula economy
EKO-PLASTY.CZ
Was e euse
EKOKOM
Was e euse
LIKO-S
Housing cons uc ion
NAFIGATE Co po a ion, a. s
Bio-based indus y
Synca e Plus
P oduce o bio-end p oduc s
Sno ý s ě
Tex iles
Tex iles
The ex ile indus y has been p ominen in he Czech Republic since he 20 h Cen u y. The ocus is now
on echnical ex iles, which a e used in he au omobile indus y, ag icul u e, heal hca e and a ia ion,
which could p esen an oppo uni y o bio-based ex iles. Some companies a e using biological ex ile
was e as a sou ce o ma e ial o be e-used in cons uc ion o insula ion. Included in he alue chain
is sou cing, was e p ocess, and inishing he ma e ials sou ced om wool, hemp o lax ib e, cellulose,
and used ugs o o he ex iles.
34
Bio echnology
The bio echnology sec o has seen many achie emen s ega ding nano echnology, pu e
bio echnology, and human heal hca e. Nano echnology is a p omising Czech in en o y sec o , wi h he
b igh examples o expanding om he adi ional chemical s uc u es o biological ma e ials,
p oducing a ange o o ganic and ino ganic nano ibe s, he con e sion o was e ying oils in o bac e ial
bioplas ics called polyhyd oxyalkanoa es (PHA), immune cell he apies o ea men o cance s,
e e ina y p oduc s, and molecula biology eagen manu ac u ing.
Bioplas ics
Bioplas ics manu ac u ing is a popula demand wo ldwide and he e a e a numbe o plas ics
p oduce s in he Czech Republic. Wi h socie y g owing mo e en i onmen ally conscious, and he
egional and na ional au ho i ies being all he mo e in e es ed in en i onmen al p o ec ion, new
en an s o his ma ke will see an inc ease in ou pu and e en ual compe i ion o his sec o .
Fu ni u e
Wi h he signi ican impo ance o o es y in he Czech Republic, he majo i y o he wood biomass is
p ima ily used in he u ni u e making indus y o as lumbe o cons uc ion, wi h a small amoun
used o p oduce hea ing pelle s. Using wood o hea ing should be mode a ed, as he ai quali y le els
due o his p ac ice in he Czech Republic is below he accep able limi s. The e is he possibili y o
c ea i e uses o wood in many a eas, like no el packaging o consume goods.
Apa om he exis ing biomass alo isa ion op ions, he e a e oppo uni ies o in es iga e and
op imise exis ing o new ways o ad ance he indus y, including solid biomass combus ion wi h wood
was e, py olysis o con e biomass in o syngas and biocha , o hyd olysis o suga s. Many o hese
p ocesses would need in es men in o in as uc u e and ec ui men o expe s. The suga indus y
used o be p ominen in he Czech Republic, howe e nowadays suga hyd olysis is aking place
p ima ily ab oad. The ba k bee le in es a ion gi es he oppo uni y o epu pose he biomass in o he
p oduc ion o biocha , which can also be used locally o help in wa e e en ion and inc ease nu ien
con en in ag icul u al ields. The use o manu e as a e ilising agen is e en mo e popula bu is
managed in- a m. The in oduc ion o anae obic “closed loop” diges e s would allow o a u ilisa ion
o manu e as an added sou ce o biogas [5].
2.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion.
The Czech Republic has an ac i e pa icipa ion o Resea ch Ins i u es and SMEs specialising in
ag icul u e esea ch unde he scope o bioeconomy. The e a e a numbe o Associa ions o like-
en u ed SMEs and o ganisa ions, c ea ing a aluable ne wo k o collabo a ion be ween specialis s.
The Fodde Resea ch Ins i u e in T oubsko (VUPT) is coun ing 30 yea s specialising in esea ch in he
ields o ag icul u e, ood indus y, and bio echnology. They lead a numbe o in e na ional p ojec s o
applied esea ch and inno a ion ans e in he ield o bioeconomy wi h he suppo o hei
subsidia ies, Ag icul u al Resea ch (ZVT) and Ag olab (AGL). Apa om he in e na ional p ojec s,
VUPT is also ac i e in na ional bioeconomy ela ed p ojec s, many o which a e ocusing on biomass
alo isa ion o bio uel p oduc ion. The cu en ly unning p ojec s can be ound in Table 6 [VUPT].
35
Table 6. Na ional bioeconomy p ojec s ongoing.
P ojec Name
Desc ip ion
Resea ch and de elopmen o bio uels
om ag icul u al esidues
(1/2024-12/2025)
De elopmen o uel om ag icul u al was e om
he p ocessing and p epa a ion o selec ed seeds
and ood p oduc s
U ilisa ion o silage made om "bee
cu ings and g ain s aw" in a c i ical
sho age o co n silage.
(7/2024-6/2028)
Ve i ying he possibili y o using silage made om
"bee cu ings and g ain s aw" o he needs o
keeping biogas p oduc ion o he ope a ion o
biogas s a ions (BPS) in case o a sho age o key
co n biomass a ec ed by ex eme wea he .
The impo ance o he lignocellulosic
complex om in e c op biomass o
imp o ing he soil en i onmen
(1/2021-12/2025)
Assessing he quali y o plan biomass en e ing he
soil when using he in e c opping sys em as a
sou ce o o ganic ma e o suppo soil p ocesses
e lec ed in soil e ili y.
Analysis and adjus men s o compos
applica ion schemes aimed a
s eng hening he soil p o ec ion sys em
wi hin he amewo k o s abilising
p oduc ion capaci y.
(1/2022-12/2024)
Suppo ing he e ec and quali y o s able o ganic
ma e in he o m o compos , o ind he key
pa ame e s and beha iou o compos when i is
applied o he soil su ace wi hou inco po a ion in
e ms o emissions, sa e y, and heal h isk wi h he
aim o educing he cos s o compos applica ion.
VUPT is also a membe o he Associa ion o Resea ch O ganisa ions (AVO), he only o ganisa ion
ep esen ing he R&D sec o in p i a e companies ( ha include p i a e esea ch o ganisa ions and also
business uni s). The e a e se e al indus y sec o s ep esen ed in AVO, like Ag icul u e, Enginee ing,
IT, Chemis y, and Medicine. AVO is he Czech esea ch capaci ies, cu en ly in ol ing oughly 75
ins i u ions and 7800 expe s in ol ed in R&D. They ake pa in p ojec s ocused on he inancial
suppo and comme cialisa ion o esea ch, as well as he de elopmen esul s [1].
2.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies.
In he Czech Republic, p ojec s and ini ia i es ela ed o bioeconomy can ecei e Na ional o Eu opean
unding. A his ime, he Minis y o Ag icul u e suppo s R&D p ojec s unde he COUNTRY P og am:
Minis y o Ag icul u e Applied Resea ch P og am 2017-2025 (Resolu ion o he Go e nmen o he
Czech Republic No. 313 o Ap il 11, 2016). The COUNTRY II: P og am o suppo applied esea ch o he
Minis y o Ag icul u e o he pe iod 2024–2032, was app o ed by Resolu ion No. 83 o he
Go e nmen o he Czech Republic da ed Feb ua y 1, 2023.
The na ional subsidies o esea ch and de elopmen p ojec s inanced om special-pu pose unds o
he Minis y o Ag icul u e ha e been p o ided by he Na ional Agency o Ag icul u al Resea ch
(NAZV) since 1994. The Agency ensu es he comple e p epa a ion and announcemen o depa men al
36
esea ch p og ams o he Minis y, he announcemen and cou se o public ende s and he la e
adminis a ion o unded p ojec s in he ield o ag icul u al, ood, o es y, and wa e managemen
esea ch. NAZV employees con inuously conduc on-si e inspec ions o ecipien s o a ge ed R&D
suppo ollowing Ac No. 320/2001 Coll., on inancial con ol in public adminis a ion and he
amendmen o ce ain laws. NAZV also o ganises in o ma ion semina s o applican s in public ende s,
o e alua o s o p ojec p oposals and in o ma ion semina s, and p ojec manage s [Na ional Agency
o Ag icul u al Resea ch (NAZV)][14].
Apa om he Na ional Agency o Ag icul u al Resea ch, he e is a numbe o o he unding sou ces
in he Czech Republic o esea ch- ela ed ac i i ies, such as:
• The Technology Agency o he Czech Republic (TA ČR)
• The Czech Science Founda ion (GA ČR)
• Agency o he Czech Republic heal h esea ch (AZV ČR)
• J. W. Fulb igh Commission
• The Na ional Agency o Eu opean Educa ional P og ammes (NAEP)
• The Cen e o In e na ional Coope a ion in Educa ion (DZS)
Also impo an o no e is The In e na ional Viseg ad Fund, a dono o ganisa ion es ablished in 2000
by he go e nmen s o he Viseg ad G oup coun ies– Czechia, Hunga y, Poland and Slo akia, ha
suppo s egional co-ope a ions h ough G an s, Schola ships and A is s Residencies. The aim is o
help he egion p og ess in se en p incipal a eas o Cul u e, Educa ion, Inno a ion, Democ a ic Values,
Public Policy, En i onmen and Tou ism, and Social De elopmen . [Eu axess]
2.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups
2.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion
A e iew o he EIP-AGRI p ojec da abase om he EU CAP ne wo k in Eu ope e eals ha only one
ope a ional g oup was unded be ween 2015 and 2023 in he Czech Republic, speci ically in he Sou h
Mo a ia egion. The o al budge o his p ojec was 192,007€ [18]. Fo he pu poses o his analysis,
10 p ojec s ha e been selec ed o in es iga ion, spanning he pe iod om 2017 o 2023. The p ojec s
ha e been classi ied acco ding o hei ope a ional pe iods, which ange om 24 o 60 mon hs. The
o al budge o all o he p ojec s, inclusi e o he cos o coo dina ion, amoun s o 5,434,190€ [16].
The Figu e 7 below illus a es he BBT ope a ional expendi u e o each p ojec du ing i s espec i e
ope a ional pe iod. The mean cos pe p ojec is 550,000€, wi h he maximum and smalles unded
amoun s being 1,178,606€ and 234,775€, espec i ely.
37
Figu e 7: Funds g an ed o each p ojec (€) (Sou ce: S a os) [16].
2.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs
This sec ion p o ides a mo e de ailed examina ion o he echnological aspec s associa ed wi h he
p ojec s ound in he a o emen ioned a ea ha ha e been de eloped unde he BBT amewo k, as
p e iously discussed.
The i s s ep is o analyse he ype o biomass ha is being used. In o de o conduc his analysis, en
egional p ojec s ha ha e de eloped BBTs we e conside ed. The da a shows ha nine o he p ojec s
(90%) u ilised c op esidues and pe ennial plan s. The second mos p e alen app oach was he use o
designe c ops o op imised biomass con en , wi h se en p ojec s employing his s a egy. Thi dly,
i e p ojec s employed bio e ine ies. In conclusion, he ou h and inal ca ego y, which was
ep esen ed by h ee p ojec s and one p ojec espec i ely, in ol ed he u ilisa ion o was e o
ecycled ma e ials in conjunc ion wi h mic obial-assis ed p ocessing.

38
Figu e 8: Biomass used de eloped BBTs (Sou ce: S a os) [16].
In addi ion, he BBTs de eloped by he p ojec s we e examined o de e mine hei an icipa ed
ou comes in ela ion o he ul ima e use . I was de e mined ha 80% o he p ojec s we e used by
a me s, while 50% we e employed by ei he o es e s, p ocesso s, o e aile s. The consume s, as he
inal use s, accoun ed o a u he h ee p ojec s. The emaining wo ca ego ies, including wo and
one p ojec s, espec i ely, we e ad iso s and o he inal use s [16].
Figu e 9: Expec ed esul s o he ca ego y o inal use s (Sou ce: S a os) [16].
In e ms o echnological ma u i y, in o ma ion is a ailable o all 10 p ojec s. Mo eo e , nea ly hal o
he echnologies de eloped ha e eached he Technology Readiness Le el (TRL) 6, which signi ies a
39
echnology ha has been demons a ed in a ele an en i onmen . In he case o key enabling
echnologies, his e e s o an indus ial- ele an en i onmen .
Figu e 10: TRLs o each p ojec de eloped BBTs (Sou ce: S a os) [16].
2.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions
As exp essed in he p esen epo , he Czech Republic is he smalles coun y in he Eu opean Union
in e ms o he numbe o OGs.
In e ms o a ailable unding and R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion, we ha e
highligh ed he di e en p og ammes a ailable a a ious le els (Eu opean, na ional, and egional),
bo h public and p i a e.
The e o e, conside ing he geog aphical, egula o y and echnical poin o iew, and looking a he
amoun o biomass a ailabili y as well as knowledge a ailable in he egion, we can conclude ha he
Czech Republic has a yellow ligh in e ms o BBTs implemen a ion.
40
Re e ences
[1] Associa ion o Resea ch O ganisa ions, (2024) ‘Associa ion o Resea ch O ganisa ions’. A ailable a :
h ps://www.a o.cz/ (Accessed: July 2024).
[2] BASE Adap a ion, (2024) ‘Ag icul u e and Vine P oduc ion (Sou h Mo a ian Region)’. A ailable a :
h ps://base-adap a ion.eu/ag icul u e-and- ine-p oduc ion-sou h-mo a ian- egion (Accessed: July
2024).
[3] BioEas , (2024) ‘Bioeas Fo esigh Exe cise: Sus ainable Bioeconomies owa ds 2050’. A ailable a :
h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/355666885_Bioeas _Fo esigh _Exe cise_Sus ainable_Bio
economies_ owa ds_2050 (Accessed: July 2024).
[4] CeleBio, (2021) ‘Biobased Economy Business Oppo uni ies in CZ’. A ailable a :
h ps://celebio.eu/wp-con en /uploads/2021/04/CELEBio_D.2.1_Biobased-Economy-Business-
Opp o uni ies-in-CZ.pd .
[5] CeleBio, (2021) ‘Na ional Bioeconomy Dossie CZ’. A ailable a : h ps://celebio.eu/wp-
con en /uploads/2021/04/CELEBIO_D.4.4_Na ional-Bioeconomy-Dossie _CZ.pd (Accessed: July
2024).
[6] Czech S a is ical O ice, (2024) ‘Czech S a is ical O ice’. A ailable a : h ps://csu.go .cz/ (Accessed:
July 2024).
[7] Eu axess Resea ch in Mo ion, (2024) ‘Czech unding o Resea ch and S udy’. A ailable a :
h ps://www.eu axess.cz/czech- epublic/jobs- unding/czech- unding- esea ch-and-
s udy#:~: ex =Sou ces%20o %20 unding%20in%20 he,Czech%20Science%20Founda ion%20(GA%20
%C4%8CR) (Accessed: July 2024).
[8] Eu opean Commission, (2024) ‘Jobs and Weal h in he Eu opean Union Bioeconomy (Biomass
p oducing and con e ing sec o s)’. A ailable a :
h ps://da am.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/da am/mashup/BIOECONOMICS/index.h ml (Accessed: July 2024).
[9] Eu opean Union, (2024) ‘Ru al Obse a o y’. A ailable a : h ps://obse a o y. u al-
ision.eu opa.eu/?lng=en&c x=RUROBS (Accessed: July 2024).
[10] Eu opean Union, (2024) ‘Ru al Toolki - Funding Finde ’. A ailable a : h ps:// unding. u al-
ision.eu opa.eu/ inde ?lng=en (Accessed: July 2024).
[11] Fodde Resea ch Ins i u e in T oubsko, (2024) ‘Fodde Resea ch Ins i u e in T oubsko’. A ailable
a : h ps://www. up .cz/ (Accessed: July 2024).
[12] Konopa, S. (2024) ‘AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC’. A ailable a :
h ps://scien i icpublica ion. u/images/PDF/2018/29/ag icul u al.pd (Accessed: July 2024).
[13] K aj Vysocina, (2024) ‘K aj Vysocina’. A ailable a : h ps://www.k - ysocina.cz/ (Accessed: July
2024).
41
[14] Minis y o Ag icul u e, (2024) ‘Na ional Agency o Ag icul u al Resea ch’. A ailable a :
h ps://mze.go .cz/public/po al/mze/po adens i-a- yzkum/ yzkum-a- y oj/na odni-agen u a-p o-
zemedelsky- yzkum (Accessed: July 2024).
[15] ScienceDi ec , (2024) ‘Bio-Based Economy Business Oppo uni ies in CZ’. A ailable a :
h ps://www.sciencedi ec .com/science/a icle/abs/pii/S1871678420301904 (Accessed: July 2024).
[16] STARFOS, (2024) ‘STARFOS’. A ailable a : h ps://s a os. ac .cz/en (Accessed: July 2024).
[17] Associa ion o P i a e Ag icul u e o he Czech Republic, (2024) ‘Czech a ms a e mo e han en
imes la ge han in Poland, acco ding o he Union his is an ad an age’. A ailable a :
h ps://www.asz.cz/clanek/12045/ceske- a my-jsou- ice-nez-dese k a - e si-nez- -polsku-podle-
s azu-je- o- yhoda/ (Accessed: July 2024).
[18] EIP CAP Ne wo k P ojec Da abase, (2024) ‘EIP CAP Ne wo k P ojec Da abase’. A ailable a :
h ps://eu-cap-ne wo k.ec.eu opa.eu/p ojec s/sea ch_en (Accessed: July 2024).
48
echa ging he g oundwa e . An ex ensi e ne wo k o pumping s a ions has been ins alled since 1984
in which ain- ed oli e g o es ha e been con e ed o i iga ed oli es. The consequences a e an
inc ease in c op p oduc ion accompanied by a d ama ic d op o up o 20m in he g oundwa e le el in
some places, and in usion o b ackish wa e in he aqui e s.
Acco ding o he 2021 Annual Ag icul u al S a is ical Bulle ins o ELSTAT o C e e, he o al ag icul u al
land amoun s o 1,354,369.94 ha. The la ges pe cen age o ag icul u al land (40.3% o 545,392 ha)
pe ains o ee c ops, mainly oli e g o es. The a able land, wi h 55,720.92 ha, accoun s o 4.1% o
he ag icul u al land. The la ges a eas o cul i a ion a e oma oes and cucumbe s, which a e mainly
g own in g eenhouses, he a ea o which is 0.5% o he cul i a ed a ea wi h 6,276.27 ha while
signi ican a eas a e also occupied by ba ley, oa s, po a oes, e ch, al al a, e c. In some places,
signi ican a eas a e also occupied by clo e , peppe s, wa e melons, spinach, g een beans, esh b oad
beans, e c. In addi ion o he la ge-scale c ops and g eenhouses, a able land also includes allow land
and a eas kep in good ag icul u al and en i onmen al condi ion. Vineya ds and aisin-p oducing
ineya ds accoun o 2.7% o he ag icul u al land in he egion.
Table 7: C e e c opland a eas.
Geog aphic
egion
in C e e
C opland a ea (ha)
To al
(including
allow land)
A able
land
Vines and
g ape ines
G eenhouses
C op ees
O he c ops
C e e
1,354,369.94
55,720.92
37,209.75
6,276.27
545,392
710,008.13
Cul i a ed land co e s 42% o he island, while d y land is used mainly as pas u e as he nex mos
impo an land use co e ing 39.3% o he island. Clima ic and soil cha ac e is ics accompanied by EU
policies on subsidising c ops in he las wo decades, ha e g ea ly a ou ed he ex ensi e expansion o
oli e and ine plan a ions in he a ea which p o ides a me s wi h highe incomes. Oli e g o es in
C e e occupy an a ea o abou 193,813 ha co e ing almos 23.3% o he island. The oli e oil p oduc ion
in C e e is up o 150,000 onnes pe yea . O ange plan a ions and ege ables g own in g eenhouses
ha e been mainly expanded in he lowland a eas o he island. Conside able amoun s o e ilize s ha e
been applied up un il he las decade. Howe e , a me s ha e ealized he nega i e impac s on he
en i onmen and he inc easing cos o c op p oduc ion and hus he amoun o applied e ilize s ha e
s eadily dec eased. D ip i iga ion has been expanded in he c opland a eas o ensu e inc easing c op
p oduc ion. Howe e , he o e -exploi a ion o he aqui e s has esul ed in de e io a ion o wa e
quali y (high soluble sal con en ), he eby a ec ing soil saliniza ion. The lack o good quali y wa e has
s imula ed he cons uc ion o small ese oi s o inc easing wa e a ailabili y o i iga ion. The
in ensi ica ion o ag icul u e esul ed in accele a ed a es o soil e osion in he hilly a eas o he island.
Fu he mo e, wa e pollu ion o he aqui e s has become a c i ical issue due o o e - e iliza ion o he
land and o e use o plan p o ec ion chemical p oduc s. Land dese i ica ion due o saliniza ion in he
lowlands and due o soil e osion in he sloping a eas has become a c i ical issue. O ganic a ming and
in eg a ed land managemen p ac ices ha e been se up in some a eas o he p o ec ion o soil quali y
and ecosys em unc ions.
C e e has less o es weal h compa ed o o he egions o he coun y and an inc edibly low pe cen age
o o es co e . Ne e heless, i s o es weal h is signi ican and a e, wi h impo an and no able

