The e ol ing landscape o a mland owne ship in Eu ope: Implica ions o
ood sys em sus ainabili y
Elin Sl¨
a mo
a,*,1
, Ka ina Be be B uno
a
, T is an Be choux
b
a
No d egio
b
UMR TETIS lab, he Medi e anean Ag onomic Ins i u e o Mon pellie in F ance (CIHEAM Mon pellie ), Uni . Mon pellie , F ance
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Fa mland
Owne ship
Eu ope
Resilience
Sus ainabili y
Land acquisi ions
Geospa ial analysis
Food secu i y
ABSTRACT
This s udy examines he e ol ing dynamics o a mland owne ship in Eu ope, ocusing on he implica ions o
owne ship changes, o eign di ec in es men s (FDI), and land concen a ion on he sus ainabili y and esilience
o Eu opean ood sys ems. A scoping e iew o academic li e a u e, a ailable da a sou ces, and policy documen s
e ealed a knowledge gap ega ding he e olu ion o Eu opean a mland owne ship and i s sus ainabili y im-
pac s. To add ess his, a pan-Eu opean geospa ial s a is ical analysis was conduc ed, iden i ying owne ship
pa e ns, empo al changes and ela ed economic pe o mance. Subsequen ly, he s a is ical analysis p o ides a
ounda ion o assess how owne ship ans o ma ions a ec ood sys em sus ainabili y and esilience. Findings
show ha in 2020, amily a ms we e he dominan landowne s ac oss Eu ope. Howe e , be ween 2016 and
2020, a shi owa d company-owned a ms occu ed, pa icula ly in Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope. D awing on
global esea ch on land acquisi ions and sus ainable ag icul u e, he s udy unde sco es ha while company-
owned a ms may o e economic e iciencies, amily a m owne ship is i al o ood secu i y and local con-
ol o e land and p oduc ion. The s udy calls o con inued moni o ing o owne ship ends and deepe
in es iga ion in o hei bene i s, isks, and consequences. I ecommends policy measu es ha balance in es -
men incen i es in he Eu opean ood sys em wi h p o ec ions o local communi ies, ha p omo e anspa ency
in land ansac ions, and sa egua d he long- e m sus ainabili y o Eu opean ag icul u e by upholding labo and
en i onmen al s anda ds.
1. In oduc ion
Sus ainable ag icul u al p oduc ion and esilien access o ood and
wa e is undamen al o human li es on his plane (FAO, 2018; Wo ld
Bank, 2024; Ma hews e al., 2022). Today’s ood sys em is highly
complex and augh wi h isks (Clapp, 2016; Ras a & Jü gensson 2022;
San angelo, 2018). I ope a es unde challenging condi ions, including
occasional d ough s, wa e sho ages, pandemics, and diseases. These
challenges a e u he compounded by apid echnological and digi al
ad ancemen s, as well as ansna ional ade in ol ing ex ensi e supply
chains and s ingen p oduc quali y con ols. The in ol emen o
mul iple ac o s ac oss di e en ime zones and loca ions, o en wi hou
he possibili y o di ec communica ion, adds ano he laye o
complexi y o he sys em. On a global scale, inancial ac o s such as
capi al- ich na ions and a luen co po a ions a e dominan in he ood
and ag icul u al sec o s, om p ocu ing seeds, machine y and diesel o
selling and ma ke ing ood p oduc s (Clapp, 2016; McMichael, 2014;
Sl¨
a mo, 2018; an de Ploeg e al., 2015).
Mo eo e , he inc ease in a m size, bo h in e ms o land pe a m
uni and capi al u n-o e pe yea , indica e he ha dship o keep a s able
ood p oduc ion in Eu ope (Eu os a , 2022). The adi ional ‘good
a me ’ who ac i ely illed he land, clea ed di ches, main ained nea
and idy ields, and p o ided wo k and ood o local and egional
ma ke s is less common oday as ewe people pu sue ood p oduc ion as
hei p o ession (Ras a & Jü gensson 2022; Teklema iam e al., 2015).
This said, ins i u ions such as WHO (2021) emphasize ha adi ional
ood ma ke s con inue o play a cen al ole in communi ies and he ood
sys ems o he Eu opean Region. Fu he , he Russian in asion o
Uk aine is impac ing indi idual a me s, ood sec o supply chains, and
socie al ood supply (EC, 2024a; 2024b; Ko yko a e al., 2025). As a
esponse, he Eu opean Commission has implemen ed sanc ions aimed
a c ippling he Russian economy (EC, 2024a; Glaube and Labo de,
* Co espondence o: Box 1658, S ockholm SE-111 86, Sweden.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (E. Sl¨
a mo).
1
Visi ing Add ess: Holmami alens V¨
ag 10, Skeppsholmen, S ockholm, Sweden
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Land Use Policy
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/landusepol
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107837
Recei ed 7 Ap il 2025; Recei ed in e ised o m 24 Sep embe 2025; Accep ed 27 Oc obe 2025
Land Use Policy 160 (2026) 107837
A ailable online 4 No embe 2025
0264-8377/© 2025 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/ ).
2022). In his con ex , Eu opean sel -su iciency in ood, as well as
main ained owne ship o land and esou ces, is becoming inc easingly
impo an (Rudlo e al., 2024; Sl¨
a mo, 2017).
This s udy aims o in es iga e how a mland owne ship in Eu ope
in luences he sus ainabili y and esilience o Eu opean ood sys ems.
Building on p e ious esea ch in he ield and a li e a u e e iew o
opics such as ood secu i y, ansna ional land acquisi ion, and land
enu e in Eu ope, we use publicly a ailable geospa ial s a is ics a a pan-
Eu opean le el o analyse he a mland owne ship pa e ns, changes in
owne ship o e ime, and he ela ionships be ween owne ship ypes
and a m economic pe o mance.
Following his in oduc ion, he nex sec ion p o ides he back-
g ound o he s udy highligh ing key ends in Eu opean ood sys ems.
This is ollowed by a p esen a ion o he me hods and app oach used in
he s udy. The esul s a e hen p esen ed, ollowed by a discussion o he
indings in ela ion o p e ious esea ch. Finally, we summa ise key
insigh s and ecommenda ions, pa icula ly conce ning he EU u al
ision and EU’s Common Ag icul u al Policy (CAP).
