Open Music Observatory

Open Music Obse a o y
Building an open da a sha ing space o he Eu opean music sec o
Daniel An al, CFA Ba á , Ando Ko nél Lázá , Ádám
Mes e , Anna Má a
2025-07-31
Table o con en s
Open Music Obse a o y 6
Disclaime o Wa an ies................................. 6
Glossa y 8
Music e ms........................................ 8
C ea o so musicalwo ks ............................. 9
Da ascience e ms.................................... 10
Da ap o ec ion e ms .................................. 14
Da a cu a ion and collec ion e ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
S a is ical e ms ..................................... 15
Regis e s, au ho i ies, s anda ds and iden i ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
O ganisa ions....................................... 19
O he abb e ia ions ................................... 20
Execu i e Summa y 22
1 In oduc ion 25
2 Backg ound & Concep 27
2.1 His o y o he Music Obse a o y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 OpenMusicDa aspace............................... 29
2.2.1 Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.2 Emb aceopen ............................... 31
2.2.3 Open Music Da aspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 P o o yping in Slo akia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 S akeholde p esen a ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 O he obse a o ies................................. 34
2.5.1 Feasibili ys udy .............................. 34
2.5.2 Milk ma ke obse a o y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.3 Eu opean Audio isual Obse a o y (EAO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5.4 Eu opean Obse a o y on In ingemen s o In ellec ual P ope y
Righ s(EUIPO) .............................. 36
2.5.5 Eu opean Ma ke Obse a o y o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e P od-
uc s(EUMOFA) .............................. 37
3 Co e Se ices 39
3.1 Collec : Da a Cu a ion & Collec ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Mic oda a, Collec ions, Reco ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.2 P ima y da a collec ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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3.1.3 Me ada a .................................. 45
3.1.4 S a is ical indica o s and da ase s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 P ocess ....................................... 46
3.2.1 P ocessing & e-p ocessing mic oda a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.2 Documen a ion............................... 48
3.3 Dissemina e..................................... 49
3.3.1 EU Open Da a Po al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.2 Eu opeana and he Eu opean Collabo a i e Cloud o Cul u al He i age 50
3.3.3 Eu opean Open Science Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4 Me ada a ...................................... 53
3.4.1 Wikibase & Wikida a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.2 Music Obse a o y Websi e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.3 APIEndpoin ................................ 55
4 Da a Ca alogue 56
4.1 Collec ionGuidelines................................ 57
4.2 TopicalPilla s ................................... 59
4.2.1 MusicEconomy............................... 60
4.2.2 MusicDi e si y............................... 62
4.2.3 MusicSocie y................................ 63
4.2.4 Inno a ion.................................. 64
4.2.5 Sus ainabili y................................ 64
5 Da a Sou ces 65
5.1 Cu a ion o eusable da a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1.1 Cu a ion om da a endo s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.1.2 No elda aasse s.............................. 68
5.2 Da ap o ide s ................................... 68
6 S anda disa ion o Da a & Te minology 70
6.1 Businessp ocesses ................................. 70
6.2 Concep ual and in o ma ion models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.3 Iden i ica ion & En i y Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.3.1 Regis e s & Au ho i y Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.2 Open and pe sis en iden i ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.3.3 No open, music-indus y speci ic iden i ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.3.4 Ly ics .................................... 77
6.3.5 ISCC .................................... 77
6.3.6 OMOIden i ie s .............................. 78
7 Da a Imp o emen & Inno a ion 79
7.1 Value-Added Da a Se ices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.1.1 Da aSha ing................................ 79
7.1.2 Fix- he-da a ................................ 80
7.1.3 Da aLinking ................................ 80
7.1.4 Regis a ion se ices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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7.2 UseCases...................................... 82
7.2.1 Da a Heal h Se ices o Collec i e Managemen . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2.2 Sus ainabili y Repo ing o Music O ganisa ions . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.2.3 Lis enLocal................................. 85
7.2.4 Unlabel ................................... 86
7.3 Useo AIsys ems ................................. 87
8 Conclusions & Nex S eps: Towa ds a Eu opean Music Obse a o y 90
8.1 Co-c ea ing a go e nance model o he Obse a o y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.1.1 Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.1.2 Open Music Da a Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2 Bo om-up expansion o he Obse a o y in a ede a ion model . . . . . . . . 93
8.3 P ac ical nex s eps in he p ojec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Re e ences 97
Appendices 102
Annex 1 - S akeholde p o ile da a shee o he Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k 102
...............................................102
Open Music Da a Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Annex 2 - Da a Cu a o s Manuals 104
Inspi a ion ........................................105
Basic Da a O ganisa ion Concep s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Unde s anding he Da a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Wo kingwi h heGUI..................................108
Sandboxen i onmen ..................................108
Massimpo ing......................................109
Da aen ichmen .....................................109
Quali y Tes ing wi h SPARQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Te minology 111
Mappingguidelines....................................111
Musicp o essionals.................................111
Musicalwo ks....................................112
Sound eco dings..................................112
Li epublicpe o mance ..............................112
SKCMDb: Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase 113
The Slo ak Me ada a Da abase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (public) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (p i a e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Mic oda a......................................115
S a is ical Da a & Da a Ca alogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Publica ions & Ca alogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
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Lī MDb: Li onian Music Da abase 118
The Li onian Me ada a Da abase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Li onian Music Da abase (public) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Li onian Music Da abase (p i a e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Mic oda a......................................120
S a is ical Da a & Da a Ca alogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Publica ions & Ca alogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
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Open Music Obse a o y
Disclaime o Wa an ies
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon Eu ope, esea ch
and inno a ion p og amme, unde G an Ag eemen No. 101095295. This documen has
been p epa ed by Open Music Eu ope (OpenMusE) p ojec pa ne s as an accoun o wo k
ca ied ou wi hin he amewo k o his con ac .
Any dissemina ion o esul s mus indica e ha i e lec s only he au ho ’s iew and ha
he Commission Agency is no esponsible o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion
i con ains. Nei he P ojec Coo dina o , no any signa o y pa y o Open Music Eu ope
(OpenMusE) P ojec Conso ium Ag eemen , no any pe son ac ing on behal o any o
hem:
(a) makes any wa an y o ep esen a ion wha soe e , exp ess o implied,
(i). wi h espec o he use o any in o ma ion, appa a us, me hod, p ocess, o simila
i em disclosed in his documen , including me chan abili y and i ness o a pa icula
pu pose, o
(ii). ha such use does no in inge on o in e e e wi h p i a ely owned igh s, includ-
ing any pa y’s in ellec ual p ope y, o
(iii). ha his documen is sui able o any pa icula use ’s ci cums ance; o
(b) assumes esponsibili y o any damages o o he liabili y wha soe e (including any
consequen ial damages, e en i P ojec Coo dina o o any ep esen a i e o a signa o y
pa y o he Open Music Eu ope (OpenMusE) P ojec Conso ium Ag eemen , has
been ad ised o he possibili y o such damages) esul ing om you selec ion o use
6
o his documen o any in o ma ion, appa a us, me hod, p ocess, o simila i em
disclosed in his documen .
Fo he e sion his o y o his documen , please e e o ou open eposi o y, whe e he
change his o y can be e iewed wi h imes amps o e e y single ile used o c ea e he
epo : h ps://gi hub.com/da aobse a o y-eu/open-music-obse a o y
7
Glossa y
Music e ms
audio eco ding: ixa ion o sounds (ISO 2019b)
music ideo eco ding: ixa ion o sounds synch onized wi h pic u es o mo ing pic u es
whe e (a) he ixed sounds a e wholly o subs an ially a musical pe o mance o (b) he
eco ding is in ended o iewing in associa ion wi h a eco ding o a musical pe o mance.
This de ini ion includes music ideos and conce eco dings, oge he wi h music- ela ed
in e iews and documen a ies, bu does no ex end o gene a! audio isual ma e ial, e en i
i includes music.(ISO 2019b)
eco ding: esul o a eco ding p ocess independen o he ype and numbe o audio o
audio isual ca ie s and echnology used
No e 1 o en y: The e m “ eco ding” applies o each eco ded i em which may be used as
a sepa a e uni ega dless o whe he i is issued as pa o a la ge eco ded wo k (e.g. each
sepa a e ack on an album o audio eco dings). [SOURCE:ISO 3901:2001, de ini ion 3.3]
(ISO 2017b)
wo k: dis inc , abs ac c ea ion o he mind whose exis ence is e ealed h ough one o
mo e exp essions (e.g. a pe o mance) o mani es a ions (e.g. an objec ) (ISO 2022)
musical wo k: composed o a combina ion o sounds, wi h o wi hou accompanying ex
(ISO 2022)
DSP o digi al s eaming pla o m: Digi al se ice p o ide s (DSPs), o Digi al S eam-
ing Pla o ms a e companies o o ganisa ions ha p o ide access o se ices online. DSPs
can p o ide access o music downloads, like Apple’s iTunes S o e, o access o s eaming mu-
sic like Spo i y, o e en p o ide sa elli e-deli e ed con en such as Si iusXM in he USA.
igh s managemen (o ganisa ions): he unc ion o managing he igh s on behal o
igh s owne s. I can be companies whose sole pu pose is o ensu e ha con en ha
has been licensed has deli e ed oyal ies ha a e iden i ied and accoun ed o . The ole
can be aken by collec i e managemen o ganisa ions o by p i a e companies on behal o
songw i e s, compose s, pe o me s, music publishe s, o eco d labels.
du a ion: he elapsed playing ime be ween he i s and las eco ded modula ions o he
eco ding.
LP o Long Playe : g amophone eco d usually on bo h sides comp ising one o mo e sound
eco dings wi h a playing ime o each side o no mally ound abou 30 minu es and eleased
and sold on i s own (ISO 2017b)
8
single: g amophone eco d usually on bo h sides comp ising one o wo sho sound eco d-
ings wi h a playing ime o each side o no mally no mo e han 7 minu es and eleased and
sold on i s own (ISO 2017b)
ack: single eco ding on a sound ca ie (ISO 2017b)
o iginal e sion: The i s es ablished o m o a wo k. (ISO 2022)
medley: A con inuous and sequen ial combina ion o exis ing wo ks o exce p s. (ISO
2022)
po pou i: A composi e wo k wi h he addi ion o o iginal ma e ial which ha e been
combined o o ma new wo k ha has been published and p in ed. (ISO 2022)
mo emen : A p incipal di ision o a musical wo k. (ISO 2022)
o iginal i le: A i le gi en o he wo k by i s c ea o (s) shown in i s o iginal language.
(ISO 2022)
o mal i le: A s anda dized i le in which he elemen s a e a anged in a p e-de e mined
o de , such as i les c ea ed o classical wo ks. (ISO 2022)
exp ession: in ellec ual o a is ic ealisa ion o one and only one wo k
No e: may ake he o m o a no a ion , sound, image, objec , mo emen o ex (ISO
2017b)
mani es a ion: physical embodimen o an exp ession (ISO 2017b)
C ea o s o musical wo ks
a ange : The au ho , o one o he au ho s, o an adap ed ex o a musical wo k. (ISO
2022)
au ho : The c ea o , o one o he c ea o s, o he ex o a musical wo k. (ISO 2022)
En i led o au ho s’ igh o copy igh .
compose : The c ea o , o one o he c ea o s, o he musical elemen s o a musical wo k.
(ISO 2022) En i led o au ho s’ igh o copy igh .
ly icis : The au ho o he ex o a musical wo k, o a li e a y ex ha is a anged
oge he wi h a musical wo k. En i led o au ho s’ igh o copy igh .
pe o me : The pe o me o a musical wo k; in case o a sound eco ding, he pe o me
whose pe o mance is ixed in he eco ding. They may be en i led o neighbou ing o sound
eco ding copy igh s.
p oduce : The pe son o legal en i y ha p oduces he eco ded ixa ion o he sound
eco ding. They a e en i led o neighbou ing o sound eco ding copy igh s.
9
asse s, emphasising machine-ac ionabili y (i.e., he capaci y o compu a ional sys ems o
ind, access, in e ope a e, and euse da a wi h none o minimal human in e en ion.)
indica o : he ep esen a ion o s a is ical da a o a speci ied ime, place o any o he
ele an cha ac e is ic, co ec ed o a leas one dimension (usually size) so as o allow o
meaning ul compa ison.
mic oda a: non‐agg ega ed obse a ions o measu emen s o cha ac e is ics o indi idual
uni s, wi hou di ec iden i ie .
MVP o minimum iable p oduc : a e sion o a wo k p oduc wi h jus enough ea u es
and equi emen s o sa is y ea ly cus ome s and/o p o ide eedback o u u e de elopmen
[SOURCE:IEEE 2675-2021, 3.1]
obse a ion uni : an iden i iable en i y abou which da a can be ob ained, i is also o en
called a s a is ical uni o da a subjec in case o a na u al pe son.
Open Policy Analysis Guidelines: a se o in o ma ion managemen ules o make policy
analysis mo e anspa en .
pe sonal da a: any in o ma ion ela ing o an iden i ied o iden i iable na u al pe son.
pseudonymisa ion: p ocessing o pe sonal da a in such a manne ha he pe sonal da a can
no longe be a ibu ed o a speci ic da a subjec wi hou he use o addi ional in o ma ion.
su ey: a sys ema ic examina ion and eco d o a physical o social a ea and i s ea u es
so as o cons uc a map, plan, o desc ip ion. In social sciences i usually e e s o a
well-s uc u ed ques ionnai e and answe s gi en o i s i ems by a a ge popula ion.
s a is ics: quan i a i e and quali a i e, agg ega ed and ep esen a i e in o ma ion cha -
ac e ising a collec i e phenomenon in a conside ed popula ion.
isualisa ions: schema ic cha s, d awings, pho og aphs, and hei collages will as s ill
image iles ha help o explain he ela ionship be ween in o ma ion ca ie s, da a poin s,
o p ocesses.
Regis e s, au ho i ies, s anda ds and iden i ie s
IČO: The o ganisa ion iden i ica ion numbe (IČO) is an iden i ie assigned o all ypes o
legal en i ies, en ep eneu s and public au ho i ies by he S a is ical Office o he Slo ak
Republic. The Czech Republic’s o ganisa ion iden i ie is also called IČO.
OpenCo po a es: a public co po a ion da abase which sou ces da a om na ional business
egis ies.
ISNI: an ISO ce i ied global s anda d numbe o iden i ying he millions o con ibu o s
o c ea i e wo ks and hose ac i e in hei dis ibu ion.
VIAF: The Vi ual In e na ional Au ho i y File (VIAF) is an in e na ional se ice ha
consolida es mul iple name au ho i y iles in o a single da abase. Thei p ima y goal is
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o enhance he efficiency and usabili y o lib a y au ho i y iles by linking and me ging
widely used au ho i y eco ds and making hem accessible online.
VIAF ID: The VIAF (Vi ual In e na ional Au ho i y File) combines mul iple name au ho -
i y iles in o a single OCLC-hos ed name au ho i y se ice.
ISRC: The In e na ional S anda d Reco ding Code (ISRC) is a s anda d iden i ying code
ha can be used o iden i y sound eco dings and music ideo eco dings so ha each such
eco ding can be e e ed o uniquely and unambiguously.
ISWC: The pu pose in c ea ing an ISWC o musical wo ks is o enable mo e efficien ad-
minis a ion o igh s o hose wo ks on a wo ldwide basis. The ISWC p o ides an efficien
means o iden i ying musical wo ks in compu e da abases and ela ed documen a ion and
o he exchange o in o ma ion be ween igh s socie ies, publishe s, eco d companies and
o he in e es ed pa ies on an in e na ional le el.
ISBN: he In e na ional S anda d Book Numbe is an iden i ica ion sys em o he publishing
indus y and i s supply chains.
ISMN: The In e na ional s anda d music numbe (ISMN) was de eloped by, and o , he
music publishing sec o as a sepa a e sys em o complemen he In e na ional s anda d
book numbe (ISBN). The exis ence o he ISMN as a sepa a e iden i ie sys em makes i
possible o iden i y p in ed and no a ed music as a dis inc ca ego y o publica ion wi hin he
global supply chain and o de elop ade di ec o ies and simila se ices o he specialized
ma ke o music publica ions.
ISCC: The In e na ional S anda d Con en Code (ISCC) is an iden i ie o nume ous ypes
o digi al asse s.
DOI: The Digi al Objec Iden i ie is a s anda dised unique numbe gi en o many (bu no
all) a icles, pape s and books, by some publishe s, o iden i y a pa icula publica ion.
ORCID: he Open Resea che and Con ibu o ID is a unique, pe sis en iden i ie ee o
cha ge o esea che s.
URI: A Uni o m Resou ce Iden i ie (URI) is a s ing o cha ac e s used o iden i y a esou ce
on he in e ne . This esou ce can be ei he abs ac o physical, such as a websi e, an email
add ess, o a ile. URIs a e essen ial o enabling in e ac ions wi h esou ces o e a ne wo k
using speci ic p o ocols.
