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TWO-COMPONENT FERRIMAGNETIC CERAMICS
SYNTHESIZED IN A SOLAR FURNACE
O.T. Rajama o 1, J.Z. She ma o 2, M.Kh. A ipo a3
Ins i u e o Ma e ials Science o he Academy o Sciences o he Republic o Uzbekis an, junio
esea che , PhD doc o al s uden 1
Ins i u e o Ma e ials Science o he Academy o Sciences o he Republic o Uzbekis an, Senio
Resea che , Doc o o Philosophy (PhD)2
Tashken Chemical-Technological Ins i u e, Doc o o Technical Sciences, P o esso 3
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17539017
Abs ac . The i on oxide and calcium phospha e componen s ob ained in he equi ed
p opo ions a e mixed and g ound in a ball mill o 5-8 hou s, hen dehyd a ed and d ied a 300°C,
mixed wi h he addi ion o 6-10% PVS o he mass, blocked and d ied in a MS-100 compac ion
uni wi h a o ce o 30 kN, mel ed in a la ge sola u nace, cooled wi h wa e , g ound o a pa icle
size o 20 μm, dehyd a ed, mixed wi h he addi ion o 6-10% PVS o he mass, molded in a MS-100
compac ion uni wi h a o ce o 30 kN, d ied a 300°C, i ed in a seli e u nace a 1280°C o 15-
16 hou s and cooled a 20-40°C o 4-5 hou s. The esul s show ha e imagne ic ce amics wi h
he componen s Ca3(PO4)2 and Fe2O3 o m phases Fe2,939O4, CaFe2O4, Ca28,8Fe3,2 (PO4)21O0,5, he
pa icle size is less han 20 μm, he p esence o Ca, P, O, Fe elemen s, he Cu ie empe a u e is
740 K and he esis i i y is 3.4*109 Ohm*m.
Keywo ds: i on (III) oxide (Fe2O3), calcium phospha e (Ca3(PO4)2), mixing, g inding,
s uc u al p ope ies, magne ic p ope ies, magne i e, magne iza ion, sola echnology, lux
densi y, esis i i y, syn hesis, quenching, La ge Sola Fu nace, cell pa ame e s, singony, pa icle
size, Cu ie empe a u e.
INTRODUCTION
Fe i es a e e imagne ic ce amics ha combine high magne ic p ope ies and high
esis i i y, and consequen ly, low losses o eddy cu en s, which allows hem o be used in UHF
and mic owa e ields, i.e., whe e me al-so ma e ials canno be used anymo e. This is an
impo an ad an age o e i es o e o he magne ic ma e ials. Fe i es a e complex sys ems o i on
and di alen ( a ely mono alen ) me al oxides, ha ing he gene al o mula MeOFe2O3. The ions
o me al oxides: Ni4+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Li+ and o he s gi e he name e i e. Fo
example, NiO Fe2O3 is nickel e i e, ZnO Fe2O3 is zinc e i e. Fe i es used in echnology a e
also called oxy e i es. Recen ly, e i es wi h he gene al o mula 3Me2O3-5Fe2O3 (whe e Me is
he ion o a wo o h ee- alen me al) ha e been widely used.
The p ope ies o e i es and, acco dingly, p oduc s om hem s ongly depend on hei
composi ion and p oduc ion echnology. In indus y, he simples echnology is used, which
consis s o he sin e ing o oxides a high empe a u e; i consis s o he ollowing. Ini ially, a
e i e powde is p epa ed, consis ing o bu ned oxides o he co esponding me als, inely g ound
and ho oughly mixed. A plas icize (usually a solu ion o poly inyl alcohol) is added o he
powde , and p oduc s o he equi ed shape a e p essed om he esul ing mass unde high p essu e
and i ed a 1100-1400 °C. Du ing he i ing p ocess, e i e, a solid solu ion o oxides, is o med.
A he same ime, sh inkage occu s, which can be 10-20%. I is e y impo an ha he combus ion
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occu s in an oxidizing en i onmen (usually in ai ). The p esence o e en a small amoun o
hyd ogen can cause pa ial educ ion o oxides, which leads o an inc ease in magne ic losses. The
esul ing e i e p oduc s a e ha d and b i le and do no allow o mechanical p ocessing excep
o g inding and polishing [12].