2. Backg ound
This s udy examines he esilience and sus ainabili y o Eu opean
ood sys ems h ough he lens o land enu e. I ocuses on p ocesses
such as a mland concen a ion, o eign di ec in es men s in ag icul-
u e, and a mland acquisi ions. Gi en ha Eu opean coun ies a e
unde - esea ched in his a ea, he s udy he e o e con ibu es o
en iching ou unde s anding o (Eu opean) ood secu i y and ood so -
e eign y (Kay e al., 2015; an de Ploeg e al., 2015).
In 2018, ag icul u al land made up 39.1 % o he o al a ea in he EU,
o a o al o 9.1 million ag icul u al holdings in 2020 (Eu os a , 2024).
The numbe o a ms in he EU declined signi ican ly be ween 2005 and
2020, dec easing by app oxima ely 37 % (equi alen o 5.3 million
a ms). Howe e , du ing his pe iod, he amoun o land used o ag i-
cul u al p oduc ion emained s able (Eu os a , 2022), e lec ing a phe-
nomena o land concen a ion, de ined as he p ocess whe e la ge
ag icul u al co po a ions inc easingly pu chase o lease land om
smalle ag icul u al p oduce s (Ras a & Jü gensson, 2022). This end is
exempli ied by an inc ease in he numbe o la ge holdings, wi h ewe
ac o s owning and con olling he majo i y o a mland in Eu ope. While
mos EU a ms a e small, jus 7.5 % o a ms— hose 50 ha o la ge-
—managed wo- hi ds (68.2 %) o he EU’s a mland (Eu os a , 2022,
2024). The pe cep ion o ( a m)land as a eliable in es men (Lambin
e al., 2001; Magnan, 2015; Sa a ia-Ma us e al., 2013; Sl¨
a mo, 2018),
combined wi h ac o s such as he inancial s uggles aced by many
small and medium-sized a m businesses (Czekaj e al., 2020) and he
EU’s Common Ag icul u al Policy (CAP), which alloca es suppo
h ough di ec paymen s o landowne s, has con ibu ed o a mland
concen a ion in Eu ope (Bu ja e al., 2020; Gonda, 2019; Kay, 2016;
and Ras a & Jü gensson, 2022). I is hus essen ial o expand he e al-
ua ion o land equali y and i s dis ibu ion in he con ex o sus ainable
ag icul u e (C is oiu e al., 2007; Clapp, 2016; FAO, 2018; P imdahl and
Swa ield, 2010; Robinson, 2024; Sl¨
a mo e al., 2017a; Vel en e al.,
2015).
This s udy ocuses on explo ing a mland owne ship in Eu ope,
analysing he geog aphical dis ibu ion o a ious owne ship ypes, and
assessing how hese owne ship s uc u es a ec economic pe o mance.
He e, we ca ego ise land owne ship based on he classi ica ions a ail-
able in he publicly accessible Eu os a da abase. These ca ego ies
include: (i) na u al pe sons, e e ing o amily a ms; (ii) legal pe sons,
which encompass co po a ions, coope a i es, o associa ions; and (iii)
g oup holdings, de ined as a ms owned, en ed, o managed by mul iple
na u al pe sons, legal pe sons, o a combina ion o bo h.
The implica ions o he obse ed pa e ns and changes in a mland
owne ship a e discussed in ligh o a ious aspec s o sus ainable ag i-
cul u e. These include social and en i onmen al ac o s such as egional
access o ood, wa e and soil quali y, and he impac o a mland
owne ship on biodi e si y (C is oiu e al., 2007; FAO, 2018; Sa -
a ia-Ma us e al., 2013).
An impo an ac o in unde s anding he ela ionship be ween
a mland owne ship and egional ood access is o eign di ec in es -
men (FDI) in ag icul u e. FDI e e s o in es men s made by en i ies
om one economy o acqui e las ing managemen in luence (10 % o
mo e o o ing powe ) in en e p ises ope a ing in ano he economy
(FAO, 2023; OECD, 2024). I es ablishes s able, long- e m economic
links and can ake he o m o me ge s and acquisi ions, o g een ield
in es men s (FAO, 2023; OECD, 2024). In ag icul u e, FDI includes in-
es men s in c op a ming, a m machine y, inpu s, ood p ocessing,
logis ics, and land acquisi ions –commonly e e ed o as “land
g abs”—which ha e been ex ensi ely s udied on a global scale
(An onelli e al., 2015; Bunkus and Thees eld, 2018, Chia elli e al.,
2022, De Ma ia e al., 2023; In e dona o e al., 2022; Mechiche-Alami
e al., 2019; Mülle e al., 2021, Ras a & Jü gensson, 2022; San an-
gelo, 2018). These in es men s can signi ican ly in luence local ood
secu i y and ag icul u al p ac ices by in oducing capi al, echnology
ans e , and ma ke access while also aising conce ns abou land
go e nance and he displacemen o smallholde (Hallam, 2011).
The ade in a mland o en in ol es inancially obus ansna ional
companies in es ing in egions wi h a ou able clima es o ood p o-
duc ion and low economic isks (Magnan, 2015; Sl¨
a mo, 2018). Ac-
co ding o In e dona o e al. (2022), he dynamics o global land ade
p edominan ly e lec his o ical powe asymme ies be ween he Global
No h and Global Sou h, wi h G20 coun ies equen ly in es ing in
sou he n egions such as Sub-Saha an A ica, La in Ame ica, and
Sou heas Asia. Howe e , o he pa e ns also exis , including
Sou h-Sou h in es men s (e.g., La in Ame ican coun ies in es ing in
A ica) and hose in ol ing economies like he BRICS na ions (B azil,
Russia, India, China and Sou h A ica). (In e dona o e al., 2022,
Mechiche-Alami e al., 2019; Teklema iam e al., 2017).
To add ess some o he p essing challenges om a me s pe spec i e,
such as cash low di icul ies, EU coun ies a e pe mi ed o ad ance
highe le els o di ec paymen s unde he Common Ag icul u al Policy
(CAP) (EC, 2024b). Addi ionally, he CAP o 2023–2027 has been
e o med o educe adminis a i e bu dens on a me s, ensu ing a mo e
e icien and suppo i e amewo k o ag icul u al ac i i ies (EU,
2024a; 2024b), and he e a e ini ia i es o enhancing di ec dialogues
wi h b anch o ganisa ions (EC, 2024c).
