Co esponding au ho : Kamil ATSATAN
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Oxida i e S ess Responses o Pe ca lu ia ilis Ac oss Tu kish Lakes and Dams
Kamil ATSATAN 1, * and İb ahim DİLER 2
1 Depa men o Fishe ies and Sea ood P ocessing Technology, Facul y o Aquacul u e Ispa a, Ispa a Uni e si y o Applied
Sciences, Tü kiye.
2 Depa men o Bioenginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and Na u al Sciences, Bu sa Technical Uni e si y, Bu sa, Tü kiye.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 018-025
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 25 Augus 2025; e ised on 01 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 03 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0885
Abs ac
This s udy aimed o in es iga e he gene ic di e si y, phylogene ic ela ionships, and oxida i e s ess esponses o Pe ca
lu ia ilis popula ions collec ed om 12 lakes and dams ac oss di e en egions o Tu key. Oxida i e s ess ma ke s,
including supe oxide dismu ase (SOD), ca alase (CAT), glu a hione (GSH), glu a hione pe oxidase (GSH-Px), and
malondialdehyde (MDA), exhibi ed signi ican di e ences among popula ions, e lec ing habi a -speci ic s ess
condi ions. The highes an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies and MDA le els we e obse ed in popula ions om Samsun,
Konya, and Adana, sugges ing highe en i onmen al s ess, whe eas popula ions om İzmi and Amasya displayed
lowe le els, indica ing mo e s able habi a s. In eg a ing molecula and biochemical da a highligh s he in e ac ion
be ween gene ic s uc u e and physiological esponses o en i onmen al p essu es. These indings sugges ha
en i onmen al ac o s such as wa e quali y, pollu ion, and habi a cha ac e is ics in luence bo h oxida i e s ess and
adap i e capaci y in P. lu ia ilis. O e all, his s udy p o ides comp ehensi e insigh s in o he gene ic and physiological
di e si y o P. lu ia ilis popula ions in Tu key and emphasizes he impo ance o combined molecula and biochemical
app oaches o sus ainable managemen and conse a ion o pe ch ish popula ions.
Keywo ds: An ioxidan ; En i onmen al Adap a ion; Enzyme; Pe ch
1. In oduc ion
The Eu opean pe ch (Pe ca lu ia ilis L.) is a medium-sized eshwa e ish belonging o he amily Pe cidae (McDowall
1996). The species was i s desc ibed om Swedish lakes by Pe e A edi in 1730 and was subsequen ly classi ied by
Ca l Linnaeus in 1758 based on A edi’s wo k (Tho pe 1977; Pimakhin e al. 2015). The amily Pe cidae comp ises 10
gene a and 195 species (Be a 2001). Fossil e idence sugges s ha he genus Pe ca o igina ed app oxima ely 19.8
million yea s ago du ing he ea ly Miocene epoch (S epien e al. 2015).
Ex ensi e li e a u e has been de eloped on he Eu opean pe ch (Pe ca lu ia ilis) due o i s wide dis ibu ion and
impo ance in ec ea ional ishe ies and aquacul u e (Pimakhin e al. 2015). Ne e heless, comp ehensi e s udies
ocusing speci ically on he biology and ecology o he species emain limi ed. Such esea ch is essen ial o s eng hen
ou o e all unde s anding o he species, iden i y knowledge gaps and limi a ions, and e alua e he ecological d i e s
unde lying i s b oad global dis ibu ion.
Fish a e equen ly exposed o a a ie y o en i onmen al s esso s such as empe a u e luc ua ions, hypoxia, pollu ion,
and changes in salini y, which can dis up cellula homeos asis and induce oxida i e s ess (Schul e, 2014). Unde such
condi ions, eac i e oxygen species (ROS) le els inc ease, leading o po en ial damage o p o eins, lipids, and nucleic
acids (Juan e al. 2021). To coun e ac hese e ec s, ish ely on an an ioxidan de ense sys em ha includes key enzymes
such as supe oxide dismu ase (SOD), ca alase (CAT), glu a hione pe oxidase (GPx), and glu a hione educ ase (GR)
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(Ighoda o e al. 2018). Al e a ions in he ac i i ies o hese enzymes a e widely ecognized as bioma ke s o oxida i e
s ess and en i onmen al s ess esponses in aqua ic o ganisms (Vala anidis e al. 2006; Regoli and Giuliani, 2014). Fo
example, exposu e o pollu an s o hypoxia has been epo ed o signi ican ly modi y an ioxidan enzyme ac i i y in
se e al eshwa e and ma ine ish species, e lec ing hei adap i e physiological esponses o s ess ul en i onmen s
(Bi nie‐Gau in e al. 2017; Abdel-Tawwab e al. 2019). Thus, moni o ing an ioxidan enzyme dynamics p o ides
aluable insigh s in o he heal h s a us o ish popula ions and hei capaci y o cope wi h en i onmen al challenges
(Mukhe jee e al. 2017).
