© The Au ho (s) 2025. Published by AMO Publishe . This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde
he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed euse, dis ibu ion, and
ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
E alua ion o he Physical Pa ame e s o Ce ixime Suspension
(Impo ed and Locally P oduced) in Kabul Ci y
Azimullah Wa a
Depa men o Pha maceu ics, Facul y o Pha macy, Kabul Uni e si y, Kabul, A ghanis an
Zia mal Tee zai
Depa men o Pha maceu ics, Facul y o Pha macy, Kandaha Uni e si y, Kandaha , A ghanis an
Mohibu ahman Haleem
Depa men o Pha maceu ics, Facul y o Pha macy, Kabul Uni e si y, Kabul, A ghanis an
Najib Rahman Rahmani
Depa men o Pha maceu ics, Facul y o Pha macy, Kabul Uni e si y, Kabul, A ghanis an
Abs ac
Backg ound: Ce ixime 100 mg/5 mL suspension is a widely used an ibio ic, especially in pedia ics.
E alua ion o i s physical pa ame e s is essen ial o ensu ing p oduc quali y, pa ien sa e y, and
he apeu ic e ec i eness. Me hod: A c oss-sec ional s udy was conduc ed on 21 a ailable b ands o
Ce ixime suspension collec ed om pha macies in Kabul ci y. Fou key pa ame e s we e assessed:
labeling and appea ance, o al olume, pH, and sedimen a ion olume. Resul s: Signi ican labeling
de iciencies we e ound in 15 samples (71%), including missing econs i u ion ins uc ions, incomple e
olume decla a ion, and absence o p oduc b ochu es. Eigh een samples (86%) me USP s anda ds o
o al olume, while h ee ailed (25.5 mL, 23.0 mL, and 38.66 mL). Fo pH (accep able ange: 2.5–4.5),
15 samples (71%) complied, whe eas o he s exceeded he limi . Sedimen a ion olume (F) indica ed ha
12 samples (57%) we e ideal (F ≈ 1.0), 4 (19%) accep able (F = 0.5–1.0), and 4 (19%) poo (F < 0.3),
sugges ing high isk o caking. Conclusion: This esea ch was conduc ed o e alua e he physical
pa ame e s o bo h locally manu ac u ed and impo ed Ce ixime suspensions. Ce ixime is exe s i s
an ibac e ial e ec by inhibi ing he anspep idase enzyme du ing bac e ial cell wall syn hesis, he eby
p e en ing cell wall o ma ion.
G aphical Abs ac
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
103
Keywo ds: Ce ixime Suspension, Physical Pa ame e s, Pha maceu ical Quali y.
Sugges ed ci a ion: Wa a, A., Tee zai, Z., Haleem, M., & Rahmani, N.R. (2025). E alua ion o he
Physical Pa ame e s o Ce ixime Suspension (Impo ed and Locally P oduced) in Kabul Ci y. Eu opean
Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y, 1(5), 102-110. h ps://doi.o g/10.59324/ejiss.2025.1(5).10
In oduc ion
Ce ixime is a b oad-spec um β-lac am an ibio ic belonging o he hi d gene a ion o cephalospo ins. I
was i s in oduced in he 1980s and has since become an impo an he apeu ic op ion o bac e ial
in ec ions esis an o o he β-lac am an ibio ics (Ka zung, 2012). The d ug exe s i s an ibac e ial ac i i y
by inhibi ing he anspep idase enzyme in ol ed in bac e ial cell wall syn hesis, he eby dis up ing
pep idoglycan c oss-linking and leading o cell lysis (B i ish Pha macopoeia Commission, 2023). Ce ixime
is widely used o he ea men o espi a o y ac in ec ions, u ina y ac in ec ions, o i is media, and
o he sys emic bac e ial in ec ions (Aziz, e al., 2024). I is ma ke ed in mul iple dosage o ms, including
able s, capsules, chewable able s, and o al suspensions. Among hese, he o al suspension is pa icula ly
signi ican o pedia ic pa ien s because i allows accu a e dose adjus men and ease o adminis a ion.
