*Co esponding au ho : Dina Fidelma Ramadhani
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E ec s o long- e m alcohol consump ion on he isk o pe iodon i is disease:
Li e a u e e iew
Dina Fidelma Ramadhani *, Vemilia Pasha Hawini and Fa ahdiba Aulia Rahma Sa i a
Facul y o Den al Medicine, Ai langga Uni e si y, Su abaya, Indonesia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 25 May 2025; e ised on 30 June 2025; accep ed on 03 July 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.1.2545
Abs ac
Backg ound: Pe iodon i is is a p oin lamma o y o al disease caused by he in e ac ion o pa hogenic bac e ia and he
hos esponse, esul ing in loss o a achmen , which will lead o oo h loss. Pe iodon i is is ela ed o a pe son's bad
habi s, one o which is excessi e alcohol consump ion. Long- e m alcohol consump ion will inc ease a pe son's isk o
de eloping pe iodon i is.
Objec i e: This s udy aims o assess he ela ionship be ween alcohol consump ion and pe iodon al disease.
Discussion: Pe iodon al disease is associa ed wi h impai ed neu ophil phagocy osis. Alcohol can impai T-cell unc ion
and neu ophil chemo axis, which can al e he immune esponse and inc ease he isk o pe iodon i is. Alcohol in ake
can cause oxic e ec s on he pe iodon ium and educe he p oduc ion o monocy e in lamma o y cy okines ha would
bene i bac e ial p oli e a ion.
Conclusion: Long- e m alcohol consump ion signi ican ly inc eases he isk o pe iodon i is. Fu he s udies a e needed
o examine he ela ionship be ween alcohol consump ion and he de elopmen o pe iodon i is o e ime.
Keywo ds: Alcohol; Pe iodon i is; O al Disease; Me abolism
1 In oduc ion
Pe iodon al disease is one o he mos common ch onic diseases, one o he ac o s causing pe iodon al disease is alcohol
consump ion. Ea ly alcohol consump ion can inc ease he likelihood o de eloping pe iodon i is 20 yea s la e . The e is
a need o u he s udies including la ge popula ions o in es iga e alcohol consump ion measu ed a di e en ime
poin s, and long- e m alcohol consump ion and he de elopmen o pe iodon i is o e ime. P e ious s udies ha e
shown ha hea y alcohol use can al e hos de ense mechanisms, including impai ed neu ophil, mac ophage, and T
cell unc ion.
Alcohol consump ion can a ec he o al ca i y and uppe gas oin es inal ac leading o mo phological, me abolic and
unc ional changes. Inc eased pe iodon al damage and oo h loss ha e been epo ed in people wi h se e e alcoholism.
Long- e m excessi e alcohol use has been epo ed o a ec bone me abolism and may play a signi ican ole in
ex ensi e bone loss. Due o excessi e consump ion o e e y hing bad, excessi e alcohol in ake is now a majo public
heal h p oblem wo ldwide.
Se e al s udies ha e sugges ed ha he associa ion be ween pe iodon i is and alcohol consump ion is due o poo o al
hygiene. Pe iodon i is is an in lamma o y mic obial disease a ec ing he suppo ing s uc u es o he ee h.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
1481
Mic oo ganisms p esen in he subgingi al bio ilm a e he causa i e agen s ha igge he hos immune esponse. Due
o his immune esponse many cy okines a e ac i a ed, which ul ima ely cause he des uc ion o he suppo ing
s uc u es o he ee h and cause pe iodon al p oblems along wi h pocke o ma ion and oo h mobili y. E idence
sugges s ha alcohol consump ion has eme ged as a majo isk indica o co ela ed wi h pe iodon al disease.
2 Ma e ial and me hods
The li e a u e e iew was conduc ed using da abases such as ScienceDi ec and PubMed wi h a ime span o 2012–
2023. The sea ch o ele an li e a u e was conduc ed using Boolean ope a o s, namely AND/OR/NOT.
3 Re iew
3.1 Alcohol
Alcohol is a psychoac i e subs ance ha is widely belie ed o be he only one wi h addic i e po en ial ha is no
con olled a he in e na ional le el by a legally binding egula o y amewo k despi e i s p o ound implica ions o
popula ion and public heal h.1Alcohol is included in xenobio ic ma e ials ha unde go sul ida ion, which is he p ocess
o conjuga ing xenobio ics wi h sul u ic acid wi h he help o he sul o ans e ase enzyme. Alcohol is o med om he
e men a ion o suga ound in a ious oods such as wine made om suga in g apes, bee om suga in ba ley mal (a
ype o whea ), cide om he suga in apples, and odka om suga in po a oes, bee s o o he plan s.