The magne ic and physical p ope ies o e i e depend on he me hodology adop ed o i s
p oduc ion [1]. Usually, e i es a e p oduced by i ing ce amics, which includes high- empe a u e
eac ions be ween hei cons i uen oxides o ca bona es [2]. Chemical me hods such as sol-gel
[3], ci a e-ni a e p ecu so me hod [4], mic owa e annealing [5], chemical co-p ecipi a ion
me hod [6] and o he s a e also used. The magne ic p ope ies a e also in luenced by he
s oichiome ic composi ion o nickel-zinc e i e Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 [7]. Jun Hu and Mi Yang [10]
no ed ha he addi ion o CuO and V2O5 du ing he p epa a ion o NiZn e i e educes he
g anula i y o he aw ma e ial and imp o es he magne ic p ope ies o he e i e ob ained a low
i ing empe a u es in he empe a u e ange o 930-1200 °C. Addi i es such as Cu [11], Mn [10],
and o he s ha e been epo ed o a ec he magne ic p ope ies o NiX e i e.
Fe i es ha e a ace-cen e ed, densely packed cubic la ice, in which oxygen ions o m bo h
e ahed a and oc ahed a, which also pa icipa e in he o ma ion o magne ic p ope ies. In he
cen e o he e ahed on, he e is a me al ion. I his ion is Fe3+, hen he ma e ial has magne ic
p ope ies, o example, nickel (NiOFe2O3) and manganese (MnOFe2O3) e i es. I his ion is Zn2+
o Cd2+, hen magne ic p ope ies a e absen , and a non-magne ic e i e is o med, o example,
zinc (ZnOFe2O3) o cadmium (CdOFe2O3). These phenomena a e explained by he ac ha in
e i es, an indi ec exchange in e ac ion occu s be ween he magne ic momen s o neighbo ing
a oms, which leads o hei an ipa allel o ien a ion. In his ega d, he c ys al la ice o e i es can
be ep esen ed as consis ing in a magne ic a io o wo subla ices wi h opposi e di ec ions o
magne ic momen s o ions (a oms). In magne ic e i e, he magne iza ion o he subla ices is no
he same, he e o e, a o al spon aneous magne iza ion a ises, and in non-magne ic e i e, he o al
magne iza ion is equal o ze o.
Technical e i es a e, as a ule, solid solu ions o magne ic and non-magne ic e i es.
Magne ically so e i es p ima ily include wo g oups o e i es: nickel-zinc and manganese-
zinc, ep esen ing h ee-componen sys ems NiO - ZnO - Fe2O3 and MnO - ZnO - Fe2O3. Non-
magne ic e i es a e added o magne ic ones o inc ease magne ic pe meabili y and educe he
coe ci e o ce. Howe e , a he same ime, he Cu ie empe a u e dec eases [12].
The c ea ion o new ma e ials based on calcium phospha e (Ca3(PO4)2) and i on (III) oxide
(Fe2O3) has unde gone signi ican changes in ecen decades due o echnological p og ess and he
de elopmen o compu a ional me hods. The pu pose o his wo k is o s udy he s uc u e and
p ope ies o wo-componen (Ca3 (PO4)2 and Fe2O3) e imagne ic ce amics syn hesized in a sola
u nace wi h a lux densi y o 200 W/cm2 [8-9].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sola echnologies, unlike adi ional ones, a e cha ac e ized by a high hea ing a e,
allowing o he p oduc ion o inely dispe sed homogeneous ma e ial o high chemical pu i y. A
he same ime, he e i iniza ion p ocess occu s simul aneously in e i e ma e ials. Such ea u es
de e mine he possibili ies o c ea ing imp o ed ce amics, composi es o in e me allic
composi ions, and unc ional-g adien ma e ials. The s oichiome ic quan i ies o he componen ,
calcula ed in mola pe cen ages, and he composi ion we e subjec ed o we mixing and g inding
o a ineness o 63 μm in a ball mill coa ed wi h wa e - esis an and wea - esis an ma e ial. The
mixing and g inding p ocess akes 5-8 hou s, aking in o accoun he a io o aw ma e ials, wa e ,
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and wea - esis an s ones o 1.0:1.2:1.2. The esul ing suspension is dehyd a ed and d ied in d ying
cabine s (Snol) a a empe a u e o 300°C. Then, he d ied mass is mois ened wi h 6-10% PVS
(poly inyl alcohol), and hen o med as a block wi h a o ce o 30 kN on a MS-100 p ess. The
blocks a e d ied in a d ying cabine o ou doo s a oom empe a u e. Block molds a e mel ed in
he La ge Sola Fu nace a a concen a ed low densi y o 200 W/cm2, and he mel ed mass is
cooled using he wa e quenching me hod. The g inding o he ha dened cake is ca ied ou in a
ball mill un il he ma e ial pa icles each a size o 20 μm and hen dehyd a ed. The esul ing
masses a e mixed wi h a 6-10% PVS solu ion (poly inyl alcohol), he mix u e is pou ed in o a
mold and p essed on a MS-100 p ess wi h a o ce o 30 kN and d ied a 300°C. The ma e ial is
i ed in a silicon u nace o 15-16 hou s a a empe a u e o 1280°C and cooled o a empe a u e
o 20-40°C o 4-5 hou s [8-9].
