Co esponding au ho : Pa el Mishchenko
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Fi e key mis akes in deploying secu i y sys ems a la ge acili ies: Analy ics and
p ac ical ad ice
Pa el Mishchenko *
Specialis in IT in as uc u e and in eg a ed secu i y o c i ical acili ies.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1337-1340
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 01 June 2025; e ised on 13 July 2025; accep ed on 15 July 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.1.2620
Abs ac
The a icle sys ema izes and analyzes i e ypical sys em e o s ha occu when deploying complex secu i y sys ems
a c i ical and indus ial in as uc u e acili ies. Based on he analysis o cu en scien i ic publica ions and
gene aliza ion o p ac ical expe ience, including he case o he El Dabaa NPP cons uc ion om Pa el Mishchenko, he
s udy iden i ies weaknesses in mode n app oaches o design and ins alla ion. The pu pose o he wo k is o p o ide
enginee s and p ojec manage s wi h a scien i ic and p ac ical basis o minimizing isks and inc easing he o e all
eliabili y o secu i y sys ems. The a icle discusses e o s associa ed wi h he lack o sys em in eg a ion, igno ing he
physical le el o in as uc u e, unde es ima ing he human ac o , alse economic op imiza ion, and lack o planning o
he ull li e cycle o he sys em. The esul s o he s udy can be applied o he de elopmen o p ojec managemen
me hodologies in he ield o indus ial sa e y, as well as o imp o e he skills o echnical pe sonnel.
Keywo ds: In eg a ed Secu i y Sys ems; C i ical In as uc u e; Sys ems In eg a ion; Risk Managemen ; S uc u ed
Cabling Ne wo ks (SCN); Human Fac o ; Sys em Li e Cycle; Indus ial Sa e y
1. In oduc ion
In he con ex o inc easingly complex echnological p ocesses and ising global h ea s, ensu ing he secu i y o la ge
indus ial and c i ical in as uc u e acili ies has become a op p io i y. Mode n physical secu i y sys ems (PSS) a e
complex, mul i-componen s uc u es ha include subsys ems such as ideo su eillance, access con ol sys ems (ACS),
in usion ala ms, and ne wo k in as uc u e. Howe e , as p ac ice shows, he high cos and echnological
sophis ica ion o indi idual componen s do no gua an ee he eliabili y o he o e all sys em. The e ec i eness o a PSS
depends no so much on he quali y o indi idual de ices as on he p ope in eg a ion and managemen o hese
componen s h oughou he en i e sys em li ecycle [1].
The ele ance o his s udy lies in he exis ing gap be ween heo e ical models o secu i y sys em design and he
p ac ical eali ies o hei implemen a ion, whe e design and managemen e o s o en esul in ulne abili ies. The
pu pose o his a icle is o iden i y, classi y, and analyze i e o he mos common sys emic mis akes, based on a
syn hesis o academic esea ch and he p ac ical expe ience o p o essionals pa icula ly Pa el Mishchenko, an expe
in IT in as uc u e and in eg a ed secu i y o c i ical in as uc u e.
1.1. F agmen ed App oach s. Sys em In eg a ion
The heo e ical ounda ion o mode n secu i y sys em design is he concep o sys ems enginee ing, which iews a PSS
as a uni ied o ganism a he han a mechanical sum o i s pa s. Leading esea che s, such as Ma y Lynn Ga cia,
emphasize ha he e ec i eness o physical p o ec ion elies on he syne gy be ween i s co e elemen s: de ec ion, delay,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1337-1340
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and esponse [3]. Howe e , in eal-wo ld applica ions, a agmen ed app oach o en p e ails whe e ideo su eillance,
access con ol, and ala m sys ems a e designed and ope a ed in isola ion.
This e o leads o dec eased si ua ional awa eness among pe sonnel and longe inciden esponse imes. While an
in eg a ed sys em can au oma ically e i y an in usion ala m by displaying he nea es came a eed and locking down
he ele an pe ime e using ACS, a non-in eg a ed se up equi es he ope a o o manually coo dina e ac oss mul iple
disconnec ed in e aces.
P ac ical expe ience om la ge-scale p ojec s such as he cons uc ion o he El-Dabaa Nuclea Powe Plan con i ms
he c i ical need o deep in eg a ion. Wi hin his p ojec , e o s a e ocused on connec ing equipmen and p o ocols
om a ious endo s, including p e-exis ing local sys ems and newly implemen ed Russian pla o ms. The objec i e is
o c ea e a “seamless” en i onmen in which da a om di e en sou ces is consolida ed and analyzed cen ally,
ensu ing he ull and eliable ope a ion o he en i e secu i y complex.
Figu e 1 Global in eg a ed secu i y sys em ma ke g ow h
1.2. Neglec ing he Physical Laye o In as uc u e
The eliabili y o a ha dwa e-so wa e complex di ec ly depends on he quali y o i s physical ounda ion. In many cases,
du ing he design phase, mos a en ion is gi en o he selec ion o se e s and came as, while passi e ne wo k
in as uc u e in pa icula , s uc u ed cabling sys ems (SCS) is unde alued. Acco ding o analy ical epo s, a
signi ican sha e o IT sys em ailu es is caused speci ically by issues wi h cable in as uc u e [4].