W3C: The Wo ld Wide Web Conso ium (W3C) is an in e na ional communi y ha de elops
s anda ds o he Wo ld Wide Web. Thei mission is o lead he Web o i s ull po en ial by
c ea ing echnical speci ica ions and guidelines ha a e designed o be open and oyal y- ee.
These s anda ds include HTML, CSS, and o he web echnologies, which ensu e ha web
con en is accessible ac oss di e en b owse s and de ices.
DDI: The Da a Documen a ion Ini ia i e is o igina ing o he wo ld o social sciences
da a a chi es and mo e and mo e in use in s a is ical o ganisa ions o he documen a ion
o mic oda a.
Wikibase: Wikibase is a so wa e sys em ha help he collabo a i e managemen o knowl-
edge in a cen al eposi o y. I was o iginally de eloped o he managemen o Wikida a,
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bu i is a ailable now o he c ea ion o p i a e, o public-p i a e pa ne ship knowledge
g aphs. I is de eloped by Wikimedia Deu schland.
GSBPM: The Gene ic S a is ical Business P ocess Model is a in e na ional s anda d
model ha “desc ibes and de ines he se o business p ocesses needed o p oduce official
s a is ics.” |
GSIM:Gene ic S a is ical In o ma ion Model: a common abs ac ep esen a ion o
da a objec s manipula ed in official s a is ical p oduc ion and elabo a ed as an o e a ching
model o implemen a ion s anda ds such as SDMX o DDI.
SDMX: S a is ical Da a and Me ada a eXchange (SDMX), is an in e na ional ini ia i e ha
aims a s anda dising and mode nising (“indus ialising”) he mechanisms and p ocesses o
he exchange o s a is ical da a and me ada a among in e na ional o ganisa ions and hei
membe coun ies.
ESRS: The Eu opean Sus ainabili y Repo ing S anda ds (ESRS) a e a se o guidelines
de eloped by he Eu opean Financial Repo ing Ad iso y G oup (EFRAG) o s anda d-
ise sus ainabili y epo ing ac oss he Eu opean Union. These s anda ds a e designed o
align wi h he Co po a e Sus ainabili y Repo ing Di ec i e (CSRD), which manda es de-
ailed co po a e epo ing on en i onmen al, social, and go e nance (ESG) issues o many
companies ope a ing wi hin he EU.
CIDOC-CRM: The concep ual model o CIDOC, he s anda d concep ualisa ion o collec ion
managemen sys ems in he i age o ganisa ions.
RiC:Reco ds in Con ex is a new concep ual model ha eplaces he ou mos impo an
in e na ional a chi ing s anda ds.
DCTERMS o DCMI: he Dublin Co e Me ada a Te ms is a ocabula y o me ada a e ms
de eloped and main ained by he Dublin Co e Me ada a Ini ia i e (DCMI). These e ms
a e used o desc ibe a ious aspec s o digi al esou ces, such as web pages, documen s, and
o he online con en . They p o ide a s anda dized way o assign me ada a o esou ces,
making hem easie o disco e , manage, and exchange.
RDFS: he Resou ce Desc ip ion F amewo k Schema is an ex ension o he Resou ce Desc ip-
ion F amewo k (RDF) ha p o ides a ocabula y o desc ibing classes and p ope ies o
esou ces wi hin an RDF g aph.
EDM: he Eu opeana Da a Model is a amewo k o collec ing, connec ing, and en iching
cul u al he i age me ada a. I ’s designed o acili a e he sha ing and euse o cul u al
he i age in o ma ion by p o iding a s anda dized way o ep esen and link da a.
Eu opeana: a digi al pla o m p o ided by he Eu opean Union ha agg ega es digi ized
cul u al he i age om ins i u ions ac oss Eu ope.
ESCO: he Eu opean Skills, Compe ences, Quali ica ions and Occupa ions classi ica ion is is
a mul ilingual classi ica ion sys em de eloped by he Eu opean Commission o s anda dize
he desc ip ion o skills, compe ences, and quali ica ions ele an o he Eu opean labo
ma ke and educa ion.
18
NACE: he Eu opean Union’s s anda d classi ica ion o economic ac i i ies o s a is ical
pu poses. The abb e ia ion s ands o Nomencla u e s a is ique des Ac i i és économiques
dans la Communau é eu opéenne.
ISCO: he In e na ional S anda d Classi ica ion o Occupa ions (ISCO) is he In e na ional
Labou O ganiza ion’s s anda dized sys em o classi ying and o ganizing occupa ions ac-
co ding o jobs’ asks and du ies
ISIC: he In e na ional S anda d Indus ial Classi ica ion o All Economic Ac i i ies (ISIC)
is a s anda d classi ica ion sys em de eloped by he UN S a is ics Di ision (UNSD) o
ca ego ize economic ac i i ies.
PROV-O: he P o enance on ology is a o mal on ology de eloped by W3C o ep esen and
in e change p o enance in o ma ion.
MARC: MAchine-Readable Ca aloging, is a s anda d digi al o ma used by lib a ies o ep-
esen and exchange bibliog aphic in o ma ion.
DCAT: an RDF ocabula y designed o acili a e in e ope abili y be ween da a ca alogues
published on he Web.
O ganisa ions
AEPO-ARTIS: O ganisa ion ep esen ing Eu opean a is s-pe o me s. Reg oups mos o he
Eu opean CMO ep esen ing pe o me s.
ALOADED: is a company which dis ibu es and exploi s eco dings.
CISAC: The In e na ional Con ede a ion o Socie ies o Au ho s and Compose s is an in e -
na ional non-go e nmen al, no - o -p o i o ganisa ion ha aims o p o ec he igh s and
p omo e he in e es s o c ea o s wo ldwide.
CNM ( o me CNV): he Cen e Na ional de la Musique is a public o ganisa ion managing
a ax on conce icke s
EFRAG: The Eu opean Financial Repo ing Ad iso y G oup is a p i a e associa ion es ab-
lished in 2001 wi h he encou agemen o he Eu opean Commission o se e he public
in e es . EFRAG ex ended i s mission in 2022 ollowing he new ole assigned o EFRAG
in he CSRD, p o iding Technical Ad ice o he Eu opean Commission in he o m o ully
p epa ed d a EU Sus ainabili y Repo ing S anda ds and/o d a amendmen s o hese
S anda ds.
EMO: The Eu opean Music Obse a o y (EMO) is en isioned as a hub o collec ing and
analysing da a on he music sec o ac oss Eu ope. I s p ima y aim is o add ess he cu en
gaps and inconsis encies in music da a collec ion, which ha e been a signi ican challenge
o he sec o .
GESAC: GESAC comp ises oge he 32 Eu opean au ho s’ socie ies in music, audio isual,
isual a s, li e a u e and d ama.
19
GESIS: Leibniz Ins i u e o he Social Sciences.
IAML: In e na ional Associa ion o Music Lib a ies, A chi es and Documen a ion Cen es
|
IAMIC: In e na ional Associa ion o Music Cen es, an in e na ional ne wo k o o ganisa ions
ha collec i ely and collabo a i ely p o ides in o ma ion and p omo es he music o hei
coun ies o egions.
ICMP: he global ade body ep esen ing he music publishing indus y wo ldwide.
SCAPR: In e na ional associa ion o he de elopmen o he p ac ical coope a ion be ween
pe o me s’ collec i e managemen o ganisa ions (CMOs)
SOZA: SOZA (Slo enský och anný z äz au o ský p e p á a k hudobným dielam, Slo ak
Pe o ming and Mechanical Righ s Socie y) is a legal en i y, non-p o i ci ic associa ion o
au ho s and publishe s o musical wo ks, associa ion o na u al pe sons and legal en i ies.
Hudobné Cen um: Music Cen e Slo akia is a music o ganisa ion wi h a mission o p omo e
Slo ak con empo aly music.
O he abb e ia ions
CEEMID: he Cen al Eu opean Music Indus y Da abases is a mul i-coun y p ojec ha
was a p edecesso o Rep ex’s Digi al Music Obse a o y
CSRD: The Co po a e Sus ainabili y Repo ing Di ec i e (CSRD) is Eu opean Union (EU)
legisla ion, e ec i e om 5 Janua y 2023, ha equi es EU businesses—including quali ying
EU subsidia ies o non-EU companies— o disclose hei en i onmen al and social impac s,
and how hei en i onmen al, social and go e nance (ESG) ac ions a ec hei business.
DSP: Digi al se ice p o ide s (DSPs), o Digi al S eaming Pla o ms a e companies o
o ganisa ions ha p o ide access o se ices online.
EIF: The Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k (EIF) is a se o ecommenda ions and
guidelines ha aims o acili a e communica ion and collabo a ion be ween public adminis-
a ions, businesses, and ci izens wi hin he Eu opean Union and ac oss na ional bo de s.
ECCCH: The Eu opean Collabo a i e Cloud o Cul u al He i age is a Eu opean Union ini-
ia i e o a digi al in as uc u e ha will connec cul u al he i age ins i u ions and p o-
essionals ac oss he EU.
EOSC: The Eu opean Open Science Cloud (EOSC) aims o c ea e a us ed, open, and
mul idisciplina y en i onmen o esea che s and inno a o s in Eu ope.
PPP: A Public-P i a e Pa ne ship (PPP) is a collabo a i e a angemen be ween go e n-
men en i ies and p i a e sec o companies aimed a inancing, designing, implemen ing,
and ope a ing p ojec s o se ices adi ionally p o ided by he public sec o .
RDM: Resea ch Da a Managemen e e s o he sui e o p ac ices, policies, and p ocesses used
o handle da a h oughou he li ecycle o a esea ch p ojec .
20
Ou glossa y is ha monised wi h ele an music-sec o speci ic s anda ds ( e e ed o in
Chap e 6) and wi h he ISO In o ma ion echnology — Vocabula y (ISO 2023b); In o ma-
ion echnology — Cloud compu ing — Taxonomy based da a handling o cloud se ices
(ISO 2020); In o ma ion echnology — Cloud compu ing — In e ope abili y and po abili y
(ISO 2017a) and he In o ma ion and documen a ion — Founda ion and ocabula y (ISO
2017b) and In o ma ion echnology — Me ada a egis ies (MDR) — 1. F amewo k (ISO
2023a)
21

Execu i e Summa y
Ou ambi ion wi h he de elopmen o he Open Music Obse a o y is o p o ide he ech-
nological basis and a p ac ical oadmap o c ea ing a Eu opean Music Obse a o y in a
bo om-up, decen alised way. Ins ead o wai ing o a g and, cen al ag eemen on wha
should a Eu opean music obse a o y be collec ing and who should con ol i , we sugges a
p agma ic app oach: allow any da a owne s and collec o s who sa is y ce ain quali y and
coope a ion ules o add hei da a o an Open Music Obse a o y; when i eaches a suffi-
cien ma u i y o use in Eu ope, hen decide i i s main enance equi es a new ins i u ional
o m o no .
C ea ing he Open Music Obse a o y is a co ne s one ask o he OpenMusE p ojec .
This ask is unning ill he end o he p ojec (31 Decembe 2025) wi h he collec ion,
p ocessing, and dissemina ion o mo e da a and p o iding inno a i e, new da a se ices
in line wi h ou exploi a ion pa hways. This epo is an accompanying documen o he
c ea ion o Open Music Obse a o y as a digi al in as uc u e on he Wo ld Wide Web.
The Open Music Obse a o y is a digi al se ice p o ide o he music indus y ha ollows
he Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k (EIF) de ini ion o such se ices wi h a unique
go e nance model. The go e nance model and he digi al se ice in as uc u e ep esen a
unique inno a ion ha conside s many good examples om he Eu opean Union and o he
indus ies.
An obse a o y has adi ionally been a pe manen loca ion o obse ing e es ial, ma ine,
o celes ial e en s. In he pas 30 yea s, i has also been used o long- e m digi al da a
collec ion p og ams o ma ke s, social sciences, and humani ies. Ou miles one equi es he
s a o his obse a o y a e a leng hy and in ensi e planning and p o o yping phase. I can
be seen as a mode n eimagina ion o he da a obse a o y model, o he obse a o y 2.0.
We c ea ed a new obse a o y model ha ully aligns wi h he Eu opean In e ope abili y
F amewo k bu ex ends he go e nance o he digi al se ices beyond public bodies, and
allows he c ea ion o a public-p i a e pa ne ship o manage he obse a o y.
We we e in o med and in luenced by he c ea ion o Eu opeana (which s a ed ou om a
simila collabo a i e p ojec ) and hei new plans o ex end hei digi al se ices in o he Eu-
opean Collabo a i e Cloud o Cul u al He i age (ECCCH). We aim ully in e ope abili y
wi h Eu opeana and ECCCH, bu we also b ing a new elemen in o hei hinking. While
hey a e mainly agg ega ing he wo k o public sec o memo y ins i u ions, we a e building
a go e nance model ha allows a mo e success ul coope a ion among he p i a e sec o and
he public music sec o .
By he end o 2025, we aim o c ea e an “obse a o y 3.0”, which al eady hos s many
in elligen da a imp o emen echnologies and uels inno a i e applica ions/se ices in line
22
wi h ou p ojec ’s exploi a ion pa hways. These se ices a e a di e en ma u i y le els,
bu hey could no be b ough o a es able MVP wi hou building ou he minimal digi al
in as uc u e and go e nance model a his miles one.
Figu e 1: we need a new e sion o his
23
ĹNo e
This documen is licensed unde he CC BY 4.0 LEGAL CODE A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional license. You mus e e o he documen wi h he DOI
10.5281/zenodo.11385044.
Canonical Licence URL:h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ O he
o ma s:Plain Tex ;RDF/XMLlSee he deed
24
1 In oduc ion
Task 5.1 Adding Economy, Di e si y, Inno a ion and Socie y, Ci izenship Pilla s o he
MVP o he Open Music Obse a o y and aising i o a leas TLR Le el 7 is a co ne s one
o he OpenMusE p ojec . I add esses he ul ima e ambi ion o he ini ia i e: c ea ing and
alida ing he echnological, se ice, and go e nance componen s o an obse a o y ha can
se e as he ounda ion o a u u e Eu opean Music Obse a o y.
Deli e able 5.1 Open Music Obse a o y ma ks he mos signi ican miles one o his ask,
ep esen ing he public elease o he Open Music Obse a o y on he Wo ld Wide Web.
This epo accompanies he deli e able. I s pu pose is o explain he wo kings o he
Obse a o y, ou line he concep s behind i s de elopmen , and desc ibe ou plans o e ol e
i in o a pla o m ha could unde pin a u u e Eu opean Music Obse a o y.
Following he Execu i e summa y and his in oduc ion (Chap e 1), he epo is s uc u ed
as ollows:
Chap e 2p o ides an o e iew o he his o ical plans o es ablishing a Eu opean music
obse a o y and he a ionale o a decen alized app oach. I in oduces CEEMID—an
impo an p ecu so o he Open Music Eu ope p ojec and a key building block iden i ied
in he EMO easibili y s udy. We hen concep ualize he Open Music Obse a o y as a
da a-sha ing space, a echnical and legal inno a ion o he Eu opean Union. This sec ion
emphasizes compliance wi h he Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k and he adop ion o
open collabo a ion me hods, open-sou ce so wa e, and open da a as undamen al compo-
nen s. Finally, we e iew a selec ion o exis ing obse a o ies, including hose assessed in
he EMO easibili y s udy, o compa e hei cu en se ices wi h ou own.
Chap e 3o e s an o e iew o he cu en co e se ices o he Obse a o y, which unc ion
as hose o a mode n s a is ical endo and open da a po al. In line wi h he EIF, we in e-
g a e ou se ices in o he EU Open Da a Po al (as he p ima y ga eway o dissemina ing
s a is ical da ase s), Eu opeana and he Eu opean Cul u al He i age Cloud ( o music col-
lec ions), and he Wikipedia ecosys em (Wikida a and Wikibase) o dis ibu e da a in o
open knowledge g aphs.
Chap e 4in oduces ou digi al cu a ion guidelines and he nucleus o ou da a o e ing.
Be o e he elease o Obse a o y 2.0, we could no inges la ge, high- alue da ase s, so
he cu en ca alogue con ains da ase s de i ed solely om he backg ound IP o he Open
Music Eu ope p ojec . These da ase s a e al eady a ailable o es ing, and we plan o
p esen he i s la ge-scale da ase s and onboa ding case s udies a se e al in e na ional
con e ences in No embe 2025. One such la ge-scale case s udy is al eady unde way and
will be in oduced la e in Sec ion 3.1.1.
