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MEASURING MARKET COMPETITION INTENSITY IN THE HOSPITALITY
SECTOR
Rus am Olimjono ich Ol ino
Abs ac . This s udy examines he in ensi y and e olu ion o ma ke compe i ion wi hin he
hospi ali y sec o o Bukha a egion, Uzbekis an, ac oss he pe iod 2022-2024, employing he
Hannah-Kay concen a ion index as he p ima y analy ical ins umen . The esea ch add esses
he c i ical policy ques ion o whe he ma ke libe aliza ion and ou ism sec o expansion ha e
gene a ed compe i i e ma ke s uc u es conduci e o se ice quali y imp o emen and p ice
e iciency. U ilizing comp ehensi e s a is ical da a on se ice olumes om 17-18
accommoda ion es ablishmen s ep esen ing majo ho els and ou is acili ies ac oss h ee
consecu i e yea s, he analysis compu es ma ke concen a ion indices wi h pa ame ic
speci ica ion α=1.5, app op ia e o assessing o e all ma ke concen a ion dynamics.
Empi ical indings e eal Hannah-Kay index alues o 14.47 o 2022, 14.95 o 2023, and
14.90 o 2024, subs an ially exceeding he monopoly h eshold o 1.0 and indica ing obus
compe i i e ma ke condi ions h oughou he obse a ion pe iod. The p og essi e inc ease
om 2022 o 2023 sugges s in ensi ying compe i ion d i en by new ma ke en an s,
pa icula ly he opening o in e na ional chain ho el Wyndham Bukha a, while he sligh
s abiliza ion in 2024 indica es ma ke ma u a ion. Ma ke sha e analysis iden i ies O iyen S a
Va ahsha and Wyndham Bukha a as ma ke leade s wi h sha es o 11.6% and 12.0%
espec i ely in 2024, while no single es ablishmen demons a es dominan ma ke powe
exceeding 15%, con i ming dispe sed ma ke s uc u e. The s udy con ibu es
me hodologically by demons a ing he applicabili y o concen a ion indices o hospi ali y
sec o analysis in eme ging ou ism ma ke s, p o iding empi ical baseline measu emen s o
egula o y assessmen , and o e ing heo e ical insigh s ega ding he ela ionship be ween
ma ke s uc u e, se ice di e si ica ion, and quali y compe i ion in egional ou ism con ex s.
Policy implica ions emphasize he impo ance o main aining compe i i e ma ke condi ions
h ough con inued suppo o di e se es ablishmen ypes including amily- un gues houses
alongside in e na ional chains, quali y ce i ica ion p og ams, and moni o ing mechanisms
p e en ing an i-compe i i e consolida ion. The indings suppo con inued libe aliza ion
policies while sugges ing a ge ed in e en ions o s eng hen smalle es ablishmen s'
compe i i e capabili ies h ough aining, inancing access, and ma ke ing suppo p og ams.
Keywo ds: ma ke compe i ion, Hannah-Kay index, hospi ali y sec o , ou ism de elopmen ,
Bukha a egion, ma ke concen a ion, ho el indus y, compe i i e analysis, ma ke s uc u e,
Uzbekis an
1. In oduc ion
The hospi ali y sec o occupies a cen al posi ion wi hin he b oade ou ism economy, se ing
as essen ial in as uc u e enabling isi o accommoda ion, consump ion expe iences, and
des ina ion compe i i eness. Ma ke s uc u e cha ac e is ics wi hin hospi ali y sec o s,
pa icula ly he in ensi y o compe i ion among accommoda ion p o ide s, exe undamen al
in luences on se ice quali y, p icing e iciency, inno a ion dynamics, and ul ima ely
des ina ion a ac i eness. In con ex s whe e ou ism de elopmen cons i u es a s a egic
economic p io i y, unde s anding compe i i e dynamics wi hin hospi ali y ma ke s becomes
essen ial o e ec i e policy design, egula o y amewo k de elopmen , and in es men
a ac ion s a egies.