In he EU, a mland ma ke s a e egula ed a he Membe S a e le el,
as he e is no speci ic EU legisla ion go e ning land ma ke ansac ions
(V anken e al., 2021) o a mland en als (Ciaian e al., 2012). Ac-
co ding o V anken e al. (2021), he e is signi ican a ia ion be ween
Eu opean coun ies in hei ag icul u al land ma ke egula ions (c .
Ciaian e al., 2017). Measu es implemen ed by indi idual Membe S a es
include p o ec ion o non-landowning a m manage s, es ic ions o
p e en land agmen a ion (e.g. minimum plo sizes o sale), e-
qui emen s o publicly announce sale o e s, p ocedu es o selling
public land, public ac o app o als o sha e deals, p e-emp i e igh s
o public bodies o amily ela i es, and mo a o iums on ans e ing
owne ship a e acquisi ion o selling public land. While some coun ies
ha e hea ily egula ed ma ke s, such as C oa ia, Hunga y, Poland and
Romania, o he s adop a mo e libe al app oach, including Czechia,
Denma k, I eland and Finland (V anken e al., 2021).
3. Me hodology
3.1. Scope and analy ical p ocedu e
This s udy adop s a ealis ic ye eclec ic heo e ical app oach,
allowing he esea ch p oblem o guide he selec ion o analy ical pe -
spec i es used o concep ualise he eal-wo ld phenomenon unde
in es iga ion (Saye , 1984; May, 1997). The sus ainabili y and esilience
o Eu opean ood sys ems emain a con es ed esea ch ield, as hey a e
deeply in e wined wi h c i ical issues such as secu i y, so e eign y,
E. Sl¨
a mo e al.
Land Use Policy 160 (2026) 107837
2
e i o y, owne ship, hunge , and access o esou ces (P imdahl and
Swa ield, 2010). Because da a collec ed in scien i ic esea ch is o en
in luenced by p e-exis ing concep ualisa ions –whe he consciously o
unconsciously (Saye , 1984, p.49–50; May, 1997) - i is no immedia ely
clea which me hods o da a should be c ea ed o sough o add ess he
aims o his s udy. In es iga ing he sus ainabili y and esilience o Eu-
opean ood sys ems is pa icula ly complex, as hese e ms ca y
no ma i e dimensions. The alues associa ed wi h "sus ainabili y" and
" esilience" can be seen as p esc ip i e, implying speci ic ac ions o
ou comes. The aim he e is no o p esc ibe a speci ic app oach o ag i-
cul u al p ac ices. Ins ead, “ he sus ainabili y and esilience o Eu opean
ood sys ems” e e s o a sys em ha ensu es socie al access o nu i ious
ood, suppo s a heal hy en i onmen , and secu es he li elihoods o
indi idual a me s, e en amids a ying le els con lic wi hin and
a ound Eu ope. This ision seeks o achie e sus ainable ag icul u al
p oduc ion while main aining esilien access o ood and wa e .
This s udy employs a mul i-me hod app oach o achie e bo h
comp ehensi e and de ailed insigh s. I combines a li e a u e e iew
wi h geospa ial da a analysis o p o ide a mo e ealis ic unde s anding
o he issues a hand. The esea ch began wi h a scoping e iew o
li e a u e and da a. Du ing his phase, we examined jou nal a icles,
esea ch epo s, book chap e s, and in o ma ion om o icial public
and c owd-sou ced online da a pla o ms. This e iew helped us c ea e a
backg ound based on clea ques ions abou he ma e ials. I also showed
which da a we e bes o s udying Eu opean a mland owne ship, and
which calcula ions we e mos no el. Finally, he li e a u e e iew
guided ou s a is ical analysis. We used i o examine a mland owne -
ship and ade, a m economic pe o mance, and he impac s on indi-
idual a me s as well as socie al access o ood.
3.2. Li e a u e e iew
To iden i y limi a ions in exis ing knowledge and o add ess he
esea ch ques ions guiding his s udy, a scoping e iew was selec ed as
he mos app op ia e li e a u e e iew me hodology. Scoping e iews
a e pa icula ly well sui ed o mapping complex and unde explo ed
ields o esea ch whe e de ini ions, amewo ks, and empi ical appli-
ca ions a y ac oss disciplines and con ex s (Pe e s e al., 2015). Unlike
sys ema ic e iews ha ocus on es ing in e en ions o p o iding
na ow syn heses, scoping e iews can include many ypes o e idence.
This includes pee - e iewed li e a u e, policy documen s, epo s, and
g ey li e a u e (Pe e s e al., 2015; Snyde , 2019).
The ini ial sea ch o esea ch li e a u e was conduc ed on Janua y
24, 2024, using he Scopus pla o m o inco po a e insigh s om jou nal
a icles, books, book chap e s, and con e ence pape s in o he s udy.
Addi ionally, o he ele an documen s, epo s and da a we e iden i ied
and included based on he Scopus indings and he Au ho s’ p io
knowledge in he ield.
The p ocess o iden i ying documen s on Scopus is desc ibed he e-
ina e . On he Scopus sea ch page, we conduc ed a sea ch wi hin he
“A icle i le, abs ac , keywo ds” ield using he e ms: ‘land acquisi-
ion’, ‘ag icul u e’, and ‘Eu ope’, which yielded 45 documen s. To
ensu e he inclusion o ele an s udies, we es ed addi ional e m
combina ions. Fo example, adding he e m ‘ ansna ional’ educed he
esul s o 4 documen s, while adding he e m ‘ ood secu i y’ also na -
owed i down o o he 4 documen s. To main ain b oad esul s in he
ini ial s age, we decided o p oceed wi h he se o 45 documen s.
To ensu e he inclusion o he ansna ional componen –speci ically,
he phenomenon o land owne ship by ac o s om o he coun ies—we
also ha es ed documen s using ‘T ansna ional land acquisi ion’ as
sea ch e ms in he “A icle i le, abs ac , keywo ds” ield. A o al o 77
documen s was ound, which was educed o 27 when adding he e m
‘land g abbing’. To keep he scope as b oad as possible a his s age, we
op ed o p oceed wi h he 77 documen s.