25
2.2.3 Open Music Da aspace
ĺImpo an
Open Music Da aspace: as he da a managemen o he Open Music Obse a o y,
i ecognises ha in a la ge-scale in eg a ion o music sec o da a in ol ing po en-
ially housands o da a sou ces, i is impossible o c ea e a uni ying schema ac oss all
sou ces. I is an exchange, p ocessing, sha ing and p o ision o da a be ween us ed
pa ne s, o a ee o no . I is no necessa ily copying o epa ia ing da a cen ally
bu ensu es ha each da a holde has comple e con ol o e he condi ions (e.g., who,
when, and unde wha condi ions) o access o hei da a. We c ea e his da a-sha ing
space iew ha ce ain na ional, gen e-speci ic o o he in e es g oups may wan o
apply a deepe le el o in eg a ion and exchange and, h ough ede a ion, ex end he
pa o hei da a sha ing o he en i e Open Music Obse a o y. The applica ion
o au oma ic ma ching and mapping gene a ion echniques, widely used concep ual
models, and he concep s o he Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k allow he Ob-
se a o y S akeholde Ne wo k o in eg a e da a on an ‘as-needed’ o as-pe mi ed
basis, keeping he da a eady o in eg a ion whene e he da a owne s ag ee on such
a need.
2.3 P o o yping in Slo akia
Because a signi ican pa o he Open Music Eu ope backg ound was de eloped o es ed
in Slo akia, we decided o s a p o o yping he Open Music Obse a o y in his coun y.
ĹNo e
Slo ak Music Da aspace: a da aspace o ganised by SOZA, Rep ex, and Hudobné
cen um o sha e and exchange da a on music ela ed o he Slo ak Republic. I p o-
ides a secu e da a exchange suppo ed by us wo hy AI o ha monise and exchange
da a among ep esen a i e Slo ak music o ganisa ions and o c ea e he public Slo ak
Music Regis e and he Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase.
In a signi ican s ide owa ds ou sha ed ision, we signed a Memo andum o Unde s and-
ing in Ma ch 2023 (Minis e s o kul ú y SR and Open Music Eu ope 2023). This s a egic
alliance includes key s akeholde s, such as he Minis y o Cul u e, and is aimed a es ablish-
ing a obus public-p i a e pa ne ship. This pa ne ship will play a pi o al ole in sha ing,
exchanging, and imp o ing da a ela ed o music in he Slo ak Republic, he eby os e ing
a ib an music ecosys em.
Slo akia has a ela i ely ad anced s a is ical sys em: one o he ew EU membe s a es
wi h a sa elli e accoun ing sys em o he cul u al and c ea i e indus y o augmen he
coun y’s na ional accoun s. The me hodological wo k ela ed o coo dina ing go e nmen al
32

and p i a ely held da a is he subjec o o he asks; in making he Open Music Obse a o y,
we only p o ide he in as uc u e and he dissemina ion o knowledge o eplica ion.
Because we apply GSIM, DDI and SDMX, like he Slo ak s a is ical sys em, ou solu ions
a e eplicable in an EU/EEA membe s a e o candida e coun y ha has sufficien ly aligned
i s s a is ical p ac ices wi h he Eu opean S a is ical Sys em.
2.4 S akeholde p esen a ions
We p esen ed ou pape a he Ne wo kshop 2024 con e ence in Ege , Hunga y in Ap il 2024,
because ou i s module in Slo akia o e laps mos wi h Hunga y’s music he i age due o
he wo coun ies many cen u ies o sha ed his o y [^backg ound-3].
[^backg ound-3]: Possibli ies o a Hunga ian da a ede a ion wi h he Slo ak music da a
space (in Hunga ian): (Daniel An al 2024a).
We p esen ed ou wo k and ideas on he In e na ional Associa ion o Music Cen es (IAMIC)
gene al assembly and con e ence in No embe 2024 o ind suppo , po en ial use s and
eedback.3.
We p esen ed ou pape and pos e on he In e na ional Associa ion o Music Lib a ies,
A chi es and Documen a ion Cen es (IAML) 4, again, wi h he aim o ind suppo , po en-
ial use s and eedback.5
3Pos e : (Daniel An al 2024b).
4SKCMDB: In e ope abili y o Music Lib a ies and A chi es wi h Public and P i a e Music Se ices. Pos e :
(Daniel An al 2025b), p esen a ion: (Daniel An al 2025a).
5Pos e : (Daniel An al 2024b).
33
2.5 O he obse a o ies
The EMO easibili y s udy p esen ed se e al obse a o ies o compa e hei se ices and
o ganisa ional models. As mo e han i e yea s ha e passed since he da a collec ion o
ha s udy, we highligh he e some o he conside ed compa a o s and add a ew mo e.
Figu e 2.2: Va ious UN and OECD bodies, and pa icula ly he Eu opean Union suppo
o main ain mo e han 60 da a obse a o ies, o pe manen da a collec ion and
dissemina ion poin s.
2.5.1 Feasibili y s udy
The Feasibili y s udy di ec ly men ions some obse a o ies as possible good p ac ice o be
used wile wo king on he Eu opean Music Obse a o y.
Chap e 1.5. is abou he Eu opean Audio isual Obse a o y (EAO) which has a g ea
impac “on c ea ing a consensual mapping en i onmen o he audio isual sec o ” (p. 25)
and would be a good example o model he OMO a e .
The Eu opean Ma ke Obse a o y o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e P oduc s (EUMOFA) is
known o ope a e unde a se ice con ac , which is awa ded h ough a ende - a po en ial
way he “ o in eg a e he Eu opean Music Obse a o y se up di ec ly wi hin he compe en
se ices o he Commission” (p. 47)
The basis o he Di ec o a e-Gene al o Ag icul u e and Ru al De elopmen (DG-AGRI)
ma ke obse a o ies can be used o es ablish he OMO, bu he downside is he lack o
legal obliga ion o da a anspa ency in he music sec o , which is p esen in ag icul u e,
hus making i difficul o eplica e he legal basis. (p. 48)
34
The Eu opean Obse a o y on In ingemen s o In ellec ual P ope y Righ s (EUIPO) along
wi h EAO is men ioned as possible pa ne s o wo k wi h OMO and he asks o OMO could
be po en ially in eg a ed in o wi hin hese pa ne s. (p. 48) The de ails o his in eg a ion
is discussed in chap e 3.8.6 (p. 89-91).
2.5.2 Milk ma ke obse a o y
The aim o he EU milk ma ke obse a o y is o p o ide he EU dai y sec o wi h mo e
anspa ency by means o dissemina ing ma ke da a and sho - e m analysis in a imely
manne .
Figu e 2.3: The Eu opean milk ma ke obse a o y celeb a es i s 10 h anni e -
sa y [link�](h ps://ag icul u e.ec.eu opa.eu/news/eu opean-milk-ma ke -
obse a o y-10 h-anni e sa y-2024-04-16_en)
• Publica ions: egula , in PDF documen .
• S a is ical da a access: Ag i- ood da a po al
• API: Ag i- ood da a API
• EU Open Da a po al: yes, ia Di ec o a e-Gene al o Ag icul u e and Ru al De el-
opmen
• Newsle e :
• License: The Commission’s euse policy is implemen ed by he Commission Decision o
12 Decembe 2011 on he euse o Commission documen s. Unless o he wise indica ed
35
(e.g. in indi idual copy igh no ices), con en owned by he EU on his websi e is
licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional (CC BY 4.0)
licence. This means ha euse is allowed, p o ided app op ia e c edi is gi en and
changes a e indica ed.
2.5.3 Eu opean Audio isual Obse a o y (EAO)
Figu e 2.4: Eu opean Audio isual Obse a o y
• Link: h ps://www.obs.coe.in /en/web/obse a oi e/
• Publica ions: egula , in PDF and xlsx documen
• S a is ical da a access:
• API: No.
• EU Open Da a po al: ?
2.5.4 Eu opean Obse a o y on In ingemen s o In ellec ual P ope y Righ s
(EUIPO)
“The Eu opean Obse a o y on In ingemen s o In ellec ual P ope y Righ s is
a ne wo k o expe s and specialis s akeholde s ha b ings oge he ep esen a-
i es om EU bodies, au ho i ies in EU coun ies, businesses and ci il socie y.
The aim o he obse a o y is o imp o e he igh agains coun e ei ing and
pi acy by sha ing in o ma ion and bes p ac ice, aising public awa eness,
s eng hening coope a ion, and de eloping be e ools.” [h ps://single-ma ke -
economy.ec.eu opa.eu/indus y/s a egy/in ellec ual-p ope y/en o cemen -
in ellec ual-p ope y- igh s/eu opean-obse a o y-in ingemen s-in ellec ual-
p ope y- igh s_en]
36
The legal manda e o managing he obse a o y is in he Regula ion No 386/2012.
Figu e 2.5: Eu opean Obse a o y on In ingemen s o In ellec ual P ope y Righ s
• Link: h ps://www.euipo.eu opa.eu/en/abou -us/obse a o y
• Publica ions: egula , in PDF documen
• S a is ical da a access: Se e al, unde “Se ices” Menu
• API:The obse a o y does no appea o o e da ase s.
• EU Open Da a po al: ia Di ec o a e-Gene al o Communica ions Ne wo ks, Con-
en and Technology some publica ion and da ase s o he EUIPO a e a ailable.
• License: The obse a o y does no appea o o e da ase s.
2.5.5 Eu opean Ma ke Obse a o y o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e P oduc s
(EUMOFA)
The Eu opean Ma ke Obse a o y o ishe ies and aquacul u e p oduc s (EUMOFA) is
a ma ke in elligence ool on he Eu opean Union ishe ies and aquacul u e sec o , de el-
oped by he Eu opean Commission. I aims o inc ease ma ke anspa ency and efficiency,
analyses EU ma ke s dynamics, and suppo s business decisions and policy-making.
EUMOFA enables di ec moni o ing o olumes, alues and p ices o ishe ies and aquacul-
u e p oduc s, om he i s sale o e ail s age, including impo s and expo s. Da a a e
collec ed om EU coun ies, he Fa oe Islands, Iceland, No way, he Uni ed Kingdom and
om EU ins i u ions, and a e upda ed e e y day.
37

Figu e 2.6: Eu opean Ma ke Obse a o y o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e P oduc s (EU-
MOFA)
• Link: h ps://eumo a.eu
• Publica ions: egula , in PDF documen s.
• S a is ical da a access: EUMOFA DATA
• API: ia he Di ec o a e-Gene al o Ma i ime A ai s and Fishe ies API o ia EU
Open Da a po al: yes, ia Di ec o a e-Gene al o Ma i ime A ai s and Fishe ies
• License: Eu opean Commission Reuse and Copy igh No ice (Decision o 12 Decembe
2011).
38
3 Co e Se ices
This sec ion in oduces he co e se ices o he Open Music Obse a o y. These se ices a e
desc ibed in he EMO Feasibili y s udy, bu we ga e hem a mode n and subjec i e in e -
p e a ion ha elies mo e on he no el inno a ions o da a egula ion and da a science.
The Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (SKCMDb) is a na ional ini ia i e o make Slo ak
music mo e accessible, disco e able, and usable ac oss lib a ies, a chi es, s eaming se ices,
and igh s o ganiza ions. I connec s sco es, eco dings, and me ada a using open s anda ds
and collabo a i e go e nance. As a unc ional module o he Open Music Obse a o y,
SKCMDb also se es as a es bed o de eloping sha ed se ices.
Ou se ices ully emb ace he EIF and EOSC ( ela ed) in e ope abili y amewo ks and
ep oducible esea ch echniques ha allow o a mo e imely, less cos ly, and highe quali y
da a inges ion and p ocessing han manual wo k lows. Almos all wo k lows a e suppo ed
by open-sou ce componen s, some o which came as he backg ound o he Open Music
Eu ope p ojec , we e de eloped by o he p ojec s, o a e being de eloped in di e en asks
o his p ojec . The in oduc ion o he sepa a e so wa e componen s is no a subjec o
his epo .
Ou main se ices a e ela ed o he collec ion, p ocessing and dissemina ion o da a.
39
The Gene ic S a is ical Business P ocess Model (GSBPM) is an in e na ional
s anda d model ha “desc ibes and de ines he se o business p ocesses needed o
p oduce official s a is ics.” (UNECE 2019) A concep ual e e ence o in o ma ion model
accompanies his business p ocess model, he Gene al S a is ical In o ma ion Model
(GSIM)(UNECE 2014). We use he concep ualisa ion o GSIM so ha ou esul s will be
simila in quali y o official s a is ics; o cou se, simila p ocesses allow us o c ea e p oduc s
ha combine well wi h official s a is ical p oduc s. The Open Music Obse a o y is no
only collec ing and dissemina ing s a is ically p ocessed da a, bu also collec ions da ase s,
i.e., s uc u ed mic oda a. The GSBPM and GSIM co e bo h because s a is ical business
p ocesses ely on collec ion-like da ase s, such as egis e s, codebooks, and me ada a
hesau i.
Figu e 3.1: The wo implemen a ion s anda ds, DDI and SDMX ensu es ha he Open Mu-
sic Obse a o y can wo k oge he wi h s a is ical offices, o espec able social
sciences da a eposi o ies.
In his epo o Task 5.1, we concen a e on he inne cycle o he business p ocesses. The
ou e cycle, speci ica ion, design, and build a e ca ied ou in o he wo k packages, as is
mos o he analysis phase. We p o ide u he se ices, oo, which could ela e in GSBPM
o he 9 h E alua e heade , which allows o quali y imp o emen s.
The wo implemen a ion s anda ds, DDI and SDMX will ensu e ha he Open Music Ob-
se a o y can wo k oge he wi h s a is ical offices, o espec able social sciences da a epos-
i o ies, because bo h ou business p ocesses and he way we o ganise da a is ollowing hei
s anda ds. The Da a Documen a ion Ini ia e (DDI), will ensu e ha we will emain com-
pa ible wi h official s a is ical mic oda a and me ada a se ices and o he social sciences
a chi es, like GESIS, he official da a a chi e o all Eu opean Commission-manda ed su ey
esea ch da ing back o e 50 yea s (Va digan, Heus, and Thomas 2008). The applica ion
o SDMX ensu es ha ou mic oda a and s a is ically p ocessed da a will be in e ope able
wi h official s a is ics o he UN, OECD, Eu os a , and na ional s a is ical se ices (S ahl
and S aab 2018).
Ou da a imp o emen s, go beyond imp o emen s o s a is ical quali y and applica ion o
GSBPM; we aim o ix and imp o e music indus y da ase s o igh s managemen o digi al
cu a ion.
The da a en ichmen and imp o emen a e inno a i e solu ions ha a e no pa o
he se ices o an open da a po al o an obse a o y. We aim o o e hese alue added
se ices o c ea e new alue and he e o e mo i a ion o music indus y da a owne s o
wo k wi h he obse a o y.
•“Fix- he-da a” means imp o ing he da a quali y by inding o impu ing missing
alues o inding and eplacing e oneous da a en ies. In e ms o me ada a, adding
40
u he machine-ac ionable in o ma ion o al eady exis ing da ase s can imp o e hei
usabili y.
•“Da a linking”, da a usion, o da a ma ching means co ec ly joining da a om
di e en da ase s (da a sou ces.) We ensu e ha da a coming om sou ces can be
meaning ully joined oge he ; he a iables ha e consis en meanings, he codebooks
applied a e ha monised; he ime ame o geog aphical ame is consis en .
•Agg ega ion se ices: we u n you music- ela ed da ase s in o s a is ical p oduc s
o da a publica ions. We clean, alida e, and s uc u e i o a o ma ha i can be
placed on he EU Open Da a Po al, Eu opeana, o Wikibase o in eg a ion wi h
Wikida a/Wikipedia.
•Con iden ial da a sha ing: ou da a sha ing space can be used o con iden ial da a
sha ing and c oss-pollina ion ( o example, looking up missing ISWC/ISRC iden i ie s
o misspel names in each o he ’s da ase s) wi hou making he da a public.
These planned se ices will be discussed in Chap e 7.
3.1 Collec : Da a Cu a ion & Collec ion
Da a cu a ion is he o ganisa ion and in eg a ion o da a collec ed om a ious sou ces. I
in ol es anno a ion, publica ion and p esen a ion o he da a so ha he alue o he da a
is main ained o e ime, and he da a emains a ailable o euse and p ese a ion.
Da a can only be unde s ood wi h he b oade concep s o in o ma ion and knowledge, be-
cause da a in i sel is unp ocessed, aw knowledge, ha canno be unde s ood. The EMO
easibili y s udy in ui i ely de ines da a gaps wi hou an appa en e e ence o a da a o con-
cep ual model, bu i ecognises and s esses he need o e minological ha monisa ion.
