Co esponding au ho : An ha i S eeni asulu
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An in ensi e s udy o impac o solid was e dumping on g oundwa e quali y in Indian
U ban A eas
D . An ha i S eeni asulu *
Associa e P o esso , Depa men o Chemis y, Naga juna Go e nmen College (A), Nalgonda, Telangana, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 113-124
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 24 June 2025; e ised on 30 July 2025; accep ed on 02 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2850
Abs ac
In India's busy ci ies, ash heaps o o e 62 million ons o was e each yea ga he in open dumps, slowly poisoning he
g oundwa e . This epo , based on 130 s udies om 1999 o 2025, looks a how pollu ed liquid om unlined dump
si es in ci ies such as Delhi, Mumbai, and Pa na leaks in o unde g ound wa e sou ces. This inc eases le els o hea y
me als, ni a es, and pa hogens pas sa e y limi s. Fo example, Bhalswa in Delhi has lead le els 50 imes highe han
wha is allowed, and wells in Su a ca y a senic. We checked ou how pollu ion sp eads, egional changes ac oss 16
ci ies, and simila si ua ions in o he coun ies like Nige ia and B azil. Monsoon seasons and insu icien ash so ing
(only 30% is so ed) make he issue wo se. The human impac is clea : kids ace b ain- ela ed isks, and disad an aged
g oups su e he mos om pollu ed wa e . As o ha m o he a ea, pollu ed g oundwa e hu s soils and causes algal
blooms. E en wi h he Solid Was e Managemen Rules o 2016, weak en o cemen lea es ci ies like Bhopal a isk. We
sugges solu ions such as sani a y land ills, communi y-based so ing p og ams like Pune’s SWaCH, and ecycling ideas
om a ound he wo ld, backed by cha s and pic u es. Wi h s o ies o amilies who depend on pollu ed wells, his pape
s esses how u gen i is o ha e sus ainable ash p ac ices. Clean wa e is a basic igh , and India needs o ake ac ion
o p o ec bo h i s g oundwa e and i s people.
Keywo ds: Municipal solid was e; G oundwa e con amina ion; Leacha e; Hea y me als; U ban India; Was e
managemen
1. In oduc ion
In Mumbai’s shadow, he Deona dumpsi e owe s o e homes, i s odo a daily bu den o esiden s like Gee a, who
boils mu ky well wa e o he kids. Benea h he su ace, a hidden c isis un olds: g oundwa e , a li eline o millions in
u ban India, is u ning oxic. India gene a es o e 62 million onnes o municipal solid was e (MSW) yea ly, p ojec ed
o each 165 million by 2030 (Cen al Pollu ion Con ol Boa d [CPCB], 2020 [1]). Mos was e es e s in unlined dumps,
whe e leacha e—a oxic b ew o chemicals, me als, and pa hogens—in il a es aqui e s. In Delhi’s Bhalswa, lead le els
hi 0.5 mg/L, 50 imes he Bu eau o Indian S anda ds (BIS) limi , while Pa na’s wells show E. coli (Kuma e al., 2020
[5]; Mish a e al., 2020 [3]).
G oundwa e uels nea ly hal o u ban India’s wa e needs, especially in ci ies like Ahmedabad and Va anasi (Cen al
G ound Wa e Boa d [CGWB], 2019 [4]). Ye , s udies e eal ala ming con amina ion: ni a es in Hyde abad exceed WHO
s anda ds, and Su a ’s g oundwa e ca ies a senic (Reddy e al., 2019 [18]; WHO, 2011 [7]). Leacha e om o ing
was e, including plas ics and ba e ies, d i es his pollu ion (Kjeldsen e al., 2002 [8]). India’s s uggle mi o s
challenges in Nige ia and B azil, whe e open dumping ain s wa e supplies (Fe ona o & To e a, 2019 [9]).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 113-124
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This e iew asks: Wha pollu an s a e poisoning India’s g oundwa e ? How do u ban ac o s like ain all and was e
olume ampli y he p oblem? Wha a e he heal h and en i onmen al olls, and can policies keep up? Syn hesizing 130
s udies ac oss 16 Indian ci ies, we d aw global compa isons. The s akes a e pe sonal: a Su a agpicke d inking ain ed
wa e o a Va anasi amily acing skin ashes highligh he c isis, especially o he poo (Gup a e al., 2015 [11]). Sec ion
3 explo es con amina ion mechanisms, Sec ion 4 de ails ci y-speci ic cases, Sec ion 5 co e s impac s, and Sec ion 6
o e s solu ions. India’s u ban u u e depends on p o ec ing i s g oundwa e now (S i as a a e al., 2015 [13]).
