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Indian Jou nal o
Mode n Resea ch and Re iews
This Jou nal is a membe o he ‘Commi ee on Publica ion E hics’
Online ISSN:2584-184X
Re iew Pape
Fes i al Tou ism in India: T adi ions, Impac s, and Sus ainable
P ac ices
D . Muhammed Anas. B 1*, Bha a h aj S. Neja 2, D . V. Basil 3, D . Sini. V 4
1 Sec e a y, Ke ala S a e Co-ope a i e Tou ism De elopmen Cen e L d., T i and um, Ke ala, India
1 D.Li . Fellow, Fo me Pos -Doc o a e Fellow in S ini as Uni e si y, Mangalo e, Ka na aka, India
2 Assis an P o esso o Economics, S . Ma y's Sy ian College, B ahma a , Ka na aka, India
3 Resea ch P o esso , S ini as Uni e si y, Mangalo e. Ka na aka, India
4 Assis an P o esso , S.N. College Va akala, A ilia ed o Uni e si y o Ke ala, T i and um, Ke ala, India
Co esponding Au ho : *D . Muhammed Anas. B DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17538943
2
ABSTRACT
Manusc ip In o.
Fes i al ou ism in India is a li ely mix o cul u e, his o y, and economic g ow h. India is one
o he mos di e se coun ies in he wo ld, and i s many es i als show o i s unique cus oms,
ai hs, and egional iden i ies. E e y yea , millions o ou is s om India and h oughou he
wo ld come o see e en s like Diwali, Holi, and Du ga Puja, as well as egional e en s like he
Pushka Camel Fai and Ho nbill Fes i al. This a icle discusses how es i al ou ism can os e
mo e sus ainable cul u al ou ism, communi y in ol emen , and economic p ospe i y in he
a ea. I looks a how es i als help o b and a des ina ion, encou age cul u al in e change
be ween people om di e en cul u es, and p omo e India's in angible cul u al he i age a ound
he wo ld. The e a e also alks abou p oblems like comme cialisa ion, o e c owding, and
en i onmen al damage, as well as ways o manage hese issues esponsibly. In he end, he
a icle shows ha es i al ou ism is a s ong way o keep adi ions ali e while also p omo ing
inclusi e g ow h in India's ou ism indus y.
✓ ISSN No: 2584- 184X
✓ Recei ed: 06-09-2025
✓ Accep ed: 28-10-2025
✓ Published: 06-11-2025
✓ MRR:3(11):2025;1-8
✓ ©2025, All Righ s Rese ed.
✓ Pee Re iew P ocess: Yes
✓ Plagia ism Checked: Yes
How To Ci e his A icle
Anas BM, Neja BS, Basil V, Sini V.
Fes i al ou ism in india: T adi ions,
impac s, and sus ainable p ac ices. Ind
J Mod Res Re . 2025;3(11):1–8.
KEYWORDS: Tou ism o es i als, Cul u al He i age, Tou ism ha is good o he en i onmen , B anding he Des ina ion, G ow h o
he communi y, Di e en cul u es, India
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© 2025 D . Muhammed Anas. B, Bha a h aj S. Neja , D . V. Basil, D . Sini. V. This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
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INTRODUCTION
1. Fes i al ou ism in India
Fes i al ou ism is a di e se a ea o ou ism ac i i ies whe e
people wan o lea n abou and ake pa in di e en cul u al,
music, and spo s e en s ha celeb a e he heal h and di e si y o
coun ies and hei people. A lo o coun ies bene i om
ca e ully o ganising es i al ou ism ac i i ies based on hings
like whe e hey a e, how hey could be be e , how easy i is o
ge o he in as uc u e, and how able local communi ies a e o
o e a ac ions o he han es i als. India has hund eds o
es i als e e y yea a he ci y and egional le els. These
es i als a e connec ed o he local cul u es, belie s, and social
no ms. These es i al e en s could help g ow es i al ou ism
while also p omo ing e hical ou ism. The e a e speci ic
collec ions o pho og aphs abou es i als om all a ound he
wo ld ha show Indian celeb a ions ha a e well-known in he
coun y. The main sou ce ha answe s sea ch ques ions is he
many es i al ac i i ies ha ake place in India. The main goal o
educa ion is o lea n om es i als, which is a big eason why
people should p omo e es i al ou ism in India. The e a e also
many guidelines ha alk abou how impo an i is o be
esponsible when p omo ing es i al ou ism in India [1].
1.1. Wha is es i al ou ism?
Tou ism is he as es -g owing indus y in he wo ld [1]. Wi hin
his ield, es i al ou ism is becoming mo e popula as a way o
celeb a e and p omo e local cus oms by going o es i als, ai s,
exhibi ions, and o he e en s. Fes i al ou ism le s you see how
he local people li e and how hese cul u al ips may u n ou is
spo s in o p o i able businesses. The e a e se e al ypes o
es i als, including music, ade, his o ical, ai s, cinema, a el,
ha es , peace, ood, local, and c a s ai s and exhibi ions [2].
Founded on ou expe iences, planning celeb a ions in India
should be based on a deep g asp o he egion, i s es i als, and
i s a o ms.