Me hods o s udying he p ope ies o he ob ained e imagne ic ce amics we e used:
scanning elec on mic oscope, X- ay di ac ion, magne ic measu emen s ( he me hod allows
s udying he dependence o speci ic magne iza ion and magne ic suscep ibili y on empe a u e in
small amoun s o subs ances), esis ance measu emen .
RESULTS
Figu e 1 shows a adiog aph (RF) o op imal composi ion. Nume ous dis inc peaks a e
obse ed on i , indica ing he p esence o a c ys alline s uc u e.
Figu e 1. X- ay s uc u al analysis g aph ( -Fe2.939O4, -CaFe2O4, -
Ca28.8Fe3.2(PO4)21O0.5).
The ollowing phases we e o med:
- magne i e (sphe ical), empi ical and chemical o mula Fe2.939O4, cubic c ys al sys em,
cell pa ame e s a (Å): 10.4352, b (Å): 10.4352, c (Å): 37.4029;
- calcium and i on oxide ( ec angula - iangula ), empi ical o mula CaFe2O4 and chemical
o mula Ca (Fe2O4), o ho hombic c ys al sys em, cell pa ame e s a (Å): 9.4052, b (Å): 9.4052, c
(Å): 6.8813;
- calcium and i on phospha e ( e ahed al), empi ical o mula Ca28,8Fe3,2O84,5P21,
chemical o mula Ca28,8Fe3,2(PO4)21O0,5, hexagonal syngony, cell pa ame e s a (Å): 12.8870, b
(Å): 27.2800, c (Å): 15.2190. The di ac ion angle o X- ays is 2θ.
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The image ob ained using a scanning elec on mic oscope is shown in Figu e 2.
Figu e 2. Scanning elec on mic oscope g aph
Inc ease ×2500, pe missible pa icle size 10 μm, pa icle size 5.250 μm, 2.414 μm, 1.167
μm, 0.825 μm, 0.734 μm, main peaks belong o P, Fe, Ca elemen s and ha e in ensi ies om 2 o
6.4 keV. The g aph shows he dis ibu ion o elemen s con i ming he p esence o O, P, Ca, and
Fe. These peaks indica e he composi ion o he sample and i s chemical en i onmen .
Figu e 3 shows an image ob ained using magne ic measu emen s.
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
75 Fe2O3+25Ca3(PO4)2
isi ish
so u ish
s, GsЧ
cm3Ч
g-1
T, K (Ha o a )
Figu e 3. Magne iza ion- empe a u e dependence g aph o e imagne ic ce amics.
I we analyze he g aph o he sample in Figu e 3, he magne iza ion is high a low
empe a u es and g adually dec eases wi h inc easing empe a u e. Wi h an inc ease in empe a u e
o 740 K, he magne iza ion sha ply dec eases and app oaches 0. This co esponds o he ma e ial's
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magne iza ion disappea ance empe a u e, i.e., he Cu ie poin (740 K). The maximum
magne iza ion alue is 105. Consequen ly, a low empe a u es, he ma e ial becomes
e omagne ic, and a high empe a u es, pa amagne ic. The elec ical esis ance o e imagne ic
ce amics was measu ed using he ol -ampe e cha ac e is ic me hod.
CONCLUSION
Summa izing he abo e esul s, i can be seen ha e imagne ic ce amics wi h componen s
Ca3(PO4)2 and Fe2O3 o m phases Fe2,939O4, CaFe2O4, Ca28,8Fe3,2(PO4)21O0,5, he g ain size is less
han 20 μm, he con en o Ca, P, O, Fe, he Cu ie empe a u e is 740 K, and he esis i i y is
3.4*109 Ohm*m.
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