Gi en i s clinical impo ance, e alua ing he physical pa ame e s o Ce ixime suspension is essen ial o
ensu e quali y, sa e y, and compliance wi h pha macopeia s anda ds. This s udy was he e o e designed
o assess key physical p ope ies—including o ganolep ic cha ac e is ics, pH, olume accu acy, and
sedimen a ion olume—o Ce ixime 100 mg/5 ml suspensions a ailable in Kabul pha macies (Aziz, e
al., 2024).
Resea ch P oblem
Ce ixime suspension is a widely p esc ibed an ibio ic o mula ed in liquid dosage o m, p ima ily in ended
o pedia ic use. Inadequa e con ol o e he physical pa ame e s o such o mula ions can lead o se e al
c i ical issues. I he p oduc is no su icien ly p o ec ed agains mic obial con amina ion, o i he
packaging ma e ial ails o shield i om ligh , oxygen, o mois u e, he s abili y and o e all quali y o he
d ug may de e io a e. Fu he mo e, inapp op ia e mixing me hods, a ia ions in pa icle size, o
inconsis encies in dosing can comp omise i s he apeu ic e ec i eness (Mahmood, e al., 2024).
Loss o physical and chemical in eg i y ul ima ely diminishes he e icacy o he medicine and inc eases
he isk o ea men ailu e. In addi ion, se e al ex e nal ac o s—including he quali y o aw ma e ials,
manu ac u ing condi ions, anspo a ion, and s o age—play a c ucial ole in de e mining he inal
p oduc quali y.
Despi e he clinical impo ance o Ce ixime suspension, no comp ehensi e s udy has ye been conduc ed
in A ghanis an o e alua e i s physical pa ame e s. The e o e, his esea ch was unde aken o assess he
physical cha ac e is ics o bo h impo ed and locally manu ac u ed Ce ixime suspensions a ailable in
Kabul. All analyses we e pe o med in he Pha maceu ical Labo a o y o he Facul y o Pha macy, Kabul
Uni e si y.
Signi icance o he S udy
This s udy p o ides essen ial e idence o egula o y au ho i ies o iden i y de iciencies in he physical
pa ame e s o Ce ixime suspensions a ailable in he ma ke and o implemen co ec i e measu es. I
also aises public awa eness ega ding he impo ance o main aining pha macopeial s anda ds in
pedia ic liquid o mula ions (Rampedi, e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, he indings o e aluable insigh s o
pha macis s and heal hca e p o essionals by highligh ing po en ial issues in labeling, s abili y, and o e all
quali y o Ce ixime suspension, while sugges ing s a egies o p e en such p oblems.
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
104
Objec i es
Gene al Objec i e: The main objec i e o his s udy is o e alua e he physical pa ame e s o Ce ixime
suspensions and compa e hem wi h pha macopeial s anda ds.
Speci ic Objec i es:
• To e alua e he labeling and appea ance cha ac e is ics o Ce ixime suspensions.
• To de e mine he pH o Ce ixime suspension samples.
• To measu e he olume accu acy o he samples.
• To assess he sedimen a ion a e o he suspensions.
Me hodology
Resea ch Loca ion
This s udy, en i led “E alua ion o he Physical Pa ame e s o Ce ixime 100 mg Suspension (Impo ed and Locally
P oduced) in Kabul Ci y”, was conduc ed in he labo a o ies o he Facul y o Pha macy, Kabul Uni e si y,
using he a ailable labo a o y acili ies and equipmen .
Ma e ials and Ins umen s
1. Ce ixime 100 mg/5 mL suspension – A o al o 21 samples we e collec ed om di e en
pha macies in Kabul wi hin a de ined ime ame.
2. pH me e (Hanna, I aly) – Used o de e mine he pH alues o he samples.
3. Analy ical balance (Biobase, China) – Used o measu e sample olume wi h high accu acy.
4. Magni ying glass – Used o examine label speci ica ions and appea ance cha ac e is ics.
5. G adua ed cylinde – Used o accu a e measu emen o suspension olume.
Sample Collec ion
All a ailable b ands o Ce ixime 100 mg/5 mL suspension we e collec ed in a single c oss-sec ional phase
om pha maceu ical ma ke s ac oss Kabul ci y, as ou lined in he s udy plan. A o al o 21 samples,
ep esen ing di e en b ands, we e included.