1.2. The his o y o change and i s cul u al impo ance
India is he bi hplace o many ancien cul u es, languages, and
es i als. Indian cul u e is based on colou ul es i als, di e en
adi ions, and celeb a ions. India has a long his o y o music,
dance, a , li e a u e, d ama, ai s, and es i als. These a e only a
ew o he many impo an pa s o Indian cul u e and he i age.
Fes i al ou ism is impo an o he ou is indus y and o
keeping ali e he alues, cus oms, and he i age o India's many
cul u es [1]. Fes i al ou ism aises awa eness abou cul u al
ou ism and gi es people a be e idea o cul u al ac s [3].
Fes i al ou ism shows o a egion's cul u e and has a lo o
po en ial. India has i s own dis inc i e es i als, and people o
di e en eligions celeb a e hem in di e en pa s o he
coun y. The ce emonies o di e en holidays keep he adi ions
and cul u e o people ali e.
2. Big Indian Holidays & Di e ences Be ween Regions
Fes i als a e an impo an pa o Indian cul u e. They show o
he coun y's ich his o y, a , cul u e, and adi ions. The
celeb a ion o es i als is di e en in e e y s a e, egion, ci y,
and hamle , and hey a e a big d aw o bo h domes ic and
in e na ional a elle s. The people who a e pa icipa ing, he
p epa a ions ha a e made, he i uals ha a e pe o med, and he
ac i i ies ha a e done all change om one celeb a ion o he
nex . Indian es i als a e all abou music, dancing, i ewo ks,
ai s, socialising, ood, and being a ege a ian. The e a e
es i als in India ha happen in e e y season, e e y mon h, in
e e y pa o he coun y, and o e e y eligion. The Minis y o
Cul u e and he Indian Fes i al Calenda p o ided in o ma ion
on hese es i als. The calenda [4] shows when es i als a e
obse ed in di e en sec ions o he coun y du ing di e en
mon hs o each season.
2.1. Religious and ha es celeb a ions
Fes i al ou ism is a end ha is sp eading in India and a ound
he wo ld. I means a elling o see he weekend ai s in
cul u ally a ied a eas [5]. Since ancien imes, es i als ha e
been an impo an pa o India's cul u al pas . They ha e ma ked
he changing o he seasons, shown how p ospe ous a egion is,
and p o ided chances o social, economic, cul u al, and poli ical
g ow h. They include eligious holidays, ha es es i als,
ag icul u al ai s, ade ai s, and public and p o essional e iews
o he pe o ming a s.
Table 1 shows he mos popula es i als in India ha people can
make money om, along wi h he mon h hey a e celeb a ed.
E en while localisa ion has an e ec , egional di e ences a e
only he su ace o India's es i al cul u e. A lo o hings ha e
shaped each loca ion, which has led o mic o-cul u es wi hin a
cul u e. This kind o cul u al en i onmen is he main hing ha
de e mines he choice o es i als, how o celeb a e hem, he
messages hey send, and he a o ms ha go along wi h hem.
Some es i als a e impo an e en s in human his o y, like he
s a o he new millennium. O he es i als, like ha es
es i als, don' ha e a se da e ha wo ks o e e yone.
2.2. Local celeb a ions and egional mic o-cul u es
Fes i al ou ism is a good way o lea n abou o he cul u es and
alk o people om o he coun ies. I le s you see local cus oms,
c a s, and adi ions. I helps people and na ions unde s and
each o he be e and p omo es peace and li ing oge he by
le ing hem see a away a eas and mic ocul u es. Fes i als le
people om di e en communi ies and isi o s in e ac in
di e en ways [4].
One o he mos impo an mac o expe iences ha global ou ism
a ge s is es i al ou ism. India's many eligions, dialec s, and
adi ions make es i al ou ism signi ican o he coun y. India
has a lo o di e en egional mic o-cul u es ha shape he way
people celeb a e es i als all yea long. These mic o-cul u es
a ec he way people celeb a e, he kinds o gi s hey gi e, and
he deco a ions hey use in public and p i a e spaces [6]. These
egional a iances make cul u al ou ism mo e in e es ing by
ocusing on ood, clo hing, he di e en ypes o olk and
classical dance, and o he local cus oms. Regional mic o-cul u e
dis ibu ion also makes use o he synch onisa ion o he many
pa s o each localised celeb a ion o local and global e en s.
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The egional pa e n o celeb a ion is ma ked by a wide ange o
dis ibu ion me hods, each wi h i s own unique mic o-de ini ion,
bu all wo king oge he o keep cul u al ansmission going
h ough he mac o si e e sus he o , wa e , o no able passage.
3. The e ec s o es i al ou ism on socie y and he economy
Fes i als a e ee ga he ings ha honou a cul u e's adi ions and
help he economy and socie y in gene al, especially o he
people who li e he e [1]. Fes i al ou ism has become a big pa
o Indian ou ism since es i als b ing in a lo o people, which
helps ou ism, cul u e, and he i age. The se e al es i als ha
happen all ac oss he coun y d aw ou is s om bo h inside and
ou side he coun y. This makes he owns and illages whe e he
es i als a e held eel new and in e es ing.
E en hough owns and ci ies a e g owing quickly, Indian
es i als ha e kep hei ich cul u e, he i age, and adi ions.
Fes i als also highligh how di e en cul u es, eligions, and
g oups o people a e impo an o he Indian diaspo a in di e en
egions o he wo ld. Fes i al ou ism changes he social and
economic landscape o India, in luencing he socio-economic
dynamics o he loca ions whe e he e en akes place [7].