This o e sigh is c i ical, as SCS ep esen s a long- e m in es men , and i s eplacemen o epai in a unc ioning la ge-
scale acili y en ails signi ican cos s. A esul s-o ien ed p ac ical app oach equi es ha p inciples o high-quali y
ins alla ion, du abili y, and ease o main enance be embedded in o he design om he beginning. Using high-g ade
componen s and s ic ly ollowing ins alla ion s anda ds ensu es s able da a ansmission and minimizes he isk o
equipmen ailu e. Cos -cu ing a his s age is a alse economy ha leads o disp opo iona ely high ope a ional
expenses in he u u e.
1.3. Unde es ima ing he Human and C oss-Cul u al Fac o s
E e y echnological sys em no ma e how ad anced is ul ima ely ope a ed by people. Resea ch in cybe secu i y and
physical p o ec ion consis en ly shows ha he human ac o emains one o he mos ulne able links [2]. e a o e o s,
ailu e o ollow p o ocols, lack o quali ica ions, o low mo i a ion can comple ely nega e he ad an ages o expensi e
equipmen .
When deploying sys ems a in e na ional si es such as he nuclea powe plan in Egyp his issue is u he complica ed
by c oss-cul u al di e ences. Wo king in a eam composed 50% o local pe sonnel equi es he managemen o de elop
speci ic app oaches o communica ion and aining. Fo mal ins uc ions may p o e ine ec i e i hey ail o ake local
cul u al speci ics in o accoun .
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Expe ience shows ha he mos e ec i e me hod is men o ship and knowledge ans e h ough join p ac ical wo k.
Di ec demons a ion o co ec p ac ices and a ocus on hands-on skills help o e come bo h language and cul u al
ba ie s, es ablishing sha ed quali y s anda ds wi hin a mixed eam.
Figu e 2 Da a leakage
1.4. False Economy and Lack o Li ecycle Planning
The d i e o educe ini ial capi al expendi u es o en leads o he selec ion o equipmen and solu ions ha p o e o be
ine icien in he long e m. This app oach igno es he To al Cos o Owne ship (TCO), which includes no only
p ocu emen cos s, bu also hose ela ed o ins alla ion, ope a ion, main enance, upg ades, and disposal. The p inciple
o "sma economy," applied by expe ienced p o essionals, is based no on choosing he cheapes componen s, bu on
designing a sys em wi h an op imal balance o cos , quali y, and du abili y.
Closely ela ed o his is he mis ake o ailing o plan o he sys em's en i e li ecycle. A p ojec does no end a he
ins alla ion and commissioning phase. I is essen ial o plan in ad ance o main enance p ocedu es, scalabili y, and he
upg ading o ou da ed equipmen . A sys em designed wi hou conside a ion o main ainabili y will, in he u u e,
equi e signi ican e o e en o ou ine ope a ions, which leads o inc eased down ime and highe ope a ing cos s.
2. Conclusion
An analysis o heo e ical sou ces and p ac ical expe ience in deploying complex secu i y sys ems a la ge acili ies leads
o he conclusion ha mos ailu es a e caused no by echnological laws, bu by sys emic and manage ial e o s.
The i e iden i ied issues agmen a ion, neglec o he physical and human ac o s, alse economy, and lack o li ecycle
planning a e in e ela ed and s em om a depa u e om he p inciples o sys ems enginee ing.
Recommenda ions
To imp o e he e ec i eness and eliabili y o secu i y sys ems a c i ical in as uc u e acili ies, i is ecommended o
• Apply an in eg a ed app oach, ea ing all secu i y subsys ems as a uni ied whole h oughou he design and
implemen a ion s ages.
• Pay inc eased a en ion o he quali y o physical in as uc u e, especially s uc u ed cabling sys ems,
inco po a ing p inciples o du abili y and main ainabili y in o he p ojec .
• De elop and implemen aining and mo i a ion p og ams o pe sonnel, aking in o accoun si e-speci ic and
cul u al con ex s.
• Make decisions based on a o al cos o owne ship assessmen , a he han only ini ial capi al expendi u es.
• Design sys ems wi h he en i e li ecycle in mind, planning in ad ance o main enance, scaling, and
mode niza ion.
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The implemen a ion o hese ecommenda ions will enable a shi om eac i e p oblem-sol ing o p oac i e isk
managemen , ensu ing a consis en and high le el o p o ec ion o c i ical in as uc u e.
Re e ences
[1] Fennelly, L. J., and Pe y, M. A. (2016). E ec i e Physical Secu i y (5 h ed.). Bu e wo h-Heinemann.
[2] Hadnagy, C. (2018). Social Enginee ing: The Science o Human Hacking (2nd ed.). Wiley.
[3] Ga cia, M. L. (2007). The Design and E alua ion o Physical P o ec ion Sys ems (2nd ed.). Bu e wo h-
Heinemann.
[4] Pa e son, D. A., and Hennessy, J. L. (2020). Compu e O ganiza ion and Design RISC-V Edi ion: The Ha dwa e
So wa e In e ace (2nd ed.). Mo gan Kau mann.
[5] Blancha d, B. S., and Fab ycky, W. J. (2010). Sys ems Enginee ing and Analysis (5 h ed.). Pea son.