The sea ch esul s o 45 and 77 documen s we e sa ed. To ocus on
Eu opean coun ies, he esul s we e il e ed in he Scopus da abase o
include only s udies cen ed on Eu ope. Fo example, documen s
co e ing Ghana, Sou h A ica o Namibia we e excluded, while hose
ocusing on I aly, Spain, Ge many, Sweden, o Swi ze land we e
e ained. This s ep educed he esul s o 43 and 40 documen s,
espec i ely, o a o al o 83.
The i les and abs ac s o hese 83 documen s we e manually
e iewed o iden i y hose ele an o he s udy’s aim and esea ch
ques ions. Documen s no di ec ly ela ed o he opic o geog aphy o
in e es we e excluded. I he i le and abs ac did no p o ide enough
in o ma ion, he documen was included o u he in-dep h e iew o
de e mine i s ele ance.
F om he 43 documen s e ie ed using he e ms: ‘land acquisi ion’,
‘ag icul u e’, and ‘Eu ope’, six we e deemed ele an o u he s udy.
The high exclusion a e highligh s ha many s udies ocus on non-
Eu opean coun ies o o he aspec s o ag icul u e un ela ed o owne -
ship and ood secu i y. Simila ly, e iewing he 40 documen s ob ained
wi h he e m ‘T ansna ional land acquisi ion’ (limi ed o Eu opean
coun ies) led o u he exclusion due o duplica es o lack o ele ance,
lea ing 14 sui able documen s.
In o al, 20 documen s (6 om he i s sea ch and 14 om he
second) we e selec ed o de ailed analysis o explo e how la ge-scale
land acquisi ions o ood p oduc ion in Eu ope impac ood so e -
eign y and secu i y wi hin he EU. Addi ional ele an li e a u e was
iden i ied using chain- e e al sampling by examining ci a ions wi hin
hese ini ial documen s.
To ensu e he inclusion o he Eu opean policy con ex , he JRC
Publica ions Reposi o y was sea ched on Sep embe 2, 2024. Using he
e ms “land AND enu e AND owne ship”, he sea ch co e ed all science
a eas, publica ion g oups, and yea s, yielding 105 esul s. These we e
manually e iewed o iden i y ele an epo s o his s udy. Repo s
ocusing on ene gy, soil deg ada ion, speci ic coun ies, SDG guidelines
o simila opics we e excluded. Ul ima ely 20 epo s om he JRC
eposi o y we e selec ed o con ibu e o he backg ound and policy
con ex o his s udy. Including hese sou ces allowed us o add a sec-
ion on policy implica ions.
The esul s om he li e a u e e iew in o med he ocus o he
s a is ical analysis.
3.3. S a is ical da a and analyses
To analyse land concen a ion and ansna ional land acquisi ions o
ag icul u al land in Eu ope, da a on a mland and a ming om 2016
and 2020 we e ob ained om Eu os a (Eu os a , 2022;2024). This da a
sou ce was selec ed a e e iewing mul iple da ase s a ailable a he
pan-Eu opean le el, including hose om he OECD, FAO, Land Ma ix,
and o he ini ia i es. Eu os a da a was deemed mos aligned wi h he
s udy’s objec i es as i p o ides de ailed in o ma ion on a m holdings,
changes o e ime, a mland size, u no e , and legal owne ship s uc-
u e. Mo e de ails on he p ocedu e and mo i a ions behind his choice
a e included in Appendix A.
The Eu os a da ase includes me ics linking legal owne ship o
ag icul u al ac o s such as u ilized ag icul u al a ea, economic size, and
p oduc ion inpu s ac oss NUTS-2 egions. This da a se es as he oun-
da ion o analysing owne ship pa e ns and hei e olu ion du ing he
pe iod. Fo his s udy, land owne ship is classi ied in o h ee ca ego ies
p o ided wi hin he Eu os a da abase:
1) Na u al Pe son: his e e s o an indi idual, g oup, o legal en i y
esponsible o ope a ing an ag icul u al holding. In simple e ms, i
p ima ily ep esen s amily a ms;
2) Legal Pe son: his includes en i ies such as co po a ions, co-
ope a i es o associa ions ha a e legally ecognized as ha ing igh s
and obliga ions sepa a e om he indi iduals who own o manage
hem;
3) G oup Holding: his e e s o ag icul u al en e p ises collec i ely
owned, en ed, o managed by mul iple na u al pe sons, legal
E. Sl¨
a mo e al.
Land Use Policy 160 (2026) 107837
3
pe sons, o a combina ion o bo h. These holdings may in ol e
pa ne s join ly managing indi idual a ms as a single ope a ional
uni o pooling esou ces o c ea e a uni ied a m. Such coope a ion
can be o malised h ough legal ag eemen s o w i en con ac s, bu
in some Membe S a es, in o mal a angemen s like o al ag eemen s
o "de ac o" associa ions a e also ecognised.
The ollowing analyses we e conduc ed o his s udy, wi h de ailed
me hodologies p o ided in Appendix A:
Fa mland owne ship sha e (2020): he sha e o a mland owne -
ship ela i e o o al ag icul u al land was calcula ed o assess he dis-
ibu ion o owne ship ypes in 2020 (c . Fig. 1: Maps 1, 2, and 3). This
p ocess in ol ed i s quan i ying he o al a mland a ea in hec a es by
summing he a eas associa ed wi h he h ee owne ship ypes: Na u al
Pe sons (NP), Legal Pe sons (LP), and G oup Holdings (GH). Once he
o al ag icul u al land was es ablished, he pe cen age sha e o each
owne ship ype was calcula ed by di iding he a mland a ea o each
owne ship ype by he o al ag icul u al land and mul iplying by 100.
This app oach p o ided a clea unde s anding o he p opo ional
con ibu ion o each owne ship ca ego y o he o al ag icul u al land.
The analysis o a mland owne ship sha es in 2020 aced limi a ions due
o incomple e da a epo ing ac oss NUTS-2 egions o each owne ship
ype. Fo Na u al Pe sons (NP), 2.35 % o he egions did no epo he
a ea dedica ed o his owne ship ype in 2020. Legal Pe sons (LP)
showed a sa is ac o y epo ing, wi h 3.14 % o egions lacking da a in
2020. G oup Holdings (GH) exhibi ed he mos subs an ial da a gap,
wi h 52.94 % o he egions no epo ing in 2020. These gaps in he
da abase highligh challenges in achie ing comp ehensi e owne ship
da a, pa icula ly o g oup holding, which consis en ly shows he
highes a es o non- epo ing. This une en a ailabili y o da a limi s he
abili y o ully unde s and he dis ibu ion and ends o a mland
owne ship ac oss Eu ope.
