In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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QREAM: QR-code Eme gency Assis an Model
Abdullah A Sheikh
Compu e Science Depa men College o Compu e s and In o ma ion Technology, Tai Uni e si y,
Tai , Kingdom o Saudi A abia.
ABSTRACT: Using a Quick Response (QR) code has been sp ead o e mos applica ions, such as egis a ion, comme cial, and
e i ica ion pu poses. Eme gency si ua ions need a quick and e ec i e ac ion plan including communica ion, iden i ica ion, and
ull da a access o p o ide u gen assis an . In Saudi A abia, he Hajj e en simila cases migh occu . As a esul o ha , a quick
esponse plan is needed o p o ide assis an in eme gency si ua ions o pilg ims.
The aim o his pape is o in oduce and o desc ibe an eme gency assis an model based on using QR-Code (QREAM). In addi ion,
his pape will discuss he model design and analyse he esul s o using he QREAM.
KEYWORDS: QR-code, Model, Quick Response, Iden i ica ion, Hajj Applica ions.
INTRODUCTION
The use o he Quick Response (QR) code has been widely sp ead in mos applica ions, such as he en olmen p ocess, comme cial
ad e ising, and o e i ica ion pu poses [4].
Secu i y and iden i ica ion a e i al uses o he QR code, as i p o ides mo e in o ma ion when equi ed wi h mo e accu a e da a
han o he echnologies such as ba codes [4] [14].
In ligh wi h Saudi ison 2030, All se ices in Kingdom o Saudi A abia mus be p o ided wi h a e y high expec a ions o accu acy,
speed, and secu e. A e y special se ice p o ided in Hajj is a combina ion o all sec o s wo k oge he o his aim. Hajj and Um ah
seasons equi ed di e en ypes o se ices such as anspo a ion, heal h managemen , in o ma ion guidance, loca ion o
accommoda ion and places, and iden i ica ion. As a esul , he Saudi A abian go e nmen has published many au ho ised applica ions
o di e en sec o s o acili a e he Hajj and Um ah seasons [9] [16].
The ga he ing o pilg ims in Hajj is ex emely conce ning o he Saudi go e nmen , especially he Minis y o Hajj. This needs
di e en ways o apply o con ol he c owd and moni o o ollow a e y la ge numbe o pilg ims in Hajj.
Heal h is a i al issue ha is also a huge conce n o he Saudi go e nmen , and he Minis y o Heal h has de eloped se e al s a egies
and echnologies o se e pilg ims while hey a e in Makkah doing Hajj and Um ah [18] [13].
This pape in oduces he QR code Eme gency Assis an Model (QREAM) ha will p o ide an assis an o help moni o pilg ims
du ing he Hajj using a unique QR code o each pilg im.
The pape is o ganised as ollows. Sec ion II gi es an o e iew o he QR code.
Nex , Sec ion III se es as a e iew o he esea ch li e a u e o p esen he impac o using QR code, hen Sec ion IV explains he
esea ch me hodology o he new model. Then, Sec ion V discusses he esea ch esul s and esea ch inding. Finally, i concludes
wi h an explana ion o he need o de elop he QREAM.
BACKGROUND
This sec ion se es as a backg ound and p o ides a gene al iew o QR code and includes ypes o QR code and QR code s uc u e
and all ea u es ha a e in ol ed in he use o QR code echnology.
The e sion o he QR code symbol has e sions anging om e sion 1 o e sion 40 [7]. In addi ion, QR code echnology can s o e
di e en ypes o da a such as pe sonal in o ma ion, web page add ess, bank accoun s, and e y impo an da a [8]. The size and
capaci y o he in o ma ion ha can be e ie ed a e di e en om one QR Code e sion o ano he [17]. In addi ion, using QR code
echnology makes e ie ing da a and in o ma ion as e han o he simila echnologies due o he numbe o modules used in he
QR code symbol [19].
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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TYPE OF QR CODE
The QR code echnology has been ca ego ised in o i e ca ego ies ha help o decide he main pu pose o using he QR code, hese
ca ego ies a e lis ed as ollows [11]:
1) QR code Model 1 and Model 2: which decides he e sion o QR code used.
2) Mic o QR code: o using a single de ec ion pa e n o educe he size o QR code.
3) iQR code: used o s o e mo e in o ma ion using 2D ma ix code.
4) Secu e QR code (SQRC): To use a QR code wi h secu i y ea u es ha a e needed o sensi i e in o ma ion.
5) F ame QR: i s de eloped as wo dimensional (2D) code wi h a blank can as a ea o keep he design and da a.