3.1. Economic ad an ages o nea by communi ies
T adi ion, es i i y, and a sense o communi y a e all pa o
es i als. Fes i al ou ism occu s when people a el o see hese
e en s o es i i ies. This is an impo an ac i i y ha has a big
e ec on he cul u e and economy o he a ea. In a coun y like
India, es i al ou ism can help people p omo e hei adi ional
cul u e and he i age and can also be a good way o make money,
like he ma ke ing o he O ange Fes i al o A unachal P adesh
[8] in he no h-eas . Fes i als make a sho - e m bu no iceable
change in any a ea, which opens up oppo uni ies o esea ch
in o how o make es i al ou ism mo e sus ainable o he
bene i o bo h isi o s and esiden s.
The socio-economic impac o cul u al es i als di e s wi h each
es i al, depending on he sponso ship, audience, and
s akeholde go e nance model; hence, iden i ying di e se
success elemen s can p o ide signi ican insigh s. He i age
p ese a ion is also an impo an pa o sus ainable ou ism.
Mo e and mo e egions a e pu ing oge he he i age es i als
ha a e aimed a domes ic ou is s. Fo example, he communi y-
led Teej Fes i al o Rajas han and he Go e nmen -o -India-
p omo ed In e na ional Gha ana Fes i al o Khayal and Dh upad
music in Delhi gi e people a chance o compa e di e en
egions. The examina ion o No h Indian es i al models,
emphasising he ole o go e nmen sponso ship in conjunc ion
wi h es i al execu ion, has es ic ed ele ance in sou he n and
no heas e n India, whe e communi y o p i a e sec o
sponso ship is p edominan and cen al go e nmen engagemen
is absen . The Fes i al o Fes i als (Jaipu ) and he Bha khande
Sangee Maho sa (Bhopal), bo h backed by di e en minis ies,
a e no included in he cu en esea ch op ions because hey a e
no cul u al es i als.
3.2. E ec s on cul u e and socie y
The ise o ou ism as a majo economic sec o has had a big
impac on he social and economic si ua ions in many coun ies
h oughou he wo ld. The ou ism sec o is be e in e e y
coun y because o i s own unique cul u es, adi ions, and
eligious p ac ices. Fes i als a e a g ea way o show o cul u e
and d aw in la ge c owds, which ensu es ha he o ganise s
make money. The e m " es i al ou ism" desc ibes he coming
oge he o cul u e, adi ion, and a el. Tou ism is a g owing
business in India, which is he second mos popula ed coun y in
he wo ld. India has o b ing in mo e ou is s o keep he ou ism
business going and g owing as he popula ion con inues o g ow.
In oday's globalised and digi alised wo ld, India's cul u e,
eligion, and es i als a e losing hei o igins. Ag icul u e,
handic a s, and animal husband y a e h ee o he mos
impo an a eas ha a e hu ing he economy, cul u e, and
es i als. The Indian economy is mos ly known o i s
mac oeconomic and inancial sec o s, which makes he
mic oeconomic sec o s less impo an . These indus ies, like
ag icul u e and handic a s, employ 51% o he coun y's
popula ion [1]. India's es i als a e e y impo an o showing
o and celeb a ing he coun y's ich his o y, cul u e, adi ions,
and alues o li e. Howe e , hey a e on he e ge o dying ou .
Fes i al ou ism would bene i bo h Indian and o eign ou is s
by imp o ing communica ion wi h locals, aising knowledge o
di e en cul u es and ways o li e, and helping o keep ali e
some o he coun y's disappea ing adi ions.
The e a e h ee main pa s o he ou ism indus y: he ou is o
isi o who goes o un o wo k, he hos who plans and
ad e ises he p og am, and he en i onmen whe e p o isions
a e made o he com o o gues s. The hos 's ole is e y
impo an in es i al ou ism because no wo es i als a e he
same. This means ha hey need o be planned and p omo ed
based on he a ea's cul u e and economy. Also, he numbe o
people who come o he es i al depends on he ma ke ing and
communica ion e o s. To each he igh people, you should
u ilise ad anced ma ke ing ools like so wa e packages and
beau i ul b ochu es. Fes i al ou ism is g owing quickly, bu he
in as uc u e needed o make i easy o es i al ou is s o ge
a ound is no he e. We eally need o add mo e ho els, boa ding
houses, es au an s, anspo a ion, and en e ainmen enues o
he supply side.
4. In as uc u e and Supply Chains o Tou ism
Fes i al ou ism in India is a big pa o he coun y's economy,
and i also helps p o ec he coun y's in angible cul u al legacy.
In mic ocul u es om di e en pa s o India, es i als a e
de ined and shaped by ce emonies, cus oms, i uals, people, and
places. The a ie y o es i i ies in di e en a eas makes he
local conno a ions o he celeb a ion mo e impo an . Each
egion wan s o b ing in ou is s based on i s own cul u e and
in as uc u e. This could mean li e ac s on s ages o in o he
places, o i could mean no public e en s a all. He i age ou ism,
which includes p o ec ing local cul u e, a s and c a s,
monumen s, languages, ood, and way o li e, is closely linked o
he ise in es i al ou ism in India. I is impo an o p o ec
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hese hings, no only o keep Indian es i als' dis inc i e selling
poin , bu also o p o ec he local in angible he i age ha goes
along wi h hem.