The p esen s udy aims o in es iga e he an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies (SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px) and lipid pe oxida ion
le els (MDA) a e measu ed o e alua e he oxida i e s ess s a us and adap i e physiological esponses o ish in
ela ion o en i onmen al condi ions.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Ma e ials
Fish samples we e collec ed om wel e di e en pe ch bodies in Tü kiye, including Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a), Yedikı
Dam Lake (Amasya), Ü kmez Dam (İzmi ), Tah alı Dam (İzmi ), Seyhan Dam (Adana), Şeyi le Dam (A yon), Denizli
Pond (Kocaeli), Ka aağaç Pond (Uşak), Hi anlı Dam (Kı şehi ), Çamlıde e Dam (Anka a), Al ınapa Dam (Konya), and
Ladik Lake (Samsun). Sampling was ca ied ou using gill ne s wi h a mesh size o 4 mm. F om each loca ion, 25
indi iduals we e ob ained, esul ing in a o al o 300 specimens used in he s udy.
2.2. Me hods
2.2.1. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and An ioxidan Enzyme Assays
To e alua e he s ess s a us o ish om he sampled ese oi s and lakes, muscle issues we e collec ed and analyzed
o oxida i e s ess bioma ke s. Speci ically, malondialdehyde (MDA) le els (Uchiyama and Miha a 1978), oge he wi h
he ac i i ies o glu a hione pe oxidase (GSH-Px) (Tamu a e al. 1982), ca alase (CAT) (Aebi 1983; Li and Schellho n
2007), educed glu a hione (GSH) (C ibb e al. 1989), and supe oxide dismu ase (SOD) (Wang e al. 2005), we e
de e mined.
3. Resul s and Discussion
The esul s o he an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies (SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) le els in muscle
issues o ish a e p esen ed in Figu e 1.
MDA is no an enzyme bu a bioma ke o oxida i e s ess, ep esen ing he end p oduc o lipid pe oxida ion. I is a
h ee-ca bon aldehyde o med h ough he oxida ion o polyunsa u a ed a y acids when excessi e eac i e oxygen
species (ROS) a e gene a ed, leading o lipid pe oxida ion in cell memb anes. En i onmen al s esso s such as poo
wa e quali y, empe a u e luc ua ions, hypoxia, hea y me al exposu e, oxic chemicals, o in ensi e ea ing condi ions
can induce oxida i e s ess in ish. MDA le els se e as a biochemical indica o o such s ess, wi h ele a ed
concen a ions in issues such as li e , muscle, and gills e lec ing he ex en o oxida i e damage (Ko kmaz 2018).
S a is ical analysis e ealed signi ican di e ences in MDA le els among ish om di e en loca ions. MDA analyses o
ish sampled om a ious dams and lakes ac oss Tü kiye highligh ed he impac o en i onmen al condi ions on lipid
pe oxida ion. The highes MDA concen a ion (36.11 nmol/g) was obse ed in ish om Ladik Lake (Samsun),
sugges ing ha hese popula ions a e exposed o ele a ed oxida i e s ess, po en ially due o wa e quali y
de e io a ion, pollu ion, ag icul u al uno , oxygen de iciency, o o he en i onmen al s esso s. Mode a e MDA le els
we e de ec ed in ish om Al ınapa Dam (Konya, 29.27 nmol/g), Çamlıde e Dam (Anka a, 21.46 nmol/g), and Hi anlı
Dam (Kı şehi , 20.14 nmol/g), indica ing in e media e s ess condi ions. In con as , he lowes MDA alues (5.94–7.40
nmol/g) we e eco ded in ish om Ü kmez Dam (İzmi ), Yedikı Dam Lake (Amasya), Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a), and
Tah alı Dam (İzmi ), sugges ing mo e s able aqua ic en i onmen s wi h lowe oxida i e s ess. These loca ion-speci ic
di e ences indica e ha oxida i e s ess le els a y conside ably among wa e bodies, e lec ing he in luence o
physicochemical condi ions, pollu ion le els, and ecological balance on lipid pe oxida ion in ish.