QR code is de ined as a se o black and whi e do s ha s o es a lo o in o ma ion ha can be accessed quickly using he QR code
eade using he came a o a sma de ice, hen i can e ie e he equi ed in o ma ion accu a ely. see he QR code s uc u e [6]
in Figu e 1. as he ollowing:
1) Ve sion In o ma ion
2) Sepa a ion
3) Timing Pa e n
4) Fo ma In o ma ion
5) Da a and E o Co ec ion
6) Quie Zone
7) Alignmen Pa e n
8) Posi ion De ec ion Pa e n
Figu e 1. QR code S uc u e
RELATED WORK
This sec ion discusses he ela ed wo k o using he QR code. In addi ion, i p esen s some echnologies and mos common applica ions
ha a e used in Saudi A abia in Hajj.
Hajj is he i h pilla o Islam and Muslims a e obliged o do once in hei li e i i is a o dable [12], Saudi go e nmen pu a lo
o e o s o make he Hajj season com o able, sa e, and secu e wi h all se ices needed such as heal h se ices and anspo a ion
se ices.
So, i is no abou wo shipping, i is abou whole sec o s wo king oge he o each a sa is ac o y le el o all he people in ol ed
in all hajj se ices. As a esul , many se ices ha e been in oduced om one yea o ano he , and se e al de elopmen s o all
Minis ies sec o s a e wo king in hajj. These sec o s a e including Secu i y Minis y, Heal h Minis y, T anspo a ion Minis y, e c
[20]. i ’s a big challenge [21].
Hajj applica ions b ing g ea impo ance in helping pilg ims in he e en o any heal h issues o being los . The e o e, any use s
o employees can scan hei code and iden i y pilg ims' in o ma ion o p o ide assis an o hem quickly.
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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SUMMARY OF THE MOST COMMON HAJJ APPLICATIONS
The e a e many hajj applica ions ha ha e been de eloped, and each applica ion has a di e en echnology o manage pilg im a el,
pilg im iden i ica ion, and heal h obse a ion.
The ollowing is a b ie desc ip ion o some o hese applica ions.
• QR Codes in Religious Tou ism:
QR eade has been e ec i ely used in de eloping a websi e as a ou is guide o help pilg ims in Makkah Saudi A abia.
The websi e helps o p o ide he use wi h all he in o ma ion and s eps o he pilg im, in addi ion o explaining how o
na iga e be ween se e al si es by cap u ing QR codes [2].
• Hajj Guide:
Hajj Applica ion is an applica ion ha p o ides essen ial se ices o pilg ims and employees du ing he Hajj. I wo ks by
scanning QR codes o gi e di e en ypes o se ice loca ion, and o display in o ma ion abou pilg ims. Mo eo e , i allows
many ea u es, such as cha ing wi h pilg ims. Mo eo e , i helps pilg ims in eme gency si ua ions and i an acciden occu s
[15].
• Hajj Applica ion:
Hajj Applica ion is an applica ion ha p o ides essen ial se ices o pilg ims and employees du ing he Hajj. I wo ks by
scanning QR codes o gi e di e en ypes o se ice loca ion, and o display in o ma ion abou pilg ims. Mo eo e , i allows
many ea u es, such as cha ing wi h pilg ims. Mo eo e , i helps pilg ims in eme gency si ua ions and i an acciden occu s
[9].
• Manasikana:
Manasikana applica ions is one o he applica ions ha ha e been p o ided by he Minis y o Hajj. This applica ion is used
o ead he QR code in he elec onic b acele o ge pilg im in o ma ion in hospi als [18].
• Mobile App QR de ec o o pilg ims su e ing in Hajj:
This mobile app is designed o gene a e a QR code o each pilg im, bu can only be ead by an au ho ised pe son ia he
mobile app in eme gency si ua ions [1].
• HajjLoca o :
The Hajj c owd acking sys em in a widesp ead en i onmen uses an SOS mechanism o ack and moni o pilg ims du ing
Hajj, bu his app can only de ec i any pilg im is missing om he Hajj compound [10].
• Wi eless Senso Ne wo ks o Pilg ims T acking:
This sys em is based on acking pilg ims using a ne wo k senso using Wi-Fi echnology [5]. In case o eme gency, he
pilg im can u n on an ala m using he mobile applica ion o eques help. Then he sys em will loca e he pilg im loca ion
h ough he app.
• Pilg ims "Hajj" T acking Sys em (e-Mu awwi ):
This sys em uses GPS loca o o guide pilg ims du ing hei ip o do Hajj. Bu in an eme gency si ua ion, he supe iso
mus ha e he obse a ion o loca e a los pilg im [3].