Land Owne ship Index (2020): his index was de eloped o mea-
su e he weigh ed di e ence be ween he p opo ions o land owned by
legal and na u al pe sons (in hec a es pe egion in Eu ope). A posi i e
index indica es a highe p opo ion o land owned by legal pe sons,
while a nega i e index indica es a highe p opo ion owned by na u al
pe sons. G oup Holding a eas a e ep esen ed sepa a ely as a pe cen age
sha e ou o he o al a mland a ea, wi h p opo ional ci cles on he
map. (c . Fig. 2: Map 4); No maliza ion o he da a was conduc ed o
each land owne ship ype and egion, o p e en bias om la ge o
smalle o al a eas. This was done by di iding he hec a es o each land
owne ship by he o al a mland a ea in hec a es o he egion.
Values adop ed o elabo a ing he index we e:
Land Owne ship Index(LOI) = Wn ×n×Wl ×l
Whe e:
Wn =-1 alue o na u al pe son a eas
Wl =1 alue o legal pe son a eas
n=hec a es o na u al pe son / o al a mland hec a es
l =hec a es o legal pe son / o al a mland hec a es
g =hec a es o g oup holding / o al a mland hec a es
Fa mland Dynamics o Change (2016–2020, in hec a es): his
analysis illus a es changes in a mland owne ship ac oss NUTS-2 e-
gions be ween 2016 and 2020, ca ego ized by owne ship ypes: Na u al
Pe sons (NP), Legal Pe sons (LP), and G oup Holdings (GH) (c . Fig. 3:
Map 5); The analysis was conduc ed by compa ing no malized owne -
ship alues o 2016 and 2020, allowing o he de ec ion o ends such
as inc eases, dec eases, o s abili y in each owne ship ype. The classi-
ica ion app oach applied he ollowing speci ic ules o in e p e he
dynamics:
i. Regions whe e he 2016 owne ship a ea was ze o o a pa icula
ype a e labelled as "None in NP," "None in LP," o "None in GH,"
ep esen ing he absence o owne ship da a in ha ca ego y.
ii. Fo egions wi h exis ing owne ship in 2016, an inc ease o
dec ease is de e mined based on whe he he 2020 no malized
alue is highe o lowe han he 2016 alue.
iii. The label o egions showing no changes be ween he wo yea s
was c ea ed, bu he e was no occu ence o his classi ica ion in
he da ase .
The combined analysis p o ides a comp ehensi e label o each e-
gion, summa izing he dynamics o all h ee owne ship ypes.
Economic Pe o mance Analysis and Fa mland Owne ship: This
analysis links a mland owne ship a eas o he economic sizes o a ms
in Eu ope, measu ed in Eu os (c . Fig. 4: Map 6). The Economic Dy-
namics o Land Owne ship Type (2016–2020) analysis e alua es he
changes in he economic size o a ms, measu ed in eu os, o each
owne ship ype: Na u al Pe sons (NP), Legal Pe sons (LP), and G oup
Holdings (GH). The compa ison iden i ies ends such as inc eases, de-
c eases, o s abili y in economic size o he a m o e he pe iod.
The analysis applied he ollowing labels based on speci ic c i e ia:
i. Regions wi h no eco ded da a o an owne ship ype in 2016 a e
labeled as "No da a o NP" "No da a o LP" o "No da a o GH"
ep esen ing he absence o in o ma ion.
ii. Fo egions wi h a ailable 2016 da a, an inc ease o dec ease is
iden i ied by compa ing he economic size in 2020–2016.
i. The label o no changes be ween he wo yea s was c ea ed, bu
he e was no occu ence o his classi ica ion in he da ase .
Simila o he p e ious me hod o quan i ying he changes in hec -
a es, he esul ing combined label o each egion summa izes he eco-
nomic dynamics o all h ee owne ship ypes. This app oach p o ides a
iew o shi s in he economic pe o mance o a mland owne ship,
enabling he iden i ica ion o egions whe e owne ship ypes a e
inc easing, declining, o s able economically. The labels acili a e a clea
and compa a i e isualiza ion o economic pe o mance ends ac oss
egions oge he wi h he analysis o a ea (hec a es) o each owne ship
ype.
To gi e a mo e s able analysis he economic pe o mance, he da a
was also in es iga ed in ela ion o all egions wi h an inc ease in LP
o e he 2016–2020 ime pe iod, his o gi e an indica ion i he LP
owne ship ype would inc ease he economic pe o mance.
Addi ional es s wi h he da a: The au ho s also explo ed addi-
ional analyses wi h he da a ha we e used o alida e he p esen ed
esul s. These include geospa ial analysis o he pe cen age change in
a mland owne ship om 2016 o 2020 and examining egional dis-
pa i ies be ween owne ship ypes using he s anda d de ia ion o Land
Owne ship Index (LOI) alues. Appendix A p o ides mo e de ails on
hese me hods. To in es iga e he po en ial implica ions o a mland
owne ship ypes, he au ho s also es ed linking i s spa ial dis ibu ion o
sus ainabili y aspec s a he egional le el, including en i onmen al and
social ac o s. While he e is po en ial o u he esea ch in his a ea, i
equi es accep ing he limi a ions o using NUTS2-le el da a as a p oxy
o a m-le el pe o mance. Despi e i s coa seness o s udying a ming,
his app oach allows geospa ial analyses o be conduc ed a he Eu o-
pean scale. As an example, he au ho s es ed ela ionships be ween land
owne ship ypes and en i onmen al da a (e.g. High-na u al le el a m-
land) o assess whe he owne ship ype in luences en i onmen ally
iendly a ming p ac ices. While he esul s we e p omising, hey we e
excluded om his a icle due o he ou da ed na u e o he en i on-
men al da a ( om 2012). Ins ead, he s udy ocused on es ing e-
la ionships be ween land owne ship ypes and he sus ainabili y
indica o o economic a m pe o mance (Fig. 4: Map 6).