ĹNo e
Fou ypes o da a-collec ion p inciples ha e been iden i ied as essen ial bo h by a ious
b anches o he music sec o and also by policymake s a Eu opean, na ional and local
le els:
• The da a-collec ion se ice p o ided by a Eu opean Music Obse a o y should
help in mapping, unde s anding and analysing he main cha ac e is ics, ends
and idiosync asies o he music sec o in Eu ope;
• The da a collec ed should be neu al and a ailable o decision-make s, music
sec o ope a o s, and he public;
• The da a i sel should co e he ac i i ies o he music sec o ac oss he en i e
Eu opean Union, be compa able be ween Membe S a es, and ely on iden i ied
and s able indica o s;
• The da a collec ion me hods should be anspa en and p o ide a s ong deg ee
41
o s and hei o ganisa ions in ol ed. As a ba e minimum, we p o ide machine- eadable
in o ma ion abou he echnical publishe o he da ase , Rep ex B.V:
<h ps://isni.o g/isni/000000050973936X>
<a>" oa :Agen " .
And hen we poin he use he downloadable iles (dis ibu ions) o he da ase wi h he
igh s s a emen s and licenses. We use he C ea i e Commons CC BY 4.0 license, simila
o Eu os a on he EU Open Da a Po al, and we s a e ha he da ase is open o he
public.
<h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco ds/5652118/ iles/codebook_ b.cs >
<a>"dca :Dis ibu ion" ;
<dca :accessURL><h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco ds/5652118/ iles/codebook_ b.cs >;
<dca :by eSize>"41672" ;
<dca :downloadURL><h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco ds/5652118/ iles/codebook_ b.cs >;
<dca :mediaType>" ex /cs " ;
<dc :license><h p://publica ions.eu opa.eu/ esou ce/au ho i y/licence/CC_BY_4_0>;
<dc : igh s><h p://publica ions.eu opa.eu/ esou ce/au ho i y/access- igh /PUBLIC>;
<owl:sameAs><h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco ds/5652118>.
3.2.2 Documen a ion
ÁWa ning
We will p o ide he link and sc eensho o he documen a ion o each ile ha goes
public.
48

3.3 Dissemina e
3.3.1 EU Open Da a Po al
The po al is a cen al poin o access o Eu opean open da a om in e na ional, Eu opean
Union, na ional, egional, local and geoda a po als. I consolida es he o me EU Open
Da a Po al and he Eu opean Da a Po al.
The po al is in ended o:
49
1. gi e access and os e he euse o Eu opean open da a among ci izens, business and
o ganisa ions.
2. p omo e and suppo he elease o mo e and be e -quali y me ada a and da a by
he EU’s ins i u ions, businesses, agencies and o he bodies, and Eu opean coun ies,
enhancing he anspa ency o Eu opean adminis a ions.
3. educa e ci izens and o ganisa ions abou he oppo uni ies ha a ise om he a ail-
abili y o open da a.
I is unded by he EU and managed ope a ionally by he Publica ions Office o he Eu opean
Union in coope a ion wi h he Di ec o a e-Gene al o Communica ions Ne wo ks, Con en
and Technology o he Eu opean Commission, esponsible o EU open da a policy.
We publish ou da a p ima ily on he EU open da a po al o s a is ically p ocessed da ase s
(da ase s ha con ain he gene alised cha ac e is ics o many da a subjec s wi hou pe sonal
da a ha could iden i y hem).
3.3.2 Eu opeana and he Eu opean Collabo a i e Cloud o Cul u al He i age
Figu e 3.2: Eu opeana is a bo om-up, decen alised da a agg ega o o he cul u al he -
i age pa o he music sec o and he b oade cul u al and knowledge sec o .
50
Eu opeana is a he hea o he common Eu opean da a space o cul u al he i age, a
lagship ini ia i e o he Eu opean Union o suppo he digi al ans o ma ion o he cul u al
he i age sec o . Millions o cul u al he i age i ems om o e 3,500 da a p o ide s ac oss
Eu ope a e a ailable online ia he Eu opeana websi e. We wo k o sha e and p omo e his
he i age so ha i can be used and enjoyed by educa o s and esea che s, c ea i es and
cul u e lo e s ac oss he wo ld.
While he e is no ag eed, c oss-sec o al de ini ion o “collec ions”, i is widely unde s ood
ha in many cases, collec ions hemsel es a e he en i ies ha mee he in o ma ion needs
o music p o essionals o esea che s (Wicke e al. 2013). The c ea ion o collec ions is
an impo an ac i i y pe o med by music p o essionals and schola s as pa o hei wo k
p ocess. Fo example, i we wan o measu e how many Eu opean o F ench wo ks made
i e e o an Ame ican hi lis , we ha e o con as wo collec ions (F ench wo ks, and he
collec ion o wo ks ha we e e e on he pa icula hi lis ) o calcula e his indica o .
The publishing policies o Eu opeana a e es ic i e, and he e o e, he e cu en ly needs
o be mo e musical wo ks on his impo an open knowledge g aph. A e consul a ion
wi h Eu opeana Sound, he B i ish Lib a y-based agg ega o esponsible o he music in
he Eu opean collec ion, we decided o pu sue wo ways o make mo e ex ensi e Eu opean
music collec ions isible.
We will publish collec ions wi h publicly iewable audio isual ma e ial on Eu opeana ia
he Open Music Obse a o y’s collec ions. We will also s a a discussion wi h Eu opeana’s
new p ojec , he Eu opean Collabo a i e Cloud o Cul u al He i age, which has less es ic-
i e da a licensing policies, abou a mo e ex ensi e dissemina ion poin o ou collec ion
da ase s.
::: callou -no e Mo e in o ma ion abou ou se ices o cu a o s o music collec ions and
smalle independen epe oi es can be ound on ou websi e�.
3.3.3 Eu opean Open Science Cloud
The ambi ion o he Eu opean Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is o p o ide Eu opean e-
sea che s, inno a o s, companies and ci izens wi h a ede a ed and open mul i-disciplina y
51
en i onmen whe e hey can publish, ind and euse da a, ools and se ices o esea ch,
inno a ion and educa ional pu poses. Na u ally we wan o ensu e ha use s o he Open
Music Obse a o y pa icipa e in hese cloud se ices, ei he as esea ch p o ide s o as
esea ch use s. The EOSC is ecognised by he Council o he Eu opean Union among he
20 ac ions o he policy agenda 2022-2024 o he Eu opean Resea ch A ea (ERA) wi h he
speci ic objec i e o deepen open science p ac ices in Eu ope. I is also ecognised as he
“science, esea ch and inno a ion da a space” which will be ully a icula ed wi h he o he
sec o al da a spaces. Gi en ha he OMO is also ollowing a da a space a chi ec u e ha is
desigend o ollow he Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k, he Open Music Obse a o y
can be ede a ed wi h, and can ully wo k wi h he EOSC.
The Open Music Obse a o y is connec ing o he EOSC ia wo key se ices o OpenAIRE.
OpenAIRE i sel is a Non-P o i Pa ne ship o 50 o ganisa ions, es ablished in 2018 as a
legal en i y, OpenAIRE A.M.K.E, o ensu e a pe manen open schola ly communica ion
in as uc u e o suppo Eu opean esea ch, and i is a key implemen e o he Eu opean
Open Science Cloud. O connec ion o OpenAIRE se ices gua an ee ou ull compliance
and use o EOSC.
A key pa ne o OpenAIRE is CERN, which is manages he Zenodo open lib a y and epos-
i o y. We ely on he se ices o Zenodo o documen iden i ica ion, long- e m a chi ing,
and o e ing immedia e access o ou s a is ical da ase s, isualisa ions, epo s and o he
lib a y- eady p oduc s. Simila ly o he o ming EU Open Resea ch Reposi o y, a Zenodo-
communi y dedica ed o os e ing open science and enhancing he isibili y and accessibili y
o esea ch ou pu s unded by he Eu opean Union, managed by CERN on behal o he Eu-
opean Commission, we ha e c ea ed a simila Open Music Obse a o y Reposi o y on
he pla o m. Ou eposi o y is ully in e ope able wi h he EU Open Resea ch Reposi o y
(in pilo phase in June 2024) and wi h he en i e EOSC.
52
Figu e 3.3: Fo in e ope abili y wi h EOSC and OpenAIRE and o long- e m s o age we
s o e each dis ibu ion o he da ase s among publica ions, documen s on Zen-
odo, oo, in he Open Music Obse a o y communi y.
The seman ic se ice o OpenAIRE, he OpenAIRE G aph is a collec ion o in e linked e-
sea ch objec s ha agg ega es me ada a eco ds om mo e han 70K schola ly communi-
ca ion sou ces om all o e he wo ld o esea che s, se ice p o ide s, esea ch manage s
and policy make s, by ollowing a pa icipa o y app oach.
Figu e 3.4: Fo in e ope abili y wi h EOSC and OpenAIRE and o long- e m s o age we
s o e each dis ibu ion o he da ase s among publica ions, documen s on Zen-
odo, oo, in he Open Music Obse a o y communi y.
3.4 Me ada a
Eu opeana publishes he me ada a in Tu le se ialisa ion. The Open Music Obse a o y
will p o ide access o he me ada a in TTL and CSV dis ibu ions.
53

3.4.1 Wikibase & Wikida a
Ou main dissemina ion poin o mic oda a a e wo Wikibase Sui e ins alla ions, one o
he Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase, and one o o he music.
• Fo da a ela ed o Slo akia in he Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase, we p o-
ide access a <h ps:// ep exbase.eu/skcmdb/>.
• Fo all o he da a we p o ide access a <h ps:// ep exbase.eu/openmusic/>; his
da a has a less complex da a managemen and go e nance. This access poin p o ides
access o indi idual da ase s.
We may use he openmusic.wikibase.cloud. Wikibase Cloud is an ini ia i e o Wikipedia
and Wikida a o b ing mo e specialised da a in o he Wikimedia ecosys em. I may be a
s aging a ea o ha monisa ion wi h Wikida a.
Wikibase is a so wa e sys em ha help he collabo a i e managemen o knowledge in a
cen al eposi o y. I was o iginally de eloped o he managemen o Wikida a, bu i is
a ailable now o he c ea ion o p i a e, o public-p i a e pa ne ship knowledge g aphs. I
was de eloped by Wikimedia Deu schland.
Wikida a i sel is a gigan ic Wikibase ins ance. Thei use in e ace is simila , bu depend-
ing on wha he adminis a o o you Wikibase ins ance allows you o do, you a e likely o
ha e mo e eedom o edi ce ain elemen s, like p ope ies, han on Wikida a. Wikida a
mus p o ec he in eg i y o one o he wo ld’s la ges knowledge sys ems, and does no
allow edi ing access o ce ain elemen s.
Because o he success o Wikida a, se e al EU p ojec s and ins i u ions s a ed o use
Wikibase, he so wa e ha uns Wikida a. They aim o euse he so wa e o cons uc
ins i u ional o c oss-ins i u ional, domain-speci ic knowledge g aphs. Se e al ac o s make
Wikibase a ac i e:
⊠ he ac ha i is a well-main ained open-sou ce so wa e;
⊠ he e is a ich ecosys em o use s and ools a ound i ;
⊠Wikimedia Deu schland� (WMDE), he main aine o Wikibase, has made conside able
in es men s in op imising he so wa e’s use ou side o Wikida a o o he Wikimedia
p ojec s;
⊠The EU Knowledge G aph� uns on Wikibase;
⊠The EU Academy and he EU Open Da a Po al ac i ely dissemina e good p ac ices
and know-how on i s implemen a ion in c oss-ins i u ional da a-sha ing p og ams.
Ou main dissemina ion poin o non-s a is ical da a is he Wikibase Cloud.
54
3.4.2 Music Obse a o y Websi e
ÁWa ning
We will comple ely e amp he websi e be o e submission and p o ide he e a sho
o e iew wi h sc eensho s.
3.4.3 API Endpoin
ÁWa ning
We will p o ide he e a linked sc eensho o ou API endpoin be o e submission
55
4 Da a Ca alogue
The Open Music Obse a o y cu a es, main ains, and dissemina es a da a ca alogue wi h he
esou ces wi hin he da a ca alogue: indi idual da ase s and hei se ies and API endpoin s
whe e he da a can be que ied in a cus om o ma . In c ea ing ou da a in as uc u e, we
conside ed he speci ica ions o ou dissemina ion nodes, which p o ide ou da a wi h a wide
ange o in e ope abili y and easy access: he EU Open Da a Po al, Eu opeana, Wikibase
Cloud and Wikida a. F om a hema ic poin o iew, we elied on he de ini ion o he
EMO easibili y s udy, and c ea ed opical pilla s (Sec ion 4.2). The da a cu a o s o he
Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k (see Sec ion 8.1.1) and o he du a ion o he Open Music
Eu ope p ojec , he wo k packages (WP1-4 ep esen each “pilla ”) can de ine and p o ide
da ase s o da a se ies acco ding o hei opical collec ion guidelines (Sec ion 4.1).
A da a ca alogue o mally is a me ada a da ase : a da ase on in o ma ion abou ou a ail-
able da ase s and hei downloadable o que iable dis ibu ions. I ollows he global Wo ld
Wide Web DCAT s anda d.
DCAT is an RDF ocabula y designed o acili a e in e ope abili y be ween da a ca alogues
published on he Web. This documen de ines he schema and p o ides examples o i s
use (Albe oni e al. 2020). I is a global s anda d, which was u he ex ended and
speci ied o he elease o s a is ical da ase s (S a DCAT-AP) and o he needs o he EU
Open Da a Po al (DCAT-AP). (So ou and D agan 2019; F agkou 2023) These ex ensions
p o ide u he me ada a and o ganisa ions s anda ds, bu essen ially hey do no change
he de ini ion o he global s anda ds.
A da a ca alogue (dca :Ca alog) ep esen s a ca alogue, which is i sel a da ase in which
each indi idual i em is a me ada a eco d desc ibing some esou ce: a desc ip ion o a
da ase , a da a se ice, o o he ype o esou ce.
dca :Da ase ep esen s a collec ion o da a, published o cu a ed by a single agen o
iden i iable communi y. We cu en ly suppo wo ypes o da ase s: s a is ical da ase s ha
con o m o he da acube de ini ion o SDMX, o collec ion da ase s o mic oda a, which
con ain non-agg ega ed, s uc u ed da a ep esen ing some uni y c i e ia, o example, music
wo ks and eco dings ha ha e been p esen in he official adio cha s o a gi en coun y.
The _da ase _, simila o a musical o li e a y wo k, is an abs ac concep which can be
used, downloaded, and s o ed in i s mani es a ion. Fo a musical wo k, a mani es a ion may
be a sound eco ding o music shee ; o a da ase , i is a dis ibu ion. A URI iden i ies
a da ase ; he URI does no allow he downloading o he da ase , because i e e s o he
abs ac idea o he da ase ; he URL o downloading he da ase belongs o he indi idual
dis ibu ions.
56
dca :Dis ibu ion ep esen s an accessible o m o a da ase , such as a downloadable ile.
When he same da ase is dis ibu ed in di e en ile o ma s ( o example, CSV and SPSS
iles), each dis ibu ion is lis ed in he ca alogue sepa a ely wi h a sepa a e download link.
Each dis ibu ion has i s own URL whe e he da ase can be downloaded.
Figu e 4.1: The music.da aobse a o y.eu/ ag/music-economy/ URL lis s he downloadable
da ase s on he Open Music Obse a o y websi e. They can be ound on EU
Open Da a Po al, oo.
In he i s days a e launching ou new se ice, a ound 1-10 June 2024, he da ase s may
be missing om he EU Open Da a Po al, which is changing in hese days i s comple e
backend, and may ha e some backlog in accep ing ou da ase s.
dca :Da aSe ice ep esen s a collec ion o ope a ions accessible h ough an in e ace (API)
ha p o ides access o one o mo e da ase s o da a p ocessing unc ions. Ou da ase s
a e accessible on di e en pla o ms wi h hei own da ase s, and ou in e nal da a-sha ing
space also has i s API. As da a is added o he di e en pla o ms (EU Open Da a Po al
o s a is ical and mic oda a da ase s, Eu opeana o collec ions da ase , Wikibase Cloud
o u he mic oda a, me ada a and collec ions, and Rep exbase o con iden ial mic oda a
and collec ions), we a e upda ing he ca alogue wi h he Da aSe ice en ies.
dca :Da ase Se ies is a da ase ha ep esen s a collec ion o da ase s ha a e published
sepa a ely bu sha e some cha ac e is ics ha g oup hem; o example, a (play)lis o sound
eco dings ha we e p esen in he weekly cha s o he annual budge o an ins i u ion. A
ime se ies da ase is usually no de ined as a da a se ies, bu he new ime obse a ions
a e added o an upda ed dis ibu ion o he ime se ies da ase . S akeholde s who p o ide
da a o he Open Music Obse a o y can commi o making a da a se ies; howe e , we only
de ine a da a se ies when we ha e a leas wo i ems a ailable om he se ies.
dca :Ca alogReco d ep esen s a me ada a eco d in he ca alogue, p ima ily conce ning he
egis a ion in o ma ion, such as who added he eco d and when.