GSH-Px is one o he key an ioxidan enzymes in ol ed in comba ing oxida i e s ess in ish. I plays a cen al ole in
main aining cellula edox balance, neu alizing ee adicals, and p o ec ing cell memb anes om oxida i e damage.
Toge he wi h supe oxide dismu ase (SOD) and ca alase (CAT), GSH-Px cons i u es a undamen al componen o he
an ioxidan de ense sys em in ish. En i onmen al s esso s such as de e io a ed wa e quali y, empe a u e inc eases,
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ammonia accumula ion, hea y me als, pes icides, o oxygen de iciency can al e GSH-Px ac i i y (Kaymak 2011). In ish
sampled om a ious dams and lakes ac oss Tü kiye, GSH-Px ac i i y (µmol/g) was measu ed, e ealing s a is ically
signi ican di e ences among loca ions. GSH-Px, as a p ima y enzyme in eac i e oxygen species (ROS) neu aliza ion,
p o ides a c i ical biochemical indica o o he oxida i e s ess le el in he aqua ic en i onmen . The highes GSH-Px
ac i i y (49.45 µmol/g) was obse ed in ish om Ladik Lake (Samsun), signi ican ly highe han o he g oups,
indica ing ha hese ish a e exposed o ele a ed oxida i e s ess and ha e ac i a ed hei an ioxidan de ense sys em
in esponse. O he loca ions wi h high GSH-Px ac i i ies included Çamlıde e Dam (Anka a, 40.59 µmol/g), Hi anlı Dam
(Kı şehi , 40.21 µmol/g), and Al ınapa Dam (Konya, 39.79 µmol/g). Con e sely, he lowes ac i i ies we e eco ded in
Yedikı Dam Lake (Amasya, 16.94 µmol/g) and Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a, 17.37 µmol/g), sugges ing educed oxida i e
s ess, limi ed en i onmen al p essu es, o di e ences in me abolic adap a ion. The obse ed a ia ion in GSH-Px
ac i i y among loca ions e lec s he in luence o en i onmen al quali y, wa e composi ion, pollu ion le els, dissol ed
oxygen a ailabili y, and po en ial oxic exposu es on he oxida i e s a us o ish popula ions.
CAT is a key an ioxidan enzyme in ol ed in comba ing oxida i e s ess in ish. Al hough ee adical p oduc ion is a
na u al me abolic p ocess, excessi e accumula ion can damage cellula s uc u es. CAT plays a c i ical ole in
de oxi ica ion by con e ing eac i e oxygen species (ROS), pa icula ly hyd ogen pe oxide (H₂O₂), in o ha mless
p oduc s, b eaking i down in o wa e (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂), he eby educing oxida i e s ess in he o ganism. In ish,
CAT is p ima ily ound in me abolically ac i e issues such as he li e , kidney, muscle, and gills. Enzyme ac i i y is
highly sensi i e o he physicochemical condi ions o he aqua ic en i onmen , wi h s esso s such as hea y me al
pollu ion, empe a u e luc ua ions, dissol ed oxygen le els, and oxic subs ances capable o al e ing CAT ac i i y
(Kaymak, 2011). In ish sampled om a ious dams and lakes, CAT ac i i y showed s a is ically signi ican di e ences
(p<0.05). The highes ac i i y (56.46 U/mg p o ein) was obse ed in samples om Ladik Lake (Samsun), which was
signi ican ly highe han all o he g oups. This was ollowed by Al ınapa Dam (Konya, 46.69 U/mg p o ein) and
Çamlıde e Dam (Anka a, 44.68 U/mg p o ein). Con e sely, he lowes CAT ac i i ies we e eco ded in Ü kmez Dam
(İzmi , 10.14 U/mg p o ein), Yedikı Dam Lake (Amasya, 10.41 U/mg p o ein), and Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a, 11.06 U/mg
p o ein). These indings indica e ha he en i onmen al condi ions o he dams and lakes, including wa e quali y,
oxida i e s ess le els, and pollu an p esence, signi ican ly in luence he an ioxidan de ense sys em in ish, wi h highe
CAT ac i i y obse ed in egions expe iencing ele a ed oxida i e s ess.
