Jou nal o he He e op e a o Tu key 273
J.He .Tu k., 7(2), No , 2025 (eISSN 2687-3249)
De e mina ion o Aqua ic/Semi-aqua ic He e op e an
(Nepomo pha and Ge omo pha) Fauna o Çubuk S eam
(Anka a) wi h Some Physicochemical Va iables
Gazi Uni e si y, Facul y o Science, Depa men o Biology, Anka a, Tü kiye.
E-mail: hakanoz[email p o ec ed]u. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7894-3875
Hakan Özdama
To ci e his a icle: Özdama , H., 2025, De e mina ion o Aqua ic/Semi-aqua ic He e op e an (Nepomo pha and
Ge omo pha) Fauna o Çubuk S eam (Anka a) wi h Some Physicochemical Va iables,J.He .Tu k., 7(2): 273-286
DOI:10.5281/zenodo.17542562
To link o his a icle: h ps://www.j-h .o g/wp-con en /uploads/2025/11/V72-A11.pd
Recei ed: Sep 12, 2025; Re ised: No 5, 2025; Accep ed: No 8, 2025; Published online: No 30, 2025
Resea ch A icle
ABSTRACT: Wa e sou ces no only p o ide habi a o aqua ic insec s bu also indi ec ly
p o ide hem wi h p ey and o he nu ien s. Aqua ic he e op e a, a signi ican g oup o
aqua ic insec s, no only li e in wa e bu also play a signi ican ole in he ood chain. Also,
conside ing he cu en s a e o wa e , i is known ha wa e esou ces a e qui e limi ed and
a e dwindling daily. The e o e, i is necessa y o de e mine and p o ec he quali y o exis ing
wa e esou ces. In his s udy, i e locali ies in Çubuk S eam (Anka a) whe e unde p essu e
o indus ial and an h opogenic pollu an s we e iden i ied and examined o aqua ic/semi-
aqua ic he e op e a auna and some en i onmen al a iables which e ec i e on hei
dis i bu ion. Samplings was made be ween Ap il and Sep embe (mon hly pe iods) a yea
2025, when he seasons ha e aqua ic he e op e a abundance is high. Some physicochemical
ea u es (pH, empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen, salini y, and elec ical conduc i i y) we e
measu ed a he same ime he insec sampling. A o al o en aqua ic/semi-aqua ic
he e op e an species we e de e mined in he sampling loca ions. Also, i was de e mined ha
he dissol ed oxygen le el in Çubuk S eam was ound a a c i ical le el o aqua ic
o ganisms. Bu , i was hough he all obse ed he e op e a species ha e highe ecological
ole ances.
KEYWORDS: He e op e a, en i onmen al ea u es, ela ionship, auna, Çubuk s eam
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INTRODUCTION
Wa e is one o he mos impo an esou ces o he sus ainabili y o ou plane and
equi es ca e ul a en ion in e ms o quan i y and quali y (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2012).
Wa e quali y plays a i al ole in sus aining ecosys ems and human li e, and he
chemical, physical, and biological p ope ies o wa e mus be known and e alua ed
in assessing wa e quali y (Walke e al., 2015; Mahapa a e al., 2011).
Many physical and biological ac o s can al e he abundance and dis ibu ion o
mac oin e eb a es (Sha ma e al., 2013). Aqua ic mac oin e eb a e communi ies
e lec he quali y o aqua ic ecosys ems (Gu ié ez & Ramí ez, 2016).
Aqua ic in e eb a es can be ound in almos e e y imaginable eshwa e habi a .
In e eb a es li ing in di e se aqua ic habi a s accoun o a la ge p opo ion o
species di e si y and much o he seconda y p oduc i i y, while also ul illing
nume ous ecological oles (Richa dson & Jackson, 2002).
Many aqua ic insec s, combined wi h hei high dis ibu ion compa ed o o he
mac oin e eb a es and hei abili y o e lec changes in hei en i onmen , ha e
con ibu ed o hei unc ional ole as ools o moni o ing he impac o human
ac i i ies on wa e quali y (Adu & Oyeniyi, 2019).
Aqua ic Hemip e a and Coleop e a species a e epo ed o be sensi i e o pollu ion in
wa e , and hei use as wa e biological indica o s can inc ease he accu acy o wa e
quali y assessmen s (Tchakon é e al., 2015).