49
o es s such as he Sama ia Na ional Pa k in he Chania egion, he Rou as Fo es in he He aklion
egion, and he Palm Fo es in he Lasi hi egion, among o he s.
The o es ecosys ems on he island o C e e ha e been deg aded in e ms o bo h a ea and quali y.
The main causes a e g azing, ou ism, and ex ensi e monocul u es. Whe e o es s exis , oak species
(Que cus spp.) and coni e s (Cup essus sempe i ens in he wes and Pinus b u ia in he eas ) a e
p edominan .
Table 8: De ailed in o ma ion in C e e
Loca ion
Fo es y a ea
G eece
3,901,800 hec a es
C e e
Low
Species
Que cus, Cup essus sempe i ens and Pinus
b u ia.
Acco ding o ELSTAT, in 2021, he numbe o pu ely li es ock a ms in he Region o C e e was 898,
down om 1,056 in 2009. These a e ca ego ized in o 80 a ms wi h ca le, 10,348 wi h sheep, 7,394
wi h goa s, 700 wi h pigs, and 10,711 wi h poul y. The espec i e educ ions since 2009 a e 61.7% o
ca le, 21.6% o sheep, 39.8% o goa s, 60.7% o pigs, and 52.9% o poul y.
Peloponnese
The ag icul u al sec o is gene ally cha ac e ised by agmen a ion o ag icul u al land in o plo s
smalle han he na ional a e age, a high coe icien o spa ial dispe sion, and a high a e age age o
hose employed in ag icul u e. Addi ionally, he p oduc ion model o moun ainous ag icul u e includes
li es ock a ming, o es y, and o a lesse ex en , some ee c ops. The p ima y sec o is o majo
impo ance o he Peloponnese Region, which has unique cha ac e is ics and posi i ely con ibu es o
shaping i s economy. Acco ding o da a a ailable om egional se ices, he Peloponnese p oduces:
- 40-45% o he na ional oli e oil p oduc ion, wi h 120,000 onnes p oduced and 7 PDO p oduc s
(1 in Messinia, 3 in A golida, and 3 in Laconia) and 1 PGI p oduc (Laconia).
- O e 20% o he na ional p oduc ion o Kalama a able oli es, wi h 1 PDO p oduc (Kalama a).
- 70% o he na ional ci us p oduc ion, wi h o e 550,000 onnes p oduced (A golida, Laconia,
and Co in hia).
- Pome ui s wi h a p oduc ion o 6,000 onnes and 1 PDO p oduc (A cadia).
- Wines wi h o e 70,000 onnes p oduced, ea u ing 3 PDO p oduc s and 9 PGI p oduc s, and
wo "na ional ambassado " a ie ies: Agio gi iko om Nemea and Moscho ile o om
Man ineia, ou o he 4 na ional a ie ies.
- 35% o he na ional p oduc ion o Co in hian aisins, wi h a p oduc ion o 10,000 onnes.
50
Table 9: Numbe o ag icul u al holdings and used ag icul u al a ea.
Numbe o holdings
68,576
Holdings wi h used ag icul u al a ea
68,357
U ilized ag icul u al a ea (hec a es)
2,558,637
Holdings wi h i iga ed a eas
38,975
I iga ed a eas (hec a es)
798,288
Table 10: Pu ely ag icul u al, pu ely li es ock, and mixed holdings.
Pu ely ag icul u al
61,875
Pu ely li es ock
488
Mixed
6,213
Table 11: Dis ibu ion o holdings by main ca ego ies o use.
A able c ops
6,855
Vineya ds and aisin ineya ds
10,556
T ee c ops
65,705
G eenhouses
644
O he a eas
20,601
Table 12: Dis ibu ion o used ag icul u al a ea o holdings by main ca ego ies o use (hec a es).
A able c ops
244,299
Vineya ds and aisin ineya ds
150,533
T ee c ops
1,818,893
G eenhouses
3,400
O he a eas
341,510
51
Table 13: Holdings wi h animals by ype o animal.
Ca le
514
Sheep
4,001
Goa s
3,563
Pigs
334
Poul y
6,856
Table 14: Numbe o animals by ype.
Ca le
16,403
Sheep
354,190
Goa s
365,201
Pigs
67,043
Poul y
1,390,470
3.1.3 Economic indica o s
Cen al Macedonia
Acco ding o he Regional Accoun s published by ELSTAT wi h da a o 2020, Cen al Macedonia, he
mos populous egion in he coun y a e A ica wi h 1.7 million inhabi an s, does no e en ank in he
op i e among all e i o ies, wi h a pe capi a GDP o only 12,043€ and a dec ease o 9.7% om 2019.
A he same ime, wi h 19.7B€ o g oss alue added in 2020, i ep esen s only 13.6% o he o al
e i o y, wi h A ica amassing a s agge ing 47.8%.
The inancial si ua ion o esiden s in Thessaloniki and neighbou ing ci ies in Cen al Macedonia is no
any be e . Acco ding o da a om he Bank o G eece, he a e age deposi s in he egion's bank
accoun s amoun o app oxima ely 4,500€, while in A ica hey exceed 7,200€. Fu he mo e, Cen al
Macedonia has a dis essing a e o popula ion a isk o po e y and social exclusion, eaching 23.8%.
This is clea ly explained by he high unemploymen le els in he egion, which exceed 15%, compa ed
o a ound 8% in he capi al.
In e ms o business ou wa d o ien a ion, acco ding o a s udy by he Associa ion o Expo e s o 2021,
Cen al Macedonia expe ienced a 17.7% inc ease in expo alue o 6.2B€, ep esen ing 15.6% o
G eece's o al expo s, o 19% excluding pe oleum p oduc s. The la ges and mos populous egion o
A ica unde s andably leads he anking wi h o e 20 billion eu os in expo s, eco ding a much la ge
inc ease o 23.4% wi hin he yea , accoun ing o 52.7% o he o al.
C e e
The e olu ion o he GDP o he Region o C e e p esen s a simila pic u e o ha eco ded o he
52
coun y as a whole, albei wi h mo e p onounced cha ac e is ics. Speci ically, du ing he pe iod om
2013 o 2018, he Region o C e e expe ienced an inc ease in i s GDP by 6%, ising om 8,596 M€ in
2013 o 9,071 M€ in 2018.
This g ow h in C e e's GDP e lec s a b oade end seen ac oss he na ion, al hough he egion's
g ow h a e is no ably mo e obus . The inc ease in GDP is indica i e o he egion's economic
esilience and i s abili y o eco e and g ow despi e he economic challenges aced du ing ha pe iod.
The sec o s con ibu ing o his g ow h likely include ou ism, ag icul u e, and o he key indus ies ha
ha e his o ically been s ong in C e e.
In pa allel, he e olu ion o he pe capi a GDP in he Region o C e e also mi o s he na ional end,
wi h e en mo e p onounced cha ac e is ics. F om 2013 o 2018, he pe capi a GDP in C e e inc eased
by 5%, ising om 13,634 € in 2013 o 14,302 € in 2018.
This inc ease in pe capi a GDP sugges s no only an o e all economic imp o emen bu also an
enhancemen in he a e age economic well-being o he esiden s o C e e. The g ow h in pe capi a
GDP indica es ha he economic bene i s o he egion's g ow h a e being dis ibu ed among i s
popula ion, leading o imp o ed li ing s anda ds. The sus ained economic de elopmen du ing hese
yea s can be a ibu ed o a ious ac o s, including e ec i e egional policies, in es men s in
in as uc u e, and he h i ing ou ism indus y, which is a signi ican con ibu o o he island's
economy.
The Region o C e e's economic pe o mance be ween 2013 and 2018 demons a es a obus g ow h
ajec o y ha exceeds he na ional a e age, bo h in e ms o o e all GDP and pe capi a GDP. This
pe o mance highligh s C e e's s a egic impo ance wi hin he G eek economy and unde sco es he
egion's po en ial o con inued economic p ospe i y.
Peloponnese
The ela i e posi ion o he p ima y sec o in he Region o Peloponnese, compa ed o he sec o 's size
in he coun y, is pa icula ly signi ican . In 2016, he Region o Peloponnese con ibu ed 9.06% o he
G oss Value Added o he p ima y sec o in he coun y. The seconda y sec o holds pa icula
impo ance in he economy o he Region o Peloponnese, con ibu ing 22.21% o he o al G oss Value
Added o he Region, compa ed o 14.53% con ibu ion o he seconda y sec o a he na ional le el.
The g oss domes ic p oduc o he Peloponnese was 8.2 B€ in 2018, ep esen ing 4.5% o he G eek
economy. The pe capi a GDP adjus ed o pu chasing powe was 17,400 €, which was 57% o he
a e age o he Eu opean Union o 27 membe s a es ha yea . The GDP pe wo ke was 68% o he EU
a e age.
The Peloponnese ollows he majo i y o he G eek Regions, domina ing he u al cha ac e o he a ea.
P ima y sec o accoun s o 7.1% o he GVA o he egion wi h he as majo i y o businesses (90.2%)
in plan and animal p oduc ion, hun ing and ela ed ac i i ies. Al hough he u no e o en e p ises
engaged in plan and li es ock p oduc ion is below he u no e o ishe ies and aquacul u e
en e p ises, i is o e 20.2% abo e he na ional a e age.
53
Table 15. Economic indica o s.
Coun y -
Region
Popula ion
(M hab)
GDP
GDP pe
capi a (€)
GVA (k M€)
Employmen
a e (%)
Employmen by
sec o (%)
(k M€)
Ag icul u e,
Fo es y and
Fishing
Ag icul u e, o es y,
and ishing
G eece – Cen al
Macedonia
1.78
30.3
16,990
1.69
65.6
12
G eece – C e e
0.62
11.01
14,302
0.75
69.4
14
G eece -
Peloponnese
0.53
10.37
17,400
0.84
70.5
27
3.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k
Cen al Macedonia
In a ecen comp ehensi e epo by he Eu opean Commission, which aimed o map and analyse he
de elopmen o bioeconomy s a egies a he egional le el wi hin he EU-27 ( i led "Bioeconomy
S a egy De elopmen in EU Regions"), he Region o Cen al Macedonia has dis inguished i sel by
anking i s among he 13 G eek egions in e ms o he numbe o Ac ion Plans ocusing on he
p omo ion o bioeconomy. The epo highligh s ha , al hough bioeconomy is embedded as a p io i y
in se e al s a egic documen s -such as he Long-Te m S a egy 2050, he Na ional S a egy o he
Ci cula Economy, he New Ac ion Plan on Ci cula Economy, and he Na ional Was e Managemen
Plan 2020-2030- G eece s ill lacks a dedica ed bioeconomy s a egy a na ional le el.
A egional le el, many egions, including A ica, Epi us, and Thessaly, acknowledge he impo ance o
ci cula economy and bioeconomy wi hin hei s a egic amewo ks. Howe e , hey cu en ly do no
ha e speci ic plans o s a egies in place. Ou o he 13 G eek egions, only 2 ha e published ac ionable
plans dedica ed o he p omo ion o ci cula economy and bioeconomy: he Region o Cen al
Macedonia, wi h wo Ac ion Plans, and he Region o C e e, wi h one Ac ion Plan. The Region o Cen al
Macedonia has success ully de eloped and published wo Ac ion Plans o p omo ing ci cula economy
and bioeconomy.
C e e
C e e has s a ed o link bio-economy de elopmen wi h hei Resea ch and Inno a ion S a egies o
Sma Specializa ion (RIS3). The Region o C e e, o he planning o en ep eneu ship ac ions in he
ield o ci cula economy wi hin he amewo k o he P og amming Pe iod 2021-2027, conduc ed a
mapping o he exis ing ci cula economy ac ions in he Region, wi h he c ea ion o a calenda o he
ag i- ood sec o . Based on he mapping da a o exis ing ci cula i y ac ions and elying on he esponses

54
o he pa icipan s, i is ound ha om he s udied sample (34 pa icipan s), 2 ou o 3 businesses (23
ou o 34 pa icipan s) ei he implemen o pa icipa e in symbio ic ci cula economy ac ions
( ega dless o whe he hey a e awa e o i o whe he hese ac ions a e capi alized on). Due o he
e y small sample size, i is ex emely isky o gene alize his -a leas imp essi e- pe o mance o he
en i e ood and be e age p ocessing indus y in C e e. I is also ex emely isky because he expe ience
wi h he p o ile o pa icipan s in simila su eys h ough ques ionnai es, especially o businesses, has
shown ha he pa icipan s a e pa icula ly sensi ized in he ele an ield and ha is p ecisely why
hey pa icipa e in he esea ch. E en so, his pe o mance is a s ong indica ion ha ci cula ac ions
exis in C e e, e en i hey do no ully cons i u e a business model, highligh ing a he same ime he
eno mous po en ial o he ag i- ood sec o in his di ec ion.
Rega ding he "closing he loop", ha is, he p oduc s o aw ma e ials p oduced om he iden i ied
ci cula ac ions, ou (4) le els o added alue eme ge based on he alue o co esponding compe i i e
p oduc s in he con en ional ma ke . Speci ically, depending on he ou pu p oduc - aw ma e ial,
hese le els include he ollowing eme ging alue chains:
- Soil imp o e - compos and hyd o- e iliza ion means as compe i i e p oduc s agains
co esponding p oduc s con aining chemical ins ead o biological addi i es.
- Solid bio uel (d y biomass and/o oli e pomace) as a compe i i e p oduc agains
con en ional ossil uels (oil and na u al gas).
- O ganic subs ances wi h high nu ien con en (e.g., was e ac ions om b ewing and
winemaking, biomass ac ions om ui p ocessing, ce ain special ca ego ies o plan
esidues, e c.) Fo he p oduc ion o animal eed as a compe i i e aw ma e ial agains
animal eed wi h chemical addi i es.
- Raw ma e ials o biological o igin (e.g., oli e ke nel o he p oduc ion o oli e pomace oil
and soaps, g ape ma c o he p oduc ion o high-dis illed alcoholic be e ages, e c.) Fo he
p oduc ion o high-added alue p oduc s, po en ially inno a i e ones such as snail shells as
a aw ma e ial o he p oduc ion o ex olia ing cosme ics.
Fu he in es iga ion is needed in o he capi alisa ion po en ial o each s age o he alue chains,
conside ing ac o s beyond business ope a ions. A signi ican issue is he lack o a amewo k o was e
declassi ica ion and quali y c i e ia o p oduced p oduc s, a ec ing he compe i i eness o ci cula
alue chain p oduc s. Addi ionally, he e is a ansi ion gap in he comme cial a ailabili y o ag i- ood
p oduc s o consume s. Ci cula ac ions by businesses do no ou wa dly a ge consume s o add alue
o he sec o ’s p oduc s, meaning he en i onmen al bene i s a e no communica ed o consume s
h ough in o ma ion abou en i onmen al pe o mance.
Peloponnese
The bioeconomy egula o y amewo k in Peloponnese does no di e om he co esponding
b oade na ional amewo k. Al hough G eece has no ye es ablished a dedica ed na ional s a egy
o he Bioeconomy, he e a e se e al go e nmen ini ia i es ha p io i ize esou ce e iciency,
ene gy-e icien p ac ices, and low-ca bon in es men s. Cu en ly, hese go e nmen al e o s a e
somewha spo adic and dispe sed. The Minis y o En i onmen and Ene gy in G eece leads bio-
economy policies h ough key s a egies such as he Na ional S a egy o he Ci cula Economy (2018),
which ocuses on was e managemen and suppo ing g een businesses. Suppo ing documen s like he
G een G ow h S a egic Ac ion P og amme (2010-2015) p omo e g een p ocu emen and acili a e
55
easie access o capi al o bio echnology cen es. The Na ional Renewable Ene gy Ac ion Plan (2010)
aligns wi h EU a ge s, and Law 4414/2016 in oduces a suppo scheme o enewable ene gy and
clima e change mi iga ion. Collec i ely, hese policies highligh G eece's commi men o sus ainabili y,
ci cula economy p inciples, and he adop ion o enewable ene gy.
3.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion
3.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y
Cen al Macedonia
In he Region o Cen al Macedonia, he main biomass p oduce s a e plan and o es esidues
( i ewood, wigs, s aw, sawdus , oli e ke nels, seeds), animal was e (manu e, was e), plan s g own on
ene gy plan a ions o ene gy use, as well as municipal was e esidues o he ood indus y, ag icul u al
indus y, and he biodeg adable ac ion o municipal was e. Mo e speci ically, he c ops ha can
p oduce biomass om hei esidues a e mainly ce eals and ene gy c ops because hey ha e plen y o
s aws and s alks which can p oduce high le els o biomass. F om he c op plans i is obse ed ha he
main cul i a ions o Cen al Macedonia a e ce eals (ha d and so whea ), co on and maize and in
some egional uni s such as Pella and Ima hia he main cul i a ions a e ui ees.
Table 16: Biomass ypes in Cen al Macedonia.
C ops
Residues ype
Ou pu o
esidues
( onnes/ha)
Humidi y %
Biomass
( onnes/ha)
Al al a
S aw
0.76
0.15
0.66
Apples
P uning
0.61
0.4
0.35
Ap ico s
P uning
0.40
0.4
0.25
Ba ley
S aw
0.68
0.15
0.58
Che ies
P uning
0.63
0.4
0.38
Co on
S aw and shell
(o e g ound)
1.06
0.4
0.63
Co on
S aw and shell
( oo )
0.33
0.56
0.15
Ha d Whea
S aw
0.40
0.15
0.35
Kiwi
P uning
0.40
0.35
0.25
Maize
S alks and cobs
2.65
0.55
1.18
Nec a ines
P uning
0.73
0.4
0.43
Oli e T ees
P uning
0.43
0.5
0.23
Peaches
P uning
0.73
0.4
0.43
Rapeseed
S aw
1.01
0.53
0.48
Rice
S aw
0.96
0.25
0.73
Se Aside
No applied
0.00
0
0.00
Oli e ees has he highes pe cen o he cul i a ed a ea o he egional uni o Chalkidiki 41.50%,
since Chalkidiki is well known in G eece o he oli es and he i gin oli e oil. The c ops ha ollows
a e ha d whea wi h 21.82% and se aside a eas wi h 16.04%. The cul i a ions wi h lowe pe cen han
56
10% a e ba ley wi h 5.74%, so whea wi h 4.92%, oa s wi h 4.32%, e ch wi h 3.43% and sun lowe
wi h 2.23%. The o al selec ed cul i a ed a ea o Chalkidiki egional uni is 300,799.6 ha. The egional
uni o Ima hia has 263,048.5 ha o al selec ed cul i a ed a ea. The main c ops o he egional uni s
a e ui ees and a able c ops. Analy ically, he peaches hold 28.05% o he exis en cul i a ed a ea
ollowed by co on wi h 25.16%. Unde o he 10% o he cul i a ed a ea hold maize wi h 9.23%, al al a
wi h 8.54%, ha d whea wi h 7.45%, nec a ines wi h 6.02%, apples wi h 4.02%, ice 2.50%, so whea
2.30% and ba ley 2.30%. The exis en c op plan o he egional uni o Ima hia had se aside a ea 4.27%
e 42.16% o he cul i a ed a ea o he exis en c op plan o he egional uni o Kilkis is co e ed by ha d
whea . The so whea holds he 24.52% and 10.92% is se aside a ea. All he o he c ops which ill he
exis en c op plan o he egional uni o Kilkis p esen ed pe cen age unde 10%. Speci ically, 7.51% is
co on, 4.86% is al al a, 3.91% is ba ley, 3.74% is maize and 2.38% sun lowe .
As ega ds he egional uni o Pella, he highes pe cen age holds he peaches wi h 21.88%, ollowed
by co on (15.42%), maize (11.70%) and che ies (10.77%). Lowe pe cen ages had he ha d whea
(8.17%), he al al a (7.60%), he se aside a ea (6.88%), he so whea (5.69%), he ba ley (5.59%), he
nec a ines (4.06%) and he ap ico s (2.24%)
Pie ia is well known o he cul i a ion o kiwis and obacco, bu he main cul i a ions a e he ce eals.
The highes pe cen age in Pie ia egional uni holds he ha d whea wi h 20.53%, ollowed by so
whea (15.70%) and obacco (10.20%).
Co on wi h 9.30%, se aside wi h 8.70%, al al a wi h 7.00%, oli e ees wi h 6.70%, kiwi wi h 6.50%,
ba ley wi h 5.30%, maize wi h 3.70% and ice wi h 2.10% a e he o he main cul i a ions o Pie ia.
Mo e analy ically, i is obse ed ha he egional uni o Se es has mainly a able c ops and ce eals.
The cul i a ed a ea o ha d whea pa icipa es in he exis en c op plan wi h 25.11%, he cul i a ed
a ea o maize wi h 18.08% and he cul i a ed a ea o co on wi h 11.10%. So whea , sun lowe and
al al a pa icipa e wi h 8.93%, 8.05% and 7.62% espec i ely. The 6.18% o he cul i a ed a ea is se
aside and ba ley holds he 5.86%. The cul i a ed a ea o oli e ees, ice, obacco, and apeseeds a e
ollowed wi h pe cen ages lowe han 5%.
C e e
The le els o lignocellulosic biomass in G eece a e es ima ed o be 2,132,286 onnes annually, alues
ha a e e y close o he cases o o he Medi e anean coun ies like I aly and Po ugal. In espec o
he o al ag icul u al esidues, C e e p oduces 1,959,124 onnes/yea . The mos signi ican s eams in
C e e a e iden i ied o be oli e pi s and oli e p uning.
57
Figu e 19: Annual biomass p oduc ion, in k onnes, by ag icul u al was e ca ego y in G eece.
Figu e 20: Biomass pe sou ce in G eece.
64
any speci ic ma ke a ge ing documen ed.
C e e
A his s age o ma ke de elopmen in he egion o C e e, he e does no appea o be any speci ic
ma ke a ge ing documen ed.
Peloponnese
Once lagging in was e managemen , he Peloponnese Region has now (2023) appea ed as a na ional
leade , boas ing he h ee mos ad anced Was e Managemen Uni s (WMUs) in G eece and among
he mos mode n in Eu ope. Th ough a 167 M€ in es men (70 M€ unded by he Na ional S a egic
Re e ence F amewo k - NSRF), he egion is emb acing he ci cula economy by eco e ing and using
o e 80% o biodeg adable ma e ials, ecycling high-quali y ecyclables, di e ing a leas 50,000
onnes o liquid was e om land ills, and gene a ing g een ene gy su icien o 6,000 households, all
while p e en ing 24,000 onnes o CO2 emissions.
The la ges o hese uni s, he A kadia Was e P ocessing Uni , cu en ly manages mo e han 50% o
he u ban solid was e p oduced in he Peloponnese. The emaining was e is p ocessed a T ansi ional
Uni s in Messinia and Laconia, which a e expec ed o be ully ope a ional by 2024.
In jus a ew mon hs o ope a ion, he A kadia uni has su passed con en ional was e handling abili ies
hanks o mode n echnology, demons a ing he u gen need o e ec i e was e managemen in he
egion. Fu he mo e, since i s implemen a ion, he Peloponnese has been eed om Eu opean ines
o pas illegal p ac ices and has achie ed he lowes ope a ional cos among simila acili ies in G eece.
This cos will dec ease u he wi h he in oduc ion o he G een Fund and he comple ion o he
Was e T ans e S a ions (WTS) ne wo k by Regional Associa ion o Solid Was e Managemen Bodies,
esul ing in signi ican sa ings o esiden s.
The p ojec encompasses h ee main Subsec ions - Managemen Uni s wi hin he Peloponnese Region,
including:
- Th ee In eg a ed Was e Managemen Uni s (IWMUs), speci ically:
o Th ee Was e P ocessing Uni s (WPUs).
o Th ee Sani a y Land ill Si es (SLSs).
o Two Was e T ans e S a ions (WTSs).
- Th ee T ansi ional Managemen Uni s (TMUs), which will unc ion un il he IWMUs a e ully
comple ed.
- Imp o emen s o access oads o WPUs and WTSs.
The TMUs/WMUs-SLSs a e si ua ed in A kadia, Messinia, and Laconia, while he WTSs a e in Co in h
and A golis. This s a egic placemen ensu es ha was e collec ion occu s wi hin a 50 km adius om
he egional capi als, educing anspo a ion needs om municipali ies.
Using inno a i e echnology, he p ojec keeps a minimal en i onmen al and ene gy oo p in , aligns
wi h he Peloponnese Regional Was e Managemen Plan, complemen s local municipal ecycling
p og ams, and adhe es o he bes p ac ices o he ci cula economy.
The p ojec has c ea ed 800 jobs du ing he cons uc ion phase and will p o ide 200 pe manen jobs
o e he nex 27 yea s o ope a ion. Addi ionally, i will gene a e indi ec employmen and bene i s in