GSH se es as a c ucial an ioxidan de ense componen in ish, con ibu ing o he main enance o cellula in eg i y by
neu alizing ha m ul molecules such as eac i e oxygen species (ROS). This unc ion is pa icula ly impo an in
p e en ing oxida i e damage p ocesses, including lipid pe oxida ion. GSH also plays a key ole in de oxi ica ion
p ocesses, p ima ily in he li e and o he o gans, wo king in conjunc ion wi h glu a hione-S- ans e ase (GST) o
con e xenobio ics and oxic compounds in o wa e -soluble o ms. As a cen al egula o o in acellula edox balance,
GSH is oxidized o glu a hione disul ide (GSSG) unde oxida i e s ess condi ions, wi h he a io e lec ing he le el o
s ess expe ienced by he o ganism. Addi ionally, GSH p o ec s agains ROS-induced DNA mu a ions and p o ein
deg ada ion, suppo ing i al unc ions such as immuni y, g ow h, and ep oduc ion. GSH le els a e in luenced by
a ious en i onmen al and biological ac o s, including pollu an s (e.g., hea y me als, pes icides), empe a u e
luc ua ions, oxygen a ailabili y (hypoxia), pH, nu ien con en , seasonal a ia ions, and ish age (Ko kmaz 2018).
In ish sampled om a ious dams and lakes ac oss Tü kiye, GSH le els exhibi ed s a is ically signi ican di e ences
(p<0.05). The highes GSH concen a ion (79.56 µmol/g p o ein) was obse ed in ish om Ladik Lake (Samsun),
signi ican ly highe han all o he g oups. This was ollowed by Al ınapa Dam (Konya, 69.36 µmol/g p o ein) and
Hi anlı Dam (Kı şehi , 68.67 µmol/g p o ein), sugges ing ha ele a ed GSH le els in hese popula ions may e lec a
obus an ioxidan de ense esponse o po en ial en i onmen al s esso s. Con e sely, lowe GSH le els we e de ec ed
in ish om Denizli Pond (Kocaeli, 43.71 µmol/g p o ein), Şeyi le Dam (A yon, 26.36 µmol/g p o ein), and Ü kmez Dam
(İzmi , 25.56 µmol/g p o ein). The lowes alues we e eco ded in Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a, 13.97 µmol/g p o ein),
Tah alı Dam (İzmi , 19.08 µmol/g p o ein), and Yedikı Dam Lake (Amasya, 21.98 µmol/g p o ein). These esul s
indica e ha glu a hione le els a y acco ding o he ecological condi ions o di e en dams and lakes and a e likely
associa ed wi h oxida i e s ess. Ele a ed GSH le els in Samsun, Konya, and Kı şehi popula ions may e lec adap i e
esponses o en i onmen al s esso s.
SOD is a key an ioxidan enzyme ha plays a cen al ole in de ending ish agains oxida i e s ess. I unc ions p ima ily
o neu alize he oxic e ec s o supe oxide anions (O₂⁻) gene a ed du ing cellula me abolism, pa icula ly in he
mi ochond ial espi a o y chain. SOD con e s hese adicals in o he less ha m ul hyd ogen pe oxide (H₂O₂), he eby
p o ec ing cellula componen s om oxida i e damage. Majo SOD iso o ms iden i ied in ish include cy osolic Cu/Zn-
SOD, mi ochond ial Mn-SOD, and, in some species, Fe-SOD. The exp ession le els o hese enzymes can inc ease in
esponse o en i onmen al s esso s such as empe a u e luc ua ions, hypoxia, oxic compounds, and pa hogens.
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Consequen ly, SOD ac i i y se es as a biochemical indica o o ish adap i e esponses o en i onmen al s ess and
o e all heal h s a us (Kayhan e al. 2014).