3.4. Analysis
The esul s o he s a is ical analysis p esen ed in chap e 4 we e
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manually in e p e ed in he ligh o he insigh s om he li e a u e
e iewed. We looked a how di e en owne ship s uc u es a ec eco-
nomic pe o mance and social and en i onmen al ac o s, such as
egional access o ood, wa e and soil quali y, and biodi e si y. Chap e
5 hen links ends o Eu opean a mland owne ship o he sus ainabili y
and esilience o ood sys ems. To keep he indings ele an o policy;
–we compa ed ou combined li e a u e e iew and spa ial analysis wi h
cu en Eu opean u al policies, including he Common Ag icul u al
Policy and ( a m)land egula ions.
4. Resul s: spa ial dis ibu ion o a mland owne ship, dynamics
and economic pe o mance
4.1. Fa mland owne ship dis ibu ion in Eu ope
The analysis o a mland owne ship dis ibu ion in he EU e eals
no able pa e ns and signi ican di e ences ac oss Membe S a es. In
2020, amily a ms, classi ied as “Na u al Pe sons” (NP), we e he
dominan owne ship ype, accoun ing o app oxima ely 70 % o ag i-
cul u al land in Eu ope. This was ollowed by Legal Pe sons (LP),
owning 25 %, and G oup Holdings (GH), owning 5 % (Fig. 1: Map 1, 2,
3). The p edominance o Na u al Pe sons unde sco es he adi ional
s uc u e o a mland managemen bo h wi hin he EU and globally
(Fig. 2: Map 4, Fig. 3: Map 5).
A he egional le el, mos Eu opean egions had o e 60 % o
a mland owned by amily a ms (i.e., Na u al Pe sons). Howe e , some
coun ies, such as F ance, Czechia, Bulga ia and Ge many s ood ou wi h
egions whe e NP owne ship was signi ican ly lowe , anging be ween
less han 35 % and 55 % (Fig. 1: Map 1).
The dis ibu ion o a mland owned by Legal Pe sons in 2020 shows
a gene ally e en sp ead ac oss he EU bu wi h clea egional dispa i ies
(Fig. 1: Map 2). A he na ional le el, F ance led wi h 11.35 million
hec a es owned by p i a e companies, ep esen ing 8.3 % o he EU’s
o al ag icul u al land. O he coun ies also demons a ed ela i ely
high le els o p i a e owne ship, including Spain (4.1 %), Romania
(3.2 %), and Ge many (2,1 %). A he egional le el, F ance, Czechia,
Romania, and Ge many exhibi ed signi ican in e nal a ia ions in LP
owne ship sha es (Fig. 1: Map 2).
Fo G oup Holdings, da a limi a ions o se e al coun ies hinde a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o hei dis ibu ion in he EU (Fig. 1:
Map 3). Among he coun ies epo ing GH da a o 2020, F ance dis-
played p onounced egional dispa i ies, wi h GH owne ship anging
om mo e han 40 % o less han 10 % o ag icul u al land. Ge many
showed simila bu less ex eme pa e ns, wi h sha es a ying be ween
less han 10 % and 30 %. On he o he hand, coun ies like Sweden,
Finland, Denma k, and Spain exhibi ed mo e uni o m dis ibu ions o
GH owne ship, gene ally be ween less han 10 % and 20 % o ag icul-
u al land (Fig. 1: Map 3).
4.2. Changes in a mland owne ship o e ime (2016–2020)
The analysis o a mland owne ship in Eu ope be ween 2016 and
2020 highligh s signi ican shi s in owne ship pa e ns, as illus a ed by
he Land Owne ship Index (Fig. 2: Map 4) and changes in a mland
owne ship dis ibu ion (Fig. 3: Map 5).
Na u al Pe sons emained he dominan owne ship ype, al hough
hei sha e on an Eu opean le el dec eased om o e 72 % o a mland
in 2016 o app oxima ely 67 % in 2020 (Fig. 2: Map 4). NP owne ship
was pa icula ly s ong in coun ies like Aus ia, I aly, and Slo enia,
whe e i consis en ly exceeded 90 %, e lec ing a p e e ence o amily-
owned a ms. Simila ly, No way and he Ne he lands main ained high
NP sha es o o e 92 %. In con as , NP owne ship was signi ican ly
lowe in coun ies such as Czechia and Slo akia, whe e i accoun ed o
less han 30 %, indica ing a s onge p esence o o he owne ship ypes.
Legal Pe sons owne ship is he dominan o m in coun ies like
Slo akia and Czechia, whe e LP consis en ly exceeded 70 % and 80 %,
espec i ely. F ance expe ienced a no able decline in LP owne ship,
d opping om 65.4 % in 2016–41.5 % in 2020, sugges ing a shi in
owne ship s uc u es. O he coun ies, such as Po ugal and Romania,
exhibi ed a mo e balanced dis ibu ion, wi h LP holding a ound 35 %-
40 % o a mland.
G oup Holdings (GH) we e gene ally less p e alen bu showed
no able inc eases in speci ic coun ies. Fo ins ance, GH sha es in Ge -
many ose sligh ly om 18.7 % in 2016–20.5 % in 2020. In F ance, GH
Fig. 1. Maps o e Land Owne ship o Fa mland in Eu ope 2020. F om he le he igu e show Map 1: Fa mland Owne ship dis ibu ion in he ca ego y o Na u al
Pe sons o he yea 2020 and on NUTS-2 egional le els. Map 2: Fa mland Owne ship dis ibu ion in he ca ego y o Legal Pe son o he yea 2020 and on NUTS-2
egional le els. Map 3 Fa mland Owne ship dis ibu ion in he ca ego y o G oup Holdings o he yea 2020 and on NUTS-2 egional le els.
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Fig. 2. The igu e en ails Map 4 which is he Spa ial dis ibu ion o Land owne ship index in Eu ope. The uni used o measu e p edominance: he numbe o hec a es
o owne ship ype ou o o al a mland a ea. As can be seen in he legend o he Map 4, he index speci ies he p edominance o he Na u al o Legal Pe son
owne ship ype. The g eene colou s indica e a p edominance o Na u al Pe son owne ship, and he b own colou s indica e he p edominance o Legal Pe son
owne ship. G oup Holding owne ship is ep esen ed in a sepa a e scale due o i s lowe sha es ac oss he egions. I is impo an o highligh ha di e ences be ween
land owne ship ypes be ween coun ies can also be ela ed o he epo ing le el o de ail o each coun y o each yea . In many coun ies, he da a is no epo ed.