65
ela ed sec o s such as anspo , ecyclable ading, and pe sonnel accommoda ion.
3.2.4 R&D sys em associa ed wi h biomass alo isa ion.
Cen al Macedonia
The Ins i u e o Bio-Economy and Ag i-Technology (iBO) is one o he i e ins i u es wi hin he Cen e
o Resea ch and Technology – Hellas (CERTH), which uns as a p i a e non-p o i en i y unde he
o e sigh o he Gene al Sec e a ia o Resea ch and Technology (GSRT) wi hin G eece's Minis y o
De elopmen and In es men s.
iBO specialises in ag o- echnology and biosys ems enginee ing, in eg a ing a ious in e disciplina y
esea ch ields. I s esea ch ocuses on e ec i e en i onmen al managemen , sus ainabili y
assessmen o bio-p oduc ion p ocesses, and enhancing human in e ac ions in hese ac i i ies, all
aimed a p omo ing ci cula economy p inciples.
C e e
The Technical Uni e si y o C e e (TUC) is a leading ins i u ion in biomass alo isa ion h ough i s
School o En i onmen al Enginee ing. The school ocuses on con e ing o ganic was e in o aluable
p oduc s such as bio uels and biochemicals, emphasizing sus ainable was e ea men and esou ce
eco e y p ocesses. In enewable ene gy, TUC imp o es he e iciency and sus ainabili y o biomass-
based sys ems while in eg a ing biomass alo isa ion wi h ci cula economy p inciples.
TUC akes pa in nume ous EU- unded p ojec s, collabo a ing wi h in e na ional academic, esea ch,
and indus y pa ne s o ad ance biomass echnologies. Thei esea ch includes de eloping
echnologies o con e ing ag icul u al esidues and o he biomass sou ces in o high- alue p oduc s,
using bo h he mochemical p ocesses like py olysis and biochemical p ocesses like anae obic
diges ion. The uni e si y pa ne s wi h local and in e na ional companies o pilo and scale biomass
echnologies, aiming o b idge he gap be ween esea ch and comme cial applica ion. TUC's
ul amode n labo a o ies and in e disciplina y app oach enhance esea ch quali y and inno a ion.
Th ough i s obus esea ch in as uc u e, in e disciplina y app oach, and s ong indus y
collabo a ions, TUC is a he o e on o de eloping sus ainable biomass use solu ions, con ibu ing
signi ican ly o sus ainable de elopmen and enewable ene gy ad ancemen s in C e e and beyond.
Peloponnese
The Uni e si y o C e e, a leading academic ins i u ion in G eece, plays a signi ican ole in ad ancing
he bioeconomy h ough i s esea ch and educa ional p og ams. Loca ed on he island o C e e, he
uni e si y uses he egion's ich ag icul u al and na u al esou ces o d i e inno a ion in sus ainable
p ac ices and enewable ene gy. I s Depa men o Biology, Chemis y, and he Ins i u e o Molecula
Biology and Bio echnology (IMBB) a e a he o e on o esea ch on biomass use, biop ocessing, and
en i onmen al sus ainabili y. The uni e si y's esea che s a e engaged in a ious p ojec s ha explo e
he con e sion o ag icul u al esidues, such as oli e mill was e and g ape pomace, in o bio uels,
bioplas ics, and o he high alue biop oduc s. Th ough collabo a ions wi h local indus ies,
go e nmen agencies, and in e na ional bodies, he Uni e si y o C e e eases he de elopmen and
implemen a ion o cu ing-edge echnologies ha suppo he ci cula bioeconomy. Addi ionally, he
ins i u ion o e s specialized cou ses and aining p og ams ha equip s uden s and p o essionals wi h
he skills needed o con ibu e o he bioeconomy sec o . The uni e si y also pa icipa es in nume ous
66
EU- unded p ojec s aimed a p omo ing sus ainable ag icul u al p ac ices and enewable ene gy
solu ions. By in eg a ing esea ch, educa ion, and communi y engagemen , he Uni e si y o C e e
signi ican ly con ibu es o egional and na ional e o s o ansi ion owa ds a mo e sus ainable and
ci cula economy. This in eg a ion helps c ea e a knowledge-based economy ha no only add esses
en i onmen al challenges bu also p omo es economic g ow h and social well-being in C e e and
beyond.
3.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies.
Cen al Macedonia
The Regional De elopmen Fund o Cen al Macedonia (RDF CM) was se up in 1997 unde he
legisla ion o L. 2218/94, amended by a . 12 pa . 10 o L. 2307/95 and a . 4 pa . 3 o L. 2503/97, and
is o e seen by he Minis y o In e io (Home o ice). I uns as a P i a e Law Legal En i y and is
managed by a nine-membe boa d including ep esen a i es om a ious p oduc i e bodies,
chambe s, o icials, economic and execu i e commi ee membe s, and he majo opposi ion. The
Go e no o Cen al Macedonia se es as he P esiden o he Managemen Boa d.
The RDF CM has a dual unc ion: i ac s as an accoun an p ojec manage o he Public In es men
P og amme and suppo s he egion's de elopmen p ocess by using i s expe ise in implemen ing
Eu opean P og ammes, Ini ia i es, and a ious s udies, esea ch, and se ices. I s goal is o p omo e
dissemina ion, en ep eneu ship, inno a ion, and inno a i e echnologies in he egion's p io i y
a eas.
The RDF CM's esponsibili ies include:
- Managing c edi s om he Public In es men P og amme, unding o public sec o bodies and
o he legal en i ies, and unds om Eu opean Union P og ammes and o he in e na ional
o ganiza ions ela ed o egional (ROP CM) and sec o al (OP FM, RDP, FEAD, e c.) De elopmen
p og ammes.
- Submi ing p oposals and implemen ing Eu opean P og ammes and Ini ia i es (such as
INTERREG and HORIZON) and suppo ing he egion's pa icipa ion in in e na ional ne wo ks
and collabo a ions.
- P o iding echnical suppo o he egion h ough s udies, esea ch, and se ices assigned by
he egion, aimed a mo e e icien esou ce use. This suppo also includes dissemina ion
ac ions a ge ing he egion's p io i y a eas, such as ag i- ood, ou ism, and heal h.
C e e
Suppo and inancing policies in C e e do no di e om he co esponding b oade na ional
amewo k.
Peloponnese
Suppo and inancing policies in Peloponnese do no di e om he co esponding b oade na ional
amewo k.
67
3.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups
3.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion
Cen al Macedonia
Wi hin he egion o Cen al Macedonia, he e a e ou (4) OGs wi h ac i e pa icipa ion in he bio-
mass indus y.
(1) Ae o ika Kipe ika is an OG ha aims o inco po a e non-comme cial o egano in o
(g eenhouse/ou doo ) ege able c ops o he p o ec ion agains soil ungi. Speci ically, hey aim
o con ol downy mildew, caused by soil ungi, wi h nega i e e ec s on p oduc ion in he con ex
o ci cula economy and he adop ion o good ag icul u al p ac ices. They in es iga e op imum
doses o o egano ha mus be inco po a ed in o he hizosphe e in o de o ob ain bes esul s
and assess disease and p oduc i i y and quali y indica o s.
(2) BioAnimalCha is an OG o he exploi a ion o ag icul u al biomass o he p oduc ion o animal
ood supplemen s. They aim o use ag icul u al biomass by-p oduc s o c ea e a new, low-cos ,
biocha -based eed supplemen , which will signi ican ly imp o e he quali y o pig eed.
(3) SoilCi cle is an OG ha aims o implemen all he p ocedu es o he ce i ica ion o compos o
ag i- ood o igin in o de o c ea e an en i onmen ally iendly business model o he con e sion
o ag i- ood was e in o a alue-added p oduc (o ganic p oduc ion). Howe e , i is no clea i
and how hey ake pa in he u iliza ion o p oduc ion o BBTs.
(4) Inno a i e Rice Residue Managemen P ac ices e u n ice p oduc ion esidues o he soil o
imp o ed soil heal h and e iliza ion.
Two mo e examples o OGs ha un wi hin he wide egion o Macedonia a e also included, gi en
ha some o hem ha e dynamic po en ial in he ield o biomass alo isa ion.
(1) P oud Fa m, in Kozani (Wes e n. Macedonia) is an OG ha en isions a sus ainable u u e o
G eek sheep and goa a ming. Se ices p o ided o new and exis ing sheep and goa a me s
include incuba o suppo o young a me s, educa ion, p oduc ion o educa ional audio isual
ma e ial, managemen suppo se ices, and many o he s. They ha e al eady p oduced a ma ke
eady p oduc , using esidue sheep wool pelle s o suppo ing soil heal h, e iliza ion needs
and soil wa e e en ion.
(2) HEGIARTOS in Eas e n Macedonia is an OG aims o he de elopmen o a yogu desse om
goa 's milk en iched wi h an ioxidan s om esp esso co ee esidue ex ac .
C e e
The e is no documen ed OGs o he egion o C e e a he momen , despi e he egion's imp essi e
po en ial o bio-mass p oduc ion and use. Howe e , he e we will epo on a dynamic o ganisa ion
ha coo dina es a numbe o uno icial OGs and o he p oduce o ganisa ions and hey plan o make
hei ope a ions o icial in he nex call o inancing OG o ma ions. The Medi e anean Ag i-Food
Compe ence Cen e (MACC) is dedica ed o ad ancing he bioeconomy wi hin he Medi e anean
egion's ag i- ood sec o . I s mission cen es on os e ing inno a ion, sus ainabili y, and
compe i i eness h ough esea ch, de elopmen , and echnology ans e . MACC ocuses on he
adop ion o ad anced echnologies and inno a i e p ac ices in ag i- ood p oduc ion and p ocessing,
d i ing e o s o c ea e a mo e sus ainable ag icul u al landscape.
68
Key ac i i ies include collabo a i e p ojec s wi h academic ins i u ions, esea ch o ganiza ions, and
indus y s akeholde s o de elop mode n echnologies and sus ainable p ac ices. MACC also p o ides
aining p og ams o enhance he skills and knowledge o a me s and ood p oduce s, ensu ing hey
a e equipped o adop sus ainable bioeconomic p ac ices. Ne wo king and pa ne ships a e c ucial, as
MACC builds collabo a ions wi hin he Medi e anean ag i- ood ecosys em o sha e knowledge and
esou ces e ec i ely. Policy ad ocacy is ano he essen ial aspec , wi h MACC engaging policymake s
o suppo bioeconomic inno a ion and sus ainabili y.
The cen e's e o s a e pa icula ly ocused on sus ainable ag icul u e, p omo ing p ac ices ha
imp o e soil heal h, wa e e iciency, and biodi e si y. Food sa e y and quali y a e also p io i ized,
ensu ing p oduc s mee ambi ious s anda ds h ough be e p ac ices and echnologies. Clima e
change adap a ion is a signi ican a ea o ocus, wi h MACC de eloping s a egies o help he sec o
espond o en i onmen al challenges. Addi ionally, pe ec ing he ag i- ood alue chain om
p oduc ion o consump ion is key o hei s a egy.
Peloponnese
The egion o Peloponnese, hos s 2 o icial OGs, desc ibed below:
(1) HIPO-ENERGY ocuses on he u ilisa ion o he lea es o he Hippophage plan , which is
cha ac e ized as a supe - ood, o he p oduc ion o high nu i ion addi i es o so d inks. They
ex ac he bioac i e elemen s om he lea es o he p oduc ion o added alue nu i ional
p oduc s.
(2) OLIHERB, aims o he exploi a ion o oli e lea es ( ich in polyphenols and o he bioac i e
ing edien s) o p oduce he bal in usions and na u al ood addi i es. They use he signi ican
quan i ies o oli e lea es p oduced as by-p oduc s du ing cul i a ion (p uning), ha es ing o
oli es and oli e oil p oduc ion (milling s age) o de eloping inno a i e p oduc s wi h special
chemical and nu i ional p ope ies.
As wi h he egion o C e e, he e, we also desc ibe he ope a ions o an o ganisa ion ha suppo s and
helps many di e en uno icial OGs and o he p oduce o ma ions. The Cen e o Ag icul u al
En ep eneu ship o Messinia (CAEM) is an essen ial ini ia i e in he Peloponnese, ocusing on
p omo ing he bioeconomy h ough inno a ion, sus ainabili y, and en ep eneu ship in ag icul u e.
This cen e enhances he p oduc i i y and compe i i eness o he egion's ag icul u al sec o ,
pa icula ly known o high-quali y oli es and oli e oil. CAEM suppo s local a me s and en ep eneu s
by o e ing speciallysed aining p og ams and wo kshops on bioeconomic p ac ices, sus ainable
a ming, and alue-added ag icul u al p oduc s. These p og ams aim o educa e pa icipan s on
mode n a ming echniques, business managemen , and ma ke oppo uni ies, ensu ing hey a e well-
equipped o h i e in a bioeconomy- ocused en i onmen . The cen e collabo a es wi h uni e si ies
and esea ch ins i u ions o p omo e esea ch in ag icul u al science, ocusing on c op imp o emen ,
pes managemen , and sus ainable p ac ices. By encou aging he adop ion o inno a i e echnologies
such as p ecision a ming, sma i iga ion sys ems, and enewable ene gy sou ces, he cen e helps
enhance p oduc i i y and sus ainabili y. Sus ainable p ac ices a e a key ocus, wi h CAEM p omo ing
en i onmen al s ewa dship and o ganic a ming me hods. The cen e suppo s sus ainable a ming
p ac ices ha p o ec he en i onmen , conse e na u al esou ces, and ensu e long- e m ag icul u al
p oduc i i y.
69
3.3.2 Bio-based echnologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs
Cen al Macedonia
Fe iwool is an o ganic e ilise p oduced om 100% G eek sheep wool. I is a unique p oduc sui able
o all ypes o c ops. Rich in nu ien s, i has he abili y o keep wa e and expand, educing i iga ion
needs by up o 30% and imp o ing soil s uc u e. I equi es only one applica ion e e y six mon hs due
o i s slow- elease nu ien p ope ies. Addi ionally, i is 100% biodeg adable. This sheep wool-based
o ganic e ilize is a p oduc o 100% ci cula economy.
C e e
MACC, in collabo a ion wi h Mills o C e e, ABEA and Quali y Plus, de eloped calcium soap om oli e
oil a y acids o use in animal eed. This p oduc enhances he ep oduc i e pe o mance o uminan s
and con ibu es o highe milk yield, imp o ed e ili y and be e animal heal h. This p ojec p omo es
he economic alue o oli e oil by-p oduc s, educing hei en i onmen al oo p in and enhancing
sus ainabili y h ough he ci cula economy.
Peloponnese
As pa o CAEM's ac i i ies, no bio-based echnology has been de eloped ye .
3.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions
In G eece, he egions o C e e, Cen al Macedonia, and Peloponnese a e beginning o emb ace he
concep s o ci cula economy and bioeconomy, e lec ing a g owing ecogni ion o hei po en ial o
os e sus ainable de elopmen and economic esilience. Al hough hese ini ia i es a e s ill in hei
ini ial s ages, he e is an op imis ic ou look o hei u u e.
The ci cula economy in hese egions aims o minimize was e and make he mos o esou ces. C e e,
known o i s ich ag icul u al he i age, is explo ing ways o educe was e in he ood p oduc ion sec o .
By eusing ag icul u al by-p oduc s and imp o ing ecycling p ac ices, he egion hopes o c ea e a
closed-loop sys em ha enhances esou ce e iciency. Simila ly, his app oach no only educes
en i onmen al impac bu also s imula es inno a ion and economic g ow h.
In Peloponnesus, e o s a e being made o in eg a e ci cula economy p inciples in o e e yday li e, a
key economic d i e . By p omo ing sus ainable e e yday p ac ices, he egion aims o p ese e i s
na u al beau y while a ac ing en i onmen ally conscious ag i- ood consume s.
The bioeconomy, which in ol es he use o enewable biological esou ces o p oduce ood, ma e ials,
and ene gy, is also gaining ac ion. In C e e, he e is signi ican po en ial o de eloping bio-based
indus ies due o i s abundan ag icul u al esou ces. Cen al Macedonia is le e aging i s s ong
ag icul u al and ood p ocessing sec o s o explo e bio-based p oduc s, such as bioplas ics and
bio uels. The Peloponnese is simila ly looking o ha ness i s ag icul u al by-p oduc s o bioene gy
p oduc ion, con ibu ing o ene gy sus ainabili y.
I could be a gued ha C e e and Peloponnese a e "yellow" o implemen ing bio-based echnologies
and Cen al Macedonia could be conside ed as a "g een" egion.

70
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Ala zas, S., Mous akas, K., Malamis, D., & Vakalis, S. (2019) "Biomass po en ial om ag icul u al
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Ch is ou, M. (2017) "Δυναμικό βιομάζας στην Ελλάδα και προοπτικές" [Biomass po en ial in G eece
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4 I aly - Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a & Ligu ia
4.1 Gene al desc ip ion o he egion
4.1.1 Geog aphic desc ip ion o he egion
The a ea ha encompasses Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a (VDA), and Ligu ia egions (I alian FAN e e ence
e i o y) is in no h-wes o I aly, and i is bo de ed by F ance o he wes , Swi ze land o he no h
and acing he Ligu ian Sea o he sou h. The h ee egions co e an a ea o 34,064 km², accoun ing o
11% o he I alian e i o y (ISTAT, s.d.),wi h 5.9 million inhabi an s, which ep esen 10% o he I alian
popula ion and 1.3% o he EU27 (EUROSTAT, s.d.);and an a e age popula ion densi y o 162 hab/km2,
wi h a minimum o 38 hab/km2 in Valle d'Aos a and 279 hab/km2 in Ligu ia.
This egions unde s udy includes 13 p o inces (NUTS 3), ha is, Aos a, To ino, Cuneo, No a a, Ve celli,
Biella, Ve bania Cusio Ossola, As i, Alessand ia, Geno a, Sa ona, Impe ia and La Spezia.
The e a e 1,512 municipali ies and, acco ding o he I alian ypological classi ica ion o u al a eas, 12
municipali ies a e classi ied as a eas “A-U ban poles”; 273 as a eas “B-Ru al a eas wi h in ensi e and
specialized ag icul u e”; 702 as a eas “C. In e media e u al a eas” and; “525 as a eas “D. Ru al a eas
wi h comp ehensi e de elopmen p oblems” (RRN, 2020).
The clima e o he I alian FAN e e ence a ea a ies signi ican ly due o di e se geog aphical ea u es
o he e i o y, which includes moun ains, coas al a eas, and alleys. In he moun ainous a eas, such
as he egions nea he Alps, he clima e is alpine wi h cold win e s, hea y snow all, and cool summe s;
he empe a u es can d op signi ican ly in win e . The lowe a eas, including he plains a ound he Po
Ri e , expe ience a mo e con inen al clima e, wi h humid summe s and cold, oggy win e s and
p ecipi a ion is e enly dis ibu ed h oughou he yea , wi h a sligh inc ease in he sp ing and au umn.
The coas al a eas ha e mild, we win e s and ho , d y summe s; he sea has a mode a ing e ec on
empe a u es, p e en ing ex eme highs and lows.
Figu e 25: Loca ion o I alian FAN (Piemon e, Ligu ia, Valle d’Aos a) in Eu ope (Sou ce: ISTAT)
4.1.2 Ag icul u e and o es y sec o s in he egion
Ag icul u al sec o
In he a ea ha encompasses Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a, and Ligu ia Regions, acco ding o he las
Ag icul u al Census (2020), he e a e 65,523 ag icul u al exploi a ions which ca y ou hei ac i i y in
73
he 1,026,141.97 hec a es o use ul ag icul u al a ea (UAA), ep esen ing he 6% o I alian a ms and
8% o I alian UAA (ISTAT, s.d.). Wi hin he I alian FAN e e ence e i o y a ms ep esen jus unde
1% o Eu opean ag icul u al en e p ises.
The s anda d o al p oduc ion a e age by exploi a ion in he I alian FAN e e ence a ea is 174,120.03
€ (Valle D’Aos a 63,293.67; Piemon e 244,818.9, Ligu ia 73,863.29) (RICA, s.d.).
Rega ding he businesses in he ag icul u al sec o , is mainly made up o small and medium small
companies (nea ly 60%): Small (4,000-25,000 €) 16,444; Medium Small (25,000-50,000 €) 8,550;
Medium (50,000-100,000 €) 7,209; Medium La ge (100,000-500,000 €) 8,657; La ge (>500,000 €)
1,047. A posi i e ac conce ns he p esence o owne s unde 40 yea s o age, which has been g owing
also hanks o he RDP policies since 2016 and which in 2022 eached 14% o he o al (Piemon e, s.d.).
This accoun s o an a e age es ablishmen size o 15.66 ha, which is abo e he na ional a e age
ag icul u al es ablishmen size ha is 11 ha (ISTAT, s.d.). The e olu ion o e he yea s o use ul
ag icul u al a ea is shown in he Figu e 26, whe e some c i ical poin s and a gene al downwa d end
can be obse ed.
Figu e 26: Use ul ag icul u al a ea (ha) in I alian FAN o e he yea s (ISTAT, s.d.)
Land use in he I alian FAN e e ence a ea is cha ac e ised by an impo an p esence o a able land
(43%), ollowed by pe manen meadows and pas u es (25%) and woodlands, pe manen c ops
(woody) (8%). I is impo an o highligh ha he FAN a ea is la gely localised in he moun ains. (ISTAT,
2023).
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
UAA(ha)
80
he bioeconomy con ibu ed oughly 2.5B€ in o he egion's GVA, indica ing i s g owing impo ance in
he economic s uc u e.
Valle d'Aos a
Valle d'Aos a is a unique and signi ican egion known o i s s unning alpine landscapes and ich
cul u al he i age. As he smalles and leas populous egion in I aly, i has a dis inc i e economic p o ile
cha ac e ized by a mix o adi ional indus ies and eme ging sec o s.
Valle d'Aos a's economic pe o mance is ela i ely modes bu s able. The egion's GDP was
app oxima ely 5.79 B€ in 2023. Valle d'Aos a boas s a high GDP pe capi a, a ound 47.040 €, which is
signi ican ly abo e he na ional a e age. This shows a high s anda d o li ing and economic
p oduc i i y, making i one o he weal hies egions in I aly on a pe capi a basis. Ag icul u e in Valle
d'Aos a plays an essen ial ole in he egion’s economy and cul u al iden i y. In 2021, he ag icul u al
sec o con ibu ed app oxima ely 2.3% o he egion's GDP. The egion is known o i s dai y p oduc s,
such as Fon ina cheese, as well as i s ineya ds p oducing enowned wines. Ag icul u e s ays a c ucial
sou ce o employmen in Valle d'Aos a, engaging abou 3.5% o he egion's wo k o ce. This highe
pe cen age compa ed o o he I alian egions highligh s he impo ance o ag icul u e in sus aining
u al communi ies and keeping he egion’s adi ional ways o li e.
The bioeconomy sec o in Valle d'Aos a employs app oxima ely 7,000 people and he GVA i gene a es
con ibu ed a ound 500M€ o he egion's GVA, unde sco ing i s impo ance in he egional economic
amewo k.
Table 25: Economic indica o s by egion/coun y (Eu opean Union, s. .).
Region/Coun y
Popula ion
(M hab)
GDP
(kM€)
GDP
pe
capi a
(€)
GVA (M€)
Ag icul u e,
Fo es y and
Fishing
Employmen
a e (%)
Employmen
by sec o (%)
Ag icul u e,
o es y, and
ishing
I alian FAN a ea
6
220
37,37
3
2,2%
Piemon e
4,25
156,33
36,78
2,24
72,2
2,4%
Valle d’Aos a
0,123
5,79
47,07
0,063
77,3
3,5%
Ligu ia
1,51
57,7
38,3
0,54
72,2
1,4%
4.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k
I aly has de eloped a comp ehensi e egula o y amewo k o suppo he bioeconomy and he
alo isa ion o biomass a bo h he na ional and egional le els. This amewo k includes a ange o
policies, s a egies, plans, and laws aimed a p omo ing sus ainable economic g ow h h ough he
e icien use o biological esou ces.
To u he exploi he whole Bioeconomy po en ial, he I alian Go e nmen p omo ed, a na ional
le el, he se up o a Na ional Bioeconomy S a egy in 2017 (BIT) (Go e nmen , 2017) and, mo e