Despi e being an impo an componen o India's na ional and
egional adi ions, local cul u al e en s a e gene ally no
included in he es i al ou is p og am. Local e en s ha e no
been able o be added o a na ional pla o m because he e is no
enough documen a ion, ma ke ing, o p omo ion o hem, and
he e is a con lic o in e es among he g oups ha execu e
mapping exe cises. Fixing his p oblem would no only make
eco-sensi i e, isola ed, and spa sely popula ed hills and u al
a eas mo e appealing and compe i i e, bu i would also help
p omo e local handic a s and in angible cul u al asse s ha a e
shown du ing hese e en s. In eg a ing local cul u al e en s in o
he amewo k o es i al ou ism is s ill an impo an goal o
wo k owa ds.
4.1. Accommoda ion, anspo , and se ice p o ide s
Du ing he es i als, majo in as uc u e and se ices a e
p o ided, such as supplies o lodging, anspo a ion, and
ela ed se ices. Almos all public p oblems o annoyances
du ing es i als in India a e aken ca e o by ca e ul planning on
hese aspec s [1]. Huge audio sys ems wi h loudspeake s,
mic ophones, ampli ie s, and diesel gene a o s a e se up a
signi ican in e sec ions o squa es a he s a o each es i al.
These sys ems play he announcemen s a he same ime.
Dis inc ask g oups a e in cha ge o planning all o hese hings.
Each g oup is in cha ge o a dis inc pa , such as cleaning,
anspo a ion, e c. The coo dina ing commi ee is in cha ge o
o e seeing he planning and p og ess o all he o he ask g oups.
Be o e he es i als, he go e nmen makes su e ha ou is s,
de o ees, and isi o s ha e a place o s ay and ea . This includes
go e nmen es homes, ho els, dha amshala, and home s ays
ha mee he needs o all income le els [9]. A e making su e
ha he pe manen esiden s a e sa e and clean, o eign ou is s
a e also gi en a ange o places o s ay.
4.2. Rules o sa e y and e en planning
Fes i al ou ism includes ac i i ies like music conce s, ilms,
plays, and ood es i als, as well as eligious and ag icul u al
celeb a ions ha a e based on communi y adi ions. Howe e , i
is s ill no ully de ined in academic w i ing. In India, i mos ly
means empo a y in ensi ica ions o public holiday cycles,
including es i als and ai s (Mela), ha b ing back cul u al and
social iden i ies h ough communi y engagemen . Big es i als
b ing in ou is s om all o e he wo ld, while smalle ones ge
people in he a ea in ol ed. Fes i al ou ism is h i ing in India
because o he coun y's many cul u es and di e en ways o li e.
Howe e , wi h he ansi ion om cul u al o mains eam
cul u e, socie al s anda ds a e being shaken up [10].
In mode n es i al managemen , un a ac ions a e a anged in o
empo a y assemblages, enhancing beha iou s om he leisu e
and cul u al indus ies wi h a unique empo al-spa ial aspec .
Such assemblages os e selec i e ep esen a ions o
con ex ually speci ied ea u es and expe ien ial in e ac ion [11].
Indian es i als happen wo o i e imes a yea . Ge ing
businesses o und hem would help keep local cul u es ali e,
make hem mo e like es i als, and b ing in ou is s. Th ee
impo an a eas o managemen ha suppo seasonal
in e en ions a e supplie chains, e en p o ocols, and he
expe ience o isi o s.
5. B anding, ma ke ing, and he expe ience o isi o s
He e is he sec ion ex as asked, since i may be conside ed ha
enough and comp ehensi e insigh s ha e al eady been gi en.
"Fes i al ou ism" is a ype o ou ism ha is buil on and
cen ed a ound a es i al. Fes i al ou ism is e y impo an o
India because he coun y has many beau i ul places and a ich
cul u e. Fes i als, whe he hey a e eligious, his o ical,
seasonal, o jus o un, b ing people o di e en places. These
es i als a e o en well-known a ound he wo ld o impo an in
hei own a ea.
I seems ha he ecen end in es i al ou ism has changed
om ying o ge as many people as possible o come o he
e en o p omo ing e hical a el. S o y elling and sha ing a el
expe iences in an imme si e way can help hose who a e in he
space ha e mo e meaning ul ela ionships. Fes i al ou ism has
become one o he mos s ong, s imula ing, and ele an
ca ego ies o ou ism in India. The complexi y, a ie y, and
ex en o cul u al es i als can o en make i ha de o measu e
hei posi i e in luence and g ow h [12].
5.1. Digi al pla o ms and ways o p omo e hem
India's es i al ou ism is ma ked by la ge c owds and
celeb a ions ha showcase and p omo e he local cul u e, which
could be used o ma ke ing on a local, egional, o global scale.
The cul u al di e si y o mul iple s a es is a ba ie o he
in eg a ion and managemen o na ionwide es i al ou ism in
India [13]. I may no be help ul o s a e and na ional ou is
au ho i ies o ge in ol ed i he s a e go e nmen isn' in e es ed
o has al eady made a ce ain es i al a pe manen pa o he
s a e. P omo ing eco- iendly and sus ainable ou ism, including
nea by ou is a ac ions, and educing he dis o ion and
dilu ion o local cul u e a e possible answe s ha need o be
s udied in dep h.