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Fig. 3. The igu e displays he Map 5: Fa mland Owne ship Dynamic o Change 2016 – 2020. To no only display he changes om one owne ship ype o ano he ,
bu o gi e a dynamic unde s anding o owne ship changes, all possible changes a e displayed as di e en ca ego ies in he legend.
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owne ship inc eased signi ican ly om 5.8 % in 2016–25.5 % in 2020,
highligh ing a g owing end owa d collec i e o co po a e landholding
a angemen s.
O e he ou yea s, 2016–2020, he e we e shi s in a mland
owne ship pa e ns ac oss Eu ope. Coun ies such as Aus ia and No -
way ha e seen inc eases in na u al pe son (NP) owne ship, which e-
lec s hei s ong emphasis on amily landholding. Finland and Sweden,
despi e ha ing a high p opo ion o na u al pe son owne ship, ha e
expe ienced sligh declines in NP owne ship om 2016 o 2020,
accompanied by small inc eases in legal pe son (LP) sha es. GH sha es
ha e emained s able in mos cases, excep o signi ican inc eases in
coun ies like F ance and Ge many.
The geospa ial analysis e eals dynamic changes a he han uni o m
ends (Fig. 3: Map 5). Fo ins ance, coas al egions in Spain, all o
Denma k, mos egions o G eece, and all egions o Sweden saw de-
c eases in a mland owned by amily a ms, alongside inc eases in legal
pe sons-owned a mland. On he o he hand, cen al Spain, no he n
I aly, and moun ainous egions o cen al Eu ope expe ienced inc eases
in na u al pe sons-owned a mland, while legal pe sons-owned a m-
land dec eased. These indings unde sco e he e ol ing na u e o
a mland owne ship ac oss Eu ope, d i en by egional dynamics, ype o
p oduc ion, and a ying na ional ends.
4.3. Implica ions o a mland owne ship ypes on economic pe o mance
To explo e he po en ial impac o a mland owne ship ypes on
ag icul u al sus ainabili y and esilien access o ood, we analysed he
economic pe o mance o a ms in Eu opean egions be ween 2016 and
2020 (Fig. 4: map 6). While map 5 (Fig. 3) depic s changes in land
owne ship ypes (in hec a es), Map 6 (Fig. 4) ocused on changes in he
economic size o a ms du ing he same pe iod. Fo ins ance, egions
labelled wi h ed-yellow-b own colou s on he map 6 indica e ha he
amily a ms in hese egions had a nega i e economic pe o mance
2016–2020, while egions wi h he g een a ia ions o colou s in he
map 6 a e egions we e he amily a ms had a posi i e economic pe -
o mance o e he same ime pe iod.
Regions in Eu ope show changing pa e ns o a mland owne ship
a he han s eady ends (Fig. 3: Map 5 and Fig. 4: Map 6). To guide
policy and legisla ion, we need u he analysis ega ding implica ions
linked o di e en owne ship ypes. As an example, we look a a eas
whe e owne ship by legal en i ies ose om 2016 o 2020 and analyse
a m economic pe o mance in hose egions.
A o al o 118 egions ac oss 20 Eu opean coun ies expe ienced an
inc ease in legal pe son owne ship du ing 2016–2020. Among hese
egions, 84.7 % showed posi i e economic pe o mance associa ed wi h
he expansion o LP-owned a mland, while 12.7 % demons a ed
nega i e economic pe o mance.
Coun ies wi h p edominan ly posi i e economic ou comes o he
a ms included 17 o he 20 analysed coun ies, indica ing a b oad end
o imp o ed economic pe o mance associa ed o LP-owne ship (Fig. 4:
map 6). No ably, G eece and Po ugal eme ged as op pe o me s, wi h
a e age economic pe o mance inc eases o 73.8 % and 71.4 %,
espec i ely. Howe e , nega i e pe o mance was concen a ed in 7
coun ies: Ge many, G eece, Spain, Czechia, F ance, Luxembou g, and
Slo enia. Among hese, he s eepes declines we e obse ed in Czechia
(-48 %) and Ge many (-23 %), while Slo enia (-7.2 %) and Spain (-8 %)
expe ienced ela i ely mode a e dec eases.
A he egional le el, dispa i ies in economic pe o mance we e
e iden . In Ge many, 14 egions epo ed posi i e pe o mance wi h an
a e age inc ease o 48 %, while se en egions expe ienced an a e age
decline o 23 %, unde sco ing signi ican egional dispa i ies wi hin he
coun y. In Czechia, h ee egions showed an a e age inc ease o
18.5 %, bu one egion aced a se e e decline o 48 %. Regions wi h
no able nega i e pe o mance include Obe p alz (Ge many), whe e
economic u no e ell om
€
8.1 million in 2016 o
€
3.4 million in 2020
(-58.4 %). Simila ly, economic pe o mance declined by 48 % in
Mo a skoslezsko (Czechia), and a dec ease o 38.5 % was eco ded in
Ana oliki Makedonia, Th aki (G eece). Con e sely; egions wi h signi -
ican posi i e economic pe o mance include Alga e (Po ugal), wi h a
g ow h om
€
69.5 million in 2016 o
€
193.6 million in 2020
(+178.6 %), Dy iki Ell´
ada (G eece), wi h an inc ease o 175.4 %, and
Obe anken (Ge many), whe e he economic pe o mance o he
a ming sec o g ew by 153.6 %. O he egions wi h s ong g ow h
include Cen o (Po ugal) (+111.4 %) and De mold (Ge many)
(+111.3 %), alongside no able inc eases in o he geog aphic a eas, such
as Bu genland (Aus ia) and Zeeland (Ne he lands).
These indings highligh a complex in e play o ac o s in luencing
a m economic pe o mance beyond owne ship ype alone. While many
egions bene i ed economically om inc eased LP-owne ship, o he s
aced challenges likely ied o b oade s uc u al o egional condi ions
a he han owne ship ype alone.
5. Analysis: implica ions o owne ship ypes on he
sus ainabili y and esilience o Eu opean ood sys ems
This sec ion analyses he esul s p esen ed in ligh o p io esea ch,
ocusing on he implica ions o a mland owne ship ypes and o eign
di ec in es men s o he sus ainabili y and esilience o Eu opean ood
sys ems.