4.1 Collec ion Guidelines
In sho , we collec da a abou music. The ini ial da a collec ion guidelines o he Open
Music Obse a o y a e de i ed om he EMO Feasibili y s udy. We see hem as a s a ing
poin o u he discussion wi h he Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k.
⊠S a is ical da a which is de ined as cul u al s a is ics o any Eu opean Economic A ea
and EU candida e s a is ical office o by a ep esen a i e Eu opean o in e na ional
music o ganisa ion.
57
4.2.4 Inno a ion
The de ini ion o he Inno a ion pilla in he EMO easibili y s udy is mo e a opic o be
co e ed han a da a need desc ip ion.
This pilla is less da a-d i en in ha i will ely mos ly on esea ch conduc ed
on opics ela ing o changes in he ma ke place, new business models, dis up-
i e echnologies, e c. A Eu opean Music Obse a o y will ha e he la i ude
o pick ce ain opics based on p io i ies and inpu om sec o al s akeholde s.
An EMO should conside se ing up an “inno a ion expe s’ ad iso y commi -
ee,” cons i u ed o espec ed p o essionals in hei ield who a e known o hei
o wa d hinking iews, o help iden i y key hemes o be s udied. (Eu opean
Commission e al. 2020, p37)
We will ini ia e an in o mal music inno a ion expe ’s ound able o discuss po en ial da a
needs in his pilla .
4.2.5 Sus ainabili y
In he EMO easibili y s udy he de ini ion o sus ainabili y was men ioned among he inno a-
ion opics. Because o he iple ansi ion, in oducing he Co po a e Social Responsibili y
Di ec i e and he Eu opean Sus ainabili y Repo ing S anda ds ha e inc eased he in e es
and need in sus ainabili y da a; we decided o c ea e a sepa a e opical pilla o en i on-
men al and social sus ainabili y, o go e nance indica o s (ESG.) We will publish da ase s
ha will be used in he alue-added se ice desc ibed in Sec ion 7.2.2.
64

5 Da a Sou ces
Figu e 5.1: sad
In gene al e ms, h ee main si ua ions ha e a isen in he analysis o a ailabili y
o da a co e ing he music sec o :
1. Da a is a ailable h ough s akeholde s and would be supplied o he EMO
a no cos o , i needed, a he cos o p ocessing he da a. The eal cos would
hen be ha o he human esou ces necessa y o analyse and p esen he da a.
2. Da a is a ailable h ough endo s whose business model is o sell o license
da a, esea ch and analysis. The da a would be made a ailable o he EMO
ollowing a comme cial and con ac ual nego ia ion, he e ms o which we e no
a ailable o his epo .
3. Da a is no a ailable o no ailo ed o he needs o he EMO and he e o e,
access o such da a would equi e EMO o es ablish he condi ions o his da a
o exis , in pa ne ship wi h s akeholde s and da a supplie s, a a cos ha is
difficul o de e mine wi hou e alua ing exac ly he ask a hand and he cos -
bene i s o de eloping such da a. (Eu opean Commission e al. 2020, p62–63)
65
5.1 Cu a ion o eusable da a
ĹNo e
Da a is a ailable h ough s akeholde s and would be supplied o he EMO a no cos o ,
i needed, a he cos o p ocessing he da a. The eal cos lies in he human esou ces
equi ed o analyse and p esen he da a.
The EMO easibili y s udy ga e limi ed a en ion o da a cu a ion and, in ou iew, p e-
sen ed an o e ly op imis ic pic u e o da a euse. Based on ou expe ience, he Open Music
Obse a o y should inges no da a wi hou ep ocessing. E en p is ine da ase s om offi-
cial s a is ical sou ces equi e p ope p o enance documen a ion o synch onize wi h u u e
e isions o co ec ions om he o iginal au ho i y.
Fo mos music s akeholde s, “da a a ailable h ough s akeholde s” almos always equi es
signi ican cu a o ial in es men . In wo king wi h a ound 100 music o ganisa ions, we ha e
ound ha only a ew—such as go e nmen -suppo ed music in o ma ion cen es o well-
unded collec i e managemen agencies—employ ained s a dedica ed o da a cu a ion.
Ou i s use case in Slo akia was buil a ound Music Cen e Slo akia because i has bo h a
compe en in-house lib a y and an IT eam. Es ablishing a cu a ion wo k low wi h ained
lib a ians is s aigh o wa d when he da a is well main ained. Howe e , mos music sec o
o ganiza ions a e small, o en wi h ewe han i e s a , and lack dedica ed in o ma ion
science o IT p o essionals.
Figu e 5.2: dsa sd
66
To add ess hese di e ences, ou cu a ion wo k lows a e aligned wi h h ee s akeholde
ca ego ies:
1. Da a cu a ion excellence cen es – Ins i u ions such as he EU Open Da a Po al
eam, Eu opeana, Wikibase, Eu os a , na ional lib a ies, and official s a is ical offices.
These ha e ad anced compe encies in linked open da a, concep ual models, and da a
coo dina ion.
2. Da a expe o ganisa ions – Collec i e igh s managemen agencies, digi al dis ib-
u o s, la ge publishe s and labels, and music in o ma ion cen es wi h compe en IT
eams and expe ience econciling local and ex e nal da abases.
3. Indus y specialis s and music schola s – O en wo king wi h sp eadshee -based
da abases and limi ed IT capaci y, hey equi e ei he aining o ull cu a ion suppo .
Ou echnological choices a e explained in Sec ion 3.4.1. We ha e buil ou sys em a ound
Wikibase— he so wa e ha unde pins Wikipedia’s 329 language e sions and coo dina es
ex ensi e linked open da a esou ces such as Wikida a, Wikispecies, and Wikiquo e. Wik-
ibase has p o en e ec i e in EU and membe s a e p ojec s whe e s akeholde s lacked he
esou ces o da a cu a ion excellence cen es, b idging complex concep ual models wi h
con ibu ions om domain expe s and ci izen scien is s.
Wikibase’s s eng h lies in i s lexible da a model: based on he Resou ce Desc ip ion F ame-
wo k (RDF) like mos in e na ional cu a ion s anda ds, ye simple enough o accommoda e
less o mal da a s uc u es. This allows lib a y and a chi e collec ion managemen sys-
ems o in e ace wi h Wikibase, impo ing o expo ing cu a ed music indus y da a in o
mo e complex models. We de ail hese p ocedu es in ou da a imp o emen se ices (Chap-
e 7).
5.1.1 Cu a ion om da a endo s
ĹNo e
Da a is a ailable h ough endo s whose business model is o sell o license da a,
esea ch and analysis. The da a would be made a ailable o he EMO ollowing a
comme cial and con ac ual nego ia ion, he e ms o which we e no a ailable o his
epo . (Eu opean Commission e al. 2020, p39)
A his s age, we ha e no conside ed acquisi ions om comme cial da a endo s.
67
5.1.2 No el da a asse s
ĹNo e
Da a is no a ailable o no ailo ed o he needs o he EMO and he e o e, access
o such da a would equi e EMO o es ablish he condi ions o his da a o exis , in
pa ne ship wi h s akeholde s and da a supplie s, a a cos ha is difficul o de e mine
wi hou e alua ing exac ly he ask a hand and he cos -bene i s o de eloping such
da a. (Eu opean Commission e al. 2020, p39)
All Wo k Packages o he Open Music Eu ope p ojec will p oduce no el me hodologies and
expe imen al indica o s. These will be added o he da a ca alogue by 31 Decembe 2025.
5.2 Da a p o ide s
Table 5.1: O ganisa ions ha indica ed willingness o exchange da a wi h a u u e Eu opean
music obse a o y
S akeholde Desc ip ion Access o obse a o y
AEPO-ARTIS O ganisa ion ep esen ing Eu opean
a is s-pe o me s. Reg oups mos o he
Eu opean CMO ep esen ing pe o me s.
Subjec o non- inancial
pa ne ship ag eemen .
Would also equi e
app o al om SCAPR
boa d.
CEEMID Da a collec ion and in eg a ion sys em
based on open da a, open- sou ces and
online su eys.
In e es ed in con ibu ing
and wo king in
pa ne ship wi h a u u e
EMO.
CISAC T ade o ganisa ion eg ouping igh s
socie ies in he wo ld.
Subjec o non- inancial
pa ne ship ag eemen .
CNM ( o me
CNV)
Public o ganisa ion managing a ax on
conce icke s
Subjec o non- inancial
pa ne ship ag eemen .
DDEX S anda ds-se ing o ganisa ion eg ouping
all s akeholde s in he digi al alue chain.
In e es ed s akeholde in
pa icula con ibu ing o
he Inno a ion & New
Models pilla .
GESAC Eu opean G ouping o au ho s socie ies In e es ed s akeholde .
LIVEUROPE Ini ia i e o suppo up-and-coming
Eu opean a is s h ough enues.
Subjec o pa ne ship
ag eemen .
CEEMID is a pan Eu opean music da a in eg a ion sys em based on open da a,
open- sou ce so wa e in open collabo a ion wi h he indus y, s a is icians and
academia, bes s a is ics, da a science and AI p ac ices. I uses many da a
68
sou ces abou he audience, he c ea o s o music, music wo ks and eco dings,
i s ci cula ion globally and i s economy. Rele ance: CEEMID can ans e hou-
sands o indica o s ha a e ep oducible and e i iable, open-sou ce so wa e
ha c ea es hem o a Eu opean Music Obse a o y. In pa icula , CEEMID
p o ides a use ul and in e es ing app oach o ha nessing he possibili ies o open
da a in Eu ope in ela ion o he music sec o , which should be u he explo ed
by he Eu opean Music Obse a o y in i s s a -up phase. (Eu opean Commis-
sion e al. 2020, p147)
CEEMID was a p edecesso o he Open Music Obse a o y. Al hough some o i s da a
is da ed, because i used ep oducible esea ch echniques in da a collec ion and p ocessing,
some can s ill be upda ed and ans e ed o he Open Music Obse a o y. We ha e
s a ed his p ocess and will con inue o consul wi h pa ne s abou hei needs o necessa y
app o als and pe missions in he case o some da ase s.
69

6 S anda disa ion o Da a & Te minology
Da a can only be unde s ood wi h he b oade concep s o in o ma ion and knowledge,
because da a in i sel is unp ocessed, aw knowledge, ha canno be unde s ood. The EMO
Feasibili y S udy in ui i ely de ines da a gaps wi hou an appa en e e ence o a da a o
concep ual model. Because s anda disa ion is one o he key se ices o he en isioned
Eu opean music obse a o y, we ga e a lo o conside a ion o he s anda ds o be applied,
and he e minology nego ia ion p ocess among he obse a o y’s s akeholde s.
In in o ma ion science, a concep ualisa ion is an abs ac , simpli ied iew o some selec ed
pa o he wo ld, con aining he objec s, concep s, and o he en i ies ha a e p esumed o
in e es o some pa icula pu pose and he ela ionships be ween hem. Usually, when we
eco d in o ma ion abou a musical wo k, we do no make a copy o he en i e wo k bu
eco d some iden i ying p ope ies o he wo k, o example, he name o i s au ho and he
name (i.e., he i le), i s unique ISWC iden i ie , and he da a o egis a ion. Compose s
as human beings a e ep esen ed by hei names, IP Names o ISNI iden i ie s, and da e o
bi h and dea h.
A da a gap can only be o mally de ined and illed wi h some e e ence o concep ual models
o he wo ld. A ypical da a p oblem plaguing he music sec o is he amoun o compu e
and human wo k needed o connec musical wo ks and hei eco ded ixa ion, and e en u-
ally, he compose s, p oduce s, and pe o me s linked o hese objec s o oyal y paymen .
How can we de ine a da a gap in such ci cums ances, and how can we ill i ?
6.1 Business p ocesses
Since he Open Music Obse a o y is p ima ily a da a dissemina ion hub, he de ini ion o
ou se ices (Chap e 3) apply elemen s o he Gene ic S a is ical Business P ocess Model
(GSBPM), an in e na ional s anda d ha desc ibes and de ines he se o business p ocesses
needed o p oduce official s a is ics. The GSBMP is accompanied by he Gene al S a is i-
cal In o ma ion Model, which builds on he Da a Documen a ion Ini ia i e (DDI) and he
S a is ical Da a and Me ada a eXchange (SDMX) (Pelleg ino and G o ils 2013).
The DDI and SDMX a e he ounda ions o wo king wi h social sciences a chi es, s a is ical
mic oda a, and p ocessed s a is ical da a. Thei key elemen s a e desc ibed in he Resou ce
Desc ip ion F amewo k o he Wo ld Wide Web and can be used in Linked Da a.
Some elemen s o DDI a e desc ibed wi h RDF: The DDI-RDF Disco e y Vocabula y is a
d a speci ica ion o he DDI Alliance. (Ha mann e al. 2024). Whene e possible, we
ely in ou obse a o y wi h his anno a ion; i ha is no ye possible, we ollow he DDI
Li ecycle (3.3) Documen a ion (Da a Documen a ion Ini ia i e 2020).
70
6.2 Concep ual and in o ma ion models
Da a can only be unde s ood wi h he b oade concep s o in o ma ion and knowledge,
because da a in i sel is unp ocessed, aw knowledge, ha canno be unde s ood. The EMO
easibili y S udy in ui i ely de ines da a gaps wi hou an appa en e e ence o a da a o
concep ual model.
In in o ma ion science, a concep ualisa ion is an abs ac , simpli ied iew o some selec ed
pa o he wo ld, con aining he objec s, concep s, and o he en i ies ha a e p esumed o
in e es o some pa icula pu pose and he ela ionships be ween hem. Usually, when we
eco d in o ma ion abou a musical wo k, we do no make a copy o he en i e wo k bu
eco d some iden i ying p ope ies o he wo k, o example, he name o i s au ho and he
name (i.e., he i le), i s unique ISWC iden i ie , and he da a o egis a ion. Compose s
as human beings a e ep esen ed by hei names, IP Names o ISNI iden i ie s, and da e o
bi h and dea h.
A da a gap can only be o mally de ined and illed wi h some e e ence o concep ual models
o he wo ld. A ypical da a p oblem plaguing he music sec o is he amoun o compu e
and human wo k needed o connec musical wo ks and hei eco ded ixa ion, and e en u-
ally, he compose s, p oduce s, and pe o me s linked o hese objec s o oyal y paymen .
How can we de ine a da a gap in such ci cums ances, and how can we ill i ?
Nume ous knowledge ins i u ions s o e in o ma ion abou musical wo ks, as well as na u al
pe sons (humans) who composed o pe o med hese wo ks and con ibu ed o hei eco ded
ixa ion. I we wan o inqui e abou compose s, we mus know ha a compose is always
a human (animals o so wa e agen s wi h AI algo i hms canno be en i led o compose
copy igh s.) We also mus know ha a musical wo k is an abs ac c ea ion, mani es ing as
a no a ion (physical o digi al shee s, MIDI iles) o eco ding (analogue o digi al-physical
objec , o a ile.) I we wan o alida e he compose ’s in o ma ion connec ed o a eco ding
o a pa icula musical wo k, we mus access da abases con aining in o ma ion abou humans
conce ning some iden i ying p ope ies o wo ks o eco dings.
We imagine a u u e Eu opean Music Obse a o y ha is no a specialised knowledge in-
s i u ion and is no a lib a y, a chi e, museum, o s a is ical agency. Ins ead, i should
be able o consolida e knowledge om all such ins i u ions and ind ways o b ing oge he
da a om p i a e en e p ises and da a collec ion p og ams o ill he in o ma ion gaps o
he Eu opean music sec o s akeholde s.
Ou se ices use he Wikida a Da a Model as a da a coo dina ion and econcilia ion model
(Wikimedia Founda ion n.d.). In his ega d, we ollow many success ul EU and membe -
s a e, (Alexie e al. 2020; Die enbach, Wilde, and Alipio 2021; Rosseno a, Duchesne,
and Blümel 2022; Fa aj and Micsik 2023) o music p ojec s (Sile 2022). We pa icula ly
wan o men ion he excellen wo k o he Uni e si y o Helsinki in c ea ing WB CIDOC, a
simple business p ocess and da a mapping be ween he Wikida a Da a Model and he mo e
complex CIDOC CRM used by ex ensi e collec ion managemen sys ems (Kesäniemi, Koho,
and Hy önen 2022).
71
The S a DCAT-AP and he mo e gene al DCAT-AP de ini ion o he EU Open Da a
Po al p o ide a b idge among lib a y me ada a sys ems, such as DCMI Me ada a Te ms
(Dublin Co e) o lib a ies, he Wo ld Wide Web DCAT s anda d o publishing da ase s,
and some co e e ms o he S a is ical Da a and Me ada a eXchange.