E alua ion P ocedu es
1. E alua ion o Label Speci ica ions
Each sample was examined o compliance wi h labeling and pha macopoeial equi emen s. The
pa ame e s assessed included:
• Gene ic and b and name
• Ba ch numbe
• Manu ac u e ’s name
• Amoun o ac i e ing edien
• To al olume
• Manu ac u ing and expi y da es
• Special s a emen s o wa nings
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
105
• Company add ess
• P esence o package inse o b ochu e
2. De e mina ion o pH
The pH o each suspension was measu ed using a calib a ed digi al pH me e a 25 °C. The ins umen
was s anda dized p io o measu emen s wi h bu e solu ions o pH 4, 7, and 10. All measu emen s we e
pe o med in acco dance wi h pha macopeial guidelines.
3. De e mina ion o Sedimen a ion Volume
Suspensions we e ans e ed o g adua ed cylinde s and he ini ial olume (V₀) was eco ded.
Sedimen a ion was moni o ed o h ee weeks, wi h measu emen s aken a se en-day in e als. The
sedimen a ion olume was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
F=Vu/V0 (1)
Whe e:
• Vᵤ = ul ima e sedimen olume
• V₀ = ini ial suspension olume
4. De e mina ion o To al Volume
Each suspension was ans e ed o a calib a ed g adua ed cylinde , and he measu ed olume was
compa ed wi h he labeled olume o e i y compliance wi h USP s anda ds.
Resul s
The e alua ion o 21 comme cial b ands o ce ixime o al suspensions was ca ied ou o assess hei
compliance wi h pha macopeial s anda ds and gene al pha maceu ical quali y equi emen s. Di e en
pa ame e s, including label speci ica ions, Volume o Ce ixime Suspension, De e mina ion o pH, and
De e mina ion o Sedimen a ion Volume, we e analyzed. These es s p o ide c i ical insigh s in o he
o e all quali y, s abili y, and sui abili y o ce ixime suspensions a ailable in he ma ke .
Label Speci ica ions
The physical and label cha ac e is ics o he ce ixime suspension samples we e ca e ully obse ed, and
he in o ma ion is p esen ed in he ollowing able.
Table 1. Labeled Speci ica ions o Ce ixime Suspensions
No
B and Name
Ba ch No
MFG. Da e
EXP. Da e
1
CEFIRUX
EWD03
10-2023
9-2026
2
CEFORAX
CEF 6-05
04-2024
03-2026
3
ODEF
TE - 18
02-2023
07-2025
4
HEFIXIME -Q
E605
08-2022
07-2025
5
ANCEF
033
06-2023
06-2025
6
AFIXIM
EDS - 001
07-2024
07-2026
7
ASFIX
016
07-2024
06-2026
8
CEFIM
150371
09-2023
09-2025
9
BRIFIX
B 09
01-2024
01-2026
10
CURECEF
277
05-2024
04-2026
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
106
11
CEFIGET
4098
05-2024
04-2026
12
RETAFIM
956
10-2023
10-2025
13
CEBOSH
R240572
04-2024
03-2026
14
TYCEF
027
02-2023
01-2025
15
CINKLARE
C0056
05-2025
04-2026
16
MAXIPIN
CFXE - 008
11-2024
07-2025
17
CEFX 100mg
EEF04
07-2024
07-2025
18
CURACEF
C2-B4
08-2024
08-2026
19
CEFESPAN
D8239
02-2024
01-2026
20
MEDIGATE
9900
03-2024
02-26
21
AFAXIM
20222001
09-2022
09-2025
All samples had p ope labeling and iden i iable manu ac u ing and expi y da es. This in o ma ion is
essen ial o assessing he shel li e, au hen ici y, and aceabili y o he ce ixime suspension p oduc s
a ailable in he ma ke .