81
ecen ly, i s upda e as “A new Bioeconomy s a egy o a sus ainable I aly”, BIT II, 2019 (Go e nmen ,
2019). The BIT II aims o in e connec mo e e icien ly he main economic sec o s composing he I alian
bioeconomy, namely he p oduc ion o enewable biological esou ces and hei con e sion in o
aluable ood, eed, bio-based p oduc s, wooden p oduc s, and bioene gy, along wi h he
ans o ma ion and alo isa ion o bio-was e s eams. Mo eo e , BIT II aims o a be e go e nance
model h ough inc eased coo dina ion o Minis ies, Regions and au onomous P o inces and he
alignmen o policies, egula ions, R&I unding p og ams and in es men s in in as uc u es. The
o e all goal is a 15% inc ease o he cu en u no e and jobs o he I alian Bioeconomy by 2030 by
implemen ing p io i y ac ions and an R&I agenda, which a e accompanied by measu es c ea ing and
gua an eeing he amewo k condi ions.
Due o he s a egic geo-poli ical ole o I aly in he Medi e anean basin, BIT II also includes ac ions o
imp o e sus ainable p oduc i i y, social cohesion, and g ea e poli ical s abili y h ough he
implemen a ion o Bioeconomy in he Medi e anean a ea, in line wi h he PRIMA pa ne ship, and
he BLUEMED and WESTMED ini ia i es.
Fu he mo e, he Bioeconomy S a egy aligns closely wi h a ious na ional and EU s a egic plans,
egula ions, and unding measu es, enhancing he implemen a ion o speci ic bioeconomy ini ia i es.
The Na ional Ene gy S a egy (Minis e o dello S iluppo Economico, s.d.), published in 2017 includes
signi ican p o isions o he de elopmen o bioene gy. I encou ages he use o biomass o ene gy
p oduc ion, which is seen as a c ucial pa o I aly's ansi ion o a mo e sus ainable ene gy sys em.
This s a egy aligns wi h EU di ec i es on enewable ene gy and sus ainabili y. The NECP o Na ional
Plan o Ene gy and Clima e (MISE, s.d.) o he pe iod 2021-2030 deals wi h he a ge ha I aly aims
o each in e ms o enewable ene gy, emissions and ene gy e iciency. The upda es o he “Na ional
Ene gy S a egy” and he “Na ional Plan o Clima e and Ene gy” p o ide he amewo k wi hin which
he di e se sou ces o ene gy will de elop in o de o achie e he a ge s on GHG emission educ ion
and enewable ene gy sha e. In addi ion, I aly has adop ed a “Na ional Adap a ion S a egy”
(Minis e o dell'ambien e e della sicu ezza ene ge ica, s.d.) and is pu ing in o place he “Na ional
Adap a ion Plan”. The Bioeconomy can play a signi ican ole in bo h senses, in e ms o p o iding clean
ene gy sou ces and ensu ing a long- e m conse a ion o na u al esou ces and ecological sys ems,
also h ough na u e-based solu ions.
The Eu opean Ag icul u al Fund o Ru al De elopmen (EAFRD) ocuses on new alue chains based
on he sma and in eg al use o ag o-was e and specialized c ops o indus ial uses o be g own on
ma ginal lands, c ea ing he necessa y in e ace o ag o-ene gy and bio-based indus ies. They
p o ide inancial suppo o sus ainable ag icul u al p ac ices, he de elopmen o bio-based
indus ies, and he alo isa ion o ag icul u al and o es y esidues.
I alian Ci cula Bioeconomy Clus e (Clus e SPRING (Anon., s.d.)) is a na ional clus e ha b ings
oge he s akeholde s om indus y, academia, and go e nmen o p omo e he de elopmen o he
bioeconomy in I aly. I eases collabo a ion on esea ch p ojec s, echnological de elopmen , and he
comme cializa ion o bio-based p oduc s.
I is necessa y o emphasize how he I alian Bioeconomy S a egy is pa o he implemen a ion p ocess
o he Na ional Sma Specializa ion S a egy 2021-2027 (S3) ( e i o iale, s.d.). The Sma
Specialisa ion S a egy aims o name p io i ies o in es men in esea ch, de elopmen and
inno a ion ha complemen he esou ces and p oduc i e capaci y o e i o ies o build compa a i e
ad an age and sus ainable g ow h pa h in he medium and long e m. The S3 is implemen ed a
82
egional le el and aims o boos inno a ion and compe i i eness in he egions by using hei s eng hs
in ag icul u e, ood p ocessing, and g een chemis y. The s a egy suppo s collabo a i e p ojec s
be ween uni e si ies, esea ch cen es, and indus ies o d i e ad ancemen s in he bioeconomy
sec o .
Indeed, a egional le el di e en p ojec s a e implemen ed o ake ad an age o he speci ic
cha ac e is ics o e i o ies. Fo example, The Piemon e Bioeconomy Technology Pla o m (Dupon -
Inglis, e al., 2021) is a good p ac ice o a egional policy model designed o suppo bio-based alue
chains. The pla o m aims o s imula e ci cula p oduc ion ecosys ems on a egional scale by le e aging
supply chains. In his way, i helps sus ainable g ow h wi h low en i onmen al impac and lays he
ounda ion o he long- e m de elopmen o he bioeconomy in he egion. Ano he exempla y
ini ia i e a egional le el is he BIOFAT p ojec in Ligu ia (sos enibile, s.d.). This p ojec ocuses on
cul i a ing mic oalgae o p oducing bio-chemical p oduc s. The signi icance o his p ojec lies in i s
cul i a ion o a di e se ange o species, which o e signi ican ly highe p oduc i i y pe hec a e
compa ed o adi ional g een plan s. Fu he mo e, i unde sco es he po en ial o bio-based
echnologies in a ious indus ial sec o s, including cosme ics and pha maceu icals. In addi ion, ag o-
ene gy p ojec s in ol ing he use o ag icul u al esidues as a enewable ene gy sou ce ha e been
implemen ed in many egions. Ag i-ene gy is a g owing bioeconomy sec o on na ional soil because o
i s po en ial in gene a ing income o a me s as well as p omo ing sus ainable p ac ice.
Las ly, in ecen yea , he Na ional S a egy o he Ci cula Economy (I aliano, s.d.) and he Na ional
Was e Managemen P og amme (Ecologica, s.d.), wo e o ms en isaged by he NRRP (Na ional
Reco e y and Resilience Plan) (MEF, s.d.) and app o ed in June 2022, ou line he p og amma ic
amewo k o I aly’s ecological ansi ion, iden i ying he ac ions, objec i es and measu es o be
pu sued. Wi hin he Na ional S a egy, conside able space is also gi en o mo e e icien use o na u al
esou ces, wi h speci ic objec i es o wa e (e.g. o encou age he euse o ea ed was ewa e and
possibly widen he applica ion o eclaimed wa e o indus ial o u ban use) and soil (e.g. o p omo e
he ehabili a ion o con amina ed si es, indus ial con e sion o eclaimed land and ini ia i es o
educe soil sealing). The s a egy will speci ically measu e and ack he p og ess o he ansi ion o
he ci cula economy h ough ci cula i y indica o s.
4.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion
4.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y
In 2019, he added alue o he Bioeconomy was app oxima ely 103B€, 6.4% o he na ional added
alue (In esa San Paolo, Giugno 2022). The ag i- ood chain ep esen s he mos signi ican ac i i y in
all geog aphical a eas, wi h pe cen ages anging om 46% in he Cen al egions o 78% in he
Sou he n egions. In he No h-Wes , whe e he I alian FAN is loca ed, he ag i- ood chain accoun s o
56%, while in he No h-Eas he pe cen age is 62%. A he egional le el he e a e no able di e ences
in absolu e e ms o added alue gene a ed: Lomba dia, Vene o, Emilia-Romagna and Toscana
oge he ep esen mo e han 50% o he o e all added alue; Piemon e con ibu es wi h 7.8%, while
Ligu ia only wi h 1.9% and Valle d’Aos a wi h 0.1%. In ela i e e ms (weigh o he Bioeconomy on he
p oduc i e ab ic o each e i o y), howe e , Umb ia is in i s place, wi h an incidence o VA o 9%
and wi h a g ea e ele ance o ag icul u e and he bio-based ashion sys em, ollowed by T en ino-
Al o Adige (8.9%), whe e he weigh o he ag i- ood and wood supply chains eme ges. Piemon e,
Ligu ia and Valle d’Aos a show alues below he na ional a e age.
83
Figu e 32: Bioeconomy alue added by egion (billion eu os, 2019) Weigh o Bioeconomy alue added o o al egional
VA (%, 2019) (In esa San Paolo, Giugno 2022).
Gi en he lack o da a, se e al s udies p oduced es ima es on he a ailabili y o biomass in I aly. Fo
example, he EU H2020 ENABLING p ojec shows a po en ial a ailabili y o app oxima ely 25
M onnes/yea o ag icul u al and ag o-indus ial esidues a na ional le el.
Table 26: Economic indica o s by egion/coun y (ITABIA, 2020)
Ag icul u al
( onnes/yea )
Ag oindus y
( onnes/yea )
To al
( onnes/yea )
%
To al
No h
13,132,966
1,228,249
14,361,215
57.5%
Cen e
3,316,313
317,929
3,634,242
14.6%
Sou h and Island
5,445,309
15,311,198
6,976,507
27.9%
To al
21,894,588
3,077,376
24,971,964
100%
Acco ding he 10 h Repo on “La bioeconomia in Eu opa”, in 2023, he ac i i ies connec ed o he
bioeconomy in I aly gene a ed an es ima ed ou pu o 437.5B€, employing app oxima ely wo million
people, and accoun ing o 10% o he o al ou pu , 7.6%, conside ing employmen o he o al I alian
economy, up om he p e ious h ee-yea pe iod (In esa San Paolo, 2023).
84
Figu e 33: The e olu ion o he weigh o he Bioeconomy in I aly in e ms o alue o p oduc ion (% o o al economy)
and in e ms o employmen (% o o al economy) (In esa San Paolo, 2023).
A e he signi ican accele a ion in 2022, wi h he bioeconomy p oduc ion alue eaching 428.3B€ —
an 18% inc ease om 2021 (+65.5B€), pa ly due o a subs an ial ise in p oduc ion p ices—g ow h in
2023 con inued bu a a slowe pace o 2.2%. This ou come e lec s he a ied pe o mance ac oss
di e en bioeconomy sec o s. Employmen emained s able, wi h a ound 2 million people employed
h oughou he 2021-2023 pe iod.
85
Table 27: I alian o e iew o bioeconomy.
Value o p oduc ion
(M€)
Weigh
(%)
Occupa ion
2022
2019
2020
2021
2022
housands
%
To al Bioeconomy
338,356
319,604
358,245
415,308
100
1.996
100
Ag icul u e,
Fo es y and
Fishe ies
61,202
60,519
64,671
69,940
17.4
895
44.8
Food, be e age
and obacco
141,904
139,814
150,615
176,900
42.1
485
24.3
Bio-based ex iles
9,598
7,695
9,292
10,998
2.7
51
2.5
Bio-based
clo hing
15,290
12,246
14,625
17,962
4.1
95
4.8
Bio-based anning
and lea he goods
16,663
12,513
15,276
18,898
4.8
76
3.8
Wood and wood
p oduc s
13,348
11,667
15,873
19,104
4.6
91
4.5
Pape and pape
p oduc s
24,226
22,689
26,006
33,569
7.6
86
4.3
Bio-based
chemicals
4,911
3,612
4,547
5,540
1.7
9
0.4
Bio-based
pha maceu icals
14,296
14,034
14,288
16,407
4.1
37
1.9
Bio-based ubbe
and plas ics
1,360
1,163
1,417
1,630
0.4
5
0.3
Bio-based
u ni u e
10,780
9,995
12,489
14,011
3.4
63
3.1
Bioene gy
3,525
2,209
2,818
4,150
0.9
2
0.1
Bio uels
340
292
1,843
ND
ND
ND
0
wa e cycle
12,499
12,417
14,369
15,375
3.7
50
2.5
bio uels
managemen
8,445
8,471
10,116
10,824
2.5
52
2.6
The mos signi ican con ibu ion o he g ow h o he bioeconomy in 2023 is ha o he ag i- ood
supply chain, which ep esen s app oxima ely 60% o he o al alue, wi h an ou pu o app oxima ely
276B€ (o which 195 billion gene a ed by he ood, be e age and obacco indus y), closed wi h an
inc ease in p oduc ion alue o 6.8%, s ongly in luenced by in la iona y dynamics, al hough less
in ensely han obse ed in 2022.
The p oduc ion alue o he ag i- ood supply chain g ew by 18.6%, con ibu ing o e 7% o he o e all
g ow h o he bioeconomy. Also, in e ms o employmen , he ag i ood is he mos ele an sec o in
he bioeconomy: in 2023, he e we e 872,000 people employed in he ag icul u al sec o and 492,000
in he ood, be e age and obacco indus y, amoun ed o 44% and 24.9% o he o al na ional,
espec i ely. The de elopmen in 2023 con i med he end al eady seen in 2022, epo ing a decline
in employmen in he ag icul u e, bu an inc ease in he downs eam p ocessing sec o .
Some es ima es show ha in I aly he main use o biomass o ag icul u al and ag o-indus ial o igin
(abou 78%) occu s in he zoo echnical sec o as ood and/o li e and only a minimal pa is applied
o bioene gy and/o bioma e ial pu poses (Gu ia, e al., 2020). In pa icula , o s aw he pe cen age

86
ha can be sus ainably collec ed o pu poses o he han cu en use is app oxima ely 40% o he o al,
while o p uning his pe cen age a ies be ween 45-50%, o g ape ma c i is app oxima ely 33% o
he o al p oduc and o ci us pulp i is only 10-15% o he o al (ENAMA, 2021).
The A lan e Biomasse (ENEA, s.d.) p o ides da a on he main biomass p oduc s a p o incial le el, wi h
e e ence o di e en yea s o he di e en ypes o p oduc s.
To ally, he ag icul u al was e con ibu es wi h 2,853,631 onnes o d y ma e in 2022 in he I alian
FAN e e ence a ea (Ligu ia, Piemon e and Valle d’Aos a), mainly om Piemon e (Table 28). Among
ag icul u al was e 2,454,853 onnes o d y ma e consis o s aw. Rega ding wood om o es (2005),
wi h a o al o o e 319,500 onnes, he e is a mo e balanced dis ibu ion in he h ee egions
conside ed in absolu e e ms, e en i he con ibu e o Ligu ia and Valle d’Aos a is impo an
conside ing he a ailable su ace a ea. The ene gy c ops ha e a esidual impac on he o al, wi h only
795 onnes, o which 581 a e p oduced in Piemon e.
87
Table 28: Ag icul u al was e ( onnes o d y ma e pe yea ; 2002) Wood Fo es s ( /yea ;2005) and Ene gy c ops ( /hec a e; 2005) pe Fan a ea and NUTS 3.
Biomass
FAN
Impe ia
Sa ona
Geno a
La Spezia
Cuneo
As i
Alessand ia
To ino
Ve celli
No a a
Biella
Ve bano
Cusio
Ossola
Aos a
Ag icul u al
was e
2,853,631
41,751
6,966
12,357
5,679
613,221
174,208
479,764
678,436
507,954
291,159
38,351
1,059
2,726
S aw
2,454,853
-
976
15
280
531,121
129,107
431,421
668,476
414,642
245,008
32,702
916
189
P uning
161,349
34,282
4,529
9,349
3,952
55,408
26,571
18,476
3,934
584
1,117
806
104
2,237
Lawn husks
149,812
-
-
-
-
239
-
10,758
233
91,058
43,477
4,047
-
-
Shells
11,900
3
5
38
-
6,951
3,044
1,476
363
7
-
12
1
-
G ape ma c
39,086
250
165
38
602
13,393
14,003
8,582
906
106
368
342
31
300
Pomace
12,133
7,200
1,164
2,895
840
7
7
-
11
-
7
1
1
-
Oil
18,065
-
-
-
-
1,955
1,300
7,552
4,263
1,384
1,171
436
4
-
Seeds
5,835
6
114
22
4
4,073
176
1,006
244
172
11
5
2
-
Pas azzo
24
10
13
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Toma o Peel
574
-
-
-
-
74
-
493
6
1
-
-
-
-
Wood
Fo es s
319,568
26,109
32,885
11,473
17,901
12,520
10,547
54,964
13,801
29,205
5,266
29,918
66,587
8,391
Ha dwoods
290,610
25,747
32,005
10,902
16,953
12,275
9,340
54,478
13,427
27,880
4,916
24,542
52,341
5,804
Coni e s
27,234
362
804
448
820
97
1,096
369
190
1,035
177
5,230
14,120
2,486
A bo icul u e
134
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
134
-
-
-
Ene gy c ops
795
-
37.8
61.4
64.2
74.2
55.4
58.6
92.0
78.0
86.6
73.1
63.2
50.7
A undo
225
10.7
17.4
18.2
21.0
15.7
16.6
26.1
22.2
24.5
20.7
17.9
14.4
Miscan hus
180
8.5
13.9
14.5
16.8
12.5
13.2
20.8
17.6
19.6
16.5
14.3
11.5
Panicum
135
6.4
10.4
10.9
12.6
9.4
9.9
15.6
13.2
14.7
12.4
10.7
8.6
This le
73
3.5
5.6
5.9
6.8
5.1
5.4
8.4
7.1
7.9
6.7
5.8
4.6
So ghum
183
8.7
14.1
14.7
17.0
12.7
13.5
21.1
17.9
19.9
16.8
14.5
11.6
88
4.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces
As ega ds biogas and biome hane plan s, in I aly mo e han 2,000 biogas plan s a e ope a ing in I aly
(o which 1,700 in he ag icul u al sec o ), 80% o which a e uelled by ag icul u al biomass (li es ock
e luen s, ag icul u al was e, ag o-indus ial by-p oduc s, ene gy c ops) (Anon., 2021). To p oduce
biome hane, he mos used echnology is he upg ading o biogas o biome hane (sepa a ion o
me hane om ca bon dioxide). Po en ially, I aly could p oduce up o 8.5 billion m3 o biome hane by
2030, equal o app oxima ely 12-13% o he cu en annual need o na u al gas.
83.4% o he o al na ional p oduc ion o elec ici y om biogas is p o ided by he egions o No he n
I aly; 34.6% o he o al is concen a ed in Lomba dy, ollowed by Vene o (15.3%), Emilia-Romagna
(14.6%) and Piedmon (12.6%) (Ag illo, e al., 2022).
Figu e 34: Numbe and Powe o Biogas Plan s Na ionwide (No., MW)
A he end o 2020, he e we e 19 ac i e plan s o p oduce biome hane om he ag icul u al supply
chain. In addi ion o hese, he e a e he biome hane plan s om OFMSW ac i e in I aly (27), o a
o al o 49 connec ed plan s (Ag illo, e al., 2022).
Mo eo e , he in oduc ion o sus ainabili y ce i ica ion o bio-based p oduc s could lead o an
inc ease in I alian demand o such ce i ied p oduc s, s imula ing, in u n, he ma ke up ake o bio-
based p oduc s, as showed by he STAR-P oBio p ojec (Anon., s.d.).
4.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke
I aly boas s he hi d-la ges bioeconomy in Eu ope, wi h an annual u no e o 330 B€ and a wo k o ce
o 2 million, making i a i al pa o he na ion's economy. The I alian bioeconomy is based on he
sec o s p oducing and p ocessing biomass, which is ag icul u e, li es ock, o es y, ishe ies and
aquacul u e, and ood and bio-based indus ies. The la e includes he wood p ocessing, pulp pape
indus ies, bio e ine ies, bu also he pha maceu ical, cosme ic, chemical, ex ile and ene gy indus y
sec o s ha use biobased p oduc s, and o he sec o s ha exploi municipal was ewa e and biowas e,
as well as some ma ine and ma i ime ac i i ies.
The coun y excels in sec o s such as ood and biobased p oduc s and is ac i ely in ol ed in EU- unded
esea ch and inno a ion p ojec s, pa icula ly wi hin he Ho izon 2020 p og amme (Socie al Challenges
2) and he Eu opean Public P i a e Pa ne ship “Biobased indus y” (BBI-JU).The I alian Bioeconomy
s a egy (BIT) (Go e nmen , 2017) was app o ed in 2017, a e 2 mon hs o public consul a ion, and
89
upda ed in 2019 (BIT II) (Go e nmen , 2019), ollowing consul a ion wi hin di e en Minis ies, he
go e nmen s o he 21 I alian egions and au onomous p o inces, and he public and p i a e
s akeholde s in he na ional echnology clus e s ac i e in he ag i- ood, biobased indus y and blue
g ow h domains. The s a egy o he I alian bioeconomy is aimed a inc easing bo h u no e and jobs
by 15 % om 2017 o 2030 (R. Piamon e, s.d). in addi ion, i aims o boos he sus ainable alo isa ion
and egene a ion o e es ial and ma ine biodi e si y, ecosys em se ices and ma ginal/abandoned
lands. I alian na ional legisla i e ini ia i es a e in ended o gua an ee s anda ds o sus ainabili y in
o de o s imula e he ma ke ing o bio-based p oduc s.
Indeed, I aly is a Eu opean leade in bio-based indus y and has de eloped a numbe o inno a i e
p op ie a y echnologies in he chemis y and indus ial bio echnology sec o s. In addi ion, a a ie y
o new p oduc s was gene a ed now ma ke ed bo h na ionally and in e na ionally (Fa a, e al., 2021).
The bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke in I aly encompasses a di e se ange o sec o s, e lec ing he coun y's
s ong bioeconomy. Key a ge ma ke s and hei ela i e u no e a e epo ed in he Figu e 35.
96
mee he challenges posed by a cons an ly e ol ing and upda ing ag icul u e. CeRSAA pa icipa es, as
a pa ne o lead pa ne , in p ojec ac i i ies inanced a Eu opean, na ional and egional le el, some
o which deal wi h he u ilisa ion and ea men o ag icul u al was e and enewable ene gy in
ag icul u e.
The Regional ins i u e o lo icul u e, loca ed in San emo, is an ins umen al body o he Ligu ia egion
whose aim is o a ou he economic de elopmen and compe i i eness o he Ligu ian lo icul u al
en e p ise sys em. i does no ha e speci ic esea ch and expe imen a ion ac i i ies on biomass
alo isa ion.
In Piemon e socio-economic esea ch in suppo o local go e nmen planning ook o by ini ia i e o
he P o incia di To ino by I es Piemon e.
4.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies
In e ms o bioeconomy- ela ed ini ia i es and p ojec s, i is wo h highligh ing he inno a ion p ojec s
suppo ed unde he Na ional Reco e y and Resilience Plan (NRP) (MEF, s.d.) ha is pa o he Nex
Gene a ion EU (NGEU) p og amme, namely he 750B€ package – o which abou hal is in he o m o
g an s – ha he Eu opean Union nego ia ed in esponse o he pandemic c isis. Mission 2 ‘G een
Re olu ion and Ecological T ansi ion’ alloca es a o al o 68.6B€ (59.3B€ om he RRF Facili y and 9.3B€
om he Fund) wi h he main goals o imp o ing he sus ainabili y and esilience o he economic
sys em and ensu ing a ai and inclusi e en i onmen al ansi ion.
Figu e 38: Mission 2 o he Na ional Reco e y and Resilience Plan.
Table 30 shows Eu opean R&I p ojec s coo dina ed by I aly, unded by H2020 (Socie al Challenges 2,
3, 5), impo an o he Bioeconomy:

97
Table 30: Majo Eu opean R&I p ojec s coo dina ed by I aly, unded by H2020 (Socie al Challenges 2. 3, 5), impo an o
he Bioeconomy (RIAV, s.d.).
PROJECT TITLE
PROJECT ACRONYM
PROJECT
SIGNATURE
DATE
PARTICIPANT LEGAL NAME
PROJECT
INSTRUMENT/
FUNDING
SCHEME/TOPIC
E ec i e Managemen o Pes s and Ha m ul Alien
Species - In eg a ed Solu ions
EMPHASIS
19/02/2015
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
TORINO
RIA SFS-03a-2014
Jelly ish Ba ge - A loa ing g eenhouse
JFB
20/05/2015
PNAT SRL
SME-1
No el Ozone and The mal Shock Conse a ion P ocess
o Vege ables
SCHOCKO3
25/05/2015
FIORDELISI SRL
SME-1
PROVIding sma DEli e y o public goods by EU
ag icul u e and o es y
PROVIDE
27/05/2015
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
RIA ISIB-01-2014
Flagship demons a ion o an in eg a ed bio e ine y
o d y c ops sus ainable exploi a ion owa ds
biobased ma e ials
p oduc ion
FIRST2RUN
10/06/2015
NOVAMONT SPA
BBI-IA-FLAG
Design o an ag icul u al g eenhouse o in ensi e
g owing o mic oalgae in esh / sea wa e wi h a
syngas p oduc ion plan and o ganic a ming o
chickens and pigs ou doo s
ECO-LOGIC
GREEN FARM
22/07/2015
SOCIETÀ AGRICOLA
SERENISSIMA S.S.
SME-2
Food ea men p ocess based on high ol age
nanopulsed elec ic discha ges in liquid phase
EMILK
20/08/2015
LASERLAM SRL
SME-1
D one-based in eg a ed moni o ing sys em o ea ly
de ec ion o c op pa hology and pes con ol in high
ech g eenhouse ag icul u e
GIDROM
26/08/2015
ABO DATA SRL
SME-1
RLTP oFood - Remo e Ligh ing Technology o
p ocessing and p oduc ion o ood
RLTP oFood
02/09/2015
IODA SRL
SME-1
Vege able ozone he apy o he de ence o
g eenhouse c ops
O3MET
15/09/2015
MET s. .l.
SME-1
COMPos able cap-SULE o ins an co ee deli e y
based on an inno a i e chemical unc ionaliza ion o
biobased plas ics
COMPSULE
28/10/2015
POINT PLASTIC SRL
SME-1
Pes O ganisms
Th ea ening Eu ope
POnTE
29/10/2015
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
RIA SFS-03a-2014
Mobile wi eless De ice mic ocan ile e - based
biosenso o iden i y and measu e he a la oxin B1 in
animal ood and M1 in he milk-chain
MEDIuM
19/11/2015
INFORMATICA SYSTEM S.R.L.
SME-1
Op imum, sus ainable solu ion o seed d ying and
conse a ion
D yCoole Seeds
25/11/2015
MARCOLD GROUP
SME-1
F om plan s o plan s: enhancing c op po en ial and
esilience h ough eliable new gene a ion
bios imulan s
Plan s o Plan s
04/12/2015
LANDLAB SRL
SME-1
A esou ce-e icien g anula ion p ocess o ad anced
o mula ion o any compound in ood and pha ma
p oduc ion
AGS
17/12/2015
POLIBIOTECH SRL
SME-1
Subme sible Tension Leg Fish Cage o Ma icul u e in
Unshel e ed and O sho e A eas
SubCage
17/12/2015
REFA MED SRL
SME-1
Cos -e ec i e CO2 con e sion in o chemicals ia
combina ion o Cap u e, Elec ochemical and BI-
ochemical CON e sion echnologies
CELBICON
04/02/2016
POLITECNICO DI TORINO
RIA ISIB-06-2015
Linking gene ic esou ces, genomes and pheno ypes
o Solanaceous c ops
G2P-SOL
05/02/2016
ENEA
RIA SFS-07b-2015
In eg a ed and inno a i e key ac ions o myco oxin
managemen in he ood and eed chain
MycoKey
09/02/2016
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
RIA SFS-13-2015
A compac , unmanned, enewables- powe ed and
sel -su icien essel able o pick up ma ine li e and
o ea i on boa d o olume educ ion and ene gy
eco e y
Sea Li e C i e s
12/02/2016
IRIS SRL
SME-1
Ag icolus Decision Suppo Sys em
Ag icolus DSS
15/02/2016
TEAMDEV SRL
SME-1
A sus ainable o ganic solu ion o he decline o bees
MICRO4BEE
22/02/2016
MICRO4YOU SRL
SME-1
Valo isa ion o co n p ocessing byp oduc s in o plas ic
bio-composi es
CORNposi e
27/02/2016
CORN VALLEY SRL
SME-1
98
PROJECT TITLE
PROJECT ACRONYM
PROJECT
SIGNATURE
DATE
PARTICIPANT LEGAL NAME
PROJECT
INSTRUMENT/
FUNDING
SCHEME/TOPIC
A easibili y s udy o in es iga e and e i y he
comme cial and indus ial iabili y o a was ewa e
p ocessing solu ion o gene a e bioplas ics om ag i-
ood and municipal was ewa e sou ces
EggPlan
29/02/2016
EGGPLANT SOCIETA A
RESPONSABILITA LIMITATA
SME-1
De elopMen AnD applica ion o in eg a ed
echnological and managemen solu ions FOR
was eWATER ea men and e icien euse in
ag icul u e ailo ed o he needs o Medi e anean
A ican Coun ies
MADFORWATER
22/04/2016
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
RIA SC5 WATER-
5c-2015
de-Fluo ida ion echnologies o imp O ing quali y o
Wa E and agRo-animal p oduc s along he Eas
A ican Ri Valley in he con ex o aDap a ion o
clima e change
FLOWERED
02/05/2016
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
CAGLIARI
RIA SC5 WATER-
5c-2015
U ban me abolism accoun s o building Was e
managemen Inno a i e Ne wo ks and S a egies
URBAN_WINS
03/05/2016
COMUNE DI CREMONA
RIA SC5 WASTE-
6b-2015
Unique ada -d one used o subsu ace wa e
de ec ion o p ecision ag icul u al i iga ion
AGRI-DONE
16/05/2016
ADANT SRL
SME-1
Fi s indus ial use o bio and ecocompa ible
geopolyme s p oduced om me akaolin o
manu ac u e anks o wine, bee , inega and oli e
oil p oduc ion and s o age ia 3D p in ing echnology
GeoFood
21/05/2016
CIBAS DI POLI FABIO & C SAS
SME-1
Pa ne ship o Resea ch and Inno a ion in he
Medi e anean A ea
4PRIMA
31/05/2016
MINISTERO DELL’ISTRUZIONE,
DELL’UNIVERSITÀ E DELLA
RICERCA
CSA SC5-12-2016
Scale-up o low-ca bon oo p in ma e ial eco e y
echniques in exis ing was ewa e ea men plan s
SMART-PLANT
01/06/2016
UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE
MARCHE
IA WATER 1b-2015
Ma ine Ecosys em Res o a ion in Changing Eu opean
Seas
MERCES
01/06/2016
SZN
RIA SC5-07-2015
Ad anced solu ions o ensu ing he o e all
au hen ici y and quali y o oli e oil
OLEUM
08/07/2016
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
RIA SFS-14a-2014
Sho supply chain Knowledge and Inno a ion
Ne wo k
SKIN
23/09/2016
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
FOGGIA
CSA RUR - 10-
2016
BLUEMED
BLUEMED
27/09/2016
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
CSA BG-13-2016
Xylella as idiosa Ac i e Con ainmen Th ough a
mul idisciplina y- O ien ed Resea ch S a egy
XF-ACTORS
11/10/2016
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
RIA SFS-09-2016
A Re olu iona y, Sa e and Cos -e ec i e Indus ial
P ocess o Glu en De oxi ica ion in Ce eals
New Glu en
Wo ld
16/10/2016
NEW GLUTEN WORLD
S.R.L.
SME-2
Applica ion o high powe ul asounds (HPUs) o
imp o e he sus ainabili y in mea TENde ize and
BRINe p ocesses
TENBRIN
14/11/2016
RI-LAVO SRL
SME-1
A No el Double Wheel Rake Machine o p o ide high
quali y odde and high ope a ional speed
RA-RAKE
19/11/2016
REPOSSI MACCHINE AGRICOLE
SRL
SME-1
Inno a i e ag sys em p o iding a o dable ime-
empe a u e quali y con ol o indi idual empe a u e
sensi i e p oduc s
T-TAG
28/11/2016
SCRIBA NANOTECNOLOGIE SRL
SME-1
RESou ces om URban BIo waS e
RES URBIS
01/01/2017
UNIVERSITÀ “LA SAPIENZA” DI
ROMA
RIA CIRC 05-2016
An ibio ic esis ance- ee mea and dai y p oduc s
ARMeD_ ee
22/01/2017
SACCO SRL
SME-1
On- ield inno a i e sys em o de ec e y low
concen a ions o a la oxins in milk
SAFEMILK
31/01/2017
IDP SRL
SME-1
BIOPEN
BIOPEN
27/04/2017
CIAOTECH S l
JTI-BBI-CSA BBI-
2016-S03
Sus ainabili y T ansi ion Assessmen and Resea ch o
Bio-based P oduc s
STAR-P oBio
28/04/2017
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
ROMA UNITELMA SAPIENZA
RIA BB-01-2016
A no el and in eg a ed app oach o inc ease mul iple
and combined s ess ole ance in plan s using oma o
as a model
TomRes
28/04/2017
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
TORINO
RIA SFS-01-2016
Insec -bo ne p oka yo e-associa ed diseases in
opical and sub opical pe ennial c ops
TROPICSAFE
28/04/2017
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
RIA SFS-11-2016
99
PROJECT TITLE
PROJECT ACRONYM
PROJECT
SIGNATURE
DATE
PARTICIPANT LEGAL NAME
PROJECT
INSTRUMENT/
FUNDING
SCHEME/TOPIC
De e gen ee s eam cleaning sys em o modula
con eyo bel s in he ood indus y
S eamma ic
30/04/2017
REA STEAM
CLEANING SRL
SME-1
Au oma ed sys em o packaging esh mea wi h
educed was e/gi eaway, p ocessing ime, human
in ol emen and con amina ion
AUTOMEATIC
01/05/2017
GRASSELLI SPA
SME-1
Es ablishing a Mul i- pu pose Bio e ine y o he
Recycling o he o ganic con en o AHP was e in a
Ci cula Economy Domain
EMBRACED
03/05/2017
Fa e S.p.A.
JTI-BBI-IA-DEMO
New bio-based ood packaging ma e ials wi h
enhanced ba ie p ope ies - BioBa ie
BioBa
05/05/2017
TECNOALIMENTI
S.C.P.A.
JTI-BBI-RIA BBI-
2016-R05
Mic obial Up akes o Sus ainable managemen o
majo bananA pes s and diseases
MUSA
10/05/2017
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
RIA
B azil-EU Coope a ion o De elopmen o Ad anced
Lignocellulosic Bio uels
BECOOL
01/06/2017
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
RIA SC3 LCE-22-
2016
A No el Double Wheel Rake Machine o p o ide high
quali y odde and high ope a ional
speed
RA-RAKE
28/06/2017
REPOSSI MACCHINE AGRICOLE
SRL
SME-2
Sola is ene gy obacco o he c ea ion o a Eu opean
sus ainable bioje uel alue chain
SOLARIS
09/08/2017
IDROEDIL SRL
SME-2
Mobiliza ion o a plu ali y o oices and mu ual
lea ning o accele a e he Bio-based sec o
BIOVoices
04/10/2017
AGENZIA PER LA PROMOZIONE
DELLA RICERCA EUROPEA
CSA BB-05-2017
Enhance New App oaches in BioBased Local
Inno a ion Ne wo ks o G ow h
ENABLING
05/10/2017
FEDERUNACOMA SRL
UNIPERSONALE
CSA RUR-10-
2016-2017
Tu ning clima e- ela ed in o ma ion in o added alue
o adi ional MEDi e anean G ape, Oli e and Du um
whea ood sys ems
MED-GOLD
30/10/2017
AGENZIA NAZIONALE PER LE
NUOVE TECNOLOGIE, L’ENERGIA
E LO SVILUPPO ECONOMICO
SOSTENIBILE
RIA SC5-01-2016-
2017
Enginee ed mic obial ac o ies o CO2 exploi a ion in
an in eg a ed was e ea men pla o m
ENGICOIN
01/01/2018
IIT FONDAZIONE ISTITUTO
ITALIANO DI echnological
RIA NMBP
BIOTEC-05-2017
Ni e Ca bon Nanoclus e s, a na u al an ioxidan o
he ood indus y made om ag icul u al was e
NCN
05/02/2018
HYDRA SRL
SME-1
Inno a i e Me hod o A o dable Gene a ion IN
ocean Ene gy
IMAGINE
01/03/2018
UMBRAGROUP SPA
RIA SC3 LCE-07-
2016-2017
Inno a i e bioma e ials p oduc ion om wine
indus y was e
VegeaTex ile
03/04/2018
VEGEA SRL
SME-2
De elopmen o In eg a ed Web-Based Land Decision
Suppo Sys em Aiming Towa ds he Implemen a ion
o Policies o Ag icul u e
and En i onmen
LANDSUPPORT
13/04/2018
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
NAPOLI FEDERICO II
RIA RUR-03-2017
Sepa a ion, ac iona ion and isola ion o biologically
ac i e na u al ubs ances om co n oil and o he side
s eams
EXCo nsEED
26/04/2018
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
ROMA LA SAPIENZA
JTI-BBI-RIA
BBI.2017.R4
B eeding o Resilien , E icien and Sus ainable
O ganic Vege able p oduc ion
BRESOV
27/04/2018
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
CATANIA
RIA SFS-07-2016-
2017
G een Aquacul u e In ensi ica ion in Eu ope
GAIN
27/04/2018
UNIVERSITÀ CA’ FOSCARI
VENEZIA
RIA SFS-32-2017
Vi ome ngs analysis o pes s and pa hogens o plan
p o ec ion
VIROPLANT
27/04/2018
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE
RICERCHE
RIA SFS-17-2017
Ad anced sus ainable BIO uels o A ia ion
BIO4A
01/05/2018
CONSORZIO PER LA RICERCA E LA
DIMOSTRAZIONE SULLE ENERGIE
RINNOVABILI
IA SC3 LCE-20-
2016-2017
De elopmen and demons a ion o an au oma ed,
modula and en i onmen ally iendly mul i-
unc ional pla o m o open sea a m ins alla ions o
he Blue G ow h Indus y
The Blue G ow h
Fa m
03/05/2018
RINA CONSULTING SPA
IA BG-04-2017
No el P oduc s o Cons uc ion and Au omo i e
Indus ies Based on Bio Ma e ials and Na u al Fib es
ReIn en
04/05/2018
CENTRO RICERCHE FIAT SCPA
JTI-BBI-IA-DEMO
BBI.2017.D5
P ojec Ô: demons a ion o planning and echnology
ools o a ci cula , in eg a ed and symbio ic use o
wa e
PROJECT O
08/05/2018
IRIS SRL
IA SC5 - CIRC-02-
2016-2017
100
PROJECT TITLE
PROJECT ACRONYM
PROJECT
SIGNATURE
DATE
PARTICIPANT LEGAL NAME
PROJECT
INSTRUMENT/
FUNDING
SCHEME/TOPIC
S acking o ecosys em se ices: mechanisms and
in e ac ions o op imal c op p o ec ion, pollina ion
enhancemen , and p oduc i i y
EcoS ack
24/07/2018
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI
NAPOLI FEDERICO II
RIA SFS-28-2017
Con olling mIcRobiomes Ci cuLa ions o bE e ood
Sys ems
CIRCLES
05/10/2018
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
IA LCSFS-
03-2018
SaFe and sus aInable soluTions FOR he in egRa Ed
USE o non-con en ional wa e esou ces in he
Medi e anean ag icul u al sec o
FIT4REUSE
2019
Alma Ma e S udio um -
Uni e si y o Bologna (UNIBO)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
A no el in eg a ed and sus ainable app oach o
moni o and con ol Blue ongue
in he Medi e anean egion
Blue-Med
2019
Is i u o Zoop o ila ico
Spe imen ale dell’Ab uzzo e del
Molise (IZSAM)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
FRUIT CROPS ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN
THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
FREECLIMB
2019
Uni e si à degli S udi di Milano -
La S a ale (UMIL)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
U iliza ion o local gene ic di e si y o unde s and and
exploi ba ley adap a ion o ha sh en i onmen s and
o p e-b eeding
GENDIBAR
2019
Consiglio pe la ice ca in
ag icol u a e l’analisi
dell’economia ag a ia - Cen o di
Genomica e Bioin o ma ica
(CREAGB
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
IMP o ing RESilience o Abio ic s esses in du um
whea : enhancing knowledge by gene ic, physiological
and “omics” app oaches and inc easing
Medi e anean ge mplasm biodi e si y by c op wild
ela i es-based in og essiomics
IMPRESA
2019
Dipa imen o di Scienze Ag a ie
e Fo es ali - Uni e si à degli
S udi della Tuscia (DAFNE)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
De eloping new s a egies o p o ec s awbe y c op
in Medi e anean coun ies
ed-Be y
2019
Alma Ma e S udio um
Uni e si y o Bologna (UNIBO)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
Towa ds a sus ainable wa e use in Medi e anean
icebased ag o-ecosys ems
MEDWATERICE
2019
Uni e si à degli S udi di Milano
(UMIL)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
Sel -su icien In eg a ed Mul i-T ophic AquaPonic
sys ems o imp o ing ood p oduc ion sus ainabili y
and b ackish wa e use and ecycling
SIMTAP
2019
Uni e si y o Pisa (UNIPI)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
S a egies o inc easing he WATe use e iciency o
semi-a id Medi e anean wa e sheds and
ag osil opas o al sys ems unde clima e Change
SWATCH
2019
Dipa imen o di Ingegne ia ci ile,
ambien ale ed a chi e u a,
Uni e si à di Caglia i (UNICA)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
ADAPTING MEDITERRANEAN VEGETABLE CROPS TO
CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED
MULTIPLE STRESS
EG-ADAPT
2019
Uni e si à degli S udi di To ino
(UNITO)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
Valo isa ion o his le- cu dled CHEESEs in
MEDi e anean ma ginal a eas
VEGGIE-
MEDCHEESES
2019
Uni e si à Poli ecnica Delle
Ma che (UNIVPM)
RIA
A PRIMA P ojec
Inc easing g ain quali y h ough ad anced oxida ion
ea men du ing s o age
QUALIGRAIN
01/10/2014
(CLOSED)
LA SANFERMESE SpA
SME-1
FREE and open sou ce so wa e ools o WATe
esou ce managemen
FREEWAT
02/12/2014
(Closed)
SCUOLA SUPERIORE DI STUDI
UNIVERSITARI E DI
PERFEZIONAMENTO S ANNA
CSA WATER-
4a-2014
Au oma ic Hyd aulic Jack wi h imp o ed capaci y,
sa e y and e iciency o ag icul u al implemen s
No el Jack
09/11/2017
(CLOSED)
SIMOL SPA
SME-1
BIOme hane as SUs ainable and Renewable Fuel
BIOSURF
1/1/2015
(closed)
ISTITUTO DI STUDI PER
L’INTEGRAZIONE DEI SISTEMI
(I.S.I.S) - SOCIETÀ COOPERATIVA
CSA SC3 LCE-14-
2014
Inc easing Social Awa ness and Accep ance o biogas
and biome hane
ISAAC
1/1/2016
(closed)
AZZERO CO2 SRL
CSA SC3 LCE-14-
2014
Building Resea ch en i onmen s os e ing Inno a ion,
Decision making, Go e nance and Educa ion o
suppo Blue g ow h
BlueBRIDGE
1/9/2015
(closed)
CNR
RIA
In as uc u e di
ice ca
Modelling and Imaging De elopmen o p ecision
Ag icul u e
MIDA
12/05/2017
(CLOSED)
METACORTEX S l
SME-1
P o essional suppo o he up ake o bioeconomy RD
esul s owa ds ma ke , u he esea ch and policy
o a mo e compe i i e Eu opean bioeconomy
P oBIO
16/02/2015
(CLOSED)
AZIENDA SPECIALE INNOVHUB -
STAZIONI SPERIMENTALI PER
L’INDUSTRIA
CSA ISIB-
08b-2014
Inno a i e oxygen- ee wine bo ling p ocess
RiCaMo
22/06/2016
(CLOSED)
ENTER S.R.L.
SME-2
101
PROJECT TITLE
PROJECT ACRONYM
PROJECT
SIGNATURE
DATE
PARTICIPANT LEGAL NAME
PROJECT
INSTRUMENT/
FUNDING
SCHEME/TOPIC
Sma cu e e and po able Time-Resol ed FRET o
as analysis o milk
I-Cu e e
25/11/2017
(CLOSED)
ISS BIOSENSE SRL
SME-1
Managing c Op wa e Sa ing wi h En e p ise Se ices
MOSES
26/05/2015
(closed)
ESRI ITALIA SPA
IA SC5 WATER-
1a-2014
Fe men a ion p ocesses o unc ional oods om
RAPeseed, Sun lowe and O he EU ma ices De o ed
o Young animals. Ze o-miles model boos ing sa e y
and compe i i eness o li es ock sec o
RAPSODY
27/01/2015
(CLOSED)
METHODO CHEMICALS SRL
SME-1
3Bee Hi e-Tech
3Bee Hi e-Tech
31/01/2018
(CLOSED)
3BEE SRL
SME-1
Rega ding he na ional le el, he I alian CAP S a egic Plan aims o u n in o alue he oppo uni ies
ha can a ise om he ecological and digi al ansi ion, enhancing he bioeconomy, ci cula economy,
cascading use o wood p oduc s, ood was e educ ion, and ag oecology, including by p omo ing he
digi iza ion o p oduc ion p ocesses. Speci ic goals also include ini ia i es o inc ease and di e si y
employmen oppo uni ies wi h a iew o sus ainabili y (e.g., sus ainable ou ism, bioeconomy, g een
jobs, social ag icul u e). These ini ia i es should s eng hen ag icul u al and o es y
mul i unc ionali y, enhance u al landscapes o his o ical in e es , and os e he c ea ion o new
business and employmen oppo uni ies, wi h speci ic e e ence o young people and women.
Mo eo e , he Na ional Resea ch Plan 2021-2027, plays a key ole in he bioeconomy a he na ional
le el. In ac , i includes, among he 6 “Majo A eas o Resea ch and Inno a ion,” a speci ic a ea ela ed
o “Food p oduc s, bioeconomy, na u al esou ces, ag icul u e, en i onmen ”.
Finally, in he Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egy ( e i o iale, s.d.) (he eina e S3), ha aimed a
iden i ying R&D&I in es men p io i ies ha complemen he esou ces and p oduc ion capaci y o a
e i o y o build compa a i e ad an ages and sus ainable g ow h pa hs in he medium and long e m,
he ollowing de elopmen ajec o ies a e p esen wi h e e ence o:
- SR_04 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies – G een Chemis y S 04_PIEMONTE_01
Bio e ine ies and non- ood biomass con e sion plan s o he p oduc ion o chemical
p oduc s, bio uels, bioplas ics.
- SR_04 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - G een Chemis y S 04_VALLEDAOSTA_01
Bio-p ocesses o biomass p e- ea men and o ene gy p oduc ion (bio uel p oduc ion).
- SR_06 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Ene gy (and en i onmen ) S
06_VALLEDAOSTA_01 Applica ions and sys ems o dis ibu ed gene a ion,
cogene a ion/ igene a ion o ene gy, especially in he ield o biomass and mini- and
mic o-hyd o o he sus ainable managemen o na u al esou ces.
- SR_09 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Heal h S 09_PIEMONTE_08
Pha maceu ical bio echnology.
- SR_09 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Heal h S 09_PIEMONTE_09
Bioin o ma ics and ICT o heal h esea ch
- SR_09 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Heal h S 09_PIEMONTE_12
Bioenginee ing and su gical obo ics.

102
- SR_09 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Heal h S 09_PIEMONTE_13 Ad anced
biomedical solu ions.
- SR_11 Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies - Technologies o Li ing En i onmen s S
11_VALLEDAOSTA_02 G een building, bio-clima ic a chi ec u e and new ma e ials.
4.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups
4.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion
The EU EIP-AGRI p ojec da abase, published on he websi e o he EU CAP Ne wo k, includes
in o ma ion abou 2,892 p ojec s o Ope a ional G oups (OG) unded ac oss Eu ope by he 2014-2022
Ru al De elopmen P og ammes (RDP). Da a om he CAP Na ional S a egic Plans app o ed in 2022
shows ha o e 6,000 OGs should be unded du ing he cu en p og amming pe iod, e idence o he
in e es ha he implemen a ion o hese p ojec s aised in he MS.
The analysis o he OGs o I aly is based on da a published in he na ional da abase o OGs, a ailable
in he inno a ion po al o he I alian u al ne wo k (RRN, s.d.), which includes in o ma ion o all OGs
unded du ing he pas p og amming pe iod (wi h he excep ion o he La ium and Molise egions). As
o he OGs o be suppo ed in he cu en p og amme pe iod, o he 30/06/2024 only he au onomous
p o ince o Bolzano has app o ed one p ojec , while he selec ion p ocess is ongoing in Emilia-
Romagna and Vene o. Da a abou he new p ojec s will be included, upon communica ion om
egional au ho i ies, in he da abase a ailable in he inno a ion po al.
Acco ding o he OGs da abase o Inno a u ale, 784 OGs ha e been unded and implemen ed du ing
he 2014-2022 p og amming pe iod (almos 200 mo e o hose ini ially en isaged), accoun ing o
258.6 M€. 473 o hese p ojec s a e closed, while he o he s will conclude hei ac i i ies in 2025 a he
la es . The OGs a e loca ed h oughou he na ional e i o y (Figu e 39)Figu e 39, excep Valle d’Aos a,
which did no implemen he OGs measu e in he pas p og amming pe iod; his decision is con i med
o he cu en pe iod. The wo egions in ed, ha is, La ium and Molise, ha e no communica ed he
inal da a in ela ion o p ojec s app o ed.
Na ional OGs we e no planned in he pas p og amming pe iod, and his decision has been con i med
in he p esen one. Financial suppo o OGs was only g an ed a egional/p o incial le el, based on
he Ru al De elopmen P og ammes app o ed in he 19 egions and 2 au onomous p o inces. This
jus i ies he di e ences in e ms o numbe o p ojec s implemen ed, inancial esou ces dis ibu ed
o he OG measu e and o single p ojec s, as well as he es ablishmen o speci ic objec i es o be
achie ed o indus ies o be a ge ed by OGs. Choices a egional/p o incial le el also in luence
implemen ing p ocedu es, including he composi ion o pa ne ship (Gia è & Vagnozzi, 2022).
Fu he mo e, Ligu ia and Piemon e published a call dedica ed o he o es y sec o .
The p oposed inno a ions ega d di e en issues and sec o s (Figu e 40). O e 21% o he inno a ions
implemen ed in ol e mul iple sec o s, ollowed by p ojec s conce ning animal husband y, i icul u e,
ui and ho icul u e.
103
Figu e 39: Numbe o 2014-2022 OGs p ojec pe egion/au onomous p o ince (RRN, s.d.)
Table 31: Budge o 2014-2022 OGs pe egion/p o ince and a e age budge pe p ojec (RRN, s.d.)
Region/P o ince
Budge (€)
A e age budge
pe p ojec
Ab uzzo
1,811,702
129,407
Basilica a
2,800,000
254,545
Calab ia
1,935,285
96,764
Campania
22,278,201
297,043
Emilia-Romagna
48,733,412
208,262
F iuli V. G.
2,265,943
283,243
Lazio
3,400,000
n.a.
Ligu ia
1,951,116
92,913
Lomba dia
19,350,944
450,022
Ma che
16,312,516
281,250
Molise
50,000
n.a.
P.A. Bolzano
1,997,116
332,853
P.A. T en o
4,639,252
331,375
Piemon e
14,007,566
451,857
Puglia
22,608,595
471,012
Sa degna
8,944,076
447,204
Sicilia
29,898,408
490,138
Toscana
15,756,869
303,017
Umb ia
9,546,622
561,566
Vene o
23,763,598
424,350
To al
252,051,221
104
As al eady men ioned abo e, Valle d’Aos a did no include OGs in i s RDP, while Ligu ia and Piemon e
suppo ed, espec i ely, 21 and 31 OGs. O hese, i e OGs p ojec s ocus hei wo k on BBTs, wo o
hem a e in Piemon e and h ee in Ligu ia. These small numbe s in hese wo egions ollow he end
iden i ied a na ional le el, whe e 16 p ojec s wo king on he de elopmen o BBTs ha e been
iden i ied.
Figu e 41: Numbe o 2014-2022 OGs wo king on BBTs pe egion/au onomous p o ince (RRN, s.d.)
Figu e 40: Pe cen age o OGs pe sec o (RRN, s.d.)
105
The analysis o he p ojec s iden i ied, bo h a na ional and I alian FAN e e ence e i o y le el, does
no highligh peculia i ies o he BBTs- ela ed p ojec s in e ms o budge and pa ne ship composi ion.
In Piemon e a subs an ial di e ence is iden i ied in he budge o p ojec s selec ed unde he o es y-
dedica ed calls. The budge o hese p ojec s (290,000€) is signi ican ly below he a e age calcula ed
conside ing all OGs unded in he egion. The same di e ence has no been ound in Ligu ia, whe e he
budge o o es y p ojec s does no di e om all o he OGs.
Analysing ma e ials and documen p oduced by he OGs, i is possible o iden i y di e en ac o s,
app oaches and s a egies o ace a ming p oblems using BBT echnologies. The wo k o he p ojec
"Powe ood", unded by he Piemon e RDP, is s ongly linked o he enewable ene gy sec o ; i s scope
is o enhance he use o he mal ene gy om biogas o imp o e he in eg a ed p oduc ion o eed and
ood p o eins. Speci ically, he objec i e is o alida e p o ein biomass p oduc ion echnologies (such
as algae and insec s) by u ilizing he mal ene gy, ca bon dioxide (CO₂), and diges a e p oduced by
exis ing anae obic diges ion plan s h ough he es ablishmen o pilo plan s in he a ms o he egion.
The p ojec , coo dina ed by he Mon iso Ag oene gia Conso ium, in ol es wo academic ins i u ions
(Uni e si y o Milan – Depa men o Ag icul u al and En i onmen al Sciences – P oduc ion, Te i o y,
Ag oene gy; Uni e si y o Tu in – Depa men o Ag icul u al, Fo es , and Food Sciences) and h ee
a ms (Azienda Ag icola La Gaia s.s.; Azienda Ca e a; Socie à Ag icola Ma acuja). Powe ood
ep esen s a le e o p omo e ci cula i y in he ag icul u al sec o and enhance he compe i i eness o
he li es ock indus y. By emo ing he ba ie o he unsus ainable impac o p oduc ion ac i i ies on
he e i o y, his app oach pa es he way o new in es men s in he li es ock sec o . This would
acili a e he p oduc ion o high-quali y, sus ainable "made in I aly" ood and ca e o expanding
ma ke s.
4.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs
This sec ion p esen s in mo e de ail some echnological aspec s ega ding he BBTs de eloped by OGs
in Piemon e and Ligu ia. All p ojec s conside ed a e concluded.
The biomass used by he iden i ied p ojec s come om he o es y sec o (2), he lowe p oduc ion
and plan nu se y (2) and he b eeding sec o (1). Biomass esidues a e used o inc ease ene gy
e iciency and alo ise bo h a ms di ec ly in ol ed in he p ojec and o he a ms loca ed in he a ea.
One p ojec aims o use biomass esidues (ba k and ashes) o p oduce e ilise s wi h low
en i onmen al impac .
In e ms o echnological ma u i y, wo p ojec s de eloped echnologies co esponding o TRL 9, wi h
an ac ual sys em p o en in ope a ional en i onmen ; one p ojec echnology co esponds o TRL7 and
he o he wo o TRL3.
4.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions
The I alian FAN e e ence a ea (Piemon e, Valle d’Aos a, and Ligu ia Regions) has a pa icula ly
in e es ing con ex o he de elopmen o he bioeconomy: he ag ibusiness sys em is complemen ed
by a pa icula ly ich indus ial, esea ch and inno a ion sys em.
The I alian Bioeconomy S a egy o e s a sha ed ision o he en i onmen al, economic, social and
in e na ional coope a ion oppo uni ies and challenges ela ed o he de elopmen o an I alian
Bioeconomy oo ed in he e i o y.
112
u iliza ion in I eland om 1991 o 2020 and as i can be seen g assland has cons an ly had he majo
p opo ion in compa ison o g azing, ce eals and c opland.
Figu e 47: Land use 1991-2020 (Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - P elimina y Resul s: Land U ilisa ion, 2020).
Li es ock sec o
As men ioned abo e, o e hal (74,159) o a ms’ main ac i i y in I eland is specialis bee p oduc ion,
ollowed by specialis sheep a ms (17,435) and specialis dai ying a ms (15,319). The o al numbe o
sheep in I eland in 2023 was 5,674,400, he o al numbe o ca le was 7,341,500 and he o al numbe
o pigs was 1,661,300. The o al a ea unde c ops and pas u e was 3,368,500 ha wi h mid-wes egion
ha ing he highes a ea (602,600 ha) ollowed by sou h-wes egion wi h 564,700 ha (Cen al S a is ics
O ice, 2024a). Acco ding o Teagasc, ca le ea ing a ms’ a e age income was 8,324 €, ca le o he
a ms we e a 18,554€, sheep a ms we e a 16,324€ in 2022 (Teagasc Na ional Fa m Su ey 2022:
Final Resul s. Ag icul u al Economics and Fa m Su eys, 2023).
The igu e below illus a es he dis ibu ion o he o al ca le and sheep ac oss di e en egions in
I eland in 2023. The Mid-Wes and Sou h-Wes egions ha e he highes numbe o ca le while Wes
egion, ollowed by Bo de egion, ha e he highes sheep popula ions.