Figu e 6.1: Ou mos impo an e e ence is he DCAT-AP 3.0 speci ica ion, and i s ex en-
sion o s a is ical da a by he EU Open Da a Po al.
The Eu opeana Da a Model (EDM) simila ly p o ides a mo e s aigh o wa d connec ion
ool among a ious lib a y, museological o musical collec ions; i mainly builds on Dublin
Co e and o e s equi alen classes o he mo e complex CIDOC CRM (Eu opeana 2017).
We see no p oblem in connec ing he EDM owa ds RiC.
The CIDOC Concep ual Re e ence Model (CRM) p o ides an ex ensible on ology o
concep s and in o ma ion in cul u al he i age and museum documen a ion (Bekia i e al.
2024).
Las , we men ion some no el s anda ds and s anda d candida es ela ed o documen s, mi-
c oda a, and me ada a documen a ion, such as music su ey ques ionnai es. The Reco ds
In Con ex (RiC) 1.0 CRM and on ology we e adop ed in No embe 2023 o eplace ou
in e na ional a chi al s anda ds wi h backwa d compa ibili y. The DDI-Disco e y ocab-
ula y is an e ol ing s anda d ha aims o desc ibe impo an DDI e ms wi h he Wo ld
Wide Web s anda d Resou ce Desc ip ion F amewo k. To keep ou sys ems u u e-p oo , we
adop elemen s o RiC and DDI-Disco e y o documen ou ques ion bank and codebooks
(In e na ional Council on A chi es Expe G oup on A chi al Desc ip ion 2023; Ha mann
e al. 2024).
72
ĹNo e
A u u e Eu opean Music Obse a o y could help wi h coo dina ing Eu opean esea ch
ac i i ies in he music sec o . An EMO could also de elop ools o es ablish coope a-
ion be ween a ious da a collec ion bodies. The Obse a o y should, he e o e, also
be in ol ed in se ing s anda ds and de eloping common EU wide de ini ions ha a e
c ucial o consis ency. (Eu opean Commission e al. 2020, p80)
Since he adap a ion o he Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k and simila FAIR mea-
su es in open science, such e minological s anda disa ion has aken place in he de ini ion
o o mal on ologies, i.e., knowledge bases ha so wa e applica ions can use, oo.
The music obse a o y should ha e compe en knowledge enginee s and on ologis s and
should be in ol ed in he discussions o sec o -agnos ic on ology, o example, on he possible
imp o emen s o CIDOC o EDM, o a be e ep esen a ion o music.
The e is also a need o he de elopmen o mo e usable and mo e widely accep ed music-
sec o on ologies. In T5.1, we ha e e iewed he Poli onia On ology Ne wo k and he Music
On ology, bu we belie e bo h ha e sho comings o a ull adap a ion.
6.3 Iden i ica ion & En i y Linking
En i y linking, also e e ed o as named-en i y linking (NEL), named-en i y disambigua ion
(NED), named-en i y ecogni ion and disambigua ion (NERD) o named-en i y no malisa-
ion (NEN) is he ask o assigning a unique iden i y o en i ies (such as amous indi iduals,
loca ions, o companies) men ioned in a digi al esou ce, such as a ile.
ĎTip
The MusicB ainz ee music da abase con ains eco ds o 20 a is s named Pa is
(a is s)�, and 15 loca ions using he same name Pa is (loca ions)�, which all may
en e a da a-d i en se ice as a is s who mus be c edi ed o a ibu ion o oyal ies,
and as a place o an e en , elease, o publica ion. Connec ing he wo d Pa is o he
co ec pe son, g oup o loca ion is he ask o en i y linking.
Since he incep ion o he wo ld wide web, da a lows ac oss o ganisa ions and coun ies,
and he use o local iden i ie s is no a good solu ion. In e na ional o ganisa ions o music,
he i age managemen , science, and na ional o ganisa ions a e inc easingly shi ing o he
use o pe sis en iden i ie s (o pe manen Iden i ie o handle).
ĎTip
Ape sis en iden i ie (o pe manen Iden i ie o handle), is one ha ne e
changes, so ha you bookma ks and links don’ b eak when a websi e o a da abase
o an API se ice ge s upda ed.
73
hey mee public ca alogue and da abase da a om public lib a ies, open knowledge g aphs,
and he Slo ak Music Cen e .
The da a ha should be made public is hen u he expo ed o Wikibase Cloud, whe e i
becomes public and a ailable o all s akeholde s. F om Wikibase, i is also synch onised
wi h Wikida a, he wo ld’s la ges open knowledge g aph.
7.1.2 Fix- he-da a
“Fix- he-da a” means imp o ing he da a quali y by inding o impu ing missing alues o
inding and eplacing e oneous da a en ies. In e ms o me ada a, adding u he machine-
ac ionable in o ma ion o al eady exis ing da ase s can imp o e hei usabili y.
The ix- he-da a se ice can mean eplacing missing ou ou da ed me ada a (such as a name
change o a na u al pe son o a co po a e body), o ecalcula ing agg ega ed accoun ing o
s a is ical da a a e base change, o o ecas ing da a ha is no ye a ailable.
ĎTip
Ou ix- he-da a se ices do no inc ease he size o he da a a ailable o ou pa ne s,
bu i inc eases he quali y o hei da ase s o da abases.
7.1.3 Da a Linking
“Da a linking”, da a usion, o da a ma ching means co ec ly joining da a om di e en
da ase s (da a sou ces.) Many ix- he-da a p oblems ini ially a ise om impe ec da a
linking, o example, mis akes in cu ency a es, uni s o measu es, coding o geog aphical
en i ies, misplaced decimal delimi e s on he le el o da a, o misunde s andings o he mean-
ing o “a is income” o “popula i y sco e”, o o he non-sel e iden a iables. An e en
mo e sub le p oblem is joining da a om wo ques ionnai e su eys c ea ed wi h di e en
sampling algo i hms and di e en s anda d (measu emen ) e o s.
ĎTip
Da a linking o da a usion is a way o join many small da abases in o a la ge, ede a ed
da ase . This way, ela i ely small music o ganisa iosn can bene i om access o big
da a.
7.1.4 Regis a ion se ices
In Open Music Eu ope, o he asks deal wi h he policy p oblem plaguing he music indus-
y: e en hough i needs access o an excep ionally high numbe o egis e s (due o he
agmen a ion o he copy igh and se e al neighbou ing igh s), access o such egis e s
80

is limi ed o impossible. O en, he egis e s ca y legacy p oblems ha make hem less
unc ional in us wo hy da a and AI sys ems.
A egis e is a documen [in mode n usage, usually a da abase], in which da a a e en e ed
in a o mal manne by a s a u o y au ho i y (ISO 2017b). In s a is ical da a collec ion a
“ egis e aims o be a comple e lis o he objec s in a speci ic g oup o objec s o popula ion.”
(Ande s and B i 2007). S a is ical da a collec ion and igh s managemen a e jus wo
se ice a eas whose wo k lows depend on well- unc ioning and accessible egis e s. The
s a is ical business egis e is an essen ial ool o c ea ing su ey ames o sample ames,
in o he wo ds, o o ganise s a is ical da a collec ion. A copy igh o neighbou ing igh
egis e is necessa y o o ganise oyal y collec ion.
ĹNo e
A s a is ical egis e is necessa y o decide who should ge a da a eques :
• Fo a sample su ey, he egis e is used o d aw a lo e y o popula ion membe s
who will be in i ed o p o ide da a.
• In a census- ype su ey, all egis e ed membe s o he popula ion, o example,
all music labels, will ecei e an in i a ion o an in e iew o o m.
• In he case o a egis e -based su ey, all membe s o he egis e , o example, all
collec i e managemen socie ies in he e i o y, will be eques ed o send da a
di ec ly om hei da abases.
In o he wo k packages o he Open Music Eu ope p ojec , we a e expe imen ing wi h
s a is ical da a coo dina ion among he music sec o and s a is ical au ho i ies. Wi hou
ecalling he de ails he e, as digi isa ion exponen ially inc eases he amoun o s uc u ed
da a in he p i a e sec o , i is a g owing end in s a is ical inno a ion o ely on da a
held by he p i a e sec o o make mo e g anula o imely official s a is ics. Fo consume
spending s a is ics, cos ly and imp ecise su eys o andomly selec ed ci izens pu ing hei
pu chases in a dia y, some s a is ical au ho i ies di ec ly p ocess da a om cash egis e s o
c edi ca d spending. We en ision a simila s a is ical collabo a ion among s a is ical offices
and collec i e igh s managemen o ganisa ions because i is easie o epo music oyal y
accoun s han o ask musicians o alk abou hei complex income s eams in in e iews o
on ques ionnai es.
We see he ole o he Open Music Obse a o y in p o iding a me hodology and digi al da a
in as uc u e o such s a is ical collabo a ion. In o he wo k package asks, SOZA and
Rep ex will c ea e so-called sa elli e business egis e s o ha monise he da a collec ion o
he obse a o y wi h he Slo ak s a is ical au ho i y. Mo e abou his wo k: (Daniel An al
2023)
Such se ices, simila o da a linking and some new se ices ha will build on he da a and
he da a API o he Open Music Obse a o y, ely on he p o ision o echnical se ices o
egis a ion. The Open Music Obse a o y has i s egis e , oo.
81
Regis a ion is a cos ly da a se ice wi h as economies o scale, so p o iding mo e a o d-
able egis a ion se ices o he Eu opean music sec o could be an impo an se ice.
⊠In ou pilo ing phase, we ely on coope a ion wi h he Slo ak Na ional Lib a y o es
he usabili y o he VIAF au ho i y ile sys em o iden i ying names.
⊠Ou da ase dis ibu ions use he DOIs om Zenodo, which also p o ides ou long-
e m a chi e.
⊠Fo ce ain asse s, mainly pho og aphs and scanned documen s, we ely on he new
ISCC egis a ion, a long- e m solu ion o some music indus y applica ions.
⊠Rep ex egis e ed an imp in , he Digi al Music Obse a o y, o place long- o m pub-
lica ions as books in o lib a y sys ems.
⊠We a e in es iga ing he cos s and bene i s o inding an ISNI egis a pa ne o
c ea ing a oadmap o making he Open Music Obse a o y a egis a i sel .
7.2 Use Cases
In 2023 he Open Music Eu ope p ojec applied o he Module A o he Ho izon Resul s
Boos e (HRB) p o ided by T us -IT Se ices�. The HRB aims o p o ide a angible con-
ibu ion o he dissemina ion o esul s and ecommenda ions o esea ch p ojec s ela ed
o he Eu opean Commission P io i y a eas.
Figu e 7.1: app
82
7.2.1 Da a Heal h Se ices o Collec i e Managemen
En i y linking and da a linking a e among he bigges echnical p oblems in igh s man-
agemen . Because music au ho s, p oduce s, and pe o me s ha e h ee oyal y s eams
and do no sha e an in e ope able egis y, he connec ion o musical wo ks (composi ions,
ideally iden i ied by an ISWC code), hei sound eco ding mani es a ions (iden i ied on all
digi al se ices wi h and ISRC code), and he a ious iden i ie s o pe o me s equi e cos ly
manual and echnical iden i ica ion.
The e a e nume ous p ojec s unde way in he music indus y o esol e his p oblem going
o wa d. In he Uni ed Kingdom, PRS’s Nexus p og amme� is de eloping a solu ion wi h
he p o isioning o p elimina y ISWC egis a ion o keep he eco ding and composi ion
connec ed om he bi h o a new eco ding.
The Open Music Eu ope p ojec , on he o he hand, is pionee ing a di e en ou e o
al eady exis ing sound eco dings, wi h he linking o public sec o ca alogues o he i age
and lib a y collec ions wi h igh s managemen in o ma ion; pa icula ly wi h elying on
he VIAF sha ed au ho i y iles. SOZA and Rep ex a e expec ed o p esen hei MVP on
he CISAC Good Go e nance semina in Decembe 2025.
Mode n egis e s ypically assign a unique iden i ie , known as a URI, o hei da a subjec s
(ou egis e ed objec s). A ‘Cool URI’, which esembles a URL, o e s a p ac ical ad an age.
When used as a URL, i gene a es a human- eadable HTML ile abou he egis e ed pe son
o objec . This can be pa icula ly use ul when p ocessed by a g aph applica ion, as i
p o ides c ucial in o ma ion abou his pe son o objec in a machine- eadable (XML, JSON,
TTL, o NQUAD) ile.
Fo example, he VIAF iden i ie numbe 89006617 can be placed in o he h p:// ia .o g/
ia /89006617 URL, which p o ides as access o he ca aloging in o ma ion o wo ks c ea ed
by, o w i en abou he g ea e nomusicologis and mode n compose , Béla Ba ók.
Mode n pla o ms, such as Spo i y, use simila iden i ie s. Fo example, he Spo i y A is
ID 2 IUlieTjLTaNQUIKHX5B8 esol es o Celes e Buckingham’s a ailable eco dings on he
pla o m ia he URL h ps://open.spo i y.com/a is /2 IUlieTjLTaNQUIKHX5B8.
The p oblem is ha music c ea o s a e o en p esen on mo e han 200 digi al pla o ms,
each o which has i s iden i ie policy and equi es he epea ed impo o he a is s’, wo ks’,
and eco dings’ da a. To consis en ly epo such me ada a is cos ly and complex, e en o
majo labels and publishe s wi h a dedica ed IT sys em. No wonde we saw be o e ou
p ojec in ou own Feasibili y s udy ha mo e han 50% o a is da a needed ixing on
digi al pla o ms.
Relying on many local iden i ie s on o he wise in e connec ed compu e sys ems will always
c ea e a cos ly and e o -p one da a exchange. Un o una ely, he music indus y has ne e
ag eed o use genuinely open, high-quali y egis e s. These changes we e made du ing he
pe iod o ou p ojec . Fo example, la ge pla o ms like Apple, Spo i y, and some collec i e
igh s managemen o ganisa ions s a ed using he ISO-s anda d name iden i ie (ISNI) o
a oid he high p e alence o mul iple same-name pe sons and musical g oups. This ansi ion
83
is ye o begin, and i is incomple e, so he music sec o will likely need o in es la ge IT
esou ces in o en i y esolu ion in he nex decade.
7.2.2 Sus ainabili y Repo ing o Music O ganisa ions
The Music Inno a ion Hub and Rep ex will de elop a CSRD-complian sus ainabili y e-
po ing ool in 2024-2025. The epo ing ool aims o p o ide an accu a e and a o dable
ESG epo ing acili y ha ollows he Eu opean ESRS s anda ds o music en e p ises ha
c ea e hei inancial epo s acco ding o he simpli ied epo ing ules allowed by membe
s a es o mic oen e p ises.
Mo e han 95% o Eu opean music en e p ises (in some membe s a es, his eaches 100%)
apply simpli ied inancial epo ing. Fo such companies, he e a e no CSRD-complian
ESG epo ing ools.
We iden i y he eason o his ma ke ailu e as ollows:
□The CSRD Di ec i e imposes he esponsibili y o connec ed inancial sus ainabili y
epo ing on la ge and public companies and applies i o hei en i e alue chain. The
music indus y lacks such la ge en e p ises ha would ha e aken a pilo ing ole o
played a pi o al ole in es ablishing he s anda ds.
□Music en e p ises and hei ade associa ions do no ac p oac i ely because hey
belie e hey mus ollow he da a p o ision ins uc ions o he di ec ly a ec ed B2B
buye s, inancie s, o co po a e sponso s.
□The s anda disa ion body EFRAG has de-p io i ised he cul u al and c ea i e in-
dus ies in se ing indus y-speci ic s anda ds a ou ing sec o s wi h a much highe
ad e se en i onmen al impac .
84
□While small music businesses do no eel a compliance push, as hey a e no di ec ly
esponsible o applying he ESRS, hey also miss ou on he oppo uni ies p o ided
by g een inancing and insu ance.
⊠MiH and Rep ex will pilo a se ice sui able o mic oen e p ises, educing compliance
cos s om 1500 eu os o 500 eu os pe en i y.
⊠This new applica ion will ely on he Open Music Obse a o y’s Music Economy and
Sus ainabili y pilla s and will de i e i s benchma ks, science-based a ge s and coeffi-
cien s, and inpu -ou pu ables.
The MVP o his se ice was de eloped wi h a MusicAIRE mic og an , and i is he p ojec ’s
backg ound. A scale-up will be demons a ed wi h he use he Open Music Obse a o y’s
open da a API.
7.2.3 Lis en Local
Figu e 7.2: The Feasibili y S udy On P omo ing Slo ak Music in Slo akia And Ab oad is
an impo an backg ound o ou p ojec .