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Bukha a egion ep esen s one o Uzbekis an's p emie cul u al ou ism des ina ions,
dis inguished by UNESCO Wo ld He i age designa ion o i s his o ic ci y cen e , ex ensi e
a chi ec u al monumen s spanning mul iple Islamic dynas ies, and deeply embedded
posi ioning wi hin Silk Road his o ical na a i es. Following Uzbekis an's comp ehensi e
economic libe aliza ion ini ia ed in 2016, including cu ency con e ibili y e o ms, isa
libe aliza ion, and s a egic ou ism sec o de elopmen p og ams, Bukha a has expe ienced
subs an ial expansion in isi o a i als, accommoda ion capaci y, and hospi ali y se ice
di e si y. The go e nmen 's Tou ism De elopmen S a egy h ough 2030 explici ly p io i izes
Bukha a as a lagship des ina ion, a ge ing inc eased in e na ional isi o lows, enhanced
se ice quali y s anda ds, and imp o ed compe i i eness wi hin global he i age ou ism
ma ke s.
In ecen yea s, Bukha a's hospi ali y sec o has unde gone no able ans o ma ion
cha ac e ized by se ice di e si ica ion, quali y enhancemen ini ia i es, and inno a i e
app oaches o ou ism accommoda ion. Ho els ac i ely pu sue in e na ional ce i ica ion
s anda ds o a ac o eign ou is s while simul aneously wi nessing p oli e a ion o smalle
amily-ope a ed gues houses and adi ional cou ya d accommoda ions. This dual expansion
pa e n, encompassing bo h in e na ional chain ho el en y and g ass oo s en ep eneu ial
accommoda ion de elopmen , c ea es inc easingly compe i i e ma ke en i onmen s wi h
impo an implica ions o p icing dynamics, se ice s anda ds, and o e all des ina ion quali y
posi ioning.
The cen al esea ch ques ion mo i a ing his s udy conce ns he ac ual in ensi y o
compe i ion wi hin Bukha a's hospi ali y ma ke and i s e olu ion ac oss ecen yea s ma ked
by policy e o m and capaci y expansion. While quali a i e obse a ions sugges compe i i e
ma ke condi ions, igo ous quan i a i e assessmen u ilizing es ablished indus ial
o ganiza ion me hodologies emains absen om exis ing li e a u e on Uzbekis an's ou ism
sec o . Unde s anding whe he ma ke s uc u es exhibi genuinely compe i i e cha ac e is ics
e sus concen a ed oligopolis ic pa e ns ca ies signi ican policy implica ions o egula o y
app oaches, quali y assu ance mechanisms, and s a egic de elopmen p io i ies.
This esea ch employs he Hannah-Kay concen a ion index, a widely u ilized indus ial
o ganiza ion measu e, o quan i y ma ke compe i ion in ensi y wi hin Bukha a's
accommoda ion sec o ac oss h ee consecu i e yea s: 2022, 2023, and 2024. The Hannah-Kay
index o e s me hodological ad an ages including lexibili y h ough pa ame ic speci ica ion
enabling ocus on di e en compe i i e dimensions, ma hema ical gene aliza ion
encompassing mul iple al e na i e concen a ion measu es, and s aigh o wa d in e p e a ion
acili a ing policy communica ion. By sys ema ically compu ing concen a ion indices based
on comp ehensi e se ice olume da a om majo accommoda ion es ablishmen s, he s udy
p o ides empi ical baseline measu emen s o ma ke s uc u e cha ac e is ics and compe i i e
in ensi y e olu ion.
The s udy objec i es encompass: (1) compu ing Hannah-Kay concen a ion indices o
Bukha a's ho el ma ke ac oss 2022-2024 o es ablish quan i a i e baselines o compe i ion
in ensi y; (2) analyzing ma ke sha e dis ibu ions o iden i y dominan es ablishmen s and
assess concen a ion pa e ns; (3) examining empo al e olu ion in compe i i e in ensi y o
de e mine whe he ma ke libe aliza ion policies ha e os e ed mo e o less compe i i e
condi ions; (4) e alua ing he ela ionship be ween ma ke s uc u e and se ice di e si y,
quali y compe i ion, and es ablishmen ypes; and (5) de i ing policy implica ions o ou ism
sec o egula ion, quali y s anda ds en o cemen , and compe i i e ma ke main enance.
The esea ch con ibu es o schola ly li e a u e and policy de elopmen in se e al dimensions.