Alcoholism has been de ined by Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion as a e m ha has long been used and has a ied meanings,
i is gene ally used o e e o ongoing o pe iodic alcohol consump ion cha ac e ized by loss o con ol o e d inking,
equen d unkenness, and excessi e in ol emen wi h alcohol and alcohol use despi e ad e se consequences.2 Alcohol
addic ion no only a ec s he heal h o he whole body bu also he heal h o one's mou h. Alcoholics a e a high isk o
de eloping den al ca ies o gingi al disease.
3.2 Pe iodon i is
Pe iodon i is is an in lamma o y disease caused by plaque bac e ia, which esul s in p og essi e des uc ion o he
suppo ing issues o he ee h, namely he gums, pe iodon al ligamen , den al cemen , and al eola bone. This
pe iodon al disease is cha ac e ized by pe iods o exace ba ion al e na ing wi h pe iods o emission, and indica es he
p esence o a local mic obial load ha igge s local in lamma ion and local issue des uc ion.3
3.3 E iopa hology Pe iodon i is
Pe iodon i is is an in ec ious condi ion caused by ce ain pa hogens, such as Agg ega ibac e ac inomyce emcomi ans,
Po phy omonas gingi alis, Bac e oides o sy hias, p i a ely in e media, Campylobac e ec us, T eponema den icule,
Fusobac e ium nuclea e and so on. Se ine c e icula luid con ains in lamma o y media o s and o al pa hogens
associa ed wi h pe iodon i is. The mechanisms by which his des uc i e p ocess occu s in ol e di ec issue damage
om plaque bac e ial p oduc s and indi ec damage h ough bac e ial induc ion o hos cell in lamma o y and immune
esponses.
3.4 Fac o s Causing Pe iodon i is
Pe iodon i is is a mul i ac o ial disease ha causes in lamma ion o he pe iodon al issue. In gene al, pe iodon al
disease is caused by plaque bac e ia on he oo h su ace, whe e plaque is a hin laye o bio ilm con aining a collec ion
o pa hogenic mic oo ganisms such as Po phy omonas gingi alis, Ac inobacillus ac inomyce emcomi ans, p i a ely
in e media, Anna ella o sy hia as well as Fusobac e ium nuclea e which is a so deposi . Some hings ha a e isk
ac o s o pe iodon i is include s ess, aging, dep ession, en i onmen al exposu e (e.g. smoking), a numbe o sys emic
condi ions such as diabe es melli us, and alcohol consump ion.3
Some o he li e a u e ha we ha e s udied con ains a lo abou he in luence o alcohol on pe iodon i is, among which
is he ollowing able.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
1482
Table 1 A icle Sea ch Syn hesis Resul s
Au ho
Ti le
Me hod
Resul s
Gay e al. (2018)4
Alcohol in ake and
pe iodon i is in adul s
aged ≥ 30 yea s:
NHANES 2009-2012
Using Na ional Heal h and
Nu i ion Examina ion Su ey
(NHANES) da a and he
compu e -Assis ed Pe sonal
In e iewing (CAPI) sys em.
Sample: 9402 pa icipan s 30
yea s o olde in US adul s.
A o al o 3884 pa icipan s ≥30
yea s, ep esen ing 45.9% o he
US popula ion, had pe iodon i is.
Se e e pe iodon i is was seen in
pa icipan s who consumed ≥8
alcohol pe week.
Hach e al. (2015)5
The e ec o alcohol
consump ion on
pe iodon i is in olde
Danes
Use c oss- sec ional da a om he
Copenhagen O al Heal h Senio
S udy (COHSS). Alcohol
consump ion
Sample: Pa icipan s aged 65
yea s o olde in 2003.
Hea y d inke s o alcohol in
1981-1983 had odds a io who
a e mo e likely o expe ience
pe iodon i is compa ed o ligh
d inke s
Susin e al.
(2014)6
The associa ion
be ween alcohol
consump ion and
pe iodon i is in
sou he n B azilian
adul s
Da a was collec ed om
pa icipan s who ook pa
clinical examina ion and
s uc u ed in e iews.
Sample: 1115 subjec s aged 18–
65 yea s.
The p e alence o pe iodon i is
was signi ican ly highe among
alcohol d inke s >1 d ink/day
han among non-d inke s.