In 2020, wi h a mic og an om he Slo ak A s Council, we c ea ed a Feasibili y S udy and
a demo applica ion called Lis en Local (Daniel An al 2020b). The s udy examined why he
Spo i y algo i hm s uggled o ecommend Slo ak music wi hin Slo akia o Slo ak people.
We also c ea ed a demo applica ion ha modi ied he use ’s Spo i y ecommenda ions o
olun a ily comply wi h he local con en guidelines applicable o local adio s a ions. The
use could also lis en o a lowe o highe pe cen age o egional wo ks.
Ou c i ical inding was he e y pool da a co e age and quali y o he Slo ak epe oi e,
which is mainly sen o dis ibu ion wi hou he p o essional assis ance o a comme cial
music label. Sel - eleasing a is s and mic o labels do no ha e he necessa y me ada a
know-how, IT and da a specialis s o p epa e hei new eleases o algo i hmic cu a ion by
ecommende engines o digi al s eaming pla o ms, adio s a ions, o la ge es i als.
85

Figu e 7.3: Ou concep ual demo applica ion was able o make ecommenda ions on ol-
un a ily mee ing he local con en guidelines, bu i was only suppo ed by a
ela i ely small Slo ak Demo Music Da abase, and could only wo k wi h Spo i y,
which has he mos anspa en and open API o all s eaming p o ide s licensed
o he e i o y o he Slo ak Republic.
We aim o de elop applica ions o c ea e a local con en -awa e public pe o mance music
s eam.
⊠Hea Dis! aims o in eg a e such loca ion-awa e me ada a in o i s backg ound music
playlis ing se ice.
⊠We a e planning Lis en Local applica ions o adio s a ions o olun a ily e iew
hei cu en playlis s o compliance wi h local con en egula ions and, i hey ail
o each he s a u o y local con en quo as, o ecommend sui able eco dings o hei
playlis s.
⊠The OMO will dissemina e he necessa y da a o hese new se ices.
□The da a is no ye a ailable, as he c ea ion o he Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music
Da abase is a ask o i s own ha will be eady by No embe 2025 in WP2.
7.2.4 Unlabel
Unlabel is a planned se ice aimed a sel - eleasing a is s and mic o labels ha need a unc-
ional da a/IT depa men . The e o e, hey a e a a disad an age compa ed o signi ican
independen and majo eleases because hey usually need o mee he high documen a-
ion s anda ds necessa y o a success ul digi al dis ibu ion s a egy and engagemen wi h
algo i hmic cu a ion o s eaming-, adio-, o es i al playlis s.
Sel - eleasing a is s and mic o labels b ing ill-documen ed new con en o digi al dis ib-
u o s like ALOADED. Digi al dis ibu o s mus main ain an a m’s leng h s anda d o all
86
labels, small o la ge, independen o majo . ALOADED o o he dis ibu o s canno c oss-
inance he da a p oblems o sel - eleasing and mic o-label a is s om he clien e enues
o mo e p ominen labels.
We iden i y he p oblem as a ma ke ailu e and a echnical ailu e:
□In some de eloping ma ke s, insufficien oyal y e enues do no allow he p esence o
p o essionalisa ion o eco d labels wi h an IT and da a managemen unc ion because
he paymen o IT o da a specialis s o o keep ex e nal supplie s a leas on a e aine
canno be inanced om he label-a is e enue spli .
□Manual me ada a p o ision wi hou me ada a specialis s and ools leads o in e io
da a quali y. Ou easibili y s udy has shown ha mo e han 50% o he eleases ha e
da a sho comings, and 17% ha e poo da a ep esen a ions ha make algo i hmic
ecommenda ions o hese eleases impossible. This c ea es a icious ci cle because
poo da a quali y ansla es in o low isibili y, low usage o such epe oi e, and,
he e o e, low income. The cos o da a imp o emen has no sus ainable inancial
basis.
⊠In 2025, ALOADED, Rep ex, Slo ak Music Cen e and SOZA will concep ualise and
plan a new public-p i a e business model ha aims a hose igh sholde s who do no
ha e a echnically p ope label ep esen a ion as a subs i u e o non-a ailable ma ke
se ices.
Ou planned “Unlabel” se ice will p o ide documen a ion and me ada a imp o emen se -
ices o sel - eleasing a is s. This se ice, simila o cu en whi e-label se ices, will
s ic ly add ess ma ke ailu es and no compe e wi h label se ices. We aim o p o ide a
necessa y le el o da a consolida ion and imp o emen so ha hese a is s can ha e equal
oppo uni ies in digi al dis ibu ion se ices.
The se ice will be connec ed o he Slo ak Music Da aspace and i s Slo ak Comp ehensi e
Music Da abase. We will p o ide a PPP business model o he onboa ding and p ope
documen a ion o sel - eleasing a is s on a la ge scale and he efficien , API-based p o ision
o hei digi al dis ibu o . Aloaded will p o ide he dis ibu ion se ices, Rep ex will
p o ide he da a se ices, and SOZA and he Slo ak Music Cen e will wo k ou he de ails
o minimal cus ome se ice o such labels.
7.3 Use o AI sys ems
Fo he en i y linking, ela ed o ou planned alue added Sec ion 7.2.1, we a e planning o
use in he u u e AI algo i hms, pa icula ly in e ence engines. The main goal o he sys em
is o help ma ching co ec ly named en i ies, pa icula ly igh sholde s, musical wo ks and
eco dings. The sys em is no ye in place. An adequa e desc ip ion will be p o ided o
o e iew and will be b ough o he a en ion o he E hics Ad iso du ing he upcoming
mee ing o he E hics Boa d.
87
We canno p o ide a ull isk assessmen because he se ice is no planned in de ail ye .
Howe e , ou p elimina y isk assessmen sugges s low le els o isk, pa ly, because we
plan o deploy AI in music/cul u e, which as a domain no seen as a high- isk a ea by
he Eu opean egula ion, and pa ly, because ou sys em will no au onomous, will e ain
human-in-con ol, and will no in luence he decisions o anyhow engage wi h end-use s.
We we e conscious o he po en ial isk in ol ed, and bo h he con ol s uc u e and he
da a go e nance we e planned o e he cou se o 10 mon hs.
□Is he AI sys em designed o in e ac , guide o ake decisions by human end-use s ha
a ec humans o socie y? No. The sys em will only help quali ied pe sons in igh s
managemen o as e and mo e efficien ly p e iew po en ially unlinked en i ies.
□Could he AI sys em a ec human au onomy by in e e ing wi h he end-use ’s
decision-making p ocess in any o he unin ended and undesi able way? No. The
sys em in no way is conside ed as an end-use sys em.
⊠Please de e mine whe he he AI sys em (choose as many as app op ia e) o e seen by
a human: Is o e seen by a Human-in-Command.
⊠Ha e he humans (human-in- he-loop, human-on- he-loop, human-in-command) been
gi en speci ic aining on how o exe cise o e sigh ? Yes. The sys em is no making
au onomous decisions.
⊠Is you AI sys em being ained, o was i de eloped, by using o p ocessing pe sonal
da a (including special ca ego ies o pe sonal da a)? Yes.
⊠Did you pu in place any o he ollowing measu es some o which a e manda o y unde
he Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR), o a non-Eu opean equi alen ? Yes.
⊠Da a P o ec ion Impac Assessmen (DPIA) Yes.
⊠Designa e a Da a P o ec ion Office (DPO)24 and include hem a an ea ly s a e in
he de elopmen , p ocu emen o use phase o he AI sys em? Yes.
⊠O e sigh mechanisms o da a p ocessing (including limi ing access o quali ied pe -
sonnel, mechanisms o logging da a access and making modi ica ions)? Yes.
□Measu es o achie e p i acy-by-design and de aul (e.g. enc yp ion, pseudonymisa ion,
agg ega ion, anonymisa ion)? No applicable o NERD. The aim o he applica-
ion is o de ec e o s in name a ibu ion and o p o ec he mo al and economic
igh s o he (named) igh sholde s.
⊠Did you implemen he igh o wi hd aw consen , he igh o objec and he igh o
be o go en in o he de elopmen o he AI sys em? Yes.
⊠Did you conside he p i acy and da a p o ec ion implica ions o da a collec ed, gen-
e a ed o p ocessed o e he cou se o he AI sys em’s li e cycle? Yes.
⊠Did you conside he p i acy and da a p o ec ion implica ions o he AI sys em’s
non-pe sonal aining-da a o o he p ocessed non-pe sonal da a? Yes.
88
We do no conside ha he sys em has wide isks o nega i e impac s. The algo i hm is
designed o cu e sou ces o da a biases ha esul in a la e o missed paymen o some
igh sholde s.
89
To each ou objec i es ela ed o he Open Music Obse a o y, we will ake he ollowing
s eps a e his miles one:
⊠We in oduce he sys em o hose o ganisa ions ha showed a willingness o sha e da a
wi h a u u e Eu opean obse a o y (See: Sec ion 5.2), and ask o hei eedback and
a leas es da a samples;
⊠Based on he ex e nal da a samples, in ou suppo ing ask, we will de elop u he
ex ac - ans o m-load componen s o ensu e a smoo h da a expo /impo acco ding
o he needs o he ep esen a i e Eu opean music s akeholde s;
⊠We will dissemina e and imp o e wi h eedback ou da a sha ing space model, and
pa icula ly he accompanying go e nance model, wi h expe s in he ield o da a
go e nance, da a sha ing, and a ious music indus y da a and me ada a in e es
g oups;
⊠We will inalise he c ea ion o he Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase, enabling
he MVP demons a ions o se e al alue-added se ices, as desc ibed in Sec ion 7.1.
We plan o s a dissemina ing hese use cases on la ge s akeholde o ums in he
second hal o 2025 in he hope o inding addi ional eplica ion pa ne s and use s.
⊠An adequa e desc ip ion o ou planned use o AI will be p o ided o o e iew, and
will be b ough o he a en ion o he E hics Ad iso du ing he upcoming mee ing
o he E hics Boa d (see Sec ion 7.3.)
⊠We will inges a la ge ba ch o su ey da a om o he wo k packages in 2025 Q1.
96

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Annex 1 - S akeholde p o ile da a shee o
he Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k
Name o he s akeholde :
□Co po a e (ins i u ional) name: This is manda o y o legal pe sons and g oups; also,
please p o ide a con ac pe son.
□gi en name: manda o y o na u al pe sons
□ amily name: manda o y o na u al pe sons
Legal s a us o he s akeholde :
⊠p i a e pe son: you name will be made public among he membe s; we also ask o
p o ide a pe sis en ID (ISNI, ORCiD o VIAF.)
⊠Legal pe son: you name and legal pe son ID will be made public among he membe s,
bu no he con ac pe son. Please p o ide ISNI, o OpenCo po a es ID.
□o he associa ion o g oup wi hou legal pe sonali y: you name and pe sis en ID
will be made public among he membe s, bu no ha o he con ac pe son. Please
p o ide ISNI iden i ie .
Logo o icon o he s akeholde :
□no manda o y, bu i p o ided, we will make i public
Online con ac de ails o he s akeholde :
□Official websi e: we will make i public i p o ided
□LinkedIn page: we will make i public i p o ided
□Facebook page: we will make i public i p o ided
□YouTube channel: we will make i public i p o ided
□Ins ag am accoun : we will make i public i p o ided
Pe manen esidence o sea o he s akeholde :
⊠Only he coun y and municipali y will be made public
□Please p o ide ull pos al add ess
Official email add ess o he s akeholde :
102
□only used o in i a ions o s akeholde mee ings, gi ing and e oking da a handling;
ne e made public.
Con ac elephone numbe o he s akeholde :
□is only used o cla i y po en ial p oblems and consen s; i is ne e made public and is
no used unless necessa y.
Fo he in ake, we will also ask o a ew lines o s a emen o in e es in he Obse a-
o y S akeholde Ne wo k and opic in e es s o da a i hey apply. We will make his
in o ma ion public, oo.
We a e also happy o c ea e an in ake in e iew and publish i on ou websi e o allow he
membe s o he Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k o ge amilia wi h each o he s ideas and
in e es s.
ĺImpo an
We will p o ide in he inal deli e able a link o he official in ake o he s akeholde
ne wo k. I would like o in i e SOZA, Hudobné cen um, Aloaded, and Hea Dis! as
i s pa ne s.
Open Music Da a Exchange
ĺImpo an
This ad iso y body will no be open o in i a ions. The ep esen a i e pan-Eu opean
s akeholde s can nomina e he e hei echnical p o ide s o consul he echnical as-
pec s o da a exchange.
103
Annex 2 - Da a Cu a o s Manuals
Ou p ima y se ices in ol e da a collec ion, p ocessing, and dissemina ion. These se ices
will no p oduce a high-quali y da a esou ce wi hou compe en da a cu a o s.
Da a cu a o s, as p o essionals, a e esponsible o managing, main aining, and enhancing
he quali y o an o ganisa ion’s da a. Thei wo k is ins umen al in making da a easily
accessible, accu a e, and ele an o he o ganisa ion’s needs. In la ge o ganisa ions, hey
collabo a e closely wi h da a enginee s, analys s, scien is s, and o he s akeholde s o es ab-
lish a obus da a ecosys em.
ĹNo e
To wo k wi h he sys ems o he Open Music Obse a o y, we c ea ed wo manuals.
• In Ma ch 2023 we c ea ed (and subsequen ly upda ed wi h use eedbacks)
a Con ibu o s Guideline o he in e nal s akeholde s o he Open Mu-
sic Eu ope (OpenMusE) p ojec . This manual is a ailable on con ibu-
o s.da aobse a o y.eu
• In 2024 we c ea ed a pa ly o e lapping manual o he Obse a o y S ake-
holde Ne wo k, i.e., o o ganisa ions ha a e p o iding and exchanging
da a wi h he Open Music Obse a o y. This manual is a ailable on man-
ual.opencollec ions.ne .
In he music sec o , because o he dominance o mic o- and small en e p ise (ins i u ion)
sizes, e y ew compe en da a cu a o s and specialised da a o knowledge enginee s a e
p esen . Ou app oach o sol ing his p oblem is he ollowing:
⊠We pool hose music expe s wi hin he s akeholde ne wo k who ha e da a cu a o ial
skills ( o example, music lib a ians) o , due o hei job, ha e backg ound skills o an
affini y o da a cu a ion.
⊠We p o ide hese da a cu a o s wi h obus ools ha only equi e a li le lea ning.
⊠We cen alise all he knowledge and da a enginee ing wo k in he cen e o he da a-
sha ing space, i.e., a he Open Music Obse a o y.
We p o ide small-g oup aining and online manuals o he da a cu a o s, esponsible o
main aining he quali y o da a inges ed by he Open Music Obse a o y. Fo la ge da a
p o ide s, o example, collec i e managemen o ganisa ions o music in o ma ion cen es,
we ain one in-house da a cu a o because, due o da a con iden iali y issues, o en only an
104
in-house pe son can e iew he o ali y o he da a (and so ou he pa o he da a ha
can be sha ed wi hin he da aspace wi h o he obse a o y s akeholde s.)
Inspi a ion
Ve y ew music o ganisa ions employ da a cu a o s o employees wi h a lib a y o in o -
ma ion sciences backg ound. We wan o encou age music p o essionals wo king in a ious
o -p o i o social en e p ises and esea ch ins i u ions o disco e hei “inne da a cu a-
o .” We belie e ha a passion o music and he sec o and deep knowledge and expe ience
wi h music a e mo e impo an han he echnical skills needed o cu a e he da a.
We a e encou aging he membe s o he Obse a o y S akeholde Ne wo k (See: Sec-
ion 8.1.1) o ind p o essionals, esea che s, o a is s in hei o ganisa ion who ha e deep
subjec -domain knowledge abou he da a we wan o imp o e: hey know a lo abou
o gans in chu ches, abou labels o a pa icula gen e, sync licensing o ilms, o any o he
domain on which we collec da a. Ou ideal cu a o s sha e a passion o da a-d i en
e idence o isualisa ions, can lea n ools ha Wikipedia edi o s use, and ha e a obus
and subjec i e idea abou he da a ha would in o m hem in hei wo k.
Basic Da a O ganisa ion Concep s
We a e aining and p o iding sel - aining ma e ial o wo c ucial bu ela i ely simple
concep s: idy da a and he ex anno a ion and ma k up.
Figu e 3: Following h ee ules makes a da ase idy: a iables a e in columns, obse a ions
a e in ows, and alues a e in cells. F om R Fo Da a Science - 12. Tidy Da a
Ou documen a ion sys em wo ks wi h MediaWiki, he ma k up sys em de eloped by
Wikipedia.