5.1. Dominan ype o owne ship, ends and economic pe o mance
The geospa ial analysis (Fig. 1: Maps 1–3) highligh s ha amily
a ms, classi ied as Na u al Pe sons (NP), emain he dominan owne -
ship ype ac oss Eu ope. In 2020, NPs accoun ed o app oxima ely 67 %
o a mland, down om 72 % in 2016. Despi e his decline, NPs con inue
o play a i al ole in ensu ing ood secu i y due o hei localised
“con ol o e ” land and ood p oduc ion. Theo e ical isks associa ed
wi h “dis an owne ship” and nega i e impac s o land acquisi ions
u he unde sco e he impo ance o amily a ms in main aining
egional and na ional con ol o e ag icul u al esou ces.
The analysis o land owne ship changes (Figs. 2 and 3: Maps 4 and 5)
show egionally di e se ends be ween 2016 and 2020. While he e is a
gene al decline in NP owne ship, opposi e ends a e obse ed wi hin
indi idual Membe S a es. Fo ins ance, some egions expe ienced in-
c eases in NP-owned a mland, while o he s saw g ow h in LP o GH
owne ship. These indings highligh ha owne ship ansi ions a e dy-
namic and no uni o mly di ec ional ac oss Eu ope.
The analysis on GH owne ship is challenged by da a limi a ions o
se e al coun ies, howe e he high sha e o g oup holdings in ce ain
egions in F ance in 2020 can pa ly be explained by he special s a us o
g oup a ming (GAEC), which has been in F ench law since 1962 and
his ype o olun a y g oup a ming can ha e some posi i e ou comes
o iable li elihoods wi hin ag icul u e (Aga wal and Do in, 2019).
The analysis o economic pe o mance (Fig. 4: Map 6) demons a es a
gene al posi i e co ela ion be ween inc eased LP owne ship and a m
economic pe o mance a he Eu opean le el. Howe e , signi ican
egional dispa i ies exis . While many egions wi h ising LP owne ship
epo ed economic g ow h o he a ming sec o , o he s aced declines
due o a ious enabling o hinde ing ac o s beyond owne ship ype
alone. Fo example, G eece and Po ugal showed s ong economic gains
linked o LP owne ship; Ge many exhibi ed mixed ou comes, wi h some
egions achie ing subs an ial economic g ow h while o he s aced de-
clines; and Czechia expe ienced bo h posi i e and se e e nega i e eco-
nomic changes depending on he egion. These dispa i ies sugges ha
addi ional ac o s—such as local policies, in as uc u e, en i onmen al
condi ions, and ma ke dynamics—play a c ucial ole in de e mining
a m pe o mance (Busck, 2002; P imdahl e al., 2013; Se en, 2002;
Sl¨
a mo, 2016; Sl¨
a mo e al., 2017).
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Fig. 4. The igu e depic s he Map 6 which show he Economic Pe o mance o Eu opean Fa ms linked o Owne ship Type 2016 −2020. Using he legend i is
possible o obse e he dis ibu ion o he economic pe o mance, wi h he ed-yellow-b own colo s indica ing a dec ease in he economic size o he a m owned by
Na u al Pe sons, and he g een a ia ion colo s indica ing he opposi e end, ha is an inc ease in NP economic pe o mance (i.e. economic size o he a ms in he
speci ic egion). The pu pose o he map is o show he economic pe o mance dynamics o he Eu opean egions aking NP as a e e ence and looking in o he o he
wo classi ica ions’ dynamics.
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Addi ional es s wi h he da a
Fo anspa ency and u he po en ial de elopmen he below me hods a e included as examples o es s ha he au ho s pe o med wi h he
Eu os a da ase s o desc ibe any po en ial pa e ns. Howe e , due o limi ed space, he de ailed esul s a e no included in he s udy.
Me hod o Regional Dispa i y compa ed o Na ional le el
A Regional Dispa i y Map was de eloped o isualise he ela ionship be ween he a mland owne ship ypes wi hin he egions in a Eu opean
membe s a e, and o de e mine how dispe sed o aligned he owne ship ype a e wi hin a coun y. The measu e ep esen s he o e all s anda d
de ia ion o Land Owne ship Index (LOI) alues. I measu es he dispe sion o a iabili y o he LOI alues among di e en egions wi hin he same
coun y – compa ing egional LOI o he o e all LOI’s mean o ha coun y. A lowe s anda d de ia ion indica es ha he egional LOI alues a e
closely clus e ed a ound he na ional mean, sugges ing uni o mi y ac oss egions. A highe s anda d de ia ion sugges s g ea e a iabili y o dispa i y
be ween he LOI’s egions wi hin a coun y. This is alid ega ding Na u al and Legal owne ship ypes. G oup Holding was ep esen ed on a di e en
scale: pe cen age sha e o g oup holding a ea ou o he o al na ional a mland a ea.
Me hod o Fa mland Owne ship Pe cen age o Change 2016–2020
A calcula ion o he Fa mland Owne ship Pe cen age o Change o Na u al Pe sons (NP), Legal Pe sons (LP), and G oup Holdings (GH) om 2016
o 2020 was pe o med o e alua e shi s in a mland owne ship dis ibu ion ac oss he EU. The pe cen age change o each owne ship ype was
compu ed based on no malized owne ship alues (a eas di ided by he o al a mland a ea pe egion) o ensu e compa abili y ac oss egions. Fo NP
and LP, he pe cen age change was calcula ed using he o mula:
Pe cen age o Change =(Value2020 −Value2016
Value2016 )×100
This measu es he ela i e inc ease o dec ease in a mland owne ship p opo ions o e he pe iod. Fo GH, addi ional logic was inco po a ed o
handle cases whe e bo h 2016 and 2020 no malized alues we e ze o, ensu ing he pe cen age change was se o 0 in hese scena ios o a oid un-
de ined esul s o di ision by ze o e o s. This p ocedu e was necessa y since G oup Holdings (GH) owne ship da a p esen ed he highes pe cen age o
missing alues among he owne ship ypes. In 2016, 75.29 % o NUTS-2 egions did no epo he a ea dedica ed o GH owne ship, highligh ing
signi ican gaps in da a a ailabili y. While epo ing imp o ed in 2020, he missing da a emained subs an ial, wi h 52.94 % o egions ailing o
p o ide in o ma ion on GH owne ship. The calcula ions p o ided insigh s in o owne ship ends by quan i ying ela i e changes in land dis ibu ion
o each owne ship ype, helping o iden i y pa e ns o g ow h, decline, o s abili y ac oss he EU egions.
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
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