Singh e al.
(2018)7
Assessmen o Alcohol
Consump ion as a
Po en ial Risk Fac o
on Pe iodon al
A achmen Loss: A
Longi udinal S udy
A popula ion-based coho s udy
conduc ed o e 4 yea s.
Sample: 1,385 people we e
in ol ed in he s udy and only
730 people emained o ollow-
up a e 4 yea s.
The e is a posi i e linea
ela ionship be ween alcohol
consump ion and pe iodon al
a achmen loss. This p o es ha
alcohol is a po en ial isk ac o in
he de elopmen o pe iodon i is
a high and ch onic alcohol doses.
Oli ei a e al.
(2021)8
Alcohol use diso de s
a e associa ed wi h
highe p e alence o
pe iodon i is in a u al
a ea o B azil
Using a popula ion-based c oss-
sec ional s udy conduc ed
be ween Ma ch 2015 and May
2016.
Sample: 688 indi iduals aged 15
yea s o olde li ing in u al
Rosá io do Sul.
These indings indica e ha
alcohol use diso de impac ing
he p e alence o se e e and
widesp ead pe iodon i is cases
in u al popula ions.
Lages e al.
(2015)9
Alcohol Consump ion
and Pe iodon i is:
Quan i ica ion o
Pe iodon al Pa hogens
and Cy okines
Using obse a ional analy ical
s udies.
Sample: 88 olun ee s
Dependen alcohol use s showed
he wo s pe iodon al s a us and
le el o P. in e media, E. co odens
e F. nuclea um, and highe IL-1β.
Pa k e al.
(2014)10
Associa ion Be ween
Alcohol Consump ion
and Pe iodon al
Disease: The 2008 o
2010 Ko ea Na ional
Heal h and Nu i ion
Examina ion Su ey
Use da a om KHANES and
Wel a e mul i a ia e logis ic
eg ession analyses.
Sample: popula ion and housing
consensus om he 2005
Na ional
Census Regis y in Ko ea has a
o al o 20,229 indi iduals.
Men wi h high alcohol in ake a e
mo e likely o ha e pe iodon al
ea men needs ega dless o
hei age, socioeconomic ac o s,
sys emic condi ions.
Pulikko il e al.
(2020)11
Alcohol consump ion
is associa ed wi h
This analysis was conduc ed
using S a a, whe e he me a-
analysis used he De Simonian
and Lai d's andom e ec s
I was ound ha alcohol
consump ion in men can cause
pe iodon i is disease, alcohol
consump ion is a common isk
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
1483
pe iodon i is. A
sys ema ic
e iew and me a-
analysis o
obse a ional s udies
model. In addi ion, li e a u e
sea ches and li e a u e sea ch
s a egies we e conduc ed in he
PubMed and Scopus da abases.
Sample: Women and men who
e e o he alcohol consump ion
g oup wi h a ange o <40 yea s
o >40 yea s.
ac o o a ious ch onic
diseases and he posi i e
associa ion e ealed in his
e iew is in addi ion o he ole o
alcohol in o al ca cinogenesis.
Alsha ie and
Elizabe h
(2017)12
Alcohol Consump ion
May Inc ease
The Risk Fo
Pe iodon al Disease In
Some Adul
Popula ions
Using da a om PubMed, Web o
Science, ecen s udies and
Embase
11 o 18 s udies showed a
s a is ically signi ican
associa ion be ween alcohol
in ake and pe iodon i is. When
s a i ied by sex, he isk o
pe iodon i is wi h high alcohol
use was doubled among women
bu only 25% highe in men.
Oli ei a Tal.
(2023)13
Di e ences in he
subgingi al mic obial
composi ion
associa ed wi h
alcohol in ake.
Using P e e ed Repo ing I ems
o Sys ema ic Re iews and Me a
Analyses (PRISMA) da a and he
Coch ane Handbook o
Sys ema ic Re iews o
In e en ions wi h modi ica ions
o exposu e e iews
sample: 4636 indi iduals wi h an
age ange o 16 o 83 yea s
The subgingi al mic obio a o
indi iduals exposed o alcohol
in ake had signi ican ly highe
o e all abundances o bo h P.
gingi alis and o ange-complex
bac e ia (i.e., F. nuclea um) when
compa ed o hose no exposed.
