*Co esponding au ho : Sona Valsa aj.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Hype ension among Uni e si y S uden s: A Global and Regional Pe spec i e Re iew
P iya Mahalakshmi J, Sona Valsa aj *, Nou al K P and Sudheesh. M
Mahe Ins i u e o Den al Sciences and Hospi al, Chalakka a, Mahe, Pondiche y, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 31 Augus 2025; e ised on 06 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 08 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0889
Abs ac
High blood p essu e is no longe a conce n o olde adul s; i is now seen mo e o en among college s uden s. To
highligh his g owing issue, his e iew combines indings om Indian and global s udies. A poo die , lack o exe cise,
p olonged sc een ime, s ess, poo sleep a e majo con ibu o s. Ala mingly, e en medical s uden s ha e low
awa eness o he p oblem and i s p e en ion me hods.
E idence shows ha many young people emain undiagnosed and unsuppo ed, especially in esou ce-limi ed
coun ies. To add ess his, colleges should in eg a e egula sc eenings, heal h educa ion, and s ess managemen in o
s uden s’ li es. Ea ly ac ion can help p e en se ious hea p oblems and educe he long- e m heal hca e bu den. This
s udy aimed o emphasize hese challenges and e alua e he na ion's p og ess in add essing his c i ical heal h issue.
Keywo ds: Hype ension; Obesi y; College S uden s; S ess
1. In oduc ion
High blood p essu e, o en e e ed o as he "silen kille ," is becoming a majo global heal h issue, as i is now appea ing
mo e equen ly among younge people [1].Globally, ca dio ascula diseases (CVD) such as hea a acks and s okes,
a e he leading causes o dea h and illness. In India, hey accoun o one- hi d o all a ali ies, wi h uncon olled blood
p essu e being a signi ican isk ac o [2].
Hype ension is one o he mos impo an heal h isks. I is well known o cause se ious hea p oblems and p ema u e
dea h wo ldwide. Wha makes i e en mo e conce ning is ha aised blood p essu e o en s a s a a young age and can
quie ly p og ess in o ull hype ension i no no iced ea ly. High blood p essu e is no longe jus an issue o olde
adul s—i ’s inc easingly showing up in younge people, especially uni e si y s uden s. Busy academic schedules, s ess,
li es yle changes, and low heal h awa eness a e some o he majo easons o his end. Medical s uden , wi h hei
long s udy hou s, academic s ess, lack o exe cise, and i egula ea ing habi s, may also be a isk o his p oblem.
I may be qui e ha m ul o ha e high blood p essu e as a child. This aises he isk o hea p oblems la e in li e and
places addi ional p essu e on heal hca e sys ems. The si ua ion is wo sened by he ac ha many child en a e unawa e
o he isk ac o s o ail o ake s eps o lessen hem. While hype ension is a g owing p oblem globally, he e is a
signi ican lack o in o ma ion ega ding young adul s' unde s anding o i s isk ac o s [3].De eloping e ec i e
p e en i e heal h s a egies o hype ension equi es a clea unde s anding o he awa eness le els wi hin speci ic
popula ions ega ding i s isk ac o s. [4].This e iew combines he mos ecen in o ma ion on he p e alence, e iology,
and knowledge o hype ension among uni e si y s uden s, wi h a ocus on medical unde g adua es and is in ended o
help imp o e wellness ini ia i es on campus and also public heal h campaigns
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
127
2. Me hodology
This e iew was conduc ed o iden i y ele an epidemiological and clinical s udies examining he p e alence and
de e minan s o hype ension and p e-hype ension among college s uden s. A icles we e sou ced h ough a
comp ehensi e sea ch on Google Schola using keywo ds such as “hype ension”, “p e-hype ension”, “college
s uden s”, and “blood p essu e isk ac o s.”
3. Discussion
S udies conduc ed ac oss India ha e highligh ed his g owing issue. Resea ch om di e en pa s o India has shown
how common p e-hype ension and hype ension a e among medical s uden s. BMI, wais -hip a io, and uncal obesi y
a e consis en ly linked o ele a ed blood p essu e. A clea link be ween highe blood p essu e and measu es such as
body mass index (BMI) and wais -hip a io was shown in a s udy om Andh a P adesh [1]. Loga aj e al. [5] and Lahole
e al. [6] also emphasized hese associa ions in Indian coho s.