Mos o he echnology used in Hajj is o help pilg ims, such as di ec ions, speci y he loca ion, Hajj guide, moni o ing, and acking
pilg ims.
Howe e , he QREAM adds a se ice o help pilg ims iden i y hei iden i y o ind hei supe iso o medical assis an in case
o eme gency in a medical si ua ion o i hey ge los . Tha will allow people a ound hem om employees o o he pilg ims o
p o ide assis an using he QR code.
In e ms o a ailabili y, he echnologies used in Hajj may ha e some p oblems in p o iding p ecise da a o loca ion. Due o some
issues such as connec ing o poo signals o co e age.
As a esul , he use o he QR code o p o ide da a o in o ma ion will be as e and mo e secu e han o he echnologies.
THE QREAM
This sec ion p esen s he QR code Eme gency Assis an Model QREAM and i s componen s. Also, i explains how he model sys em
and he sys em lowcha o show how all p ocesses wo k s a wi h he egis a ion s age o he iden i ica ion s age. A e ha , i
shows he c i e ia ha we e conside ed o his model.
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QREAM di ides in o wo main s ages, he egis a ion s age and he iden i ica ion s age, each s age including some equi ed s eps.
Then, i explains he QREAM s eps needed o each QREAM s ages.
A. QREAM S ages:
The QREAM model consis s o wo s ages, he i s s age is he egis a ion s age and he second s age is he iden i ica ion s age, see
Figu e 2. Each s age has been di ided in o di e en s eps as he ollowing:
Figu e 2. QREAM S ages
1. Regis a ion s age:
Fi s , he egis a ion s age s a s when he au ho i ies ga he all pa icipan da a a e hei a i al in Saudi A abia, hen hey
inish by gene a ing he QR code and p o iding he sou ce o he QR code such as image, ags, b acele s, o any digi al o ms
o each pa icipan . Fo his s age, see Figu e 3. includes he ollowing s eps wi h mo e de ails:
1.1. Ga he ing In o ma ion: he au ho i ies ake esponsibili ies o ge in o ma ion o all pa icipan s and egis e hei da a
in he sys em.
1.2. Gene a e QR Code: A e ga he ing in o ma ion, au ho i ies will gene a e he QR code using QR code gene a o s
o ensu e ha each pa icipan has a unique QR code linked o his pe sonal da a.
1.3. Link In o ma ion: A e ha , hey link he gene a ed QR code wi h he pa icipan eco d wi h ags, images, b acele s
wi h he QR code, o any digi al o ms.
1.4. P o ide QR Code: Finally, hey p o ide all pa icipan s wi h hei pe sonal QR code in any o m such as ags, images,
b acele s, o digi al o ms.
Figu e 3. Regis a ion S age
2. Iden i ica ion s age:
A e he egis a ion s age, he e will be some s eps in ol ed in he iden i ica ion s age o using he QREAM, and as equi ed
o any inciden s ha could occu , see Figu e 4. These s eps will be as ollows:
2.1. Scan QR code: Scan he QR code o a pa icula pa icipan using a came a on a sma de ice.
2.2. Compa e: The QREAM compa es and p ocesses he QR code and inds he linked in o ma ion.
2.3. Re ie e: The QREAM e ie es da a equi ed o help and iden i y he pa icipan .
Figu e 4. Iden i ica ion S age
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B. QREAM C i e ia:
This sec ion p o ides QREAM c i e ia and compa isons be ween simila echnology used in he same ields.
The QREAM model has conside ed he ollowing six main c i e ia o ensu e be e eliabili y o he echnology used, see Figu e 5.
These six c i e ia a e compa able be ween he di e en echnologies ha a e used o he same pu pose.
Figu e 5. QREAM C i e ia
1) Con iden iali y: means ha mos i al in o ma ion, such as e y p i a e pa icipan 's da a, should only be isible o
an au ho ised pe son who scans he QR code.
This ea u e is implemen ed in he sys em by c ea ing a passwo d o each use 's accoun o p e en anyone else om seeing
hei p i a e da a wi hou au ho isa ions.
2) A ailabili y: means ha he in o ma ion is a ailable e e y ime he QR code has been scanned.
3) T acking in o ma ion: means ha he way and he sou ce o e ie ing pa icipan s da a is e i ied and eliable.
4) Feasibili y: means ha he ope a ional and echnical cos o using he QR code is e y low. I depends on implemen ing
o eading o scanning he QR code ea u e in any sma de ice. Then i equi es au ho isa ion me hod o access o all
pa icipan 's da a o i jus how e ie es gene al in o ma ion ha is needed o help he pa icipan s in he speci ic si ua ion.