Sanka ana ayanan
e al. (2019)14
Associa ion be ween
alcohol use and
pe iodon al
pocke s in Finnish
adul popula ion
This s udy is based on he Heal h
Su ey 2000, a na ionally
ep esen a i e su ey conduc ed
in 2000–2001 by he Na ional
Ins i u e o Heal h and Wel a e
(THL) ( o me ly he Na ional
Ins i u e o Public Heal h [KTL] o
Finland).
Sample: 8028 adul s aged 30
yea s
An associa ion wi h poo
pe iodon al heal h was ound in
males o olde pa icipan s who
we e in he p ima y o seconda y
educa ion g oup, whe eas his
associa ion was no ound in
pa icipan s who we e in he
highe educa ion g oup.
Hamdi e al.
(2021)15
Alcoholic be e age
consump ion, smoking
habi s, and
pe iodon i is: A c oss-
sec ional in es iga ion
o he Nu iNe -San é
s udy
Da a on ype and equency o
alcohol consump ion we e
ob ained om a semi-
quan i a i e sel - epo ed
alcohol equency ques ionnai e;
daily amoun s (g/day) we e
es ima ed om 24-hou die a y
eco ds.
sample: 35,390 adul s (mean age:
49.04 ± 13.94 yea s)
A s onge associa ion wi h sel -
epo ed se e e pe iodon i is
was no ed when alcohol
consump ion exceeded >20
g/day o women and >30 g/day
o men combined wi h smoking
habi s.
Lages e al.
(2012)16
Risk a iables in he
associa ion be ween
equency o alcohol
consump ion and
pe iodon i is
Unde going a comple e
pe iodon al examina ion, and
di ided in o ou g oups based on
he equency o alcohol use,
based on he alcohol use diso de
iden i ica ion es and he Cu -
down, Annoyed, Guil y, Eye-
opene (CAGE) ins umen .
Pe iodon i is among alcohol
use s is qui e high and he
equency o alcohol
consump ion inc eases he
likelihood o de eloping
pe iodon i is, especially in
smoke s.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
1484
Wang e al.
(2016)17
Alcohol consump ion
and isk o
pe iodon i is: a me a-
analysis
A comp ehensi e li e a u e
sea ch in PubMed, Web o
Science, and Embase da abases
was pe o med o iden i y
eligible s udies published in
English. Pooled ela i e isk (RR)
wi h 95% con idence in e al
(CI) was calcula ed using a
andom e ec s model.
A signi ican associa ion was
ound in he analysis by gende
[male: (1.25, 95% CI: 1.11-1.41),
emale (2.15, 95% CI: 1.36-3.41).
A linea dose- esponse
ela ionship was ound be ween
alcohol consump ion and he isk
o pe iodon i is, and he isk o
pe iodon i is inc eased by 0.4%
o e e y 1 g/day inc ease in
alcohol consump ion.
Baumeis e e al.
(2021)18
Tes ing he associa ion
be ween obacco
smoking, alcohol
consump ion, and isk
o pe iodon i is: A
Mendelian
andomiza ion s udy
Using 17 single nucleo ide
polymo phisms (SNPs) as
ins umen al a iables (IVs) o
numbe o ciga e es pe day
om a genome-wide associa ion
s udy (GWAS) o 337,334
indi iduals, 109 SNPs o li e ime
smoking index om a GWAS o
462,690 pa icipan s, and 33
SNPs o numbe o d inks pe
week om a GWAS o 941,280
indi iduals. The pe iodon i is
GWAS included 12,289 cases and
22,326 con ols. The Wald a io
was ob ained by di iding he
pe iodon i is SNP e ec by he
exposu e SNP e ec and
combined using an in e se-
a iance weigh ed model.
Numbe o d inks consumed pe
week was gene ically posi i ely
associa ed wi h pe iodon i is
(IVW OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.04-
1.90; p- alue = 0.0265; Q- alue =
0.0265), he e was li le
he e ogenei y (in e ms o IGX2)
among Wald oni, and MR-Egge
in e cep analysis did no
indica e any di ec ional
pleio opy). In mul i a iable IVW
analysis, assessing gene ic
liabili y o ciga e es pe day and
d inks pe week simul aneously,
bo h exposu es main ained a
di ec associa ion wi h
pe iodon i is.