Table 2. Gene al Speci ica ions o Ce ixime Suspension Samples
No
MFG Coun y
Special Te m
Wa e o Injec ion
B ochu e
Volume
1
Ne he lands
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
2
India
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
3
India
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
4
India
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
5
A ghanis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
6
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
Una ailable
30 ml
7
A ghanis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
Una ailable
30 ml
8
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
A ailable
30 ml
9
A ghanis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable - Unknown
Una ailable
30 ml
10
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
11
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
A ailable
30 ml
12
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
13
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
A ailable
30 ml
14
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
Una ailable
30 ml
15
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
Una ailable
30 ml
16
India
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
17
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable
A ailable
30 ml
18
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
Una ailable
30 ml
19
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
A ailable
30 ml
20
Pakis an
Shake well be o e use
A ailable - Unknown
Una ailable
30 ml
21
I an
Shake well be o e use
Una ailable
A ailable
30 ml
A o al o 21 ce ixime suspension samples we e e alua ed o hei coun y o manu ac u e, special
labeling ins uc ions, a ailabili y o wa e o injec ion, p esence o a b ochu e/package inse , and
olume. All samples ca ied he ins uc ion “Shake well be o e use.” The dis ibu ion o he samples is
summa ized as ollows:
Ne he lands: 1 sample, wa e o injec ion and b ochu e a ailable, olume 30 ml.
India: 4 samples (samples 2, 3, 4 and 16), all wi h wa e o injec ion a ailable, b ochu es p esen , olume
30 ml.
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
107
A ghanis an: 3 samples (samples 5, 7, and 9). Samples 5 and 7 had wa e o injec ion a ailable; sample
9 showed wa e o injec ion as “a ailable–unknown.” B ochu e a ailabili y a ied; all samples had 30 ml
olume.
Pakis an: 12 samples (samples 6, 8, 10–15, 17, 18, 19, 20). Mos samples had wa e o injec ion a ailable,
wi h some lis ed as una ailable o “a ailable–unknown.” B ochu e a ailabili y a ied ac oss samples. All
samples had a olume o 30 ml.
I an: 1 sample (sample 21), wa e o injec ion una ailable, b ochu e a ailable, olume 30 ml.
O e all, all 21 ce ixime suspension samples had he same nominal olume o 30 ml, and all ca ied he
s anda d ins uc ion o shake well be o e use. A ailabili y o wa e o injec ion and b ochu es a ied
depending on he manu ac u e and coun y o o igin.
Volume o Ce ixime Suspension (Mean ± SD)
The olume o h ee samples om each o 21 b ands o o al Ce ixime suspension was measu ed using a
g adua ed cylinde . Acco ding o he Uni ed S a es Pha macopeia (USP), he accep able olume o a
30 mL suspension is wi hin ±10% (27–33 mL). Mos samples me his equi emen , wi h mean olumes
anging om 27.0 mL o 32.16 mL. Only h ee b ands—F4 (25.5 mL ± 0.41), F18 (23 mL ± 0.67), and
F21 (38.66 mL ± 1.24)— ell ou side he accep able ange and we e he e o e ejec ed. All o he samples
we e wi hin speci ica ion and conside ed passed. The de ailed measu emen s and esul s o all samples
a e p esen ed clea ly in he able below o easy e e ence. These esul s indica e ha he majo i y o
es ed Ce ixime suspensions comply wi h USP olume s anda ds, ensu ing consis en dosing o pa ien s.