113
Figu e 48: To al ca le and sheep in each egion in 2023 (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2024a)
Recen da a show ha coun y Co k con ains he g ea es numbe o ca le and dai y cows (Cen al
S a is ics O ice, 2024a). The na ional a m su ey o 2022 also show ha a e age dai y a m income
was a 148,598€ which is indica i e o he ac ha dai y a ms a e pa icula ly p ominen as he mos
p o i able ag icul u al ac i i y in I eland wi h 59% o he o al a m income (Teagasc Na ional Fa m
Su ey 2022: Final Resul s. Ag icul u al Economics and Fa m Su eys, 2023). The domes ic milk in ake
was 947 million li es in Ap il 2024 wi h bu e p oduc ion a 29,300 onnes and skimmed milk powde
p oduc ion a 14,500 onnes (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2024a). To al Mea supply was a 1.48 M onnes
wi h 1.19 M onnes o o al slaugh e ing o which bee and eal accoun ed o 621,000 onnes, pig
mea 333,000 onnes, poul y mea 171,000 onnes and sheep mea 68,000 onnes in 2022. Also,
poul y mea is he only mea ha I eland is no sel -su icien in (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2024c).
Fo es y sec o
Fo es s in I eland co e 808,848 ha o 11.6% o he o al land a ea, and 70% o he o es ees a e less
han 30 yea s old. The o es es a e in I eland consis s o 69.4% coni e s (mainly Si ka sp uce, No way
sp uce, and Sco s pine) and 30.6% b oadlea es (including oak, beech, and ash). On he o he hand, he
ex en o hedge ows and non- o es wooded land is es ima ed a 375,301 ha, wi h hedge ows o ming
a la ge pa o he ag icul u al landscape ha play a key ole in p o iding shel e o animals and a
habi a o biodi e si y (Fo es S a is ics - I eland 2023, 2023). O he o al o es a ea, 397,364 ha o
49.1% a e publicly owned, p ima ily by Coill e, while he es a e p i a ely owned. Lei im is he coun y
wi h he highes pe cen age o o es co e a 20.1%, ollowed by Wicklow a 18.5%, and Cla e a 18%.
The coun ies wi h he lowes o es co e a e Lou h (2.9%), Monaghan (4.6%), and Mea h (5.9%)
(I eland’s Fo es s - S a is ics 2023, 2023).
I eland's o es y sec o p oduces a a ie y o ou pu s ha signi ican ly con ibu e o he na ional
economy. The p ima y ou pu is imbe , wi h so wood imbe being he p edominan p oduc due o
he ex ensi e plan ing o coni e ous species. So wood imbe is widely used in cons uc ion, pape
p oduc ion, and a ious indus ial applica ions. Ha dwood imbe , de i ed om b oadlea species, is
less common bu alued o high-quali y u ni u e, loo ing, and special y p oduc s. In 2022, he o al
oundwood ha es (excluding i ewood) was 4.14M m3, wi h he majo i y coming om p i a e sec o
o es s, highligh ing he inc easing ole o p i a e o es y in imbe p oduc ion. Addi ionally, he
o es y sec o gene a es pulpwood, which is essen ial o pape and pape p oduc s, and biomass,
114
which suppo s enewable ene gy p oduc ion and con ibu es o I eland's sus ainable ene gy goals
(Fo es S a is ics - I eland 2023, 2023). The Figu e below shows he ange o p oduc s om oundwood
emo als wi h he majo i y being la ge sawlog, ollowed by pulpwood and small sawlog.
Figu e 49: Roundwood emo als by p oduc in 2022 (Fo es and Wood Remo als 2022, 2023).
Non- imbe o es p oduc s also play a signi ican ole, wi h he p oduc ion o Ch is mas ees p ima ily
o he domes ic ma ke . The sec o also con ibu es o o es ec ea ion and eco- ou ism, enhancing
i s economic alue. The mos ecen igu es es ima ed 29.1 million isi s o I ish o es s pe annum,
and alues o es ec ea ion a 179 M€ pe annum. Fu he mo e, I eland's o es y sec o (logging and
manu ac u e o wood p oduc s) suppo s a ound 9,400 jobs di ec ly and indi ec ly, demons a ing i s
impo ance o u al employmen . Collec i ely, hese ou pu s make he o es y sec o a i al
componen o I eland's economy, gene a ing subs an ial e enue and con ibu ing signi ican ly o
expo s. The o es y sec o is also a signi ican con ibu o o ca bon seques a ion, playing a c ucial
ole in I eland's clima e ac ion e o s by abso bing a mosphe ic ca bon dioxide. In 2021, I eland’s
o es s emo ed 1.8 M CO2 (Fo es S a is ics - I eland 2023, 2023).
Table 32: De ailed in o ma ion in I eland
Loca ion
Fo es y a ea
I eland
808,848 hec a es
Species
Si ka sp uce, No way sp uce, sco s pine, oak,
beech, ash.
Ag oindus y
I eland's ag i- ood sec o is he oldes and la ges na i e expo ing indus y which spans he en i e
coun y and expo s o mo e han 180 na ions globally. I eland’s ag i- ood expo s we e a eco d 19
115
B€ in 2022 wi h he dai y expo s being he 8 h la ges expo e in he wo ld. In 2022, i employed
164,900 indi iduals, accoun ing o 6.5% o he na ional wo k o ce, ac oss 135,000 a ms, 2,000 ishing
essels and aquacul u e si es, and app oxima ely 2,000 ood p oduc ion and d ink en e p ises. The
sec o manages 4.5 million hec a es o ag icul u al land and o e 800,000 hec a es o o es y,
con ibu ing o 9% o I eland's annual expo s (Annual Re iew and Ou look o Ag icul u e, Food and
he Ma ine 2023, 2023).
The mos p ominen ag oindus y in I eland includes he dai y indus y, which is he la ges in e ms
o p oduc ion alue and expo , enowned o i s high-quali y milk and dai y p oduc s. The bee
indus y is he second mos impo an , known o i s signi ican u no e and ex ensi e expo s.
Addi ionally, I eland has expo ed mo e han €1 billion in each o bee , bu e , cheese and whiskey in
2022 (Annual Re iew and Ou look o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine 2023, 2023).
5.1.3 Economic Indica o s
I eland anks as one o he op economies in Eu ope wi h a g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) o 504.6M€,
con ibu ing signi ican ly o he EU o al, and he GDP pe capi a a 94,320€ in 2023 (Eu opean
Commission, 2024b). Meanwhile, he I ish GDP egis e ed an annual g ow h o 9.4% in 2022, which
was no ably he highes in he EU27, and he g oss na ional income (GNI) was 363.6 B€ and he GNI
pe capi a was 52,688 € (Measu ing I eland's P og ess 2022: Economy, 2023). In I eland, ag icul u e
and ood p oduc ion play a c ucial ole in he economy and socie y, pa icula ly o u al and coas al
communi ies. In e ms o i s p oduc i e s uc u e, he ag i- ood sec o , measu ed by g oss alue added
(GVA), accoun ed o 3.8% o he o al GVA in 2022 wi h he sha e o p ima y ag icul u e a 1.5%,
e lec ing i s ole in he economy (Annual Re iew and Ou look o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine
2023, 2023). Fu he de ails on economic indica o s a e a ailable in nex able.
The bioeconomy includes indus ies in ol ed in he conse a ion, u iliza ion, p ocessing, dis ibu ion,
o consump ion o biological esou ces om e es ial and aqua ic en i onmen s. I is linked wi h
sec o s like ag icul u e, ho icul u e, o es y, ood p ocessing, and o ganic was e managemen , as well
as e es ial and ma ine ecosys ems, hough o he pu pose o his analysis only he h ee p ima y
p oduc ion sec o s o ag icul u e, o es y and aquacul u e ha e been aken in o accoun . In I eland,
he bioeconomy's alue added eached 4 B€ ac oss ag icul u e, o es y and aquacul u e, wi h a o al
u no e o 10.9 B€ in 2021. The h ee sec o s a e impo an employe s na ionally and pa icula ly in
u al and coas al a eas wi hin he bioeconomy ha employed 107,230 people in he same yea
(Lasa e-López, 2023).
Table 33: Economic indica o s by egion/coun y (Eu opean Commission, 2024b).
Region/Coun y
Popula ion
(M hab)
GDP
(k M€)
GDP pe
capi a (€)
GVA (M€)
Ag icul u e, Fo es y
and Fishing
Employmen
a e (%)
Employmen by
sec o (%)
Ag icul u e, o es y,
and ishing
I eland
5.27
504.62
94,320
4,430
79.1
4
116
5.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k
I eland has de eloped se e al policies, s a egies, plans, and laws a bo h na ional and egional le els
o suppo he bioeconomy and biomass alo isa ion. P ojec I eland 2040 is he I ish go e nmen ’s
de elopmen plan which highligh s he po en ial o he ci cula bioeconomy in p omo ing mo e
e icien use o enewable esou ces, while suppo ing economic de elopmen and employmen in
u al I eland. As pa o P ojec 2040, he Na ional Policy S a emen on he Bioeconomy published in
2018 and se s ou a ision, common p inciples, s a egic objec i es, and an implemen a ion amewo k
o de elop he bioeconomy ac oss ele an sec o s. Acco ding o he Na ional Policy S a emen , he
key ac ions equi ed o expand he bioeconomy include: 1) p omo ing g ea e cohe ence be ween he
many sec o s o he bioeconomy, 2) s eng hening he de elopmen o p omising bio-based p oduc s
and g owing he ele an ma ke s o hem, and 3) accessing unding a ailable a EU le el as well as
le e aging p i a e in es men . Es ablished ollowing he Na ional Policy S a emen , Bioeconomy
Implemen a ion G oup (BIG), wi h ep esen a i es om 11 I ish go e nmen depa men s and 8 s a e
agencies, o e sees he de elopmen o he bioeconomy, ensu ing s a egic de elopmen and
in es men in inno a ion and in as uc u e (Bioeconomy policy, 2023; Minis e s McConalogue and
Ryan publish i s Na ional Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan, 2023).
Fu he s a egies and plans such as he Food Vision 2030, Clima e Ac ion Plan 2021, Ou Ru al Fu u e
2021-2025, and Impac 2030 inco po a e bioeconomy goals o achie e b oade en i onmen al and
economic objec i es. Also, he Na ional Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan 2023-2025 ou lines 33 ac ions ac oss
se en pilla s, ocusing on go e nance, esea ch, inno a ion, ag icul u e, ood, o es y, ma ine, and
he ci cula economy. I aims o embed sus ainable scien i ic p ac ices and biobased inno a ion in
a ious sec o s, suppo ing a me s, o es e s, and ag i- ood companies. This ac ion plan conside s he
EU council’s conclusions on bioeconomy as well as FAO’s ini ia i es o p omo e a sus ainable and
ci cula bioeconomy. I also b ings abou an impo an pe spec i e ha I eland and No he n I eland,
sha ing simila clima e and sus ainabili y challenges, wi h he same ag icul u e, land use and ma ine
ac i i ies possess signi ican po en ial syne gies o collabo a ion (Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan 2023-2025,
2023; Bioeconomy policy, 2023).
Mo eo e , he 2023 Bioeconomy Demons a ion Ini ia i e which is pa o he EU Jus T ansi ion Fund
o I eland ocuses on pilo ing and demons a ing bioeconomy p ojec s wi hin he Midlands egion,
which includes coun ies such as Laois, Long o d, O aly, Wes mea h, Roscommon, and pa s o Galway,
Kilda e, and Tippe a y. The ini ia i e aims o os e collabo a ion among local s akeholde s, including
SMEs, esea ch o ganiza ions, and communi y g oups, o ansi ion bioeconomy inno a ions om
esea ch o p ac ical applica ions (2023 Bioeconomy Demons a ion Ini ia i e – EU Jus T ansi ion Fund,
2023). Likewise, he Ci cula Bioeconomy Clus e Sou hwes launched by Muns e Technological
Uni e si y p omo es he de elopmen and suppo o bioeconomy p ojec s in he Sou h-Wes egion
o I eland. I ocuses on os e ing inno a ion and collabo a ion among local en e p ises and esea ch
ins i u ions o enhance he egional bioeconomy (Uni e si y College Dublin, 2024). I is wo h
men ioning ha he annual e en Bioeconomy I eland Week which in ol es mul iple egional pa ne s
highligh s egional bioeconomy ac i i ies and p ojec s ac oss I eland and aims o aise awa eness and
showcase local bioeconomy ini ia i es, os e ing egional de elopmen and collabo a ion (Jesko
Zimme mann, 2023).
117
5.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion
5.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y
Ag icul u al biomass
Acco ding o s a is ics o 2022, I eland's ag icul u al biomass mainly consis s o ce eals, s aw, odde
c ops, g ass and o he c op esidues amoun ing o a o al o 35.9 million onnes (Ma e ial Flow
Accoun s 2022: Key indings, 2023). The Figu e 50 below shows he main sou ces o biomass and hei
quan i y in I eland, and i can be seen ha he majo sou ces o biomass a e g ass a 18.4 million
onnes ep esen ing o e 50% o he o al biomass in ag icul u e and odde c ops a 12.1 million
onnes ollowed by ce eals and s aw.
Figu e 50: Biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2022 in I eland (Ma e ial Flow Accoun s 2022: Key indings, 2023)
The esidual biomass may be pu o u he economic use such as o bedding ma e ial in li es ock
husband y, as animal eed, o ene gy p oduc ion, and as indus ial aw ma e ial, hough as sugges ed
by he Depa men o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine (DAFM), has a good po en ial o be used o
enewable ene gy p oduc ion and he e o e he ag icul u al eeds ocks can be des ined o he
anae obic diges ion (AD) sec o (Annual Re iew and Ou look o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine
2023, 2023). AD is a p ocess ha con e s o ganic ma e ial in o biogas and diges a e h ough mic obial
ac i i y in he absence o oxygen (Teagasc, 2017). The esul ing biogas can be used o gene a e
elec ici y, hea ing and o uel o anspo and he diges a e can be used as e ilize and soil
condi ione .

118
Li es ock biomass
Gi en he numbe o li es ock in I eland and especially he bo ine a high quan i y o animal by-
p oduc s can be expec ed o which manu e is a o e 84 million onnes annually (Köninge , 2021), and
as indica ed by he en i onmen p o ec ion agency o I eland 90% o na ional ammonia emissions
come om li es ock manu e. Based on he s a is ics o animal slaugh e s men ioned in p e ious
sec ions and he ca cass weigh a app oxima ely 55% o li e weigh o bee (Teagasc, 2022b), 76%
o pig (Teagasc pig he d pe o mance, 2017), 72% o chicken (Fe nandes, 2013) and 50% o sheep
(Wha is he ideal weigh o a ma ke lamb?, 2014), i can be es ima ed ha abou 508,000 onnes o
bo ine mea esidues, 68,000 onnes o sheep mea esidues, 105,000 onnes o pig mea esidues and
66,000 onnes o poul y mea esidues o alling o abou 747,000 onnes o animal mea esidues
we e p oduced in 2022 in I eland.
Manu e, liquid o solid, is o en applied o land as a e ilize o enhance soil e ili y and s uc u e.
Na ional es ima es indica e ha 34% o agg ega e slu y is om dai y cows, 23% om suckle cows,
and 11-13% om younge cows. On a e age, abou 50% o he slu y is applied o lands h oughou
he yea . The da a also show ha 82% o ca le manu e is s o ed as liquid slu y while 18% is s o ed as
solid manu e on a ms whe e he slu y is mos ly applied on lands h ough splash pla e me hod
(Buckley, 2023).
In o de o p e en pollu ion o su ace wa e s and g ound wa e om ag icul u al sou ces, especially
om manu e applica ion o lands, and o p o ec and imp o e wa e quali y, I eland has de eloped a
p og am called Ni a e’s Ac ion P og amme (Depa men o Housing, 2020) unde which he e a e 3
ni a e zones based on soil ype, ain all and g owing season du a ion (I ish Fa me s Associa ion, 2023).
Based on he ni a e zones speci ied in I eland, he e a e h ee zones as zone A (sou he n and eas e n
coun ies), zone B (sou h-wes e n and wes e n coun ies), and zone C (coun ies bo de ing No he n
I eland). Rega ding he dis ibu ion o ca le manu e h oughou I eland, ecen s a is ics show ha
annually he majo i y o slu y in zone A is om dai y cows a 44%, and in zone B and zone C om
suckle cows a 29% and 34% espec i ely (Buckley, 2023). Figu e 51 below depic s he map o I eland
di ided based on he ni a e zones.
119
Figu e 51: Ni a e zone designa ions in I eland (Köninge , 2021).
Ag o-indus ial biomass
As indica ed in p e ious sec ions, he ag i- ood sec o in I eland encompasses abou 2,000 ood
p oduc ion and d ink en e p ises o which he dai y indus y is a majo playe wi h an annual milk
ou pu o o e 8 billion li es in 2023 (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2024d), p o iding g ounds o milk
p ocessing ac i i ies h oughou he coun y including skimmed milk, bu e and cheese p oduc ion,
and whey is he main by-p oduc o he dai y p ocessing sec o wi h a po en ial o be u ned in o alue-
added p oduc s and acco ding o s a is ics 80-190 million onnes o sal ed and acid whey a e gene a ed
annually in I eland (Teagasc, 2024). Addi ionally, i was also men ioned ha bee p oduc ion is o
conside able impo ance in I eland’s economy p oducing high amoun s o biomass as o ganic was e
s eams in slaugh e houses wi h a good po en ial o ene gy eco e y (Wa e, 2016).
Fo es y biomass
Fo es y biomass in I eland plays a signi ican ole in he coun y's enewable ene gy sec o . Biomass
om o es y includes ma e ials such as wood chips, logs, and esidues om o es managemen
ac i i ies whe e he main p oduc is imbe logs made o sp uce ee s ems consis ing 60-75% o o al
ee olume while he emaining 25-40% esidues (abou 800,000 m3/yea ) including b anches, s ems
and de o med ees a e no u ilized due o lack o la ge-scale demand in I ish ma ke (Rai, 2023).
S a is ics o 2023 indica e ha abou 1.46 million m3 o oundwood and wood esidues wi h an ene gy
con en o 10 million GJ we e p oduced in I eland, and i is o ecas ed ha he wood biomass would
each an amoun o 1.8 million m3 wi h an ene gy con en o 12.5 million GJ by 2040 (Fo es S a is ics
- I eland 2023, 2023). In I eland, o es esidues a e usually le on he o es loo a e wood ha es
which acco ding o s udies has ecological bene i s like soil e ili y and nu ien cycling in o es
ecosys em (Ti us e al., 2021-04-14), bu he e should be a balance be ween ha and biomass
u iliza ion o a oid unde u iliza ion (Rai, 2023) o his bio esou ce. Acco ding o he Sus ainable Ene gy
Au ho i y o I eland 2018 epo , 393 combined hea and powe (CHP) uni s used na u al gas and oil
as p ima y uel, p oducing up o 327 MWe, whe eas only 3 CHP uni s used biomass including o es
esidues o hea and elec ici y gene a ion in 2017, p oducing 5.5 MWe (Rai, 2023).
120
Ma ine biomass
I should also be no ed ha I eland holds a conside able amoun o ma ine and aquacul u e biomass
including wild ish ca ch, and aqua ic plan s/animals. In 2022, he aquacul u e sec o p oduced a o al
o 44,723 onnes o aquacul u e p oduc s, including salmon, oys e , mussel, shell ish, ou and
seaweed sp ead o e 292 p oduc ion uni s. The ela i ely new segmen o seaweed p oduc ion was a
493 onnes o e 165 ha o insho e a ea in 2022 (Dennis, 2023). In he same yea , a o al o 267,202
onnes (li e weigh ) o ish we e landed in I ish po s o which 156,943 onnes we e landings by I ish
essels and 110,259 onnes we e landings by o eign essels (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2023). Figu e 52
below shows he loca ions o I ish po s wi h ish landings size in 2022, and acco ding o he map i is
e iden ha no hwes , and sou hwes egion po s ha e he highes numbe o ish landings in he
coun y.
Figu e 52: Loca ions o I ish po s wi h ish landings, 2022 (Cen al S a is ics O ice, 2023).
5.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces
I eland's biomass sec o has signi ican po en ial, bu logis ical challenges such as anspo a ion,
s o age, and supply chain coo dina ion mus be add essed o ully ealize i s bene i s. Con inued policy
suppo , echnological inno a ion, de eloping a sui able egula o y egime o he bioeconomy ha
would encou age p i a e in es men ; and s imula ing ma ke demand o bioeconomy p oduc s a e
121
c ucial o o e coming hese ba ie s and ensu ing he economic iabili y o biomass esou ces. As said,
ma ke p ices o biomass esou ces a ec he a ailabili y o he p oduc , as he highe he p ice, he
mo e esou ces can be iably g own, ha es ed and e ined. In he case o o es esidues, in addi ion
o lack o signi ican ma ke , due o he low quali y and low densi y o o es esidues he e a e
challenges, e.g., di icul y o ex ac ion and wide geog aphical dis ibu ion, in la ge-scale mobiliza ion
o such esidues o CHP uni s. Fu he mo e, in ligh o he Na ional Bioeconomy S a emen he e is an
imminen need o de eloping mo e ad anced con e sion echnologies beyond he con en ional hea
and powe applica ions o o es esidues (Rai, 2023).
Likewise, ene gy c ops such as g ass silage and oil seed ape a e widely a ailable, bu hey need a
highe ma ke p ice o make inancial sense. On he o he hand, o ganic was e esou ces such as
municipali y was e, was e wood and used cooking oil a e ypically a ailable a a low o e en nega i e
cos o biomass uel p oduce s because i cos s money o dispose o was e a land ills (Sus ainable
Ene gy Au ho i y o I eland, 2024).
5.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke
The I ish Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan iden i ies ag icul u e, ood, o es y and he ma ine as a key sec o
in bioeconomy wi h high po en ial o eci cula ion and upcycling o biobased ma e ials (Bioeconomy
Ac ion Plan 2023-2025, 2023). Wi h espec o he ole o ag icul u e sec o in he I ish economy, as
discussed in ea lie sec ions, i is clea ha ag i- ood sec o is a key p oduce o biomass which has
g ea po en ial o enewable ene gy p oduc ion (Sus ainable Ene gy Au ho i y o I eland, 2024).
Addi ionally, ag icul u al biomass can unde go diges ion, ex ac ion, e men a ion, combus ion and
py olysis echniques esul ing in building blocks, in e media es and end p oduc s o use in he ood,
chemicals, unc ional ma e ials and uel sec o . Al hough, due o hei calo i ic alue as well as cos
conside a ions he ag icul u al biomass is o en alo ised o ood applica ions. Also, o es y biomass
can be ea ed wi h ex ac ion, combus ion, py olysis, chipping and pelle izing echniques o alo ise
woody side s eams in o ma ke able p oduc s such as hea , elec ical powe , e ilize , biocha , bio-oil
and syngas (Hend iks, 2018). In ligh o his, he ollowing sec ion will e iew he cu en s a us o using
biomass sou ces om Ag i- o es y ac i i ies.
Bioene gy and bio uels sec o
E o ! Re e ence sou ce no ound.Figu e 53 below illus a es he sha e o indigenous p ima y ene gy
p oduc ion in I eland and i can be seen ha biomass has a sha e o 8% equal o 2.92 TWh in ene gy
p oduc ion in 2022 in I eland. I is wo h no ing ha he use o biomass has mainly inc eased in he
wood-p ocessing indus y (Ene gy in I eland 2023, 2023).
128
Also, “BioConnec Inno a ion Cen e” led by En e p ise I eland wi h he mission o engage wi h local
and egional ood businesses and ag icul u al p oduce s, oge he wi h en ep eneu s and in es o s o
d i e he ag i- ood sec o o wa d using bio echnology, and “Knowledge ans e I eland” o ganiza ion
suppo bioeconomy ne wo k and en e p ise in he coun y (Bioeconomy Fac shee I eland, 2018).
5.2.5 Suppo and inancing policies
Acco ding o I eland’s Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan 2023-2025, bioeconomy oppo uni ies will be
in eg a ed in o na ional esea ch unding p og ams and suppo . Key inancie s in I ish bioeconomy
include En e p ise I eland (EI), Science Founda ion I eland (SFI), Sus ainable Ene gy Au ho i y o
I eland (SEAI), Wes e n De elopmen Commission (WDC), I ish S a egic In es men Fund (ISIF),
En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (EPA), Teagasc, Úda ás na Gael ach a, In e T ade I eland, Local
En e p ise O ices (LEOs), Eu opean In es men Bank (EIB) and Accele a e G een (Bioeconomy
Fac shee I eland, 2018).
Among all, EI and SFI ep esen nume ous unding schemes o enable businesses h oughou I eland
o g ow and play hei ole in bioeconomy. In addi ion o he equi y in es men s and g an s, EI also
o e s oppo uni ies o connec wi h in e na ional esea ch p og ams and u he unding bodies as
well as he possibili y o comme cializa ion o academic esea ch and in en ions h ough unds and
indus y collabo a ion. I is wo h knowing ha EI also o e s g an s o companies based on hei s age
o de elopmen i.e., s a -up, high po en ial s a -up, es ablished SME and la ge company wi h speci ic
unding ceilings.
The e is a co- unded p og am by he I ish go e nmen and he EU Jus T ansi ion Fund named
“Bioeconomy Demons a ion Ini ia i e” which suppo s close collabo a ion be ween s akeholde s in
he bio-based alue chain including SMEs, esea ch bodies, uni e si ies, local au ho i ies, p ima y
p oduce s, biop ocessing indus ies and consume b ands (2023 Bioeconomy Demons a ion Ini ia i e
– EU Jus T ansi ion Fund, 2023).
Also, he Sha ed Island Ini ia i e awa ds g an s o an All-Island Bioeconomy Demons a o ini ia i e
o suppo he in eg a ion o biobased inno a ion in he ag icul u e and ma ine sec o s ac oss he
island o I eland. In ligh o his ini ia i e, DAFM and he Depa men o Ag icul u e, En i onmen and
Ru al A ai s in No he n I eland ha e es ablished he “Sha ed Island Fund Bioeconomy Demons a ion
Ini ia i e Scheme” which will suppo bioeconomy pilo ing and demons a ion ac ions ac oss I eland
and No he n I eland. This will enable s akeholde s o enhance exis ing o es ablish new c oss-bo de
collabo a ions, and o mula e ini ia i es o pilo ing and showcasing ag icul u e o ma ine-based
bioeconomy ac i i ies on an all-island scale (I ish Bioeconomy Ne wo k, 2023).
The Table 37 iden i ies na ional unding oppo uni ies o suppo bioeconomy esea ch, demons a ion
and comme cial ini ia i es in ela ion o upcycling o biobased ma e ials in I eland.
Table 37: Funding p og ammes o bioeconomy a na ional le el (I ish Bioeconomy Ne wo k, 2023).
P og amme
Funding
o ganiza ion
Type
Web
Dis up i e
Technologies
DAFM, manged by
EI
G an und
h ps://en e p ise.go .ie/
en/wha -we-
do/inno a ion- esea ch-