105
Musical wo ks
Sound eco dings
Li e public pe o mance
112

SKCMDb: Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music
Da abase
The Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (SKCMDb) is a na ional ini ia i e aimed a making
Slo ak music mo e accessible, disco e able, and usable ac oss lib a ies, a chi es, s eaming
se ices, and igh s managemen o ganisa ions. I connec s sco es, eco dings, and me ada a
using open s anda ds and collabo a i e go e nance. As a unc ional module o he Open
Music Obse a o y, he SKCMDb also se es as a es bed o de eloping sha ed da a se ices,
add essing he concep ual models, wo k lows, and go e nance ules equi ed o link di e se
music s akeholde s.
‘
The SKCMDb is suppo ed by a da a-sha ing space consis ing o bo h sha ed and p i a e
da abases.
The da a-sha ing space cu en ly comp ises he ollowing ini ial componen s:
•Slo ak Me ada a Da abase: A da abase ha acili a es connec ions be ween a i-
ous Slo ak s akeholde s’ sys ems.
•SKCMDb (public): A public da abase con aining mic oda a on musical wo ks, hei
eco dings and sco es, biog aphical and ins i u ional in o ma ion, s a is ical da ase s,
and a ca alogue o publica ions.
113
•SKCMDb HC-SOZA (p i a e): A da abase used exclusi ely o igh s managemen
and lib a y managemen , go e ned by an ag eemen be ween he Slo ak Music Cen e
and SOZA.
•SKCMDb HF (p i a e): A echnical da ase c ea ed o p o ide imp o emen s, co ec-
ions, and en ichmen s o he Hudobný ond.
The Slo ak Me ada a Da abase se es as a suppo laye ha is pa ly public and pa ly
p i a e. I s me ada a de ini ions and desc ip i e me ada a a e expo ed in o he SKCMDb
da abases as needed and pe mi ed.
The Slo ak Me ada a Da abase
The Slo ak Me ada a Da abase is de eloped in alignmen wi h he me ada a amewo k o
he Open Music Obse a o y.
•On ological and hesau i pa e ns: Reuses s anda dized o widely adop ed ocab-
ula ies.
•Concep ualiza ions and de ini ions: Includes concep de ini ions, hesau i, and
o he elemen s de eloped speci ically o he SKCMDb.
•Public pe manen iden i ie s: Uses iden i ie s ha a e public o can be made
public.
The me ada a laye is gene ally licensed unde CC0, hough in some cases o he licenses a e
used ( o example, CC-BY).
ĹNo e
Examples:
• The de ini ions o musical wo k,p in ed shee music, and he is sco e o ela ion-
ship allow he desc ip ion o connec ions be ween an abs ac musical wo k—such
as Bella’s Missa in C—and i s ac ual p in ed mani es a ions.
• The VIAF iden i ie 2737220 iden i ies Ján Le osla Bella’s composi ions ac oss
lib a y sys ems.
Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (public)
The Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase is a linked open da abase published by he Slo-
ak Music Cen e. I in eg a es elemen s om he Hudobné cen um’s own da abases along
wi h da a made public by SOZA, Hudobný ond, and o he o ganiza ions. The da abase
is dis ibu ed unde a ious C ea i e Commons licenses ha allow bo h comme cial and
non-p o i use.
114
The p ima y aim o he SKCMDb is o educe he cos o main aining public and p i a e
se ices ha enhance he ci cula ion, a ailabili y, isibili y, and legally licensed use o Slo ak
music. Ou licensing policies a e designed o enable he wides possible use o he da a while
p o ec ing he in es men s equi ed o main ain egis e s, s anda ds, and da a in eg i y.
Slo ak Comp ehensi e Music Da abase (p i a e)
The p i a e componen s o he SKCMDb consis o da abases whe e he da a is no in ended
o public sha ing bu is used o enhance igh s managemen , music in o ma ion se ices,
lib a y ope a ions, o o he specialized applica ions. These da abases a e main ained unde
ag eemen s be ween he pa icipa ing pa ies.
Access o hese p i a e da ase s se es speci ic, well-de ined pu poses and is go e ned by
s ic ules. A ailabili y o hi d pa ies is de e mined solely a he disc e ion o he da a
owne s and may a y depending on con ac ual o legal obliga ions.
Mic oda a
Mic oda a consis s o in o ma ion be o e i is agg ega ed in o s a is ical da ase s o o mal
publica ions. Me ada a can also be conside ed mic oda a: while i is ne e agg ega ed, i
plays a c i ical ole in desc ibing he p o enance, seman ics, and usabili y o agg ega ed
da a.
•Collec ions: S uc u ed se s o simila i ems c ea ed h ough cu a o ial ac i i ies,
whe e inclusion is based on disc e iona y selec ion o se e end use s (e.g., a lib a y’s
holdings o a cu a ed playlis ).
•Regis e s: Au ho i a i e lis s c ea ed h ough adminis a i e p ocesses wi h de ined
ules, aiming o cap u e all known i ems in a ca ego y (e.g., a na ional musical wo ks
egis e ).
Collec ions ypically ely on egis e s o iden i y wo ks unambiguously and a oid duplica ion.
Bo h a e documen ed in s uc u ed da ase s con aining s anda d iden i ie s such as ISRC,
ISWC, o ISMN codes. In he case o s a is ical da a, mic oda a o en e e s o su ey
ins umen s and esponses cu a ed unde de ined me hodological ules.
•Me ada a: Rele an elemen s om he Slo ak Me ada a Da abase ha suppo he
use o collec ions o egis e s.
The SKCMDb’s collec ions and egis e da ase s a e o ganized as a documen da abase. This
da abase s o es s uc u ed da a in RDF o ma desc ibing musical wo ks, sound eco dings,
p in ed and manusc ip sco es, as well as biog aphical in o ma ion abou music p o essionals
and hei o ganiza ions.
Each music- ela ed objec o agen (pe son, co po a e body, o o ganiza ion) is ep esen ed
as a mic oda a da ase . These da ase s sha e common de ini ions ia concep ual models
115
and da a s uc u es, enabling au oma ic agg ega ion. All da ase s a e a ailable wi h RDF
anno a ion and can be expo ed in all s anda d RDF se ializa ions.
Mic oda a is in ended o ins i u ional and p o essional use, no o he gene al public. I
is anno a ed wi h s anda dized me ada a sui able o applica ions such as music lib a y
ca aloguing, dis ibu ion pla o ms, and igh s managemen sys ems.
ĹNo e
Example
The musical wo k S ing Qua e in B- la Majo (composed by Ján Le osla Bella) is
desc ibed in a da ase ha includes wo publicly a ailable p in ed sco es and a publicly
a ailable sound eco ding.
•G aphical iew: Na iga e and con ibu e o de ailed en ies on musical wo ks,
sound eco dings, and ela ed asse s. � Explo e on Wikibase
•Seman ic iew: Expo s uc u ed da a in XML, JSON-LD, Tu le, o N-
T iples o ma s o euse in esea ch o digi al p ojec s. � Example Tu le ile o
download XML
Reco ding o mic oda a ollows de ined ules. As a gene al p inciple, li ing na u al
pe sons may op ou o inclusion in he da abase.
S a is ical Da a & Da a Ca alogue
Ou s a is ical da a and ca alogue consis o da ase s agg ega ed using s a is ical me hodolo-
gies. These comply wi h he SDMX s anda d and he W3C Da a Cube ocabula y, making
hem compa ible wi h sp eadshee so wa e, s a is ical packages, and da a science wo k lows
in R, Py hon, o simila en i onmen s.
Da ase s a e o e ed in mul iple o ma s. In addi ion o RDF se ializa ions, we p o ide
s anda d CSV iles and, when equi ed, Excel o SPSS o ma s. We also publish da a pape s
and ela ed documen a ion ha desc ibe da ase usabili y and highligh key insigh s.
Publica ions & Ca alogue
The SKCMDb’s mos impo an publica ions a e musical wo ks, made a ailable o end use s
as sound o ideo eco dings and p in ed shee music. These may be dis ibu ed in di e en
sales o ma s, such as physical albums o books.
Mic oda a and s a is ical da ase s a e ea ed as publica ions and a e lis ed bo h in he
gene al ca alogue and a machine- eadable da a ca alogue.
The SKCMDb also includes me hodological and musicological publica ions, as well as da a
pape s explaining he use o da ase s. The ca alogue is designed o in e ope abili y wi h
lib a ies, a chi es, museums, and simila ins i u ions.
116
In some cases, he SKCMDb may hos he ull publica ion, wi h he Open Music Obse a o y
ac ing as publishe . In mos cases, howe e , i p o ides ca alogue en ies wi h clea access
poin s, such as webshops, public lib a y lending sys ems, o eposi o y links whe e legal
copies o he documen s can be ob ained.
117

Lī MDb: Li onian Music Da abase
The Li onian Music Da abase (Lī MDb) is a p oo -o concep o wo king wi h music ha has
low documen a ion dep h, weak ins i u ions. The music o he Li onian people is sca e ed,
and as na i e speake s o his small e hnic g oup died ou , hei he i age was dispe sed,
and la gely no placed on mode n digi al pla o ms. The Lī MDb as a unc ional module o
he Open Music Obse a o y, se es as a es bed o wo king wi h e y low documen a ion,
decolonisa ion, and o he issues ela ed o egional cul u es, e hnic mino i ies. I o e s
insigh s in o subsidia i y.
Figu e 7: The Lī MDb is ede a ed wi h he Finno-Ug ic Da a Sha ing Space and he Open
Music Obse a o y. The i s places Li onian music in o a wide Finno-Ug ic
cul u al con ex , he la e in o a music con ex .
The Lī MDb is suppo ed by a da a-sha ing space consis ing o bo h sha ed da abases.
The da a-sha ing space cu en ly comp ises he ollowing ini ial componen s:
•Finno-Ug ic Me ada a Da abase: A da abase ha acili a es connec ions be ween
a ious Finno-Ug ic and Bal ic s akeholde s’ sys ems.
•Lī MDb (public): A public da abase con aining mic oda a on musical wo ks, hei
eco dings and sco es, biog aphical and ins i u ional in o ma ion, s a is ical da ase s,
and a ca alogue o publica ions.
118
•Lī MDb (p i a e): A echnical da ase c ea ed o p o ide imp o emen s, co ec ions,
and en ichmen s.
The Li onian Me ada a Da abase se es as a suppo laye ha is pa ly public and pa ly
p i a e. I s me ada a de ini ions and desc ip i e me ada a a e expo ed in o he Lī MDb
da abases as needed and pe mi ed.
The Li onian Me ada a Da abase
The Li onian Me ada a Da abase is de eloped in alignmen wi h he me ada a amewo k
o he Open Music Obse a o y.
•On ological and hesau i pa e ns: Reuses s anda dized o widely adop ed ocab-
ula ies.
•Concep ualiza ions and de ini ions: Includes concep de ini ions, hesau i, and
o he elemen s de eloped speci ically o he Lī MDb.
•Public pe manen iden i ie s: Uses iden i ie s ha a e public o can be made
public.
The me ada a laye is gene ally licensed unde CC0, hough in some cases o he licenses a e
used ( o example, CC-BY).
ĹNo e
Examples:
• The de ini ions o musical wo k,music eco ding and is eco ding o ela ionship
allow he desc ip ion o connec ions be ween an abs ac musical wo k and i s
eco ding(s).
• The ISRC code iden i ies eco dings ac oss all s eaming pla o ms.
Li onian Music Da abase (public)
The Li onian Music Da abase is a linked open da abase published by he Rep ex on behal o
he Open Music Obse a o y. The da abase is dis ibu ed unde a ious C ea i e Commons
licenses ha allow bo h comme cial and non-p o i use.
The p ima y aim o he Lī MDb is o p o ide a use case o e y low documen a ion music
ecosys ems wi h e y limi ed esou ces and challenging da a cu a o ial scena ios.
119
Li onian Music Da abase (p i a e)
The p i a e componen s o he Lī MDb a e a s aging a ea o da a ha has unclea p o e-
nance o legal s a us. Unlike in he case o Lī MDb, we hold minimal business con iden ial
da a ( ela ed o he oyal y accoun s o music ha we published), bu some da a may ha e,
o example, unclea GDPR s a us.
Mic oda a
Mic oda a consis s o in o ma ion be o e i is agg ega ed in o s a is ical da ase s o o mal
publica ions. Me ada a can also be conside ed mic oda a: while i is ne e agg ega ed, i
plays a c i ical ole in desc ibing he p o enance, seman ics, and usabili y o agg ega ed
da a.
•Collec ions: S uc u ed se s o simila i ems c ea ed h ough cu a o ial ac i i ies,
whe e inclusion is based on disc e iona y selec ion o se e end use s (e.g., a lib a y’s
holdings o a cu a ed playlis ). Ou wo k is cen e ed a ound he wo k o Hõimulõimed,
a Finno-Ug ic NGO, which cu a ed many Finno-Ug ic language collec ions, including
he collec ion o Li onian-language songs a ailable on Spo i y.
•Regis e s: Au ho i a i e lis s c ea ed h ough adminis a i e p ocesses wi h de ined
ules, aiming o cap u e all known i ems in a ca ego y. Ou wo k buids on he egis e
o Li onian placenames, because hey o e he mos s aigh o wa d cu a o ial help o
ind new Li onian ( olk) music1.
•Me ada a: Rele an elemen s om he Li onian Me ada a Da abase ha suppo
he use o collec ions o egis e s.
The Lī MDb’s collec ions and egis e da ase s a e o ganized as a documen da abase. This
da abase s o es s uc u ed da a in RDF o ma desc ibing musical wo ks, sound eco dings,
p in ed and manusc ip sco es, as well as biog aphical in o ma ion abou music p o essionals
and hei o ganiza ions.
Each music- ela ed objec o agen (pe son, co po a e body, o o ganiza ion) is ep esen ed
as a mic oda a da ase . These da ase s sha e common de ini ions ia concep ual models
and da a s uc u es, enabling au oma ic agg ega ion. All da ase s a e a ailable wi h RDF
anno a ion and can be expo ed in all s anda d RDF se ializa ions.
Mic oda a is in ended o ins i u ional and p o essional use, no o he gene al public. I
is anno a ed wi h s anda dized me ada a sui able o applica ions such as music lib a y
ca aloguing, dis ibu ion pla o ms, and igh s managemen sys ems.
1Li onian place names: documen a ion, p oblems, and oppo uni ies (E nš ei s 2020) and ou gaze ee
da ase : (Daniel An al, Mes e , and Pigozne 2025).
120
ĹNo e
Example
The illage o Mazi be (Li onian: I ē, Ge man: Klein-I ben, Russian: �������) is he
cen al loca ion o he Li onian cul u e, which hos s he Li onian Communi y House.
Folk songs collec ed and eco dings made in Mazi be may ha e a p o enance o I ē,
Mazi be, Klein-I ben (o i s Finnish and Es onian e sions), o a ious Cy illic ansli -
e a ions. Maini aing a clea me ada a da ase on he geog aphical sou ces o Li onian
music is necessa y.
•G aphical iew: Na iga e and con ibu e o de ailed en ies on musical wo ks,
sound eco dings, and ela ed asse s. � Explo e on Wikibase
•Seman ic iew: Expo s uc u ed da a in XML, JSON-LD, Tu le, o N-
T iples o ma s o euse in esea ch o digi al p ojec s. � Example Tu le ile o
download XML
We made a ailable he da ase in s anda d RDFXML, JSON-LD, and TTL se ialisa-
ions accompanies by a da a pape explaining i s use (Daniel An al e al. 2025; Daniel
An al, Mes e , and Pigozne 2025)
S a is ical Da a & Da a Ca alogue
Ou s a is ical da a and ca alogue consis o da ase s agg ega ed using s a is ical me hodolo-
gies. These comply wi h he SDMX s anda d and he W3C Da a Cube ocabula y, making
hem compa ible wi h sp eadshee so wa e, s a is ical packages, and da a science wo k lows
in R, Py hon, o simila en i onmen s.
Da ase s a e o e ed in mul iple o ma s. In addi ion o RDF se ializa ions, we p o ide
s anda d CSV iles and, when equi ed, Excel o SPSS o ma s. We also publish da a pape s
and ela ed documen a ion ha desc ibe da ase usabili y and highligh key insigh s.
Publica ions & Ca alogue
The Lī MDb’s mos impo an publica ions a e sound eco dings, which a e made a ailable as
a a chi al eco dings (no eady o be communica ed o he public on comme cial pla o ms)
and publicly a ailable sound eco dings. We also p o ide access o some p in ed and and
hand-w i en sco es.
Mic oda a and s a is ical da ase s a e ea ed as publica ions and a e lis ed bo h in he
gene al ca alogue and a machine- eadable da a ca alogue.
The Lī MDb also includes me hodological and musicological publica ions, as well as da a
pape s explaining he use o da ase s. The ca alogue is designed o in e ope abili y wi h
lib a ies, a chi es, museums, and simila ins i u ions.
121