Hemip e a is he i h la ges o de o he insec a class, and He e op e a includes
mo e han 45,000 desc ibed species, 7 in ao de s, and 75-89 amilies (Rabi sch,
2010; Fo e o e al., 2024).
Abou 4450 species o hese belong o he in ao de Nepomo pha and Ge omo pha
(Hen y, 2017). He e op e a includes 1668 species and subspecies belonging o 51
amilies in Tü kiye and 30 o which belong o Ge omo pha and 55 o Nepomo pha
in ao de (Çe çi e al., 2024).
Al hough he e is no speci ic s udy on aqua ic/semi-aqua ic he e op e a in Çubuk
S eam, he e a e some aunis ic, ecological and wa e quali y s udies in he s eam
(Yıldız, 2001; A ıcı & Ahıska, 2005).
In his s udy, he aqua ic/semi-aqua ic he e op e a auna and hei dis ibu ion in
Çubuk S eam, an impo an i e in Anka a p o ince, was de e mined. Also, some
physicochemical a iables o a sec ion o he s eam unde in ense indus ial and
human p essu e was in es iga ed.
A he end o his sudy, he ela ionships among he pa ame e s we e also e alua ed,
and he obse ed he e op e an species li ing in he a ea we e discussed o hei
ecological ole ances.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Resea ch A ea
The Çubuk S eam, a 70 kilome e s eam unning no h o sou h ac oss he Çubuk
Plain, o igina es in he Aydos Moun ains in wo b anches (Figu e 1). A e o ming
he Çubuk I Dam wi h he Sünlü, Azman, Ka apına , Kızılhisa , and Bellihisa
s eams, i hen joins he Keçiö en S eam and he İncesu S eam and Ha ip S eam
nea Akköp ü. A e hese h ee s eams con e ge a Akköp ü, hey become he
Anka a S eam (Çinkaya & Yüksel, 1996).
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Figu e 1. Resea ch A ea and he sampling loca ions (View o locali ies on Google Maps)
This s udy was ca ied ou a mon hly in e als be ween Ap il and Sep embe 2025
in 5 di e en loca ions on Çubuk S eam, Çubuk Dis ic , Anka a P o ince, wi h a
o al dis ance o app oxima ely 15 kilome e s. S a ion 1 is unde in ense indus ial
p essu e and s a ion 4 is in e wined wi h ag icul u al p oduc ion, while s a ions 2,
3 and 5 a e unde gene al an h opogenic ( oad, b idge and gene al human ac i i ies)
in luence (Table 1; Figu e 2).
Table 1. Some in o ma ions o he sampling locali ies in he esea ch a ea (Loc.: Locali y)
2. Sampling o Physicochemical Pa ame e s
In he s udy a ea, wa e samples we e aken h oughou he s udy pe iod a
mon hly in e als.
Wa e samples we e aken unde he su ace o wa e and some en i onmen al ea-
u es (pH, empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen, salini y, and elec ical conduc i i y) we e
measu ed in he ield wi h a po able de ice.
The wa e quali y le els o he measu ed pa ame e s o each sampling locali y was
e alua ed acco ding o he Quali y C i e ia (pH, dissol ed oxygen, elec ical conduc-
i i y ) o Tu kiye 's In a-Con inen al Su ace Wa e Resou ces Acco ding o Clas-
ses published in he O icial Gaze e (SWQR, 2021).
Loc. No Locali y Coo dina es Ele a ion
1 Ülümbüş dis ic 40° 5'16.65"N
32°57'57.44"E
923 m.
2 Yenice dis ic 40° 7'1.21"N
32°58'29.18"E
931 m.
3 Esenboğa dis ic 40° 8'29.26"N
32°59'4.27"E
944 m.
4 Gülda bı dis ic 40° 9'54.49"N
33° 0'25.61"E
955 m.
5 Yazı dis ic 40°10'35.30"N
33° 0'40.25"E
962 m.