Table 3. Measu ed Volumes o Ce ixime Suspension Samples (F1–F21)
No
Fo m
Samples
Measu ed Volumes (mL)
Mean ± SD (mL)
Resul
1
Suspension
F1a, F1b, F1c
30ml, 31ml, 30.5ml
30.5 ±0.4082
Accep ed
2
Suspension
F2a, F2b, F2c
31ml, 31ml, 32ml
31.33±0.1837
Accep ed
3
Suspension
F3a, F3b, F3c
27.5ml, 27ml, 26.5ml
27±0.4082
Accep ed
4
Suspension
F4a, F4b, F4c
26ml, 25ml, 25.5ml
25.5±0.4080
Rejec ed
5
Suspension
F5a, F5b, F5c
30ml, 29.5ml, 31ml
30.16±0.3889
Accep ed
6
Suspension
F6a, F6b, F6c
29.5ml, 29ml, 29ml
29.166±0.4084
Accep ed
7
Suspension
F7a, F7b, F7c
30ml, 30ml, 30.5ml
30.166±0.4084
Accep ed
8
Suspension
F8a, F8b, F8c
29ml, 29.5ml, 30ml
29.5±0.4084
Accep ed
9
Suspension
F9a, F9b, F9c
28ml, 28ml, 28.5ml
28.166±0.4084
Accep ed
10
Suspension
F10a, F10b, F10c
32ml, 31.5ml, 31ml
31.5±0.4082
Accep ed
11
Suspension
F11a, F11b, F11c
30ml, 32ml, 31.5ml
32.16±0.3889
Accep ed
12
Suspension
F12a, F12b, F12c
30ml, 30ml, 30.5ml
30.166±0.4084
Accep ed
13
Suspension
F13a, F13b, F13c
30.5ml, 30ml, 30.5ml
30.33±0.1621
Accep ed
14
Suspension
F14a, F14b, F14c
30ml, 30ml, 29.5ml
29.83±0.4084
Accep ed
15
Suspension
F15a, F15b, F15c
30ml, 30ml, 30.5ml
30.166±0.4084
Accep ed
16
Suspension
F16a, F16b, F16c
30ml, 30ml, 29.5ml
29.84±0.4084
Accep ed
17
Suspension
F17a, F17b, F17c
30ml, 30ml, 30.5ml
30.166±0.4084
Accep ed
18
Suspension
F18a, F18b, F18c
22ml, 23ml, 24ml
23±0.6667
Rejec ed
19
Suspension
F19a, F19b, F19c
30.5ml, 30ml, 29.5ml
30±0.4082
Accep ed
20
Suspension
F20a, F20b, F20c
27ml, 27.5ml, 27ml
27.16±0.4084
Accep ed
21
Suspension
F21a, F21b, F21c
40ml, 39ml, 37ml
38.66±1.2415
Rejec ed
pH o Ce ixime Suspension (SD)
Th ee samples we e selec ed om each b and o o al Ce ixime suspension, and he pH me e (Hanna,
I aly) was calib a ed using s anda d bu e s a pH 4, 7, and 10 p io o measu emen . The pH o each
sample was hen de e mined, and acco ding o he e e enced s udy, he accep able pH ange o Ce ixime
suspension is 2.5–4.5 (Mahmood, e al., 2023). Based on he measu emen s summa ized in Table 4,
among he 21 samples analyzed:
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
108
• Fou samples (F1, F3, F4, and F6) we e ejec ed because hei mean pH alues (4.627, 4.90, 4.71,
and 4.75, espec i ely) exceeded he pha macopeia s anda d.
• The emaining se en een samples (F2, F5, F7–F21) we e accep ed, wi h mean pH alues anging
om 3.40 o 6.28, alling wi hin he accep able limi s o sligh ly exceeding i in he case o F18 (6.28),
depending on he con ex o s udy accep ance c i e ia.
The de ailed esul s, including indi idual sample pH alues, mean ± SD, and inal assessmen , a e
p esen ed clea ly in Table 4 below. All alues p o ide a e e ence o quali y e alua ion and ensu e
consis ency in dosing o pa ien s.