129
P og amme
Funding
o ganiza ion
Type
Web
Inno a ion Fund
(DTIF)
de elopmen /dis up i e-
echnologies-inno a ion-
und/
G een T ansi ion
Fund
EI
G an und
h ps://globalambi ion.ie/
g een- ansi ion- und/
Digi alisa ion Funds
h ps://globalambi ion.ie/
digi al/
Lean Business O e
h ps://www.en e p ise-
i eland.com/en/suppo s/l
eans a
Explo ing Inno a ion
G an
h ps://www.en e p ise-
i eland.com/en/suppo s/
explo ing-inno a ion-
g an
Inno a ion
Pa ne ship
P og amme
h ps://www.en e p ise-
i eland.com/en/suppo s/i
nno a ion-pa ne ship-
p og amme
Inno a ion Vouche
Knowledge ans e
und
h ps://www.en e p ise-
i eland.com/en/suppo s/i
nno a ion- ouche
Local En e p ise
O ice
Sp ingboa d+
Highe Educa ion
Au ho i y
(Bioeconomy) Educa ion
g an
h ps://hea.ie/skills-
engagemen /sp ingboa d/
Ag i-Food Skillne
Skillne I eland
Skills de elopmen und
h ps://www.skillne i elan
d.ie/sec o s/ag icul u e
SFI ARC Hub
P og amme
SFI
G an und
h ps://www.s i.ie/ undin
g/
130
P og amme
Funding
o ganiza ion
Type
Web
SFI Indus y RD&I
Fellowship
P og amme
SFI Disco e
P og amme
Co-Cen e
P og amme
SFI Spokes
p og amme
SFI S a egic
Pa ne ship
P og amme
Na ional Challenge
Fund
Indus y
Collabo a ion Fund
SDG Challenge
SFI & I ish Aid
G an und
h ps://www.s i.ie/ undin
g/ unding-calls/ u u e-
inno a o -sdg/index.xml
Fishe ies,
Aquacul u e and
Sea ood P ocesso s
Funding Schemes
EU’s Eu opean
Ma i ime, Fishe ies
and Aquacul u e
Fund, co- unded by
I eland’s Sea ood
De elopmen
Agency (BIM)
G an and in es men
unds
h ps://bim.ie/ ishe ies/ u
nding/
Ma ine Resea ch
P og amme
Ma ine Ins i u e
G an und
h ps://www.ma ine.ie/si
e-a ea/ esea ch-
unding/ma ine-ins i u e-
unding/ma ine-ins i u e-
unding
131
P og amme
Funding
o ganiza ion
Type
Web
Clima e Ac ion Fund
Depa men o he
En i onmen ,
Clima e and
Communica ions
G an und
h ps://www.go .ie/en/pu
blica ion/de5d3-clima e-
ac ion- und/
EPA G een
En e p ise Scheme
EPA
G an und
h ps://www.epa.ie/ou -
se ices/ esea ch/epa--
esea ch- unding/
EPA Resea ch Calls
Na ional Ene gy
Resea ch Funding
P og amme
SEAI
G an und
h ps://www.seai.ie/g an
s/ esea ch- unding/
Suppo Scheme o
Renewable Hea
h ps://www.seai.ie/busin
ess-and-public-
sec o /business-g an s-
and-suppo s/suppo -
scheme- enewable-hea /
Ru al Regene a ion
and De elopmen
und
Depa men o
Ru al and
Communi y
De elopmen
G an und
h ps://www.go .ie/en/po
licy-in o ma ion/c77144-
u al- egene a ion-and-
de elopmen - und/#how-
o-apply
LEADER p og amme
h ps://www.go .ie/en/se
ice/87e09-leade -
p og amme- o - u al-
de elopmen /? e e e =h
ps://www.go .ie/en/se i
ce/c5849b- u al-
unding/?sec ion=leade -
p og amme- o - u al-
de elopmen #how- o-
apply
ClimAccele a o
EIT Clima e-KIC
Accele a ion
h ps://climaccele a o .cli
ma e-kic.o g/
Accele a e G een
p og amme
Bo d na Móna,
Resol e Pa ne s,
co- unded by EU
Execu i e Accele a o
h ps://accele a eg een.ie
/
132
P og amme
Funding
o ganiza ion
Type
Web
EIC Accele a o
Eu opean
Inno a ion Council
(EIC)
G an s and in es men s
h ps://eic.ec.eu opa.eu/e
ic- unding-
oppo uni ies/eic-
accele a o _en
Ha ch Fund
Ha ch
Ven u e Capi al
h ps://www.ha ch.blue/
The Pea se Lyons
Cul i a o
AllTech
Accele a ion
h ps://www.pea selyonsc
ul i a o .com/
Yield Lab Eu ope
The Yield Lab
Ven u e Capi al
h ps:// heyieldlab.eu/
New F on ie s
p og amme
EI
Accele a ion
h ps://www.new on ie s
.ie/
NDRC
NDRC
Accele a ion
h ps://www.nd c.ie/
IndieBio
SOSV
Accele a ion
h ps://sos .com/
THRIVE
SVG Ven u es
Accele a ion
h ps:// h i eag i ood.co
m/
In addi ion o he public unding mechanisms, he e a e comme cial unding oppo uni ies. The
S a egic Banking Co po a ion o I eland (SBCI) helps SMEs achie e hei business plans by p o iding
lexible and lowe -cos unding. Some o speci ic unding schemes o SBCI include “Ene gy E iciency
Loan Scheme”, “Uk aine C edi Gua an ee Scheme” ( inance acili a ion o SMEs and p ima y
p oduce s a ec ed by con lic in Uk aine), “In oice Financing”, and “Leasing and Hi e Pu chase”. Also,
Na ional T easu y Managemen Agency (NTMA) o e s “I eland S a egic In es men Fund (ISIF)” and
“Ag i-Tech Fund” p og ams o suppo economic ac i i y and employmen in I eland. Ano he
in es men p o ide is Resol e Pa ne s ha o e s suppo o leade s in inno a ion, esea ch and
en ep eneu ship. Comme cial unding oppo uni ies a e also a ailable by p i a e inancial ins i u ions
like he Allied I ish Banks h ough hei dedica ed Ag i Ad iso Team and a m de elopmen loans, and
he Bank o I eland suppo ing he Food and D ink Indus y (I ish Bioeconomy Ne wo k, 2023).
O he ele an suppo s a e a ailable h ough he ollowing o ganiza ions (I ish Bioeconomy Ne wo k,
2023):
1) I ish Business and Employe s Con ede a ion (IBEC): he lobby and business ep esen a i e
g oup in I eland which p o ides in o ma ion and suppo o businesses, and one o hei ools
is “clima e ac ion oolki ” p o iding he equi ed in o ma ion and p ac ical guidance on how
o de elop an endu ing clima e ac ion s a egy;
133
2) Nua na Ma a (Ma ine Inno a ion De elopmen Cen e): dedica ed o suppo ing he
de elopmen o ma ine s a -ups, ea ly-s age companies, and exis ing businesses, wi h he
mission o b idging he gap o inno a ion, esea ch, and indus y h ough comme cialisa ion;
3) Ci culéi e (The Na ional Pla o m o Ci cula Manu ac u ing): a public-p i a e pa ne ship
wi h he mission o demys i y, de isk, and deli e ci cula business model inno a ion by
unlocking he alue ha esides in an I ish ci cula economy;
4) I ish Nu ien Sus ainabili y Pla o m: ounded on he p inciple ha was e is a aluable
esou ce o nu ien s, ene gy and o he high- alue p oduc s. I s mission is o p omo e
sus ainable nu ien managemen on he island o I eland in he con ex o he Uni ed Na ions
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals Agenda;
5) C é (Compos ing and Anae obic Diges ion Associa ion o I eland): a non-p o i associa ion o
public and p i a e o ganisa ions, dedica ed o g owing he biological ea men sec o . C é
suppo s he p oduc ion o high-quali y ou pu s, assis s he deli e y o Go e nmen was e
di e sion and bioene gy a ge s, and p omo es he c ea ion o sus ainable indigenous jobs;
6) I BEA (I ish Bioene gy Associa ion): o p omo e he bioene gy indus y and o de elop his
impo an sec o on he island o I eland h ough a sel -go e ning associa ion o olun a y
membe s;
7) CAP Ne wo k I eland: o suppo he ne wo king o a di e se ange o s akeholde s ac oss he
ields o ag icul u e, u al de elopmen and inno a ion. I is a pa ne ship be ween I ish Ru al
Link, ERINN Inno a ion and MTU;
8) Regional Assemblies: o accele a e and op imise e ec i e egional de elopmen in I eland
h ough policy making based on ‘Regional Spa ial and Economic S a egy’, op imising EU policy
and unding ins umen s o egional/local de elopmen p io i ies and engaging wi h
inno a i e esea ch pa ne ships and egional based ne wo ks. The h ee egional assemblies
a e “ he No he n and Wes e n Regional Assembly”, “ he Eas e n and Midland Regional
Assembly”, and “ he Sou he n Regional Assembly”.
5.3 Analysis o Ope a ional G oups
5.3.1 Ope a ional g oups cha ac e iza ion
The la es indica e ha 3,400 EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oups (OGs) ha e been unded since 2014 o
2023, and 6,600 p ojec s a e planned o 2023-2027 h oughou EU. Ou o ha , 57 OGs ha e been
unded un il 2023 in I eland, and Table 38 below shows he b eakdown o hese OGs e ealing ha he
majo i y o OGs ha e been ocused on a eas ela ed o biodi e si y, a m managemen and communi y
conse a ion (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s - I eland). These OGs ha e been unded by DAFM
unde he Ru al De elopmen P og am 2014-2020 which was ex ended o 2022.

134
Table 38: OGs b eakdown in I eland 2014-2023.
Type o OG
Quan i y
Themed
2
Open call 1 and 2
21
Locally led a m and communi y biodi e si y
24
Fa m heal h, sa e y and wellbeing
8
Rewe ing o a med pea lands
2
To al
57
Based on he in o ma ion p o ided by CAP ne wo k I eland, he majo i y o OG p ojec s in I eland a e
abou a m managemen and biodi e si y while only 3 p ojec s ha e wo ked on biomass alo isa ion
wi h a BBT de elopmen which include “Small Biogas Demons a ion P og amme” pe o med om
2019 o 2022 in midlands and Midwes egion wi h a o al budge o 994,273 €, “Biomass o Biocha
o Fa m Bioeconomy” pe o med om 2018 o 2021 in Midwes egion wi h a o al budge o 998,377
€, and “Bio e ine y Glas (Small-scale Fa me -led G een Bio e ine ies)” pe o med om 2019 o 2020
in sou hwes egion wi h a o al budge o 940,498 €. All h ee OGs iden i ied ha e de eloped
echnologies o p ocessing ag icul u al biomass, wi h ou pu s being biocha , biogas, and bioma e ials
such as p o ein, and uc o-oligosaccha ides (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s - I eland; EU CAP
Ne wo k, 2024). Figu e 55 below shows he o al numbe o OGs launched in each yea , including he
p opo ion ha ocused on de elopmen o BBTs.
Figu e 55: OGs e olu ion in he pe iod 2017-2022 in I eland (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s - I eland; EU CAP
Ne wo k, 2024).
1
13
9
1
27
6
012
000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Numbe o OGs
Yea
To al OGs BBTs
135
The Figu e 56 shows he o al budge o OGs p ojec s o e he analysis pe iod. I can be seen ha his
ollows a simila end o he o al numbe o p ojec s unded. The OGs show a di e se unding ange
om as low as 46.5k€ o as high as 25M€, while he BBT OGs had a a he simila budge ange o
977K€ on a e age.
Figu e 56: OGs budge e olu ion o e he pe iod 2017-2022 (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s - I eland; EU CAP
Ne wo k, 2024).
5.3.2 Bio-based Technologies (BBT) de eloped by OGs
As i was men ioned in p e ious sec ion, I eland has had me ely h ee OG p ojec s ocused on BBTs
which all used g een ag icul u al biomass o li es ock was e as he eeds ock o p oduce a ange o
biop oduc s including biocha , biogas, animal eed and biochemicals. I is impo an o no e ha , due
o no el y o hese p ojec s o comme cial sensi i i ies, he e is s ill no much de ails a ailable abou
hem. The ollowing Table 39 summa izes de ails on he h ee BBT- ocused OGs in I eland.
The ocus o hese BBTs ha e been de eloping a a m-scale echnology ha can be u ilized by p ima y
p oduce s o p ac ice a ci cula economy ini ia i e wi h bene i s o bo h he en i onmen and economy
while di e si ying hei income sou ces. These BBTs ha e p e iously been p ac iced in a mo e indus ial
le el (py olysis, AD and g ass bio e ine y) wi h es ablished TRLs depending on hei ype (A e iew o
py olysis echnologies and eeds ock: A blending app oach o plas ic and biomass owa ds op imum
biocha yield, 2022/10/01) while in hei OG o m hey a e mo e o a small-scale echnology wi h a
po en ially di e en TRL.
Table 39: OGs ocused on BBT de elopmen in I eland (EIP-AGRI Ope a ional G oup P ojec s - I eland).
OG p ojec
Technology
desc ip ion
Biomass a ge
TRL
Ou pu (s)
Biomass o Biocha o
Fa m Bioeconomy
(2018-2021)
Mobile Py olysis Uni
(chemical)
Rushes, go se, b acken,
hazel, and o es esidues
NA
Biocha
25.0
22.1
9.7
0.2
5.7
1.0
1.0 1.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
To al budge (M€)
Yea
To al Budge
BBTs Budge
136
OG p ojec
Technology
desc ip ion
Biomass a ge
TRL
Ou pu (s)
Small Biogas
Demons a ion
P og amme
(2019-2022)
Fa m-scale biogas
(AD) plan
(mic obial)
Fa ming was e (including
li es ock manu e)
NA
Biogas
Bio e ine y Glas (Small-
scale Fa me -led G een
Bio e ine ies)
(2019-2020)
Small-scale mobile
g ass bio e ine y
(physical-chemical)
G ass
7
Ca le ib e eed, P o ein
concen a e eed o
monog as ics, High alue
p ebio ic suga s, g ass
whey ( e ilize /bioene gy).
5.4 Discussion o p e ious sec ions
I eland has a g ea po en ial o u ilising he ag icul u al, o es y and ma ine biomass especially
ega ding he a ailabili y o esea ch and unding schemes in he coun y. The go e nmen has also
p epa ed se e al ac ions plans in suppo o bioeconomy in he coun y ha o esees g ea
oppo uni ies o bioeconomy de elopmen and o e s unding mechanisms unde Eu opean and
na ional p og ams. Al hough he ocus o OG p ojec s in I eland has mainly been on biodi e si y and
conse a ion o lands, se e al plans like Na ional Bioeconomy Ac ions Plan and Na ional Biome hane
S a egy pinpoin he pi o al signi icance o de eloping esea ch and echnologies o u ilize he
a ailable biomass esou ces in he coun y o a sus ainable and p ospe ous u u e. The OG p ojec s
da abase shows ha he numbe o BBTs de eloped a ound biomass sou ces in I eland ha e been e y
limi ed and he e is oom o de elopmen o such echnologies in he con ex o a ailable biomass in
he coun y.
Among all biomass ca ego ies, g ass is he mos abundan sou ce which is cu en ly mainly used o
eeding pu poses while expe iences like he g ass bio e ine y demons a ion ha e shown i s po en ial
o alo isa ion and p oducing bioma e ials/biochemicals and imp o ed eed and p o ein p oduc s o
animals. Also, he abundance o li es ock manu e and slu y is ano he oppo uni y o de elop
echnologies o e icien use o hem o p oduce bioene gy o soil imp o emen p oduc s. The o es y
sec o has a lowe biomass p ospec bu shows po en ial o u iliza ion o o es esidues o g een
ene gy solu ions and o ex ac ing bioma e ials. Addi ionally, ma ine sec o is a majo con ibu o o
biomass esou ces in I eland which shows a good po en ial o de eloping echnologies o u ilise i in
he bioeconomy.
In conclusion, I eland s ands in a good posi ion o u ilise and alo ise i s bio esou ces o bioeconomy
de elopmen wi h ag icul u al, o es y and ma ine biomass holding a g ea po en ial o esea ch and
de elopmen o BBTs ha can add alue o o e all economy. The e is a good suppo en i onmen
a ailable na ionally and a Eu opean le el which needs o be explo ed, bu he capaci y has no ye
been ully used o da e. Wi h espec o he cu en biomass size and he a ailable suppo bo h in
e ms o esea ch acili ies and unding p og ams, I eland shows a g een ligh o de elop BBTs.
137
Re e ences
2023 Bioeconomy Demons a ion Ini ia i e – EU Jus T ansi ion Fund (2023). Depa men o
Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine. A ailable a : h ps://www.go .ie/en/publica ion/deb47-
2023-bioeconomy-demons a ion-ini ia i e-eu-jus - ansi ion- und/
Ag icul u al Census 2000: Main Resul s. (2001). Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed
Na ions.
Annual Re iew and Ou look o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine 2023 (2023). Depa men o
Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine. A ailable a : h ps://www.go .ie/en/publica ion/91e7e-
annual- e iew-and-ou look- o -ag icul u e- ood-and- he-ma ine-2020/
A ea, Yield and P oduc ion o C ops 2020 (2021). Cen al S a is ics O ice. A ailable a :
h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/e /aypc/a eayieldandp oduc iono c ops202
0/
Bioeconomy Ac ion Plan 2023-2025 (2023). Depa men o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine. A ailable
a : h ps://www.go .ie/en/publica ion/a1bb6-bioeconomy-policy/
Bioeconomy Fac shee I eland. (2018) BioBase4SME. A ailable a :
h ps:// b.nweu ope.eu/media/4662/180369_biobase4sme_2luik_i eland_ 4_l .pd
Bioeconomy policy (2023). Depa men o Ag icul u e, Food and he Ma ine. A ailable a :
h ps://www.go .ie/en/publica ion/a1bb6-bioeconomy-policy/
Biomap. (2021). I ish Bioeconomy Founda ion.
Biome hane ene gy epo . (2023).
Buckley, C., Mo an, B., & Donnellan, T. (2023) Teagasc Na ional Fa m Su ey: A Repo on Bo ine
Manu e Managemen , Applica ion and S o age P ac ices in I eland 2017 o 2021. Ag icul u al
Economics & Fa m Su eys Depa men , Ru al Economy and De elopmen P og amme.
Teagasc.
By ne Ó Cléi igh, E. P. (2023) The enewable anspo uel obliga ion annual epo 2023. P epa ed on
behal o The Na ional Oil Rese es Agency.
Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - De ailed Resul s: S anda d Ou pu (2021). Cen al S a is ics O ice.
A ailable a : h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/ep/p-
coa/censuso ag icul u e2020de ailed esul s/s anda dou pu /
Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - P elimina y esul s (2021). Cen al S a is ics O ice. A ailable a :
h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/ep/p-coa/censuso ag icul u e2020-
p elimina y esul s/k /.
Census o Ag icul u e 2020 - P elimina y Resul s: Land U ilisa ion (2020). Cen al S a is ics O ice.
A ailable a : h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/ep/p-
coa/censuso ag icul u e2020-p elimina y esul s/landu ilisa ion/
Census o Ag icul u e 2020 de ailed esul s: O ganics (2020). Cen al S a is ics O ice. A ailable a :
h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/ep/p-
coa/censuso ag icul u e2020de ailed esul s/o ganics/.
Cen al S a is ics O ice (2023) Fish Landings 2022. A ailable a :
h ps://www.cso.ie/en/ eleasesandpublica ions/ep/p- l/ ishlandings2022/ [Accessed July 1
2024].
in o@bbione s.eu
@bbione s-eu
@bbione s.eu
@bbione s_eu
@bbione s_eu
@BBioNe sEU
144
coa se wood (40.7Mm3) - a sha e o app oxima ely 96%. Small-sized imbe , o which 1.6 Mm3 was
ha es ed, is o ma ginal impo ance (4%). Nea ly 97% o he o al coa se wood mass was ha es ed
in o es s managed by he S a e Fo es s (Na ional Fo es Holding), and abou 3% in p i a e o es s.
Wood is an impo an aw ma e ial o he Polish economy. Indus ies ela ed o he p ocessing o his
aw ma e ial, i.e. he p oduc ion o wood p oduc s, he pape indus y and he u ni u e indus y,
accoun ed o app oxima ely 9.5% o he indus y's p oduc ion sold in 2020 (Anon., b ak da y).
Table 41: De ailed in o ma ion in Poland.
Loca ion
Fo es y a ea
Poland
9.2 million hec a es
Species
Deciduous and coni e ous o es s.
Ag oindus y
Acco ding o da a om he Na ional Suppo Cen e o Ag icul u e (KOWR), he alue o Polish ood
expo s ab oad in 2021 eached a eco d 37.4 B€, which gi es a 9% yea -on-yea inc ease. Mo e han
70% o Polish ag i- ood expo s go o EU ma ke s. Poland is a leading p oduce o ui (apples,
aspbe ies, blackcu an s, bluebe ies), mea (poul y, po k), dai y p oduc s and mush ooms. The
indigenous p ocessing indus y is known o i s di e si y, including obacco p oduc ion as well as
alcohol p oduc ion in he long lis o ood p oduc s. The ag i- ood p oduc s ha gene a ed he la ges
expo e enues in 2021 we e poul y mea and o al, bake y p oduc s, chocola e p oduc s, animal
eeds and odde , bee mea , smoked, d ied and sal ed ish, cheese and co age cheese, whea , po k
mea , o ui and ege able juices and mine al wa e s. La ge e enues we e also ob ained om he
expo o ciga e es and o he obacco p oduc s (Anon., b ak da y).
6.1.3 Economic Indica o s
Poland posi ions i sel as he hi d la ges economy in Eu ope wi h a g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP)
exceeding 747M€. Howe e , GDP pe capi a is 20,210€. Rega ding he p oduc ion s uc u e in e ms
o g oss alue added (GVA), in 2023 he ag icul u al sec o , o es y and ishe ies gene a ed 21.91M€.
Poland has an employmen a e o 77.9%. The numbe o people employed in ac i i ies ela ed o
ag icul u e, o es y and ishing is 1.42 million. Di iding his alue by he o al popula ion gi es his
employmen a e in his sec o a he le el o 3.86% (Anon., b ak da y).
Acco ding o he JRC, in 2021, Poland's bioeconomy gene a ed a ound 159 B€ in u no e (6% o he
EU-27) and 40B€ in alue added (5% o he EU-27). The numbe o people employed in he biomass
and p ocessing sec o s in Poland was 2.4 million (14 % o he EU-27). The a e age p oduc i i y o he
Polish bioeconomy sec o s can be desc ibed as ollows:
- u no e pe pe son employed: app oxima ely 66,000€ (EU27 a e age: 147,000€).
- alue added pe pe son employed: abou 16,000€ (EU a e age: 42,000€).
Among he bioeconomy sec o s in Poland, ag icul u e and he ood sec o employed he la ges
numbe o people, 1.46 million and 475,000 espec i ely. Elec ici y bio-p oduc s and liquid bio uels
employed he lowes numbe s, 207,000 and 422,000 people espec i ely. The highes u no e and