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Figu e 2. Views o he sampling locali ies (Pho os by A. Özdama )
3. Ob aining Aqua ic Insec s
The TS EN ISO 10870 s anda d, published by he Gene al Di ec o a e o Wa e
Managemen o he Minis y o Fo es y and Wa e A ai s, was used o collec adul
insec samples o aqua ic he e op e a. Me al scoops we e used in deep, ege a ed
a eas, while collec ion was ca ied ou by s i ing he bo om in muddy, shallowe
loca ions. All aqua ic he e op e a samples collec ed om hese loca ions we e
p ese ed and labeled acco ding o Kıyak (2000). I was used Poisson (1957), Heiss
& Jansson (1985), Jansson (1986), Ande sen (1990), (1993), Rabi sch (2005), Soos
e . al. (2009), and Fen e . al. (2011) li e a u es o iden i ica ion o he species.
4. S a is ical Analysis Me hods
S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using SPSS 16.0 using he ANOVA es . The
mean alues o he physicochemical pa ame e s ob ained h oughou he s udy we e
de e mined o be signi ican a p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 le els (Fishe , 1970). To
de e mine he co ela ions be ween he pa ame e s, he Pea son co ela ion
coe icien which is he mos widely used measu e o de e mining he deg ee and
Loc. 1
Loc. 2
Loc. 3
Loc. 4
Loc. 5
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di ec ion o linea ela ionships be ween con inuous a iables was used (Keskin &
Özsoy 2004).
RESULTS
1. Physicochemical Va iables Resul s
A gene al look a changes in physicochemical pa ame e alues e eals ha , as
empe a u es inc ease owa ds summe , salini y and elec ical conduc i i y ollow
his pa allel pa e n.
This in e se ela ionship, in which dissol ed oxygen ollows he empe a u e
inc ease in he opposi e di ec ion, is also accompanied by elec ical conduc i i y and
salini y.
The physicochemical pa ame e alues (pH, empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen, salini y
and elec ical conduc i i y) de e mined mon hly in he locali ies in he esea ch a ea
we e p esen ed in Figu e 3.
When he esul s o he analysis o some physicochemical pa ame e s o wa e
samples aken om he locali ies in he esea ch a ea we e e alua ed acco ding o
he Su ace Wa e Pollu ion Regula ion, i was de e mined ha all locali ies had
class I quali y le el ( e y good) in e ms o a e age pH while all locali ies we e ound
a class III quali y le el (mode a e wa e ) o dissol ed oxygen.
Howe e , i was de e mined ha all sampling locali ies excep Loc.1 had class II
(good) wa e quali y le el o conduc i i y (Table 2).
Also, he highes salini y alues in a e age was de e mined a Loc.1 du ing he s udy
pe iod.
Table 2. A e age physicochemical pa ame e alues and wa e quali y classes o he sampling
locali ies (sd: s anda d de ia ion; WQC: Wa e Quali y Class)
Loc.
No
pH Dissol ed Oxy-
gen
(mg/L)
EC
(mS/cm)
Tempe a u e
(°C)
Salini iy
(‰)
Mean/
sd
WQC Mean/
sd
WQC Mean/
sd
WQC Mean/sd Mean/sd
Loc. 1 7,86±
0,282
I 4,74±
1,09
III 2,2±
0,637
III 18,48±
2,226
1,12±
0,332
Loc. 2 7,98±
0,217
I 5,98±
1,204
III 0,89±
0,288
II 18,85±
1,782
0,43±
0,148
Loc. 3 7,43±
0,435
I 5,56±
2,791
III 0,74±
0,177
II 20,31±
2,212
0,36±
0,089
Loc. 4 7,26±
0,401
I 4,42±
1,319
III 0,73±
0,244
II 22,93±
3,302
0,36±
0,123
Loc. 5 7,68±
0,568
I 5,03±
1,043
III 0,71±
0,283
II 22,6±
2,95
0,34±
0,135
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Figu e 3. Mon hly changes o physicochemical pa ame e alues acco ding o locali ies
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S a is ical analyses e ealed posi i e co ela ions be ween some pa ame e s (EC -
salin., emp. - salin., emp. - EC, and pH - EC), while o he s showed nega i e co e-
la ions ( emp. - Salin., DO - Salin., DO - EC). The co ela ion le els o he physicoc-
hemical pa ame e alues ob ained as a esul o he esea ch a e gi en in Table 3.
Table 3. Co ela ion alues be ween he measu ed pa ame e s (DO: dissol ed oxygen, EC:
elec ical conduc i i y, Temp: empe a u e, Salin: salini y).