5) Usabili y: means ha he use abili y o unde s and and scan he QR code is e y easy. This ea u e is implemen ed in
he sys em by designing simple and unde s andable in e aces.
Table 1. Technologies C i e ia Fea u es Compa isons
Fea u es
SnapTags
Image
Recogni ion
Blue oo h
Beacons
QREAM
Con iden iali y
No
No
No
Yes
A ailabili y
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
In o ma ion Re ie al
Tags
Images
Blue oo h signals
QR code
Da a Access
Yes
No
No
Yes
Feasibili y
Low
High
High
Low
Usabili y
Easy
Medium
Medium,
Easy
Table 1. shows he mos common compa ison c i e ia be ween QREAM and o he echnologies ha ha e simila i ies and a e used
o e ie e cus ome in o ma ion. Some ea u es a e ela ed o secu i y issues, and o he s a e ela ed o he ime o e ie e he
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in o ma ion and he amoun o da a i can access. These ea u es a e Con iden iali y, A ailabili y, In o ma ion Re ie al, Da a
Access, Feasibili y, and Usabili y [11].
F om Table 1. he QR-Code echnology used in he QREAM is he mos secu e echnology o ob aining and accessing sensi i e
in o ma ion, as i acks in o ma ion wi hou e o s, hus ob aining comp ehensi e da a on use beha iou and knowledge o he
se ices hey need.
Also, his QR code echnology is a ailable a any ime and place and use s can ely on i o mee hei di e en needs. In addi ion
o being easy o use and a well-known echnology o a la ge numbe o use s and gi ing accu acy in he esul s o iden i ying
he de ails o use s such as hei loca ion o he diseases hey su e om, and hus helping hem quickly and in he eal ime.
In addi ion, he use o QREAM allows access o di e en ypes o da a wi h di e en classi ica ions, such as gene al da a o
p i a e and links o web pages o au hen ica e he each o he equi ed da a.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This sec ion p esen s he esul s and analysis o using he QREAM.
The numbe o use s ha scan he QR code has inc eased in ecen yea s [15] due o he g ow h o he numbe o applica ions
de eloped using he QR code and using he QR code is he easies way o pilg ims o use.
Mos o he wo k shows ha echnology is used, bu in di e en ways. This model wo ks on he pilg im side o help hem iden i y
hei as es way o guide hem o o p o ide an assis an o pilg ims.
In Hajj, se ices wi h QR code echnology ge a be e e iew a e compa ed o simila se ices, see Figu e 6.
Figu e 6. QR code applica ion Re iew Ra e compa ed o o he applica ions adap ed om [15]
App oaches wi h QREAM show highes a e o (4.72) ha he QR code could p o ide he se ice o old pilg ims and child en
easily, because hey jus need o scan he QR code o anyone can scan i o help hem. In addi ion, adding he QREAM o cu en
applica ion will help maximise he bene i s o he se ices in bo h sides pilg ims and au ho i ies. Fo pilg ims, hey can scan he
QR code o ge assis an in any si ua ion including eme gency. Fo he au ho i ies, hey can ack pilg ims anywhe e using hei
QR code eco ds o o employees in Hajj o p o ide help o pilg ims.
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CONCLUSION
This pape has desc ibed he Quick Response Eme gency Assis an Model (QREAM). I has p esen ed an o e iew o QREAM
each s ep in each s age. In addi ion, i p esen ed he six main c i e ia o he QREAM. In addi ion, i showed how he QREAM will
wo k a e submi ing he pa icipan s' da a and linking hem wi h he gene a ed QR code.
Then i explained how he da a will be iden i ied using a simple example o eal li e use in se ices such as using he QR code du ing
hajj season in Saudi A abia. Finally, i has shown how impo an i is o use. The QREAM as a se ice o p o ide eme gency
assis an s o pa icipan s, such as child en and elde ly people, and especially o hose wi h a medical condi ion.
Iden i ica ion is an impo an use o he QR code, as i allows mo e in o ma ion o be ead and is as e and mo e accu a e han o he
echnologies. This pape has in oduced QREAM and i s wo s ages and he six c i e ia conside ed by he model.
Analysing he esul s o using QREAM wi h app oaches ha use QR code echnology p o ides be e se ices, including a ailabili y
and secu i y.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The esea che would like o acknowledge he Deanship o Scien i ic Resea ch, Tai Uni e si y o unding and suppo ing his
wo k.
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