Excessi e sal and junk ood in ake we e ound o be he signi ican con ibu o s o ele a ed blood p essu e. A s udy o
medical s uden s in Kolka a ound ha hype ension was signi ican ly associa ed wi h li es yle ac o s such as excess
sal and junk ood consump ion and le els o physical ac i i y [7]. Simila ly, o he esea che s ha e highligh ed he
c i ical need o ea ly heal h checks o de ec p e-hype ension and implemen p e en i e measu es [8].
In Sou h India, a signi ican co ela ion be ween obesi y and hype ension was iden i ied among unde g adua e medical
s uden s [9], while simila pa e ns we e ound in p e-uni e si y s uden s om Udupi Taluk, ein o cing he ole o
obesi y in ea ly onse hype ension [10], poin ing o he impac o li es yle choices. Ano he s udy om Udupi dis ic
epo ed a signi ican numbe o young adul s aged 20–30 yea s o be p e-hype ensi e, sugges ing he ea ly onse o
ca dio ascula isk [11].
A s udy om Ke ala showed ha he mos widesp ead heal h isks, including hype ension, o s uden s we e a lack
o exe cise, ea ing junk ood, and consuming oo much sal [12]. A s udy om Odisha also poin ed ou ha li es yle-
ela ed beha io s we e s ongly linked o hype ension among medical s uden s [13].
In a s udy om cen al U a P adesh, s uden s no only had a no able p e alence o hype ension bu also lacked
p ope awa eness o he condi ion [14]. Mo e ecen indings om Cen al India highligh ed s ess as a key con ibu o
o p e-hype ension among uni e si y s uden s. Chau asia e al.[15] linked poo sleep and high s ess le els o ele a ed
BP, whe eas Kale e al.[16] ound ha s ess was di ec ly associa ed wi h p e-hype ension.
BMI is conside ed a majo p edic o o hype ension, al hough he speci ic isks show gende a ia ion, wi h obese
women ha ing highe odds o hype ension han men [17].One o he esea ch a icles has s ongly demons a ed ha
indices o abdominal obesi y we e signi ican ly associa ed wi h hype ension[18].Findings om Chennai also echo hese
conce ns, showing ha being o e weigh , obese, o ha ing a amily his o y o high blood p essu e signi ican ly aises
he isk o p e-hype ension [5].A wo-yea s udy among young medical s uden s con i med s ong connec ions
be ween body measu emen s and hype ension, highligh ing he impo ance o p omo ing heal hie habi s and
p e en i e ca e ea ly in li e [19].
Simila ends a e obse ed in o he pa s o he wo ld, such as China, A ica, Sou heas Asia [20, 21, 22,23]. Somo a e
al. [21] in es iga ed he impac o e hnici y on blood p essu e in A ican s uden s, while Jiang e al. [20] examined how
daily ac i i ies and li es yle changes could a ec blood p essu e in Chinese i s -yea college s uden s.
Beyond indi idual s udies, sys ema ic e iews ha e ein o ced he se iousness o his p oblem. A e iew o young
adul s iden i ied common beha io al isk ac o s such as poo die , inac i i y, and s ess, as majo d i e s o
hype ension [24]. A s udy [25] con i med a signi ican link be ween p ehype ension, s ess, and anxie y among
uni e si y s uden s. The s udy also concluded ha his is an u gen issue equi ing heal h p og ams o help s uden s
educe hei u u e isk o de eloping hea disease.
This end is no unique o India; e idence om Vie nam also epo ed a signi ican p e alence o hype ension,
e lec ing he wide bu den o he condi ion in low- and middle-income coun ies [26]. Acco ding o some s udies, he e
a e addi ional possible causes, such as exposu e o pa icula en i onmen al me als [27], in addi ion o li es yle. In India,
molecula s udies ha e sugges ed ha dis up ions in me al ion me abolism may also play a ole in he inc easing
p e alence o hype ension, adding a biological pe spec i e o he p oblem [28].
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
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In addi ion o his conce n, T ipa hy e al. [29] iden i ied high a es o hype ension and p e-hype ension in No he n
India. Acco ding o hei s udy, a signi ican pe cen age o he popula ion, pa icula ly younge and o he wise heal hy
indi iduals, a e ei he unawa e ha hei blood p essu e is high o a e no ecei ing he ea men hey equi e.