2. He e op e a Fauna Resul s
In his s udy, i wasde e mined a o al o 10 aqua ic/semiaqua ic he e op e an
species belonging o 6 amilies in he sampling locali ies in Çubuk S eam. The
dis ibu ion s a us o hese species in Tü kiye was p esen ed in Table 4.
DISCUSSION
Özdama & Kıyak (2025) epo ed a co ela ion be ween some physicochemical
pa ame e s o wa e in hei eco aunis ic s udy. The esul s o his s udy simila ly
indica e a nega i e o posi i e co ela ion be ween he physicochemical pa ame e s
o wa e . The nega i e co ela ions we e epo ed o be be ween dissol ed oxygen and
pH, empe a u e and salini y, while he posi i e co ela ions we e gene ally epo ed
o be be ween elec ical conduc i i y and pH, empe a u e, and salini y. Akınwole
and Adeola (2012) conduc ed a s udy ha included some o he pa ame e s used in
his s udy (pH, empe a u e and dissol ed oxygen) and as a esul , hey s a ed ha
he e was a s ong ela ionship be ween some physicochemical pa ame e s
measu ed in wa e and ha some pa ame e alues could be used o es ima e some
o he pa ame e alues. Omboga (2011) epo ed a s ong co ela ion be ween
elec ical conduc i i y and salini y. In his s udy, elec ical conduc i i y and salini y
luc ua ed mon hly in pa allel (Figu e 3). When elec ical conduc i i y alues we e
analyzed wi h salini y using he Pea son co ela ion me hod, a co ela ion be ween
=0.999 (loc. 5 [p<0.01]) and =0.1000 (o he locs. [p<0.01]) was ound (Table 3).
Since he dissolu ion o solid subs ances is di ec ly p opo ional o empe a u e, i
should be no ed ha he deg ee o salini y is also ela ed o empe a u e (Kadak
and A as, 2017). Salini y inc eases in he summe mon hs, when e apo a ion is
e y common (Tepe, 2009). The e o e, highe salini y alues a e expec ed in he
Pa ame e s Minimum Maximum
EC–Salin. 0,999 (p<0.01) Loc. 5 1,000 (p<0.01) (Loc. 1-
4)
Temp.–Salin. 0,823 (p<0.05) Loc. 2 0,955 (p<0.01) Loc. 1
DO–Salin -0,873 (p<0.05) Loc.
1
-0,985 (p<0.01) Loc. 4
DO–Temp -0,861 (p<0.05) Loc.
5
-0,944 (p<0.01) Loc. 1
DO–EC -0,877 (p<0.05) Loc.
1
-0,987 (p<0.01) Loc. 4
EC– Temp. 0,822 (p<0.05) Loc. 2 0,956 (p<0.01) Loc. 1
pH-EC 0,791 (p<0.05) Loc. 3 0,892 (p<0.05) Loc. 4
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ho e summe mon hs (Figu e 3). When empe a u e alues we e analyzed wi h
salini y alues acco ding o he Pea son co ela ion me hod, a co ela ion o =
0.823 (loc. 2 [p<0.05]) and = 0.955 (loc. 1 [p<0.01]) was ound (Table 3).
The amoun o oxygen ha wa e can hold a ies depending on wa e empe a u e,
salini y, and wa e p essu e. As salini y dec eases, gas solubili y inc eases (Kale,
2016). When dissol ed oxygen alues we e analyzed wi h salini y acco ding o he
Pea son co ela ion me hod, a nega i e co ela ion was ound be ween =-0.873 (loc.
1 [p<0.05] ) and =-0.985 (loc. 4 [p<0.01]) (Table 3).
As empe a u e inc eases, me abolic a e inc eases and oxygen le els dec ease
(Ünlü e al., 2008). When dissol ed oxygen alues we e examined wi h empe a u e
acco ding o he Pea son co ela ion me hod, a nega i e co ela ion was ound
be ween =-0.861 (loc. 5 [p<0.05]) and =-0.944 (loc.1 [p<0.01]) (Table 3).
The e is a s ong co ela ion be ween elec ical conduc i i y and salini y, and as
salini y dec eases, gas solubili y inc eases (Omboga, 2011; Kale, 2016). The e o e, a
dec ease in dissol ed oxygen le els a highe elec ical conduc i i y alues can be
conside ed no mal (Figu e 3). When dissol ed oxygen alues we e examined wi h
elec ical conduc i i y alues acco ding o he Pea son co ela ion me hod, a
nega i e co ela ion was ound be ween =-0.877 (loc. 1 [p<0.05]) and =-0.987 (loc.