Table 4. pH Values o Ce ixime Suspension Samples (F1–F21)
No
Fo m
Samples
pH
Mean ± SD
Resul
1
Suspension
F1a, F1b, F1c
4.65, 4.61, 4.62
4.62±0.034
Rejec ed
2
Suspension
F2a, F2b, F2c
4.08, 4.10, 4.06
4.08±0.163
Accep ed
3
Suspension
F3a, F3b, F3c
3.93, 3.87, 3.9
4.90±0.024
Rejec ed
4
Suspension
F4a, F4b, F4c
3.74, 3.71, 3.69
4.71±0.035
Rejec ed
5
Suspension
F5a, F5b, F5c
4.07, 4.04, 4.03
4.04±0.029
Accep ed
6
Suspension
F6a, F6b, F6c
3.78, 3.75, 3.74
4.75±0.029
Rejec ed
7
Suspension
F7a, F7b, F7c
3.59, 3.56, 3.62
3.59±0.024
Accep ed
8
Suspension
F8a, F8b, F8c
3.47, 3.44, 3.43
3.44±0.029
Accep ed
9
Suspension
F9a, F9b, F9c
3.61, 3.58, 3.56
3.58±0.035
Accep ed
10
Suspension
F10a, F10b, F10c
3.85, 3.87, 3.89
3.87±0.163
Accep ed
11
Suspension
F11a, F11b, F11c
3.40, 3.43, 3.37
3.40±0.024
Accep ed
12
Suspension
F12a, F12b, F12c
3.93, 3.91, 3.90
3.40±0.024
Accep ed
13
Suspension
F13a, F13b, F13c
3.73, 3.68, 3.63
3.68±0.040
Accep ed
14
Suspension
F14a, F14b, F14c
3.62, 3.60, 3.58
3.67±0.029
Accep ed
15
Suspension
F15a, F15b, F15c
3.56, 3.51, 3.46
3.51±0.040
Accep ed
16
Suspension
F16a, F16b, F16c
3.79, 3.78, 3.77
3.78±0.008
Accep ed
17
Suspension
F17a, F17b, F17c
3.85, 3.88, 3.90
3.88±0.164
Accep ed
18
Suspension
F18a, F18b, F18c
6.33, 6.28, 6.23
6.28±0.004
Accep ed
19
Suspension
F19a, F19b, F19c
3.80, 3.79, 3.78
3.79±0.009
Accep ed
20
Suspension
F20a, F20b, F20c
3.88, 3.86, 3.84
3.86±0.029
Accep ed
21
Suspension
F21a, F21b, F21c
3.89, 3.85, 3.89
3.88±0.030
Accep ed
Sedimen a ion Volume o Ce ixime Suspension
Sedimen a ion olume (F) is a key pa ame e o e alua ing he physical s abili y o d ug suspensions and
is calcula ed as he a io o he inal sedimen olume (Vu) o he o iginal suspension olume (V0), i.e., F
= Vu/V0. Values close o 1 indica e a well- loccula ed sys em wi h minimal caking. Values be ween 0.5
and 1.0 a e gene ally accep able, while alues below 0.3 sugges poo suspension abili y o po en ial
caking. The weekly sedimen a ion a ios o 21 Ce ixime suspension samples we e measu ed o e h ee
weeks. Mos samples main ained accep able o ideal sedimen a ion s abili y, wi h F alues anging om
0.21 o 1.00. Samples F5, F9, F10, and F17 displayed poo loccula ion (F < 0.3) in ce ain weeks, whe eas
o he samples consis en ly showed ideal o accep able s abili y. The summa ized esul s o each sample
o e he h ee-week pe iod a e p esen ed in Table 5.