In his s udy, SOD ac i i ies in Eu opean pe ch sampled om a ious wa e bodies ac oss Tü kiye a e p esen ed in
Figu e 1. The esul s sugges ha en i onmen al condi ions and habi a cha ac e is ics in luence oxida i e s ess le els
in hese popula ions. The highes SOD ac i i y (34.41 U/mg p o ein) was eco ded in ish om Ladik Lake (Samsun),
indica ing ei he g ea e exposu e o oxida i e s ess o enhanced enzyma ic de ense mechanisms in his popula ion.
This was ollowed by Çamlıde e Dam (Anka a, 28.24 U/mg p o ein), Hi anlı Dam (Kı şehi , 27.98 U/mg p o ein), and
Al ınapa Dam (Konya, 27.69 U/mg p o ein), whe e ac i i ies we e s a is ically simila and ela i ely high, sugges ing
compa able en i onmen al s ess ac o s such as wa e empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen, o pollu ion. Con e sely, he
lowes SOD ac i i ies we e obse ed in Yedikı Dam Lake (Amasya, 11.79 U/mg p o ein) and Da ıde esi Dam (Ispa a,
12.08 U/mg p o ein), e lec ing lowe oxida i e s ess o educed me abolic ac i i y in hese en i onmen s. O e all,
egional di e ences in SOD ac i i y indica e ha en i onmen al a iabili y s ongly in luences me abolic s ess and
an ioxidan esponses in ish, likely media ed by ac o s such as wa e quali y, pollu ion, empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen,
and habi a cha ac e is ics.
Figu e 1 MDA le els and an ioxidan enzymes ac i i y
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En i onmen al condi ions and habi a a iabili y exe signi ican physiological e ec s on he an ioxidan enzyme
sys ems in ish. Fac o s such as wa e empe a u e, dissol ed oxygen, pollu ion le els, ood a ailabili y, and seasonal
changes can induce a ia ions in he p oduc ion o eac i e oxygen species (ROS), leading o oxida i e s ess a he
cellula le el (Bi nie‐Gau in e al. 2017). These condi ions ac i a e de ense mechanisms in ish, esul ing in changes in
he ac i i ies o key an ioxidan enzymes, including supe oxide dismu ase (SOD), ca alase (CAT), glu a hione-S-
ans e ase (GST), and glu a hione pe oxidase (GPx) (Bhaga and Ingole 2016). In he p esen s udy, ish exhibi ed
habi a -dependen a ia ions in he ac i i y le els o an ioxidan de ense sys ems, namely SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, and
MDA.
P e ious s udies ha e also epo ed simila pa e ns. Shahjahan e al. (2022) demons a ed ha clima e change and
o he en i onmen al s esso s signi ican ly in luence ish an ioxidan enzyme sys ems, wi h ma ked inc eases in SOD,
CAT, GPx, and GSH ac i i ies in esponse o empe a u e ise and en i onmen al a iabili y. Fadhlaoui and Cou u e
(2016) in es iga ed he e ec s o empe a u e (9°C and 28°C) and me al (nickel and cadmium) s ess on P. la escens,
showing ha SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, and GSH ac i i ies we e e ec i ely induced unde hese condi ions, supp essing lipid
pe oxida ion. Shaheen e al. (2014) epo ed ha p obio ic supplemen a ion in P. la escens led o lowe GPx and SOD
ac i i ies and COI gene exp ession compa ed o con ols, indica ing educed ROS accumula ion and mi iga ed oxida i e
s ess. Simila ly, Pascual e al. (2003) obse ed ha s a a ion in Spa us au a a caused inc eases in MDA le els and
oxida i e damage, while SOD and CAT ini ially inc eased and hen declined o e p olonged s ess, wi h glu a hione-
ela ed enzymes (GPx and GR) showing a compa able end.