5.2. Tou ism me hods ha a e esponsible and sus ainable
Fes i al ou ism can b ing in mo e money and jobs o local
businesses and communi ies, and i can also mee he g owing
need o expe iencing ou ism. Local g oups, NGOs, o he
go e nmen can pu hese es i als oge he . To make su e ha
hei es i als las a long ime, local communi ies should be
gi en he powe o ake cha ge o planning hem. People in he
a ea, especially young people, should be p oud o hei cul u e
and adi ions. They should ac i ely pa icipa e in he e en s and
eel like hey own hem. Going o and aking pa in local
es i als can make people eel like hey belong, like hey a e pa
o he communi y, and like hey a e pa o some hing ha will
las [1]. Fes i al ou ism can be bad o he en i onmen , local
cul u e, and he i age. The mo e ou side s see a adi ional a
o m o e en , he mo e i changes and becomes a business.
Fes i al ou ism can be good o he local economy, bu oo
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many isi o s can be bad o he communi y and hei adi ions.
Associa ed Fes i al Planning is a good way o make su e ha
es i al ou ism las s. I uses a simple amewo k o imp o e
sus ainabili y [7].
T a el and ou ism ha e led o imp o emen s in in as uc u e,
especially in de eloping coun ies like India. These
imp o emen s include be e housing, anspo a ion,
elecommunica ions, and sani a ion. O e he yea s,
accommoda ions ha e changed and g own o mee he needs and
wan s o a elle s. T a el and ou ism also p oduce a lo o jobs
in he a eas o died, ho els, anspo a ion, a el agencies, and
ou ope a o s. Fes i al ou ism has become a mo e popula
ou is des ina ion as ou ism has g own a ound he wo ld.
Wo ld he i age si es a e chosen o hos es i als, and hey ge he
help hey need o plan hese e en s [5].
6. Managing esou ces and p o ec ing he en i onmen
Fes i al ou ism in India is a big business, wi h many ou is s
coming o obse e di e en es i als ha honou communi y,
cul u e, and spi i uali y. These es i als a e an excellen way o
lea n abou di e en cul u es because hey celeb a e in hei own
way based on whe e hey a e om [14]. No only does es i al
ou ism aid he ou is indus y, bu i also helps he ag icul u e
indus y, he handic a indus y, and e en he hospi ali y
indus y in he coun y. Fes i al ou ism has a huge e ec on
ou ism in India, and he coun y is well-known o i s many
es i i ies, including Holi, Diwali, Ramzan, Gu upu ab,
Baisakhi, and many mo e. India has a lo o es i als, and hey
a e di e en in each loca ion because o he people who li e
he e and hei adi ions and cul u es. Based on cul u e and
cus om, he e a e many ypes o es i als, such as eligious
es i als, ha es es i als, seasonal es i als, classical dance and
music es i als, ai s and es i als, and na ional es i i ies [15].
Holi is a well-known celeb a ion ha akes place all o e India
in Ma ch, on he ull moon o he mon h o Phalgun. People in
Punjab celeb a e Baisakhi in Ap il, du ing he ha es season, as
hei New Yea . The es i al o ligh s, Diwali, is celeb a ed all
o e he coun y in Oc obe o show ha i ue has won o e
e il. In Islamic cul u e, Ramzan is a holy mon h o as ing ha
inishes wi h he holiday o Eid. The Sikhs celeb a e Gu upu ab,
a majo eligious holiday, o honou he bi h o he Sikh Gu u.
The s a es o Himachal P adesh, U a P adesh, Wes Bengal,
and Ke ala also celeb a e many ai s and es i als.
6.1. Using ene gy, dealing wi h ash, and pollu ion
Con empo a y cul u es con on a signi ican di icul y in he
con amina ion o ai , soil, and wa e [16]. Ci ies all o e he
wo ld a e ha ing a ha d ime dealing wi h he ash ha is piling
up because o people mo ing o ci ies and he ise o
indi idualis ic li es yles. Ou side hei homes, ci ies en e ain
and in i e gues s o linge longe han jus a day [17]. U ban
egions in India p oduce o e 170,000 onnes o was e pe day,
which is abou 62 million onnes a yea . This amoun g ows by
up o 5% each yea . E idence om egional planning indica es
ha such de elopmen s jeopa dise he sus ainabili y o ou ism
and damage he ou is supply chain.
6.2. He i age p ese a ion and ca ie s ages
In India, he i age conse a ion has become mo e impo an in
he las ew decades because o ising u banisa ion, which is
caused by economic expansion and globalisa ion and has
ou paced changes in na ional policy. The link be ween
u banisa ion and he i age conse a ion appea s o be dialec ical;
u banisa ion is equen ly accused o causing he sys ema ic loss
o he i age, while he i age conse a ion is po ayed as being
compa ible wi h economic and u ban expansion. He i age plans
ha emphasise g ow h ha e no wo ked; hey ha e no been able
o keep a chi ec u al s yles and ci y-speci ic adi ions ali e.