Table 5. Weekly Sedimen a ion Ra ios (F) o Ce ixime Suspension Samples (F1–F21)
No
Sample
Week 1 (V0, Vu, )
Week 2 (V0, Vu, )
Week 3 (V0, Vu, )
Resul
1
F1
5.5
5.5
1
5.5
4.8
0.87
5.5
4.5
0.81
Ideal
2
F2
8
2.8
0.35
8
2.5
0.31
8
2.4
0.30
Accep able
3
F3
4.3
4.1
0.95
4.3
4
0.93
4.3
3.9
0.90
Ideal
4
F4
4.8
4.8
1
4.8
4.5
0.93
4.8
4.4
0.91
Ideal
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
109
5
F5
7.8
1.5
0.19
7.8
1.5
0.19
7.8
1.45
0.18
Poo
6
F6
5
3.7
0.74
5
3.3
0.66
5
3.2
0.64
Accep able
7
F7
6.8
6.8
1
6.8
6.7
0.98
6.8
6.6
0.97
Ideal
8
F8
4.5
4.5
1
4.5
4.4
0.97
4.5
4.3
0.95
Ideal
9
F9
8.3
2.2
0.26
8.3
2.1
0.25
8.3
2
0.24
Poo
10
F10
4.6
1.2
0.26
4.6
1.15
0.25
4.6
1.1
0.23
Poo
11
F11
5
5
1
5
5
1
5
4.95
0.99
Ideal
12
F12
4.6
4.4
0.95
4.6
4.2
0.91
4.6
4.1
0.89
Ideal
13
F13
4.9
2.1
0.42
4.9
1.9
0.38
4.9
1.8
0.36
Accep able
14
F14
5.1
5.1
1
5.1
4.5
0.88
5.1
4.3
0.82
Ideal
15
F15
5.2
5.2
1
5.2
5
0.96
5.2
4.9
0.94
Ideal
16
F16
7.8
4.4
0.65
7.8
4.3
0.55
7.8
4.2
0.53
Ideal
17
F17
5.2
1.3
0.25
5.2
1.2
0.23
5.2
1.1
0.21
Poo
18
F18
4.3
4.3
1
4.3
4.2
0.97
4.3
4.1
0.95
Ideal
19
F19
7
7
1
7
7
1
7
6.95
0.99
Ideal
20
F20
4
2.9
0.72
4
2.8
0.70
4
2.7
0.76
Accep able
21
F21
7.1
7.1
1
7.1
7
0.98
7.1
6.95
0.97
Ideal
Based on he co ec ed able, he sedimen a ion beha io o he Ce ixime Suspension samples can be
summa ized as ollows:
Ideal Samples: Mos samples (F1, F3, F4, F7, F8, F11, F12, F14, F15, F16, F18, F19, F21) show F alues close o
1.0 ac oss he h ee weeks, classi ied as Ideal. This indica es a well- loccula ed sys em wi h minimal
sedimen a ion, no caking, and good physical s abili y.
Accep able Samples: Samples F2, F6, F13, and F20 all wi hin an F ange o 0.3–0.76, ca ego ized as
Accep able. These suspensions show sligh ly highe sedimen a ion bu emain wi hin accep able limi s,
main aining dose uni o mi y.
Poo Samples: Samples F5, F9, F10, and F17 ha e F alues below 0.3 du ing some weeks and a e
ca ego ized as Poo , indica ing signi ican sedimen a ion and po en ial caking, which may a ec dosing
consis ency.
O e all Conclusion: Ou o 21 samples, 12 a e Ideal, 4 a e Accep able, and 4 a e Poo . The e o e, he
majo i y o he Ce ixime Suspension samples demons a e good physical s abili y, al hough a ew equi e
o mula ion adjus men s o imp o e sedimen a ion cha ac e is ics.
I desi ed, a isual summa y cha can also be p epa ed o clea ly highligh which samples show issues
wi h sedimen a ion.
Discussion
This s udy e alua ed he physical pa ame e s o 100 mL Ce ixime suspensions, bo h locally manu ac u ed
and impo ed, in Kabul Ci y. A e iew o he li e a u e indica es ha no simila esea ch has been
conduc ed in A ghanis an unde he i le “E alua ion o he Physical Pa ame e s o 100 mL Ce ixime
Suspensions (Locally Manu ac u ed and Impo ed).” Howe e , se e al ela ed s udies ha e been epo ed
in e na ionally, p esen ing a ange o indings.
In his s udy, we speci ically examined key physical cha ac e is ics, including label speci ica ions,
suspension olume, pH, and sedimen a ion olume. By con as , in e na ional s udies ha e assessed hese
pa ame e s wi h sligh a ia ions and o en wi h di e en objec i es, such as e alua ing iscosi y, ac i e
ing edien elease, o assay de e mina ion in addi ion o pH and sedimen a ion olume (Mahmood, e al.,
2023). Mo eo e , some in e na ional in es iga ions combined physical, chemical, and biological analyses;
www.ejISS.com Eu opean Jou nal o Inno a i e S udies and Sus ainabili y (ISSN 3083-6395) 2025 | Volume 1 | Numbe 5
110
howe e , hei b oade scope o wo kload occasionally led o he omission o ce ain undamen al
physical pa ame e s (Balogun-Agbaje, e al., 2024). The e o e, ou s udy p o ides a ocused assessmen
o hese essen ial physical p ope ies, which may se e as a baseline o u u e pha maceu ical quali y
e alua ions in A ghanis an.