4 Discussion
Alcohol is included in xenobio ic ma e ials ha unde go sul a ion, which is he p ocess o conjuga ing xenobio ics wi h
sul u ic acid wi h he help o he sul o ans e ase enzyme. Alcohol is a common isk ac o o se e al ch onic diseases,
such as pe iodon i is. Pe iodon i is among alcohol use s is qui e high and he equency o alcohol consump ion
inc eases he possibili y o inc easing pe iodon i is, especially in smoke s.16 The numbe o d inks consumed pe week
was posi i ely associa ed wi h pe iodon i is.18 Based on he li e a u e e iew ha has been conduc ed, he e is a
ela ionship be ween long- e m alcohol consump ion and he isk o pe iodon i is. Consuming alcohol in la ge doses
and o e a long pe iod o ime has he po en ial o expe ience se e e pe iodon i is. Alcohol use diso de impac s on he
p e alence o se e e and widesp ead pe iodon i is cases, especially in u al popula ions. A o al o 3884 pa icipan s
≥30 yea s, ep esen ing 45.9% o he US popula ion, had pe iodon i is. Se e e pe iodon i is was seen in pa icipan s
who consumed ≥8 alcohol pe week.4 Dependen alcohol use s showed he wo s pe iodon al s a us and le el o P.
in e media, E. co odens, F. nuclea um, and highe IL-1β.9 Long- e m hea y d inke s ha e odds a io who a e mo e likely
o de elop pe iodon i is han long- e m ligh d inke s.5 Odds a io is a measu e o he associa ion o exposu e ( isk
ac o s) wi h he occu ence o a disease. The p e alence o pe iodon i is o gingi i is is signi ican ly highe in
indi iduals who consume he equi alen o mo e han 1 glass o alcohol pe day compa ed o hose who do no d ink
alcohol a all.6
I is widely belie ed ha excessi e alcohol consump ion can be ha m ul o human heal h. When s a i ied by gende , he
isk o pe iodon i is wi h high alcohol use is doubled among women bu only 25% highe in men.12 A signi ican
associa ion was ound in he analysis by gende [male: (1.25, 95% CI: 1.11-1.41), emale (2.15, 95% CI: 1.36-3.41). A
linea dose- esponse ela ionship was ound be ween alcohol consump ion and he isk o pe iodon i is, and he isk o
pe iodon i is inc eased by 0.4% o e e y 1 g/day inc ease in alcohol consump ion.17 A s onge associa ion wi h sel -
epo ed se e e pe iodon i is was no ed when alcohol consump ion exceeded > 20 g/day o women and > 30 g/day
o men combined wi h smoking habi s.15
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1480-1486
1485
Alcohol can in e e e wi h he unc ion o T cells and neu ophils, which can inc ease he possibili y o in ec ion, and
hen inc ease he isk o pe iodon i is. The e is a posi i e linea ela ionship be ween alcohol consump ion and
pe iodon al a achmen loss. This p o es ha alcohol is a po en ial isk ac o o he de elopmen o pe iodon i is a
high and ch onic alcohol doses. Alcohol in ake can cause oxic e ec s on he pe iodon ium and can educe he
p oduc ion o in lamma o y cy okines by monocy es ha po en ially help mic obial p oli e a ion. Alcohol can also a ec
he hos cell esponse o bac e ial in ec ion, he eby inc easing he ulne abili y o he hos cells. Bac e ia a e able o
inc ease he p oduc ion o p o-in lamma o y cy okines, and his inc ease is associa ed wi h he se e i y o pe iodon i is.
Alcohol consump ion will igge signi ican induc ion o TNF-α and IL-6, which a ec changes in immune unc ion,
which can con ibu e o immunosupp ession and dec eased immune-media ed hos de ense agains pe iodon al
pa hogens. Two cy okines, namely TNF-α and IL-6, a e key in he ini ia ion and main enance o sys emic in lamma ion
ha has been implica ed in he de elopmen and se e i y o pe iodon i is.
5 Conclusion
O e all, i can be concluded ha he e iewed li e a u e shows simila esul s, namely ha excessi e and long- e m
alcohol consump ion can ac as a isk ac o o he de elopmen o pe iodon i is. The p e alence o pe iodon i is ends
o be highe in hea y d inke s and d inke s who consume alcohol in high doses ch onically. In addi ion, alcohol
dependence can also nega i ely a ec pe iodon al condi ions, including he le els o ce ain bac e ia and he ex en o
pe iodon i is. This s udy also highligh s he need o mo e in ensi e pe iodon al ea men in indi iduals wi h high
alcohol consump ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The esea che would like o exp ess his g a i ude o all pa ies who ha e been in ol ed and helped in he p epa a ion
o his a icle e iew.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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