Fi s , i demons a es me hodological applica ion o indus ial o ganiza ion concen a ion
measu es o hospi ali y sec o analysis in eme ging ma ke ou ism con ex s, p o iding
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eplicable analy ical amewo ks o o he des ina ions. Second, i es ablishes empi ical
baseline measu emen s o ma ke s uc u e o Bukha a's accommoda ion sec o , enabling
u u e longi udinal analysis and policy impac assessmen . Thi d, i add esses heo e ical
ques ions ega ding ela ionships be ween ou ism sec o libe aliza ion, ma ke en y dynamics,
and compe i i e in ensi y e olu ion in ansi ional economies. Fou h, i gene a es ac ionable
policy insigh s ega ding egula o y app oaches, quali y assu ance mechanisms, and
in e en ions suppo ing compe i i e ma ke main enance while enabling di e se
es ablishmen ypes.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
The analysis o ma ke s uc u e and compe i i e in ensi y wi hin speci ic indus ies
cons i u es a ounda ional conce n wi hin indus ial o ganiza ion economics, gene a ing
ex ensi e heo e ical and empi ical li e a u e examining concen a ion pa e ns, compe i i e
beha io s, and ela ionships be ween ma ke s uc u e and pe o mance ou comes. The
undamen al s uc u e-conduc -pe o mance pa adigm, o iginally a icula ed by Mason and
e ined by Bain, posi s ha ma ke s uc u e cha ac e is ics including concen a ion le els,
en y ba ie s, and p oduc di e en ia ion sys ema ically in luence i m conduc ega ding
p icing, inno a ion, and s a egic beha io , which in u n de e mine pe o mance ou comes
encompassing e iciency, p o i abili y, and consume wel a e. While subsequen heo e ical
de elopmen s including con es able ma ke s heo y and game- heo e ic app oaches ha e
nuanced his amewo k, he basic insigh ha ma ke s uc u e ma e s o economic ou comes
emains cen al o compe i ion policy and egula o y economics.
Measu emen o ma ke concen a ion ep esen s a c i ical me hodological challenge wi hin
indus ial o ganiza ion esea ch, gene a ing di e se index o mula ions each emphasizing
di e en aspec s o compe i i e in ensi y. The mos widely employed measu es include he
concen a ion a io cap u ing he combined ma ke sha e o he la ges i ms, he He indahl-
Hi schman Index measu ing he sum o squa ed ma ke sha es, and he Hannah-Kay index
o e ing lexible pa ame ic speci ica ion. The Hannah-Kay index, p oposed by Hannah and
Kay in 1977, p o ides pa icula ad an ages h ough i s gene aliza ion p ope y, as app op ia e
pa ame e selec ion enables ep oduc ion o a ious al e na i e concen a ion measu es
including he He indahl-Hi schman index as a special case. The pa ame e α in he Hannah-
Kay o mula ion de e mines he weigh assigned o i ms o di e en sizes, wi h highe alues
emphasizing dominan i ms while lowe alues inco po a e smalle compe i o s' in luence,
enabling analy ical lexibili y ma ching esea ch objec i es.
Applica ion o concen a ion indices o hospi ali y and ou ism sec o s has ecei ed inc easing
schola ly a en ion, e lec ing ecogni ion o ou ism's economic signi icance and dis inc i e
ma ke cha ac e is ics including high spa ial concen a ion, he e ogeneous p oduc
di e en ia ion, and seasonal demand luc ua ions. S udies examining ho el ma ke
concen a ion in a ious des ina ions ha e e ealed di e se pa e ns anging om highly
concen a ed ma ke s domina ed by majo chains o agmen ed s uc u es wi h nume ous
independen ope a o s. Resea ch in ma u e ou ism des ina ions ypically iden i ies mode a e
concen a ion le els wi h signi ican chain p esence alongside independen es ablishmen s,
while eme ging des ina ions o en exhibi mo e agmen ed s uc u es du ing ini ial
de elopmen phases ollowed by p og essi e consolida ion as ma ke s ma u e.
The ela ionship be ween ma ke concen a ion and se ice quali y wi hin hospi ali y sec o s
cons i u es an impo an esea ch heme wi h ambiguous heo e ical p edic ions. T adi ional
indus ial o ganiza ion heo y sugges s ha compe i i e ma ke s wi h nume ous i ms gene a e
p essu es o quali y imp o emen and inno a ion as es ablishmen s compe e o ma ke sha e,
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while concen a ed ma ke s may enable quali y educ ions due o diminished compe i i e
p essu e. Howe e , al e na i e pe spec i es emphasize ha la ge i ms in concen a ed
ma ke s may possess g ea e esou ces o quali y in es men , s anda diza ion capabili ies
suppo ing consis ency, and epu a ion conce ns mo i a ing quali y main enance. Empi ical
e idence e eals mixed pa e ns ac oss di e en con ex s, sugges ing ha ela ionships
be ween concen a ion and quali y depend on addi ional ac o s including egula o y
amewo ks, consume in o ma ion a ailabili y, and b and epu a ion dynamics.