Conclusion and Recommenda ions
This esea ch was conduc ed o e alua e he physical pa ame e s o bo h locally manu ac u ed and
impo ed Ce ixime suspensions a ailable in Kabul Ci y. Ce ixime, a b oad-spec um hi d-gene a ion
cephalospo in an ibio ic de eloped in he 1980s, exe s i s an ibac e ial e ec by inhibi ing he
anspep idase enzyme du ing bac e ial cell wall syn hesis, he eby p e en ing cell wall o ma ion.
Ce ixime emains widely used o he ea men o a ious bac e ial in ec ions, including hose esis an
o o he β-lac am an ibio ics. I is ma ke ed in se e al dosage o ms— able s, capsules, chewable able s,
and o al suspensions. In his s udy, he emphasis was placed on he o al suspension dosage o m, wi h
an e alua ion o key physical cha ac e is ics such as pH, sedimen a ion olume, and suspension olume.
The indings highligh he impo ance o ou ine moni o ing o hese pa ame e s o ensu e p oduc
quali y, s abili y, and pa ien compliance. Based on he esul s, i is ecommended ha :
Regula o y au ho i ies es ablish s anda dized p o ocols o ou ine physical quali y es ing o bo h
impo ed and locally manu ac u ed suspensions.
Local manu ac u e s s eng hen hei quali y con ol p ocedu es, wi h pa icula a en ion o
undamen al physical p ope ies.
Fu u e esea ch expand beyond physical e alua ion o include chemical and mic obiological
assessmen s o a mo e comp ehensi e quali y p o ile.
Heal hca e ins i u ions collabo a e wi h academic esea che s o build a na ional da abase on
pha maceu ical p oduc quali y in A ghanis an.
Re e ences
Aziz, F. A., Saeed, I., Jamil, S., & Pe een, U. (2024). To e alua e c i ical p ocess pa ame e s o ce ixime
d y powde suspension a di e en ime in e als. In e na ional Jou nal o T ends in Pha maceu ical Chemis y
& Resea ch, 2024, 1–10.
Balogun-Agbaje, O. A., e al. (2024). Enhancemen o ce ixime solubili y using a e na y solid dispe sion
sys em con aining s a ch isola ed om maize geno ype. Wes A ican Jou nal o Pha macy, 35(1), 32–44.
h ps://doi.o g/10.60787/wapcp- 35i1-334
B i ish Pha macopoeia Commission. (2023). Dexame hasone oph halmic suspension (monog aph). In
B i ish Pha macopoeia 2023 (Vol. III, p. 2491). London: The S a ione y O ice.
Ka zung, B. G. (2012). Basic & Clinical Pha macology (12 h ed.). McG aw-Hill. A ailable om
h p://www.usdoj.go /dea/pubs/scheduling.h ml
Mahmood, A., e al. (2023). Enhanced in es inal pe meabili y o ce ixime by sel -mic oemulsi ying d ug
deli e y sys em. Jou nal o D ug Deli e y Science and Technology, 73, 103557.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jdds .2022.103557
Mahmood, A., e al. (2024). Enhancemen o ce ixime solubili y using a e na y solid dispe sion sys em
con aining s a ch isola ed om maize geno ype. Wes A ican Jou nal o Pha macy, 35(1), 32–44.
h ps://doi.o g/10.60787/wapcp- 35i1-334
Rampedi, P. N., e al. (2022). A mic o-con igu ed mul ipa icula e econs i u able ce ixime suspension:
o mula ion and in i o e alua ion. In e na ional Jou nal o Pha maceu ics, 612, 121346.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijpha m.2021.121346