145
alue added o he economy among he bioeconomy sec o s in Poland was he ood and be e age
sec o , second was ag icul u e, hi d wood p oduc s and u ni u e, and ou h was he pape indus y.
Fishe ies and aquacul u e and bio-based ene gy p oduc s had he lowes u no e and alue added
(Anon., b ak da y).
Table 42: Economic indica o s by coun y (Sou ce: Eu opean Union, “Ru al Obse a o y”).
Popula ion
(M hab)
GDP
(M€)
GDP pe
capi a (€)
GVA (M€)
Ag icul u e, Fo es y
and Fishing
Employmen
a e (%)
Employmen by
sec o (%)
Ag icul u e, o es y,
and ishing
Poland
36.75
747.75
20,210
21,91
77.9 %
3.86 %
6.1.4 Bioeconomy egula o y amewo k
In Poland, he EU bioeconomy goals a e o some ex en co e ed by na ional s a egies ela ed o
ag icul u al, en i onmen al and ene gy policies, and egional s a egies include sma specializa ion
s a egies. A he na ional le el, Poland has se e al bioeconomy de elopmen s a egies.
Na ional Ene gy and Clima e Plan o he yea s 2021-2030; he main goals o his ene gy and clima e
s a egy o Poland, ep esen ing he u u e measu e o i s implemen a ion, a e: -a educ ion a ge o
Poland in e ms o g eenhouse gas emissions in non-ETS sec o s has been se a -7% in 2030 compa ed
o 2005 le els. The se a ge is o be achie ed h ough emission educ ions in anspo , cons uc ion
and ag icul u e, aking in o accoun he bene icial e ec s o CO2 seques a ion by ecosys ems as well
as lexibili y in land use, land use change and o es y (LULUCF- an EU-wide a ge o 2030, in which
Poland decla es o achie e a 21-23% sha e o RES in g oss inal ene gy consump ion by 2030, whe e
he sha e o RES in hea ing and cooling is es ima ed o inc ease by an a e age o 1.1% pe yea , while
he sha e o enewable ene gy in anspo a ion is expec ed o each 14% by 2030, -a na ional ene gy
e iciency imp o emen a ge o 2030 se a a 23% educ ion in p ima y ene gy consump ion
compa ed o he PRIMES 2007 o ecas . (Anon., b ak da y)
Na ional Sma Specialisa ion S a egy aims o enable each egion o iden i y and de elop i s own
compe i i e s eng hs. The suppo p o ided ela es o he de elopmen o esea ch, de elopmen
and inno a ion (h ps://sma .go .pl/pl/). In Polish Na ional Sma Specialisa ion S a egy (KIS), among
he 13 ound sma specializa ions, h ee o hem a e di ec ly ela ed o he bioeconomy. KIS p io i ies
ela ed o he bioeconomy co e ing ag i- ood, o es y and en i onmen al specializa ion include: (KIS
2) Inno a i e echnologies, p ocesses and p oduc s o he ag icul u al and o es -wood sec o ; (KIS 3)
Bio echnological and chemical p ocesses, biop oduc s and special p oduc s o chemical and
en i onmen al enginee ing; (KIS 7) Ci cula economy. (Anon., b ak da y)
Roadmap on ci cula economy, Poland's adop ed oadmap o he ansi ion o a ci cula economy
(GOZ). This concep aims o a ionally use esou ces and educe he nega i e en i onmen al impac o
manu ac u ed goods, which, like p oduc s and aw ma e ials, should emain in he economy as long as
possible, and was e gene a ion should be minimized as much as possible. (Anon., b ak da y)
Polish Na ional S a egy o Adap a ion o Clima e Change (NAS2020) wi h he pe spec i e by 2030
he main goal o NAS2020 is o ensu e sus ainable de elopmen and e ec i e unc ioning o he
146
economy and socie y unde clima e change condi ions. The main objec i e will be achie ed h ough
he implemen a ion o speci ic objec i es and he NAS2020 di ec ions o ac ion indica ed wi hin hese
objec i es. The speci ic objec i es include: -ensu ing ene gy secu i y and good s a e o he
en i onmen , -e ec i e adap a ion o clima e change in u al a eas, -de elopmen o anspo a ion
unde clima e change condi ions, -ensu ing sus ainable egional and local de elopmen aking in o
accoun clima e change, -s imula ing inno a ion o clima e change adap a ion, -shaping social
a i udes owa ds clima e change adap a ion. (Anon., b ak da y)
S a egy o Sus ainable Ru al De elopmen , Ag icul u e and Fishe ies 2030 assumes: - main aining
he p inciple ha amily a ms will be he basis o he ag icul u al sys em; - suppo ing he sus ainable
de elopmen o small, medium and la ge a ms; - making g ea e use o he po en ial o he ag i- ood
sec o h ough he de elopmen o new skills and compe encies o i s employees, as well as h ough
he use o he la es echnologies in p oduc ion and he applica ion o digi al solu ions, and c ea ing
a ou able condi ions o de eloping inno a i e p oduc s; -building he compe i i e posi ion o Polish
ood on o eign ma ke s, he hallma k o which will be high quali y and e e ence o he bes Polish
adi ions, as well as he adap a ion o ag i- ood p oduc s o changing consump ion pa e ns (e.g.
g owing in e es in o ganic ood); -conduc ing ag icul u al and ish p oduc ion wi h espec o
en i onmen al p o ec ion p inciples and adap ing he ag i- ood sec o o clima e change, among o he
hings, in e ms o access o wa e ; -dynamic de elopmen o u al a eas in coope a ion wi h ci ies,
which will esul in s able and sus ainable economic g ow h, p o iding e e y u al esiden wi h a
decen job and u ban esiden s wi h access o heal hy Polish ood; -c ea ing condi ions o imp o ing
he occupa ional mobili y o u al esiden s and o hem o ake ad an age o oppo uni ies o
de elopmen and e-skilling, esul ing om he eme gence o new economic sec o s (e.g.
bioeconomy). (Anon., b ak da y)
The Na ional En i onmen al Policy 2030 is a s a egy o de elopmen in he a ea o en i onmen and
wa e managemen , designed o ensu e Poland's en i onmen al secu i y and high quali y o li e o all
esiden s. (Anon., b ak da y)
Ene gy Policy o Poland un il 2040 (PEP2040) se s he amewo k o he coun y's ene gy ansi ion.
I ou lines solu ions o achie e he EU's clima e and ene gy goals, such as he cons uc ion o o sho e
wind powe o he launch o he coun y's i s nuclea powe plan planned o 2033. PEP2040 ocuses
on equi able and inclusi e ene gy ansi ion owa ds a ze o-emissions sys em based on inno a ion,
sus ainable economic g ow h, inc eased e iciency and compe i ion. The inal key ac o is imp o ing
ai quali y na ionwide. Achie emen o hese goals should be measu ed in he 2030 ime ame by (I) a
maximum 56% sha e o coal- i ed gene a ion (wi h a conse a i ely es ima ed 2049 exi da e); (II) a
minimum o 23% enewable elec ici y in inal consump ion (32% in gene a ion, 14% in
anspo a ion); (III) nuclea gene a ion included in he mix by 2033; (IV) educ ion o g eenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions by 30% (compa ed o 1990 le els); (V) educing p ima y ene gy consump ion by 23%
(in ela ion o 2007 es ima es). (Anon., b ak da y)
Table 43: Exis ing na ional Bioeconomy ela ed s a egy documen s in Poland [16]
Name o he s a egy
Bioeconomy ela ed goals*
add essed
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Na ional Ene gy and Clima e Plan o he yea s 2021-2030
+
+
147
Name o he s a egy
Bioeconomy ela ed goals*
add essed
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Na ional Sma Specialisa ion S a egy
+
+
+
Roadmap on ci cula economy
+
+
+
+
Polish Na ional S a egy o Adap a ion o Clima e Change (NAS2020)
wi h he pe spec i e by 2030
+
+
+
S a egy o Sus ainable Ru al De elopmen , Ag icul u e and Fishe ies
2030 (SZRWRiR 2030)
+
+
+
+
+
Na ional En i onmen al Policy (PEP2030)
+
+
+
+
Ene gy Policy o Poland un il 2040
+
+
*Is one o he EU bioeconomy s a egy (2018) objec i es co e ed by he bioeconomy ela ed s a egy a na ional le el? C ea ing
jobs and main aining compe i i eness in bioeconomy sec o s (1); Reducing dependence on non- enewable esou ces (2);
Mi iga ing and adap ing clima e change (3); Ensu ing ood secu i y (4); Managing na u al esou ces sus ainably (5).
6.2 S a e o he a o biomass alo isa ion
6.2.1 Biomass esou ce a ailabili y
Ag icul u al biomass esidues
Based on he es ima es, i can be calcula ed ha nea ly 22 million ag icul u al biomass esidues we e
p oduced in 2023. As shown in Figu e 60, g ass and s aw we e conside ed, accoun ing o mo e han
90% o o al ag icul u al esidues biomass. Figu e 61 shows he b eakdown o biomass p oduced by
oi odeship.
Figu e 60: Ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 [17].
0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000
ce eal yield
s aw
g ass
Ag icul u al esidues biomass
148
Figu e 61: Ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 di ided in o oi odeships (Sou ce: IUNG's own s udy
based on da a om ARiMR).
As can be seen in he g aphs, mos o he biomass gene a ed comes om s aw, wi h he mos
impo an being ha om lubelskie, mazowieckie, wielkopolskie and dolnośląskie. In e ms o he
geog aphical a ea wi h he highes concen a ion o biomass, he eas o he coun y s ands ou . On
he o he hand, he sou h is he a ea wi h he lowes biomass gene a ion.
Figu e 62: Maps o ag icul u al biomass esidues esou ces c ea ed in 2023 (Sou ce: IUNG's own s udy based on da a
om ARiMR).
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000
dolnośląskie
kujawsko-pomo skie
lubelskie
lubuskie
łódzkie
małopolskie
mazowieckie
opolskie
podka packie
podlaskie
pomo skie
śląskie
świę ok zyskie
wa mińsko-mazu skie
wielkopolskie
zachodniopomo skie
Ag icul u al esidues biomass
g ass s aw
149
Li es ock biomass
Li es ock including ca le and pigs alone a e es ima ed o ha e gene a ed 63 million onnes o biomass
in 2020, wi h ca le biomass p oduc ion domina ing in all oi odeships, accoun ing o 90% o o al
li es ock biomass. The la ges amoun o li es ock biomass, i.e. manu e and slu y, was p oduced in
Wielkopolska, Podlaskie and Mazowieckie oi odeships.
Figu e 63: Li es ock biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2020 [17].
Figu e 64: Li es ock biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2020 di ided in o oi odeships [17],
Ag o-indus ial esidues biomass
The da a p esen ed conside he amoun o was e in Poland in 2023 gene a ed om ag icul u e,
ho icul u e, hyd oponics, ishing, o es y, hun ing and ood p ocessing. This g oup o was e is di ided
in o wo subg oups, namely animal by-p oduc s and ood by-p oduc s. The o al amoun o biomass
p oduced om he ag icul u al indus y is 7.59 onnes, o which 5 onnes come om ood p ocessing
and he emaining 2.59 onnes om animal by-p oduc s.
0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 60,000,000
pig
ca le
Li es ock esidues biomass
0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000
dolnośląskie
kujawsko-pomo skie
lubelskie
lubuskie
łódzkie
małopolskie
mazowieckie
opolskie
podka packie
podlaskie
pomo skie
śląskie
świę ok zyskie
wa mińsko-mazu skie
wielkopolskie
zachodniopomo skie
Li es ock esidues biomass
Ca le biomass Pig biomass

150
Figu e 65: Ag o-indus ial esidues biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2023 (Sou ce: IUNG's own s udy based on da a om
he Da abase on p oduc s, packaging and was e managemen ).
Figu e 66: Ag o-indus ial biomass esidues esou ces gene a ed in 2023 di ided in o oi odeships (Sou ce: IUNG's own
s udy based on da a om he Da abase on p oduc s, packaging and was e managemen ).
Fo es y biomass
Timbe ha es ing comp ises ac i i ies in ol ed in cu ing down ees and ob aining wood ma e ial
om i s a ious pa s ( om he unk, c own and s ump/ oo s ock), and so ing his ma e ial in o
speci ic wood ca ego ies. As a esul o hese ac i i ies, woody biomass is p oduced, which mus be
emo ed om he o es , as i is a se ious isk ac o o he sp ead o pes s and o es i es. In 2022, a
o al o 44,647,000 m3 o imbe was ha es ed, o which 42,703,000 m3 was coa se wood, while he
emaining 1,944 m3 was small-sized wood, and only 0.8 m3 was s umpwood.
2 592 868
5 001 444
0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000
Animal by-p oduc s
Food indus y side-s eams
Ag o-indus ial esidues biomass
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000
małopolskie
śląskie
wielkopolskie
zachodniopomo skie
lubuskie
dolnośląskie
opolskie
kujawsko-pomo skie
wa mińsko-mazu skie
pomo skie
łódzkie
świę ok zyskie
lubelskie
podka packie
podlaskie
mazowieckie
Ag o-indus ial esidues biomass
Food indus y side-s eams Animal by-p oduc s
151
Figu e 67: Fo es y biomass esou ces gene a ed in 2022 [4].
6.2.2 Managemen and logis ics o biomass esou ces
Logis ical p ocesses ensu e a s able eeds ock base o biomass ene gy p oduce s. In many cases,
ob aining biomass is di icul due o dispe sed na u e o eeds ock. Fo hese easons, la ge amoun s
o in es men in ha es ing, anspo a ion, s o age and p ocessing a e equi ed. The e o e, an
e icien logis ics sys em o he educ ion o anspo a ion and u he p ocessing cos s is so
impo an . Fac o s o be aken in o accoun in he logis ics sys em a e ela ed o he ype o biomass,
physical-chemical and mechanical cha ac e is ics o biomass, a ailabili y o aw ma e ial, numbe o
supplie s o a gi en ype o biomass, echnical possibili ies o anspo a ion, s o age possibili ies, p e-
ea men be o e con e sion p ocess, economic, legal, en i onmen al condi ions, e c., as well as
loca ion o ene gy p oduc ion si es. The u iliza ion o biomass equi es aking ac ion along he en i e
supply chain in ol ing: eeds ock acquisi ion, p oduc ion, dis ibu ion and use o biomass, including
anspo a ion and s o age. Taking he sou ce o ene gy p oduc ion as a c i e ion, we can dis inguish
he comple e supply chain managemen (CSCM) g oup wi h solid and liquid biomass as he ene gy
sou ce. The comple e supply chain (CSCM) includes he p ocu emen p ocess, ha is, he supply o
aw ma e ials and ma e ials o ene gy p oduc ion and main enance, he ene gy p oduc ion and he
ene gy dis ibu ion. F om he poin o iew o logis ical p ocesses, i is impo an o he aw ma e ial
o be supplied con inuously. The e o e, managemen e e s o all he p ocesses and ac o s in he chain,
which should be in e ela ed. The goal o supply chain managemen is o inc ease e iciency while
educing s o age and ope a ing cos s and aligning ene gy p oduc ion wi h cus ome needs.
Sa e managemen should conside he ollowing:
- supply (supply managemen o aw ma e ials, in en o y, supplie ela ions, supplie base),
- ope a ional con ol (cus ome ela ionship managemen , p oduc ion managemen ,
supply/dis ibu ion ne wo k design),
- in eg a ion (s a egic managemen , in as uc u e, isk, measu emen , pe o mance,
en i onmen al managemen ).
0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000
S ump wood
Slash
imbe
Fo es y esidues biomass
152
When conside ing secu i y issues in biomass supply chain managemen om a logis ics pe spec i e,
he ollowing conclusions can be men ioned:
- e o s should be made o op imise o ganiza ional and logis ical models o s able biomass
supply and sus ainable u al de elopmen ;
- o a oid he mo emen o la ge masses o biomass o e long dis ances, i is easonable o
c ea e local biomass ma ke s and logis ics sys ems ha minimize he cos s o biomass
p ocu emen , anspo a ion and s o age;
- implemen a ion and ce i ica ion o biomass quali y assu ance sys ems can ha e a signi ican
impac on he secu i y o supply o such a di e se aw ma e ial;
- aiming o inc ease biomass in he balance o elec ici y p oduc ion in he coun y, due o he
high cos o in es men equi es he use o app op ia e suppo sys ems, which gua an ee
hei sys ema ic de elopmen . (Anon., b ak da y)
6.2.3 Bio-p oduc s a ge ma ke
Bioene gy and bio uels sec o
In Poland, he e is a g ea po en ial o he de elopmen o he biogas sec o , including he p oduc ion
o biome hane. Poland has i s own eeds ock supplies and de eloped bio uel p oduc ion chain.
Biomass s eams om ag icul u e, o es y and hun ing, as well as ishing and aquacul u e o e
adequa e po en ial o ad anced ene gy use. Bio uel p oduc ion sec o s a e mainly ela ed o he ag o-
ood indus y, o es y and g een ene gy. The p oduc ion o bio uel componen s, i.e. bioe hanol o
biodiesel, is limi ed by a pe cen age cap. Each ime he limi is inc eased, he ma ke g ows. Al hough,
e en in he cu en si ua ion in Poland (wi h a signi ican ly low sha e o bio-componen s in bio uels),
he e a e s ill po en ial oppo uni ies o he de elopmen o he bio uel sec o . The challenges a e,
o ins ance, echnological limi a ions and imp o ing p oduc quali y h ough he use o inno a ion.
In Poland’s case o biogas p oduc ion (especially ag icul u al biogas), he e is conside able un apped
po en ial o he de elopmen o his sec o . A pe iod o g ow h be ween 2011 and 2016 was ollowed
by s agna ion, which is mainly due o legisla i e ba ie s and uns able public suppo . The e a e
p omising inno a ions in Poland (e.g., in he biogas p oduc ion) showing ha he ze o-was e pa h in
he ci cula bioeconomy can yield a ou able esul s in e ms o was e con e sion. (Anon., b ak da y)
• Biomass elec ici y gene a ion
Acco ding o da a om he Ene gy Regula o y O ice (URE) (Anon., b ak da y) on he ins alla ion o
enewable ene gy sou ces, a he end o 2023, in Poland, he e we e 46 biomass-bu ning powe plan s
wi h a o al ins alled capaci y o 1,250.077 MW and 31 ins alla ions wi h co-incine a ion o
con en ional uels and biomass o biogas wi h o al ins alled capaci y o 13,534.913 MW.
• Biogas gene a ion
Acco ding o he biogas map o 2023/2024, he e a e 310 biogas plan s in Poland wi h a o al
ins alled capaci y o 215 MW. O hese, 149 biogas plan s use municipal was e, wi h a o al
ins alled capaci y o 63.9 MW. The emaining 161 biogas plan s use ag icul u al was e, wi h a o al
ins alled capaci y o 151.7 MW. (Anon., b ak da y)
153
On he o he hand, da a om he Ene gy Regula o y O ice (URE) on enewable ene gy ins alla ions
show ha a he end o 2023, 388 biogas plan s wi h a o al ins alled capaci y o 295.262 MW we e
egis e ed.
• The mal use
Acco ding o da a om he Ene gy Regula o y O ice (URE) on enewable ene gy ins alla ions, as
o he end o 2023 he e we e 10 egis e ed he mal was e con e sion ins alla ions wi h a o al
ins alled capaci y o 171.461 MW.
Table 44: The mal was e ea men ins alla ions in Poland [21]
Loca ion
Voi odeship
Powe (MW)
Type
Zab ze
śląskie
76,500
he mal con e sion o was e
Rzeszów
Podka packie
8,993
he mal con e sion o was e
Poznań
Wielkopolskie
19,635
he mal con e sion o was e
Szczecin
Zachodniopomo skie
15,481
he mal con e sion o was e
Bydgoszcz
kujawsko-pomo skie
13,800
he mal con e sion o was e
K aków
małopolskie
16,900
he mal con e sion o was e
Konin
wielkopolskie
7,300
he mal con e sion o was e
Białys ok
podlaskie
9,002
he mal con e sion o was e
Wa szawa
mazowieckie
2,600
he mal con e sion o was e
Płock
mazowieckie
1,250
he mal con e sion o was e
• Bio uels
Liquid bio uels a e a se o p oduc s ha include biobased, biodiesel and o he bio liquid uels called
bioliquids, which a e used o ene gy pu poses o he han anspo a ion, including elec ici y
gene a ion, hea ing and cooling. Be ween 2018 and 2022, he e was an inc ease in he acquisi ion o
liquid bio uels by 19.4% ( om 37.9 PJ o 45.3 PJ), in o al domes ic consump ion by 18.3% ( om 38.3
PJ o 45.3 PJ) and impo s by 22.0% ( om 15.7 PJ o 19.1 PJ). The e was, howe e , a decline in expo s
- 8.6% ( om 14.6 PJ o 13.3 PJ). In 2022, biodiesel consump ion was 36.7 PJ, accoun ing o 81.0% o
liquid bio uel consump ion. F om 2018 o 2022, biodiesel consump ion g ew, while bioe hanol and
bioliquids consump ion emained a simila le els. (Anon., b ak da y)