Tou ism sec o de elopmen in ansi ion economies, including Cen al Asian coun ies, has
a ac ed schola ly a en ion ocusing on p i a iza ion p ocesses, o eign in es men pa e ns,
and ins i u ional amewo k e olu ion. Resea ch on Uzbekis an's ou ism sec o speci ically
has documen ed subs an ial policy e o ms including isa libe aliza ion, he i age si e
de elopmen , and in as uc u e in es men , hough quan i a i e analysis o ma ke s uc u e
dynamics emains limi ed. Exis ing s udies emphasize cul u al he i age asse s, pa icula ly in
Silk Road ci ies including Bukha a, Sama kand, and Khi a, while no ing in as uc u e
cons ain s and se ice quali y challenges equi ing con inued in es men and capaci y
de elopmen . The in e play be ween in e na ional ho el chain en y and domes ic
en ep eneu ial accommoda ion de elopmen ep esen s a ecu ing heme, wi h ques ions
ega ding op imal balances be ween s anda diza ion and au hen ici y, scale economies and
local embeddedness.
Ma ke en y dynamics and compe i i e e olu ion in hospi ali y sec o s demons a e
dis inc i e pa e ns shaped by capi al equi emen s, loca ion ad an ages, b and alue, and
egula o y amewo ks. Ba ie s o en y including land acquisi ion cos s, cons uc ion
expenses, licensing equi emen s, and quali y ce i ica ion p ocesses in luence ma ke
s uc u e e olu ion and concen a ion ajec o ies. Resea ch on ho el ma ke dynamics
emphasizes he impo ance o epu a ion e ec s, ne wo k ex e nali ies om ese a ion
sys ems and loyal y p og ams, and i s -mo e ad an ages in secu ing p emium loca ions.
These ac o s may gene a e na u al endencies owa d concen a ion e en absen explici an i-
compe i i e beha io , sugges ing he impo ance o moni o ing ma ke s uc u e e olu ion and
implemen ing policies suppo ing con inued new en y.
The me hodological li e a u e on hospi ali y sec o analysis emphasizes se e al measu emen
challenges equi ing ca e ul conside a ion. De ini ion o ele an ma ke bounda ies,
pa icula ly geog aphical scope and p oduc ca ego y inclusion, signi ican ly in luences
concen a ion calcula ions and compe i i e assessmen . T ea men o di e se es ablishmen
ypes including ho els, gues houses, aca ion en als, and al e na i e accommoda ions aises
classi ica ion ques ions a ec ing ma ke sha e compu a ions. A ailabili y and eliabili y o
da a, pa icula ly in con ex s wi h subs an ial in o mal sec o ac i i y, may limi empi ical
analysis comp ehensi eness. These me hodological conside a ions sugges he impo ance o
anspa en de ini ions, sensi i i y analysis, and acknowledgmen o measu emen limi a ions
in esea ch epo ing.
Policy implica ions o ma ke s uc u e analysis o ou ism sec o s encompass mul iple
dimensions. Compe i ion policy amewo ks mus balance objec i es o main aining
compe i i e ma ke condi ions, enabling scale economies and quali y s anda diza ion, and
suppo ing di e se es ablishmen ypes including small independen ope a o s con ibu ing o
des ina ion au hen ici y. Quali y assu ance and ce i ica ion sys ems play impo an oles in
add essing in o ma ion asymme ies and suppo ing compe i ion on quali y dimensions a he
han pu e p ice compe i ion po en ially deg ading se ice s anda ds. S a egic ou ism
de elopmen planning equi es conside a ion o ca ying capaci y cons ain s, in as uc u e
equi emen s, and sus ainable g ow h ajec o ies p e en ing ma ke o e supply and
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des uc i e compe i ion. These mul i ace ed policy conside a ions unde sco e he alue o
igo ous ma ke s uc u e analysis in o ming e idence-based policy design.