4 [p<0.01]) (Table 3).
Elec ical conduc i i y inc eases in pa allel wi h he inc ease in salini y and
empe a u e (Ba las e al. 1995). In his case, i is expec ed ha elec ical
conduc i i y and salini y alues inc ease and dec ease oge he (Figu e 3). When
elec ical conduc i i y alues we e analyzed wi h empe a u e alues acco ding o
he Pea son co ela ion me hod, a posi i e co ela ion was ound be ween =-0.822
(loc. 2 [p<0.05]) and =-0.956 (loc. 1 [p<0.01]) (Table 3).
In his s udy, when he wa e quali y o Çubuk S eam was e alua ed acco ding o
he Wa e Quali y Con ol Regula ion (SWQR,2021), i was de e mined o ha e e y
good wa e quali y in e ms o pH, bu i was obse ed o ha e mode a e wa e
quali y, especially in e ms o dissol ed oxygen. Acco ding o Rou e al. (2022)
dissol ed oxygen le els in wa e alling below 5.0 mg/L pu aqua ic li e unde physio-
logical s ess. Gene ally, dissol ed oxygen alues in Çubuk S eam a e seen o be a
a c i ical le el o aqua ic o ganisms (Table 2). In e ms o elec ical conduc i i y,
excep o Locali y 1 (mode a e), he o he locali ies a e good (Table 2). The known
posi i e co ela ion be ween salini y and elec ical conduc i i y is in luen ial in his
si ua ion. Fu he mo e, he in ensi e indus ializa ion a ound Locali y 1 is also
hough o ha e a ole in his si ua ion.
The wa e quali y o all su ace wa e bodies, such as la ge i e s, lakes, and
s eams, is c ucial. In assessing wa e quali y, all chemical, physical, and biological
pa ame e s a e equally impo an and should be e alua ed oge he . When he
biological esul s o his s udy a e examined o aqua ic hemip e an species, he
species ha we e p e iously epo ed o ha e mo e sensi i e ecological ole ance in
he s udy conduc ed by Özdama & Kıyak (2025) we e no ound. When he
biological esul s o his s udy we e examined o aqua ic hemip e an species, no
species p e iously epo ed o ha e mo e sensi i e ecological ole ances we e ound
in he s udy conduc ed by Özdama and Kıyak (2025).
As seen in Table 4, he species iden i ied in his s udy, as in he p e ious s udy,
exhibi ed b oade ole ances o he physicochemical pa ame e s measu ed in his
s udy. This sugges s ha di e en species ha e di e en ecological ole ances o
hese pa ame e s.
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Al hough Tchakon é e al. (2015) no ed ha hemip e ans a e sensi i e o pollu ion,
hey also show ha he ecological ole ances o di e en hemip e an species di e ,
as p e iously men ioned.
CONCLUSION
In his s udy, a sec ion o Çubuk S eam, in e wined wi h ag icul u al, indus ial,
and an h opogenic in luences, was sampled om di e en loca ions. Also, some
physicochemical ea u es o hese di e en loca ions was de e mined, demons a ing
he s eam's quali y s a us. Gene ally, i was de e mined ha he s eam wa e is
poo ly balanced in e ms o dissol ed oxygen, po en ially es ic ing he li e o
aqua ic o ganisms. Fu he mo e, by examining he ela ionships be ween some
physicochemical pa ame e s used in wa e quali y s udies, we de e mined ha hese
pa ame e s can p o ide posi i e o nega i e in o ma ion abou each o he . The
composi ion o aqua ic he e op e a species, a key insec g oup in aqua ic
ecosys ems, was also de e mined in his s udy. Fu he mo e, wa e and wa e
esou ces a e dwindling/des oying daily. The e o e, we land esea ch is c ucial o
bo h ensu ing wa e sus ainabili y and es ablishing aqua ic o ganism in en o ies.
Legal in o ma ion
This s udy was ca ied ou wi h he esea ch pe mi numbe ed E-21264211-288.04-
17752416 om he Gene al Di ec o a e o Na u e Conse a ion and Na ional Pa ks
o he Minis y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y o he Republic o Tu key.
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