Expe s ha e s essed ha India mus ac quickly wi h e ec i e p e en ion s a egies, g ea e awa eness, and imp o ed
access o ea men o educe he long- e m bu den o hype ension [30].Majo ials and na ional heal h p og ams
show ha India s ill lacks p og ams o managing and con olling hype ension, e en wi h inc eased awa eness o he
condi ion [31, 32, 33,34].
Figu e 1 P e alence o hype ension in medical s uden s shown by a ious s udies
No only is his a p oblem in India, bu s udies om I an [35], Nige ia [36], Vie nam [37] and Po ugal [38] ha e e ealed
he same end among you h wo ldwide [39].Resea ch wo ks no only om India bu also om ab oad pain s a clea
pic u e o he p oblem. Moussa e al. ound ha app oxima ely 26.5% o Egyp ian s uden s had high blood p essu e,
o en linked o s ess, highe BMI, and amily his o y [40].Tadesse and Alemu highligh ed simila conce ns in E hiopia
[41].These indings unde sco e ha hype ension among s uden s is a global issue, no con ined o speci ic geog aphical
loca ions.
This emphasizes he u gen need o ac ion. Imp o ed legisla u e, communi y heal h assessmen s, and educa ion can
go a long way in ea ing high blood p essu e among Indian child en. Despi e cu en public heal h ini ia i es,
hype ension emains a majo heal h p oblem in he coun y and is a signi ican ac o in he onse o ca dio ascula
diseases and s oke.
Fo yea s, expe s sounded he ala m. To handle his g owing p oblem, mo e han en yea s ago, Mohan e al. p oposed
igo ous na ional p og ams and communi y engagemen [42]. Al hough p og ams like he Na ional P og amme o
P e en ion and Con ol o Cance , Diabe es, Ca dio ascula Diseases and S oke (NPCDCS) ha e been s a ed, hei
e icacy di e s ac oss he coun y, highligh ing he necessi y o be e p epa a ion and inc eased supe ision. Recen ly,
Gup a e al.[43] looked in o he si ua ion and came o he conclusion ha he same p oblems pe sis . They highligh ed
p oblems such as geog aphic di e ences, economic inequi ies, and insu icien access o p e en i e medical ca e.
Resea ch has demons a ed a posi i e associa ion be ween hype ension and ac o s such as age, sex, economic s a us
(pe capi a mon hly income), and li ing si ua ion ( esidence and ype o amily) [44].
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129
Table 1 Summa y o he a ious s udies men ioned in he a icle
S.
No...
Au ho (s)
S udy Objec i es
S udy
Cha ac e is ics
Me hodology
Resul s
1
Bha ani., e al.
(2018)
To s udy p e-
hype ension and i s
associa ion wi h
an h opome ic indices
Unde g adua e
medical s uden s
in Andh a
P adesh, India
C oss-sec ional
s udy in ol ing
measu emen o
BP and
an h opome ic
pa ame e s
Found signi ican
associa ion be ween
highe BMI and p e-
hype ension among
s uden s.
2
Cha opadhyay .,
e al. (2014)
To de e mine
p e alence o
hype ension and
ela ed isk ac o s
Unde g adua e
medical s uden s
in Kolka a
C oss-sec ional
su ey wi h
ques ionnai es
and physical
exams
Iden i ied
p e alence linked
wi h seden a y
li es yle and die a y
pa e ns.
3
Ranjan., e al.
(2017)
To assess blood
p essu e, p e-
hype ension, and
hype ension
Medical s uden s
om a uni e si y
in India
Obse a ional
s udy wi h BP
eco dings
Repo ed no able
p e alence o
ele a ed blood
p essu e among
s uden s.
4
Loga aj., e al.
(2016)
To ind p e alence o
p e-hype ension and
i s ela ion o CVD isk
ac o s
Male
unde g adua e
s uden s in
Chennai
C oss-sec ional
s udy wi h exams
and
ques ionnai es
High p e alence o
p e-hype ension
associa ed wi h
obesi y and s ess.
5
Lahole., e al.
(2022)
To explo e
an h opome ic indices
and hype ension
Young medical
s uden s
2-yea c oss-
sec ional s udy
wi h
measu emen s o
BMI and BP
Posi i e co ela ion
be ween BMI and
hype ension.
6
Jiang., e al.
(2021)
To assess p e alence
and isk ac o s o
hype ension
College eshmen
ac oss China
Na ional su ey
wi h heal h check-
ups and
ques ionnai es
Inc eased
hype ension
p e alence linked o
die and inac i i y.