3. Me hodology
This esea ch employs quan i a i e analysis o ma ke concen a ion u ilizing he Hannah-Kay
index o assess compe i i e in ensi y wi hin Bukha a egion's hospi ali y sec o ac oss he
pe iod 2022-2024. The me hodological app oach combines es ablished indus ial o ganiza ion
measu emen echniques wi h ca e ul a en ion o da a quali y, ma ke de ini ion, and
in e p e i e amewo ks app op ia e o ou ism sec o con ex s in ansi ional economies.
3.1 The Hannah-Kay Concen a ion Index
The Hannah-Kay index, de eloped by Hannah and Kay (1977), p o ides a lexible pa ame ic
measu e o ma ke concen a ion gene alizing a ious al e na i e concen a ion indices
h ough app op ia e pa ame e selec ion. The index is de ined ma hema ically as: HK(α) =
(Σᵢ₌₁ⁿ Sᵢᵅ)^(1/(1-α)), whe e Sᵢ ep esen s he ma ke sha e o i m i, n deno es he o al numbe
o i ms in he ma ke , and α cons i u es a pa ame e de e mining he weigh assigned o i ms
o di e en sizes. The pa ame e α plays a c ucial ole in de e mining he index's sensi i i y o
ma ke s uc u e cha ac e is ics. When α=2, he Hannah-Kay index educes o he ecip ocal o
he He indahl-Hi schman Index, he mos widely employed concen a ion measu e in
compe i ion policy analysis. Selec ion o α alues e lec s esea ch objec i es and analy ical
ocus.
Fo esea ch objec i es emphasizing o e all ma ke concen a ion assessmen , pa ame e
alues o α=1.5 o α=2 a e conside ed app op ia e, p o iding balanced sensi i i y o bo h la ge
and medium-sized i ms. Fo esea ch objec i es equi ing deep examina ion o monopolis ic
o dominan i m in luences, pa ame e alues o α>2 a e app op ia e, emphasizing he la ges
ma ke pa icipan s. Fo esea ch objec i es inco po a ing small i m in luences and ma ke
agmen a ion assessmen , pa ame e alues sa is ying 0.5≤α<1 a e app op ia e, gi ing g ea e
weigh o smalle ma ke pa icipan s. This pa ame ic lexibili y enables ailo ed analysis
ma ching speci ic esea ch ques ions and policy conce ns.
In e p e a ion o Hannah-Kay index alues ollows s aigh o wa d p inciples. A alue o
HK=1 indica es pe ec monopoly wi h a single i m con olling he en i e ma ke . Values
subs an ially exceeding 1 indica e compe i i e ma ke s uc u es wi h ma ke powe dis ibu ed
ac oss mul iple i ms. Highe index alues e lec mo e dispe sed ma ke sha es and g ea e
compe i i e in ensi y. The index hus p o ides an in e se measu e o concen a ion, wi h
highe alues indica ing lowe concen a ion and s onge compe i ion. This in e p e a ion
enables di ec assessmen o whe he ma ke s exhibi compe i i e o concen a ed
cha ac e is ics and acili a es empo al compa ison o assess whe he compe i ion is
in ensi ying o diminishing.
3.2 Ma ke De ini ion and Da a Sou ces
The ele an ma ke o his analysis encompasses accommoda ion es ablishmen s p o iding
ou is lodging se ices wi hin Bukha a egion, ocusing speci ically on ho els and o mally
egis e ed gues houses se ing bo h in e na ional and domes ic ou is s. Ma ke de ini ion
excludes esiden ial housing, empo a y accommoda ions, and in o mal sec o lodging no
cap u ed in o icial s a is ics. This de ini ion e lec s he s udy's ocus on o mally es ablished
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hospi ali y businesses subjec o egula o y o e sigh and quali y s anda ds, while
acknowledging ha in o mal accommoda ion p o ision may exis alongside he o mal sec o .
Da a o he analysis de i e om o icial s a is ical epo ing by accommoda ion
es ablishmen s o egional ou ism au ho i ies, compiled by he Bukha a Region S a is ics
Depa men . The p ima y pe o mance me ic employed o ma ke sha e calcula ion is annual
se ice olume measu ed in billion som, ep esen ing he o al alue o accommoda ion and
ela ed se ices p o ided by each es ablishmen du ing he calenda yea . Se ice olume
p o ides a comp ehensi e measu e o es ablishmen size and ma ke p esence, inco po a ing
bo h oom occupancy a es and p icing le els, hus o e ing ad an ages o e simple capaci y
measu es such as oom coun s.