Ins ead, many ci ies ha e become homogenised me opoli an
agglome a ions. The b eakdown o adi ional u banism and he
inc easing loss o his o y pu local iden i ies, egional di e si y,
and social cohesion a isk. U ban he i age p o ec ion is
becoming a dis inc policy a ea ha equi es ocus om bo h
na ional and local go e nmen s. Tou ism, a g owing mode n
h ea o he i age conse a ion, makes hese p oblems wo se and
needs o be looked a in he con ex o u banisa ion.
Fes i als equen ly signi y signi ican ans o ma ions in u ban
mo phology. In he i s ce emonial phase, pe o mance zones
a e se up and a basic ci y amewo k is buil o make i easie
o people o do business. The big expansion phase, which is
some imes linked o o sped up by a legacy es i al, b ings new
u ban elemen s like in as uc u es and s uc u es o he ci y and
makes he u ban collage and me amo phosis be e [18]. A e
his phase, s abili y is eached: some u ban elemen s associa ed
wi h he es i al s ay he same, while new u ban s uc u es
become mo e s able. These kinds o pe manen elemen s may be
impo an enough o be p o ec ed. Bu e en a e such a change,
ci ies a e s ill a isk o losing hei u ban he i age.
7. Communi y Pa icipa ion, Go e nance, and Policy
Specialised e en s can help ou ism h i e in cul u al se ings by
gi ing people unique expe iences ha i wi h he local cul u e.
Fes i al ou ism has become a global end ha helps people
lea n abou and app ecia e hei cul u al his o y and ge in ol ed
in hei communi ies, while also spa king con lic s abou whe e
o hold es i als. In his con ex , India has a lo o di e en
es i als ha ha e local meanings, which makes hem qui e
in e es ing o people om o he coun ies.
Fes i al ou ism includes imes when ou is s come om beyond
hei own communi ies o see ce ain cul u al o eligious e en s
[19]. These kinds o e en s a e gene ally based on old Indian
i uals and adi ions, many o which a e no in Sansk i . These
cus oms and adi ions co e a wide a ea o he coun y. The
many es i als ha people can go o in di e en places
encou age es i al ou ism and, a he same ime, make people
mo e awa e o he coun y's cul u al ou is op ions. In India,
es i al ou ism is a mix o a el, cul u e, socie y, and e en
spi i uali y.
Fes i al ou ism is a big pa o Indian ou ism as a whole. India
has changed om ma ke ing i s spi i uali y o showing o i s
mul icul u al cul u e as one o he bigges s ained-glass windows
in he wo ld. The es i e ollowe s in India p o ec his s ained-
glass window by p omo ing, celeb a ing, and p o ec ing Indian
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cul u al his o y. They ca y on his noble objec i e h ough
es i al ou ism, which gi es ou is s om all o e he wo ld a
wide ange o op ions o explo e his as apes y o humani y
[2]. Because India's nume ous egions, cus oms, and adi ions
a e so di e en , each o he coun y's main es i als o e s i s
own cul u al ou ism choices. The no h o he coun y honou s
Lo d Ram and Maha ana P a ap and celeb a es Diwali wi h all
he ea u es o a mode n global oasis. The eas pays homage o
he mo he h ough Du ga Puja, he sou h emembe s he hea -
and-soul-b idging Thaipusam om Tamil cul u e, and he no h-
eas ca e ully ollows he calm o Wangala and Wangala om
he ich cul u e o he Bodo. In addi ion o hese places, se e al
o he Indian s a es and union e i o ies ha e hei own cul u al
ou ism al e na i es based on hei own es i al ou ism
p og ams. They also celeb a e and show o a wide ange o
es i al- ela ed easu es o in e es ed a elle s.
Fes i al ou ism in India unde sco es he impe a i e o co-
pa icipa ion, necessi a ing me iculous a en ion o legisla ion
go e ning igh s, access, and bene i -sha ing among he di e se
s akeholde s engaged in communi y-d i en, cul u e- ocused
es i al ou ism. All he people in ol ed in deciding, planning,
and ca ying ou he es i al's main subjec and designing he
es i al calenda know wha o expec om he es i al and how
o ge eady o i .
7.1. Roles o he go e nmen and policy ools
The Indian go e nmen is e y impo an in planning es i als
ha p omo e ou ism and in e es a ound he wo ld by showing
o he coun y's cul u al he i age. The Minis y o Tou ism is
especially in e es ed in es i al ou ism because o he
"In e na ional Shaheedi Jo Mela o 550 h Bi h Anni e sa y o
S i Gu u Nanak De Ji" and he "In e na ional Ramayana
Fes i al." These e en s ha e been o ganised egula ly and a e
ch onicled online and on social media. The Minis y also gi es
money o 1,459 es i als in India e e y yea . These kinds o
p ojec s b ing in money and d aw in isi o s [7].
Today, he go e nmen and local communi ies wo k oge he o
plan se e al es i als (Depa men o Tou ism, Go e nmen o
India, 2019). In hese si ua ions, local s akeholde s mos ly
decide on he es i al ime able and o he de ails, while
go e nmen s may gi e money a se imes. Local communi ies
a e e y impo an when i comes o a anging es i al ou ism
since hey a ec labou incen i es and local condi ions. Ge ing
local people in ol ed in c ea ing e en s ha celeb a e Indian a ,
cul u e, and cus oms b ings money o he whole communi y.