7
Somo a., e al.
(1995)
Psychophysiological
s udy o hype ension
ac oss aces
Black, Indian, and
Whi e A ican
s uden s
Expe imen al
s udy assessing
s ess and BP
Racial di e ences in
hype ension
pa e ns iden i ied.
8
Zobo., e al.
(2023)
P e alence o
hype ension and CVD
isk ac o s
Uni e si y
s uden s in Cô e
d’I oi e
C oss-sec ional
su ey wi h
clinical exams
Poo die and
inac i i y linked o
high hype ension
a es.
9
San osoD., e al.
(2013)
P e alence o
hype ension in school
and college s uden s
School and college
s uden s
Desc ip i e su ey
using BP
measu emen s
Inc eased
p e alence among
adolescen s and
young adul s.
10
Ma al., e al.
(2019)
Knowledge abou
hype ension isk
ac o s
Young adul
s uden s
Ques ionnai e-
based su ey
Limi ed awa eness
on causes and
p e en ion o
hype ension.
11
Chenji, ., e al.
(2018)
Analysis o obesi y and
high BP
Unde g adua e
s uden s o a
medical college in
Sou h India
C oss-sec ional
heal h pa ame e
analysis
Obesi y linked o
high blood p essu e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
130
12
Ismail, I.M., e al.
(2016)
P e alence o NCD isk
ac o s
College s uden s
in Ke ala
S uc u ed
in e iews and
clinical exams
Seden a y li es yle
and die linked o
hype ension.
13
Kini, S., e al.
(2016)
P e-hype ension
among young adul s
Adul s aged 20–
30 in coas al
illages, Sou he n
India
Communi y
sc eening and
su eys
High p e-
hype ension a es
ound.
14
Pa naik., e al.
(2015)
Risk ac o s associa ed
wi h hype ension
Unde g adua e
medical s uden s
in Odisha
Analy ical c oss-
sec ional s udy
Li es yle ac o s
linked o ele a ed
BP.
15
Saxena., e al.
(2021)
P e alence and
knowledge o
hype ension
S uden s o
medical college in
U a P adesh
S uc u ed
ques ionnai e and
BP checks
Mode a e
knowledge and
signi ican
p e alence
obse ed.
16
Kale, P., e al.
(2024)
Associa ion o s ess
wi h p ehype ension
Uni e si y
s uden s in
Cen al India
C oss-sec ional
s udy wi h s ess
in en o ies
S ess is a majo
con ibu o o
p ehype ension.
17
Pa seka ., e al.
(2015)
Associa ion o obesi y
wi h high BP
P e-uni e si y
s uden s in Udupi
aluk
Obse a ional
s udy wi h
an h opome ic
da a
Obesi y s ongly
associa ed wi h high
BP.
18
Mehe , M., e al.
(2023)
Risk ac o s o
hype ension in young
adul s
Young adul s
ac oss India
Sys ema ic e iew
o exis ing s udies
Iden i ied li es yle
and gene ic ac o s.
19
Meiqa i., e al.
(2019)
P e alence o
hype ension
Vie nam
Sys ema ic e iew
and me a-analysis
U baniza ion linked
o ising a es.
20
Singh., e al.
(2016)
Molecula basis o
hype ension
Focus on me al
ions in India
Sys ema ic e iew
T ace elemen s and
gene ics play a ole
21
Mohan., e al.
(2013)
Add essing
hype ension in India
Na ional
popula ion
Policy e iew and
expe opinions
Ad oca ed
na ionwide
in e en ion
s a egies.
22
Pin o., e al.
P e alence and isk
ac o s
Global s udies
Li e a u e e iew
compiling da a
Die , inac i i y, and
s ess as key isk
ac o s.
23
Mohammadi., e
al. (2023)
Hype ension in I an
I anian
popula ion
Sys ema ic e iew
and me a-analysis
Li es yle and aging
linked o ising
p e alence.
24
Song., e al.
(2019)
Global p e alence in
child en
Child en
wo ldwide
Sys ema ic e iew
and me a-analysis
U ged ea ly
p e en ion.
25
Gup a., e al.
(2024)
Recen s udies on
hype ension in India
Indian popula ion
Re iew a icle
Rising p e alence
and poo con ol
a es.
26
Akinlua., e al.
(2015)
Hype ension in
Nige ia
Nige ian
popula ion
Sys ema ic e iew
U baniza ion and
die linked o ising
a es.