The sample encompasses 17 es ablishmen s o 2022, expanding o 18 es ablishmen s o bo h
2023 and 2024, ep esen ing majo ho els and ou is acili ies ope a ing in Bukha a egion.
These es ablishmen s collec i ely accoun o he subs an ial majo i y o o mal sec o
accommoda ion capaci y and se ice p o ision in he egion, hough he sample does no claim
comple e census co e age o all small gues houses and mino es ablishmen s. The expansion
om 17 o 18 es ablishmen s be ween 2022 and 2023 e lec s he ma ke en y o Wyndham
Bukha a, an in e na ional chain ho el ep esen ing signi ican o eign in es men and capaci y
addi ion.
3.3 Analy ical P ocedu es
The analy ical p ocedu e consis s o se e al sequen ial s eps implemen ed consis en ly ac oss
all h ee yea s. Fi s , se ice olume da a in billion som a e compiled o each es ablishmen
om o icial s a is ical sou ces. Second, ma ke sha es a e calcula ed by di iding each
es ablishmen 's se ice olume by he o al se ice olume ac oss all es ablishmen s in he
sample. Thi d, he Hannah-Kay index is compu ed using he o mula speci ied abo e wi h
pa ame e alue α=1.5, selec ed as app op ia e o o e all ma ke concen a ion assessmen in
acco dance wi h me hodological guidelines. Fou h, esul s a e in e p e ed h ough compa ison
wi h he monopoly benchma k alue o HK=1 and h ough empo al compa ison ac oss yea s
o assess ends. Fi h, supplemen a y analysis examines ma ke sha e dis ibu ions o iden i y
dominan es ablishmen s and assess concen a ion pa e ns beyond agg ega e index alues.
The pa ame e alue α=1.5 was selec ed o his analysis based on he esea ch objec i e o
assessing o e all ma ke concen a ion cha ac e is ics a he han ocusing exclusi ely on
dominan i m analysis o small i m agmen a ion. This pa ame e alue p o ides balanced
sensi i i y o bo h la ge es ablished ho els and medium-sized es ablishmen s, enabling
comp ehensi e ma ke s uc u e assessmen . Sensi i i y analysis using al e na i e pa ame e
alues could p o ide addi ional insigh s bu alls beyond he scope o his ini ial baseline
assessmen .
3.4 Me hodological Limi a ions
Se e al me hodological limi a ions me i acknowledgmen . Fi s , he analysis elies on se ice
olume da a om o mal sec o es ablishmen s cap u ed in o icial s a is ics, po en ially
excluding small in o mal gues houses and al e na i e accommoda ions, which may esul in
o e s a emen o concen a ion i in o mal sec o is subs an ial. Second, he sample
encompasses majo es ablishmen s bu does no claim comple e census co e age, in oducing
po en ial selec ion bias i excluded es ablishmen s exhibi sys ema ically di e en
cha ac e is ics. Thi d, se ice olume as a ma ke size measu e inco po a es bo h quan i y and
p ice e ec s, po en ially con la ing capaci y u iliza ion wi h p icing powe in ma ke sha e
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123
calcula ions. Fou h, he analysis employs egional geog aphical ma ke de ini ion, no
accoun ing o po en ial spa ial segmen a ion be ween ci y cen e and pe iphe al a eas wi h
di e en compe i i e dynamics. Fi h, he s udy ocuses on ma ke s uc u e measu emen
wi hou add essing causal ques ions ega ding de e minan s o obse ed pa e ns o impac s on
pe o mance ou comes. These limi a ions sugges he indings should be in e p e ed as
indica i e o b oad compe i i e pa e ns a he han de ini i e comp ehensi e assessmen s,
wi h ecogni ion ha mo e de ailed analysis inco po a ing addi ional da a sou ces could e ine
conclusions.
4. Resul s
4.1 Ma ke Compe i ion Analysis o 2022
Analysis o Bukha a egion's hospi ali y ma ke o 2022 e eals compe i i e ma ke s uc u e
cha ac e is ics wi h dispe sed ma ke sha es ac oss mul iple es ablishmen s. The sample
encompasses 17 accommoda ion es ablishmen s p o iding se ices o aling 396.9 billion som
du ing he calenda yea . Ma ke sha e dis ibu ion demons a es no single dominan
es ablishmen , wi h he la ges ope a o s O iyen S a Va ahsha and Si o ai Moxi Xosa
con olling 13.1% and 10.9% o he ma ke espec i ely, while he smalles es ablishmen s
Tu on Plaza and Dunyo Palace accoun o 3.1% and 2.8% espec i ely.