7.2. Communi y in ol emen and expe iences ha people
make oge he
Du ing eligious holidays, in o mal ge - oge he s le people in
he communi y sha e hei ai h ia che ished adi ions, which
makes hem eel like hey belong and s eng hens hei ies o
each o he . Planning and aking pa in celeb a ions helps people
connec wi h he local cul u e, which makes he celeb a ions
mo e meaning ul o bo h he hos s and he gues s. Local
p ac i ione s expec ou is s o ollow he i es and alues o he
communi y whe e hey a e s aying, which is g ea ly impac ed by
he spi i ual and mo al eachings ound in widely- ead wo ks
ha pilg ims can access.
Emo ional connec ions a e ouchpoin s ha a e o med a e e y
le el o he isi o jou ney. Sha ed iden i ies cul i a ed du ing
es i als a e p e alen in mode n socie y ye emain in ac ,
acili a ing engagemen in p e iously o e looked communal
ac i i ies. People who go o es i als wan o keep hei
connec ion and sha e use ul p ac ices wi h a la ge g oup o
people [20]. These chances we e aken ad an age o on social
media si es long be o e he COVID-19 lockdowns, which made
hem e en mo e use ul. People show ha hey a e engaged by
wan ing o lea n abou p ac ices, cus oms, his o ies, and
ma e ials; helping o c ea e con en ; and being eminded o
p ac ices, es i als, p aye imes, and o e ings.
Go e nmen s ypically ake on he du y o co-c ea ing alone,
a ou ing sc ip ed me hods ha don' mee he eal demands o
isi o s. Communi y-led es i al ou ism, on he o he hand,
c ea es a new model wi h many bene i s. Communi y-guided
ou ism o e s smoo h expe iences ins ead o se ing limi s and
only allowing un du ing ce ain imes. Employees ge aining
ha ocuses on ca ying ou pe sonalised ips ins ead o
ollowing ules.
8. P oblems, dange s, and mo al issues
Fes i al ou ism is g ea a b inging in people, bu i also has
p oblems wi h oo many ou is s and wha happens when ha
happens. Du ing big e en s like Diwali o Holi, i 's eally
impo an o keep an eye on how people ac . People's li elihoods
a e unde mo e p essu e because o he pandemic's job
ins abili y. The p ocess o making e en s appealing o ou side s
o business pu poses may change how people in he a ea see
and app ecia e hem. F equen ad e ising hu s bi hday and
ma iage celeb a ions, bu no adi ional ones like Pongal,
A ukal Pongala, o Dusse a. Du ing imes o ga he ing,
economic and social ac o s become in e wined. Sa e y
p ac ices, eliable ca access, ansi pe mi s, c owd con ol, and
sus ainable managemen o celeb a o y esou ces all ha e a big
e ec on how many ou is s come. The e a e se e al places
whe e you can ge in o ma ion abou gues o e -concen a ion,
c owd a angemen s, and he e ec s on he economy, such as
pos s on he web and in he media. Conce ns abou a lack o
p omo ions and public neglec come up again and again, making
i ha d o ge sponso ships. B eaking hese ques ions down in o
sepa a e g oups makes hem easie o lea n. The main opics a e
c owd managemen , he economy, and mo al issues. Fes i als
lose hei undamen al meaning when he cos o i ems is mo e
impo an han he un o pa icipa ing. Se ing, measu ing, and
esponding o e hical s anda ds du ing es i als helps p o ec he
in eg i y o he i age. The lack o ways o a endees o
pa icipa e makes i ha d o hem o gi e commen s.
T adi ional celeb a ions a e impo an o ou ism and cul u e,
bu i 's ha d o keep adi ion ali e wi hou gi ing in o change
[2].
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8.1. Too many ou is s and how o handle c owds
India is one o he mos popula places o ou is s o isi since
i has a lo o his o y and cul u e. The Indian go e nmen
encou ages cul u al and es i al ou ism as a way o a ac bo h
in e na ional and domes ic ou is s. This is done h ough age-old
es i als and cus oms. Many es i als show o India's ich
cul u al pas by celeb a ing a , hea e, music, dance, ilm, and
mo e. They also pay a lo o money o mee deadlines o
o ganising he e en s, including ad e ising in he ai wi h
balloons and o he hings. I is impo an o plan o hese big
es i als so ha e e y hing goes well. The exci emen and plans
o Holi a e a hei highes poin o all he es i i ies. The
celeb a ion o colou s, Holi, akes place in Ma ch. The e en
eaches i s peak when i s a s o include colou s, dance, ood,
and music.
8.2. Cul u al commodi ica ion and ealness
Fes i als a e e y impo an o building cul u al iden i y and
helping local communi ies. Howe e , adi ional es i als un he
isk o becoming comme cialised, which aises ques ions abou
how eal he expe iences a e o bo h domes ic and in e na ional
isi o s [2]. Also, hose who li e in he a ea may eel le ou o
es i als because hey hink ha ou side g oups a e using hem
o hei own inancial ad an age [22].
Fes i als o e chances o inco po a e sus ainabili y ideas du ing
he planning, he e en i sel , and he ollow-up. Changes in
demand o e ime can cause s uc u al de iciencies, especially in
he employmen ma ke . A lo o u al e en s a e based on socio-
echnical sys ems ha ha e been buil up o e cen u ies o
expe ience. C ea ing new and open ways o he go e nmen ,
p o essional media o s, and local communi ies o sha e igh s
and obliga ions migh encou age a lo o people o ge in ol ed
and help igu e ou how much money is being made. To imp o e
he in e change o cul u e be ween communi ies, we need
planning amewo ks ha honou adi ions while also mee ing
ou side needs.