Seasonal and en i onmen al in luences we e also documen ed by Mo ozo and Yu chenko (2018), who ound
signi ican seasonal a ia ions in li e SOD, CAT, and GST ac i i ies in Eu opean pe ch, peaking du ing spawning and a
highe wa e empe a u es, highligh ing he adap i e plas ici y o an ioxidan sys ems o bo h biological hy hms and
en i onmen al condi ions. Kupp a e al. (2021) demons a ed ha a i icial nigh ligh ing inc eased oxida i e s ess
ma ke s and dec eased immune unc ion in pe ch. Ou s udy simila ly obse ed signi ican habi a -dependen
di e ences in MDA, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, and CAT ac i i ies, wi h highe MDA le els in ish om Adana, Konya, and Anka a,
sugges ing ele a ed en i onmen al s ess in hese egions. Con e sely, ish om Izmi exhibi ed gene ally lowe
an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies, consis en wi h Elçi and Ka a aş (2009), who epo ed limi ed pollu an anspo o he
Tah alı Dam, po en ially explaining he educed oxida i e s ess in ha egion.
Domes ica ion and en i onmen al adap a ion ha e also been shown o a ec an ioxidan esponses. Palińska-Ża ska e
al. (2021) indica ed ha wild ish exhibi adap i e egula ion o an ioxidan sys ems, wi h SOD and GSH-Px le els
inc easing in esponse o habi a oxida i e load. G asse e al. (2016) demons a ed ha bo h empe a u e and me al
pollu ion in luenced SOD ac i i y and o he an ioxidan esponses in P. la escens, while Dumi u e al. (2018) obse ed
in e speci ic a iabili y in an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies and MDA le els among ish om he P u Ri e , e lec ing
di e ences in en i onmen al s ess exposu e. Rusinek-P ys upa e al. (2022) epo ed signi ican edox pa ame e
a ia ions in ish om lakes wi h di e en ophic le els, la gely linked o wa e quali y, while El Nahas e al. (2017),
and San ana e al. (2022) highligh ed ha an ioxidan enzyme ac i i y can a y in esponse o pollu ion om
ag icul u al uno and pes icide exposu e.
Consis en wi h hese s udies, ou esul s indica e ha en i onmen al condi ions signi ican ly in luence oxida i e s ess
bioma ke s in Eu opean pe ch. Fish exposed o highe en i onmen al s ess exhibi ed ele a ed an ioxidan enzyme
ac i i ies, likely e lec ing esponses o pollu an s and educed wa e quali y. Con e sely, ish in mo e s able habi a s
expe ienced lowe oxida i e s ess and co espondingly lowe an ioxidan enzyme ac i i y. These indings sugges ha
adap i e egula ion o an ioxidan de enses in ish is closely ied o en i onmen al condi ions, wi h di ec implica ions
o ecosys em heal h and he conse a ion o ish popula ions. High MDA le els and an ioxidan ac i i ies in loca ions
such as Ladik Lake (Samsun), Al ınapa Dam (Konya), and Hi anlı Dam (Kı şehi ) poin o po en ial s esso s om
ag icul u al uno , pes icide use, and e iliza ion (Fa ombi e al. 2007; Slanino a e al. 2009; Vinag e e al. 2012),
whe eas lowe oxida i e s ess in Izmi ’s Ü kmez and Yedikı Dam lakes e lec s mo e s able en i onmen al condi ions
wi h educed an h opogenic impac .
4. Conclusion
The in eg a ed analysis o an ioxidan enzyme ac i i ies (SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px) and MDA le els e lec ed habi a -
speci ic oxida i e s ess, wi h highe enzyma ic ac i i ies and lipid pe oxida ion in popula ions exposed o po en ial
en i onmen al s esso s. Collec i ely, hese indings sugges ha en i onmen al p essu es no only shape he
physiological s ess esponses bu may also in e ac wi h gene ic s uc u e, highligh ing he adap i e mechanisms o P.
lu ia ilis popula ions. This in eg a i e app oach unde sco es he impo ance o combining molecula and biochemical
assessmen s o he conse a ion, managemen , and ecological e alua ion o pe ch popula ions.
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23
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic s o in e es .
Au ho con ibu ion
KA and İD ha e ob ained specimens. KA and İD pe o med he expe imen s and analysed he da a. KA and İD d a ed
and e ised he manusc ip .
Da a a ailabili y
The da ase s gene a ed du ing o analysed du ing he cu en s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon
easonable eques .
Decla a ions
The esea ch was app o ed by he Local E hics Commi ee o Aqua ic Ve eb a e Expe imen s o Ispa a Uni e si y o
Applied Sciences wi h he decision numbe 003 da ed 22 May 2025 and he numbe E-90006624-804 -18721.
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