Table 1. Ma ke Sha e Dis ibu ion o Bukha a Ho els, 2022
No.
Accommoda ion Facili y
Se ice
Volume (bln
som)
Ma ke Sha e
Sα(α=1.5)
1
G and Bukha a
32.3
0.081
0.023
2
Shax is on
23.6
0.059
0.014
3
Ho el Asia Bukha a
28.7
0.072
0.019
4
Za ga on Plaza
16.9
0.043
0.009
5
O iyen S a Va ahsha
52.1
0.131
0.048
6
Tu on Plaza
12.5
0.031
0.006
7
A k
16.2
0.041
0.008
8
Sahid Za a shon
33.7
0.085
0.025
9
Poyken Bukha a
26.1
0.066
0.017
10
Ga den Plaza Bukha a
18.5
0.047
0.010
11
Dunyo Palace
11.1
0.028
0.005
12
Tu on Ci y Plaza
25.5
0.064
0.016
13
Reika z Baho Bukha a
12.7
0.032
0.006
14
Pa adise Plaza
15.8
0.040
0.008
15
De a Ho el
13.2
0.033
0.006
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No.
Accommoda ion Facili y
Se ice
Volume (bln
som)
Ma ke Sha e
Sα(α=1.5)
16
Me cu e Bukha a Old Town
14.6
0.037
0.007
17
Si o ai Moxi Xosa
43.4
0.109
0.036
To al
396.9
1.000
0.263
Compu ing he Hannah-Kay index wi h pa ame e α=1.5 using he summa ion o aised ma ke
sha es yields: HK(1.5) = (0.263)^(1/(1-1.5)) = (0.263)^(-2) = 14.47. This index alue
subs an ially exceeds he monopoly benchma k o 1.0, indica ing compe i i e ma ke s uc u e.
The magni ude o 14.47 sugges s ha ma ke powe is dis ibu ed ac oss mul iple
es ablishmen s a he han concen a ed in a single dominan i m. This compe i i e in ensi y
implies ha ho els mus compe e ac i ely on se ice quali y, p icing, and ameni ies o a ac
and e ain cus ome s, c ea ing ma ke p essu es a o ing consume wel a e h ough imp o ed
o e ings and easonable p icing s uc u es.
4.2 Ma ke Compe i ion Analysis o 2023
Analysis o 2023 ma ke s uc u e e eals con inued compe i i e condi ions wi h sligh
in ensi ica ion compa ed o 2022. The sample expands o 18 es ablishmen s ollowing he
ma ke en y o Wyndham Bukha a, an in e na ional chain ho el ep esen ing signi ican
o eign in es men and capaci y addi ion. To al se ice olume ac oss es ablishmen s
inc eased o 515.4 billion som, ep esen ing 30% g ow h o e 2022 le els and e lec ing bo h
new capaci y addi ion and inc eased u iliza ion o exis ing es ablishmen s. Ma ke sha e
dis ibu ion o 2023 shows Wyndham Bukha a eme ging as he la ges single es ablishmen
wi h 12.0% ma ke sha e, ollowed by O iyen S a Va ahsha a 11.5% and Si o ai Moxi Xosa
a 9.6%. The smalles es ablishmen s Dunyo Palace and Tu on Plaza accoun o 2.5% and
2.8% espec i ely.
Compu ing he Hannah-Kay index o 2023 wi h α=1.5 yields: HK(1.5) = (0.259)^(-2) = 14.95.
This index alue exceeds he 2022 esul o 14.47, indica ing sligh in ensi ica ion o
compe i i e condi ions. The inc ease in compe i ion in ensi y despi e he en y o a la ge
in e na ional chain ho el sugges s ha he ma ke accommoda ed new capaci y wi hou
signi ican concen a ion inc eases, as exis ing es ablishmen s main ained o expanded hei
se ice olumes. The sus ained high compe i ion index alue con i ms ha Bukha a's ho el
ma ke con inued o exhibi compe i i e a he han concen a ed cha ac e is ics in 2023.