9. Examples o Bes P ac ices and Case S udies
Fes i al a el is becoming mo e and mo e popula in India.
Fes i al ou ism is when people a el o ake pa in
celeb a ions [1]. The g ow h o es i al ou ism is mos
no iceable in la ge ci ies wi h a lo o his o ical and a chi ec u al
beau y and egional es i als. The common pe son unde s ands
and celeb a es na ional holidays like Independence Day and
Republic Day wi h g ea en husiasm. Holi, Diwali, and Eid a e
all impo an eligious holidays ha a lo o people celeb a e.
Fai s se e many objec i es, bu he mos essen ial one is ha
hey connec people in a close ne wo k ha s e ches o e he
communi ies. The success o hese ai s is good o he illages
because hey le u al businesspeople show o hei goods
wi hou ha ing o pay a lo o anspo a ion o was e ime.
They a e a place o sha e echno-in o ma ic ideas and lea n abou
he newes ools. A epo done by he indus y says ha es i al
a el b ings in a ound $0.5 illion a ound he wo ld, wi h India
con ibu ing $150 million. The celeb a ion las s o a leas six
mon hs in mos Indian s a es, which makes i a g ea ime o
a ac ou is s.
9.1. Tou ism o es i als in No h India
Fes i als a e a big pa o No h India's social, cul u al, and
spi i ual li e. People all h oughou he wo ld celeb a e mos
es i als wi h a lo o exci emen and an a e. Bu hey a e also
honou ed in hei own way in di e en pa s o he coun y,
depending on local cus oms and he way people li e in di e en
communi ies. No h Indian es i als ha e se e al meanings, bu
he unique aspec o mic o-cul u e ha makes hem di e en is
s ill a mys e y. I is impo an o no e ha all communi ies,
ega dless o cas e, c eed, o ace, a e in ol ed in he
celeb a ions ha de ine hem and a e a celeb a ed ha binge o
hei iden i y; hese celeb a ions end o showcase hei
adi ional i uals, eligious belie s, he i age, a s, ood, and
empe amen al cha ac e is ics [1]. The es i als o No h India
show how di e en cul u es can come oge he and app ecia e
one ano he 's di e ences, e en hough hey a e agile and
beau i ul. These es i als show how li ely and di e se he
con inen 's cul u e and socie y a e, and hey ell he s o ies o he
people, a , and cul u e ha a e pa o hem.
9.2. Tou ism o es i als in Sou h and No heas India
Fes i als a e qui e impo an in India, which has mo e han 120
majo ones. The coun y is a beau i ul mix o many e hnici ies,
languages, adi ions, egional a ie y, and ci ilisa ions.
Telangana in he sou h and Manipu in he no heas ha e hei
own unique es i al ou ism iden i ies, which a e celeb a ed wi h
g ea e ou and an a e.
People in Sou h India, especially hose who wo k in ag icul u e,
celeb a e he Sank an i es i al wi h a lo o en husiasm. In
Telangana, Bhogi, Sank an i, and Kanuma a e a beau i ul
sequence o es i als. Women build angolis (deco a i e designs
on he g ound using colou ed powde ) and deco a e hei homes
wi h mango lea es. When Sank an i comes, ladies make a dish
o ice and jagge y and p ay o he God o Rain (Mallesham) and
he Sun God, hanking hem o a good ha es . Hu s made o
lea es a e pu up in on o esidences, which makes he
celeb a ion eel e en mo e es i e. The people o Telangana hen
celeb a e Sank an i, Ba akamma, and o he ag icul u al es i als
while wea ing colou ul clo hes ha ep esen hei cul u e.
Manipu is a s a e in No h Eas India ha celeb a es dis inc i e
es i als, including Yaoshang, Lai Ha aoba, Ningol Chakkouba,
Chei aoba, and o he s ha ha e cul u al and social meaning. The
Yaoshang es i al, which is held on he ull moon o Ma ch
(Kodai), celeb a es he bi h o Lo d K ishna. The Chei aoba
celeb a ion, on he o he hand, ma ks he s a o he New Yea
in he Manipu luna calenda , and people celeb a e by cooking
di e en kinds o ood. On he second day o he New Yea
Celeb a ion, ma ied sis e s a e in i ed o Ningol Chakkouba,
which builds social ies [1].
10. Conclusion
India is an old ci ilisa ion wi h a lo o di e en cul u es and a
lo o his o y. Indian a and es i als show how many cul u es
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and adi ions come oge he . In addi ion o na ional holidays
like Republic Day and Independence Day, he coun y is known
o i s many colou ul es i als ha a e cen ed on he luna
calenda . Holi, Diwali, Eid, and Ch is mas a e some o he
bigges holidays ha show how languages, ai hs, and places
may change how people celeb a e di e en holidays [1]. These
e en s each people abou he a ea's adi ions and show hem
how ich i s cul u e is. People who wo k in es i al ou ism alk
abou he mos impo an hings abou hese e en s. Fes i al
ou ism helps indi iduals and places eel mo e connec ed o each
o he and shows o a cul u e ha people may enjoy in hei ee
ime.
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