27
Ramak ishnan.,
e al.
Hype ension con ol in
India
Na ional da a
Campaign da a
collec ion
Low awa eness and
con ol a es
obse ed.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
131
28
Midha., e al.
(2013)
P e alence in India
Regional s udies
Me a-analysis
Inc easing end in
bo h u al and u ban
a eas.
29
Kuma ., e al.
(2023)
Con ol s a us o
hype ension
India-wide da a
Me a-analysis
Poo con ol despi e
ea men access.
30
Koya., e al.
(2024)
Con ol a e analysis
India
Me a-analysis
Modes
imp o emen s bu
insu icien
na ionwide con ol.
31
T ipa hy., e al.
(2017)
P e alence o
hype ension in No h
India
Adul s ac oss
No h India
La ge c oss-
sec ional STEPS
su ey
Ala mingly high
a es epo ed.
32
Moussa., e al.
(2016)
Compa a i e s udy o
hype ension
Uni e si y
s uden s
Compa a i e
su ey and clinical
exams
Li es yle- ela ed
isk ac o s
obse ed.
33
Tadesse., e al.
(2014)
Associa ed ac o s in
E hiopia
Uni e si y
s uden s
C oss-sec ional
su ey
S ess, die ,
inac i i y linked o
hype ension.
34
Chau asia., e al.
(2024)
Sleep, s ess, and BP
ends
College s uden s
C oss-sec ional
s udy wi h su eys
and BP checks
Poo sleep and
s ess associa ed
wi h inc eased BP.
35
Chowdhu y., e
al. (2020)
T ends in Bangladesh
Bangladesh
popula ion
Sys ema ic e iew
and me a-analysis
U baniza ion and
die changes a e
linked o ise in
blood p essu e.
36
Mi zaei., e al.
(2016)
Hype ension ends in
I an
I anian
popula ion
(1980–2012)
Sys ema ic e iew
Aging and li es yle
changes inc eased
p e alence.
4. Conclusion
Uni e si y s uden s e e ywhe e a e now expe iencing high blood p essu e as a genuine p oblem, no jus olde adul s.
Resea ch conduc ed in India and ac oss he globe demons a es ha youngs e s a e becoming mo e suscep ible o
hype ension as a esul o poo ea ing habi s, insu icien physical ac i i y, academic p essu e, and inadequa e sleep.
E en mo e ala ming is he ac ha many pupils, including hose in medical school, lack a ho ough unde s anding o
he isks in ol ed and how o p o ec hemsel es.
This e iew clea ly indica es ha immedia e ac ion is equi ed. Regula heal h check-ups, awa eness campaigns, and
s ess elie ac i i ies mus be inco po a ed in o s uden s’ li es h ough collabo a ion among policymake s, heal hca e
p ac i ione s, and colleges. Fu he mo e, i is c i ical o ensu e ha hese se ices a e easily accessible, pa icula ly o
s uden s in a eas whe e he e a e ew heal hca e al e na i es.
Assis ing child en in con olling hei blood p essu e is a commi men o hei u u e. We can help hem p e en u u e
majo heal h p oblems by eaching hem how o make be e choices, p o iding hem suppo , and iden i ying issues
ea ly on. S uden s may eel mo e con iden in aking ca e o hei heal h and de eloping beha io s ha will bene i hem
h oughou hei li es i gi en he app op ia e help and a en ion.
Taken oge he hese s udies highligh he di icul ies in India's ba le agains high blood p essu e and he necessi y o
p io i ize be e sc eening, educa ion, and con inued he apy. India needs be e blood p essu e moni o ing and
ea men sys ems, mo e success ul heal h educa ion, and legisla ion ha lowe he cos o heal hca e.
The consis en indings ac oss di e se popula ions call o he ollowing:
• Rou ine Sc eening: Ea ly de ec ion h ough campus heal h p og ams.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 126-134
132
• Li es yle in e en ions: P omo ion o physical ac i i y, balanced die s, and s ess managemen .
• Heal h Educa ion: Enhancing awa eness o isk ac o s and p e en ion s a egies.
• Policy Ac ion: Na ional s a egies a ge ing you h wi h ailo ed p e en i e measu es.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
[1] Bha ani PL, Gup a S, Thanikonda S, Epa i V. A c oss-sec ional s udy on p e-hype ension & i s associa ion wi h
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