4.3 Ma ke Compe i ion Analysis o 2024
Analysis o 2024 ma ke s uc u e e eals sus ained compe i i e condi ions wi h sligh
s abiliza ion compa ed o 2023's in ensi ied compe i ion. The sample main ains 18
es ablishmen s wi h con inued ope a ion o all acili ies p esen in 2023. To al se ice olume
inc eased o 579.7 billion som, ep esen ing 12.5% g ow h o e 2023 le els, sugges ing mo e
mode a e expansion e lec ing ma ke ma u a ion a e he subs an ial g ow h expe ienced in
2022-2023. Ma ke sha e dis ibu ion o 2024 demons a es ema kable s abili y compa ed o
2023, wi h Wyndham Bukha a main aining 12.0% ma ke sha e, O iyen S a Va ahsha
holding 11.6%, and Si o ai Moxi Xosa accoun ing o 9.6%. This s abili y in ela i e ma ke
posi ions sugges s equilib ium dynamics wi h es ablished compe i i e ela ionships.
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Table 2. Ma ke Sha e Dis ibu ion o Bukha a Ho els, 2024
No.
Accommoda ion Facili y
Se ice
Volume (bln
som)
Ma ke Sha e
S^α (α=1.5)
1
G and Bukha a
41.5
0.072
0.019
2-17
[Addi ional ho els omi ed o
b e i y]
...
...
...
18
Wyndham Bukha a
69.6
0.120
0.042
To al
579.7
1.000
0.259
Compu ing he Hannah-Kay index o 2024 wi h α=1.5 yields: HK(1.5) = (0.259)^(-2) = 14.90.
This index alue emains subs an ially abo e he monopoly h eshold and closely
app oxima es he 2023 esul o 14.95, indica ing sus ained compe i i e ma ke condi ions
wi h sligh s abiliza ion ollowing he in ensi ica ion obse ed be ween 2022 and 2023. The
minimal change be ween 2023 and 2024 sugges s ha ma ke s uc u e has eached a ela i ely
s able equilib ium con igu a ion ollowing he en y o Wyndham Bukha a, wi h compe i i e
dynamics main ained h ough balanced g ow h ac oss mul iple es ablishmen s a he han
p og essi e concen a ion.
4.4 Tempo al E olu ion and Compe i i e Dynamics
Examina ion o Hannah-Kay index e olu ion ac oss he h ee-yea obse a ion pe iod e eals
an o e all pa e n o in ensi ying compe i ion ollowed by s abiliza ion. The p og ession om
HK=14.47 in 2022 o HK=14.95 in 2023 o HK=14.90 in 2024 demons a es ha ma ke
libe aliza ion and ou ism sec o expansion policies ha e succeeded in gene a ing and
main aining compe i i e ma ke s uc u es a he han p oducing concen a ed oligopolis ic
ou comes. The 3.3% inc ease in compe i ion in ensi y be ween 2022 and 2023 coincides wi h
he ma ke en y o Wyndham Bukha a, sugges ing ha new capaci y addi ion h ough
in e na ional chain ho el in es men enhanced a he han diminished compe i i e p essu e.
The sligh mode a ion in 2024 e lec s ma ke ma u a ion and s abiliza ion o compe i i e
ela ionships ollowing he adjus men pe iod associa ed wi h majo new en y.
Ma ke sha e dis ibu ion analysis ac oss yea s e eals no eme gence o dominan ma ke
powe . The la ges es ablishmen in each yea ne e exceeded 13.1% ma ke sha e, while he
combined ma ke sha e o he op h ee es ablishmen s anged om 31-33%, indica ing
dispe sed ma ke s uc u e wi hou oligopolis ic concen a ion. The s abili y o ela i e ma ke
posi ions be ween 2023 and 2024, wi h op es ablishmen s main aining simila sha es,
sugges s equilib ium dynamics and es ablished compe i i e pa e ns. Smalle es ablishmen s
main ained iable ma ke posi ions h oughou he pe iod, wi h e en he smalles ope a o s
e aining 2.5-3.1% ma ke sha es, indica ing he absence o compe i i e elimina ion p essu es
o cing exi o smalle es ablishmen s.
5. Discussion
The empi ical indings om his compe i ion analysis ca y impo an implica ions o
unde s anding ma ke s uc u e dynamics in eme ging ou ism des ina ions, e alua ing
libe aliza ion policy e ec i eness, and in o ming egula o y app oaches o hospi ali y sec o
de elopmen . The sus ained high Hannah-Kay index alues subs an ially exceeding monopoly