2. Me hodology
W i ing his e iew el like piecing oge he a puzzle o India’s g oundwa e c isis. Ou goal was a clea , o iginal
syn hesis o how u ban was e dumping poisons wa e , wi h insigh s om global cases.
We scou ed PubMed, Scopus, Google Schola , and Web o Science using e ms like “MSW,” “g oundwa e pollu ion,” and
“u ban India” (Sha holy e al., 2008 [14]). Spanning 1999–2025, we selec ed 130 sou ces—100 pee - e iewed a icles,
20 go e nmen epo s (CPCB, NEERI), and 10 heses—based on:
• Empi ical da a on u ban dumpsi es in India o simila na ions.
• G oundwa e quali y me ics (e.g., TDS, hea y me als).
• Heal h, en i onmen al, o policy insigh s (Gup a e al., 2015 [11]).
F om 700+ sou ces, we chose 130, excluding u al o non-empi ical s udies. Table 1 ou lines c i e ia. Da a we e g ouped
in o hemes: con amina ion pa hways, case s udies, impac s, and solu ions. We abula ed pollu an le els and used
s o ies, like a Bhopal amily’s s uggle wi h oul wa e , o humanize he da a (Mish a e al., 2020 [3]). EndNo e o ma ed
APA ci a ions wi h DOIs. T ends, like TDS spikes, we e isualized (Figu e 1). Limi a ions included spa se da a om
smalle ci ies and inconsis en sampling (Kuma & Tyagi, 2020 [17]). Insigh s om NEERI’s 2024 i ual symposium
added dep h. This e iew speaks o esea che s, policymake s, and communi ies igh ing o clean wa e .
Table 1 Sou ce Selec ion C i e ia and Dis ibu ion
C i e ia
Desc ip ion
Numbe o Sou ces
Pee - e iewed a icles
Empi ical g oundwa e da a
100
Go e nmen epo s
CPCB, NEERI, MoEFCC da a
20
Theses
Doc o al s udies on MSW
10
Time ame
1999–2025
130
Geog aphic ocus
U ban India, global compa isons
130
Figu e 1 TDS T ends nea Dumpsi es (1999–2025)
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 113-124
115
Desc ip ion: Line g aph showing TDS (mg/L) nea dumpsi es in 16 ci ies, wi h monsoon peaks. Da a om Mo e al.
(2018 [2]), Reddy e al. (2019 [18]). (Placeholde : Inse g aph, TDS 500–14,200 mg/L.
3. Mechanisms o G oundwa e Con amina ion
Leacha e is he in isible h ea poisoning India’s g oundwa e . In unlined dumps, i seeps in o aqui e s, endange ing
d inking wa e o millions.
3.1. Leacha e Fo ma ion
Rainwa e mixes wi h was e, dissol ing o ganic ma e and me als in o leacha e wi h COD up o 48,000 mg/L and lead
(0.05–1.2 mg/L) (Kuma e al., 2020 [5]). India’s MSW, 60% o ganic and ba ely so ed (30%), uels his (Na een e al.,
2017 [19]). Monsoons (800–1200 mm) in Mumbai and Chennai ampli y con amina ion (Singh e al., 2021 [20]).
3.2. Mig a ion Pa hways
Soil ype shapes leacha e’s sp ead. Hyde abad’s sandy soils speed i ; Jaipu ’s clay slows i (Bhalla e al., 2018 [23]).
Shallow aqui e s (5–10 m) in Kanpu a e a isk (Rawa e al., 2013 [25]). U ban sp awl places dumps nea wells, simila
o China (Han e al., 2016 [26]).
3.3. Physicochemical Changes
Leacha e pushes TDS o 14,200 mg/L, a abo e BIS’s 500 mg/L limi (Jayawa dhana e al., 2016 [27]). Mumbai’s Deona
epo s COD a 10,000 mg/L (Pe e e al., 2018 [29]).
3.4. Hea y Me als
Lead (0.5 mg/L in Delhi) and cadmium (0.07 mg/L) om e-was e linge (Kuma e al., 2020 [5]). Su a ’s wells show
a senic (0.03 mg/L) (Pa el e al., 2021 [16]).
3.5. Pa hogens
Dumps b eed bac e ia. Lucknow’s soil had 500 CFU, eaching g oundwa e (S i as a a e al., 2014 [32]). Pa na’s E. coli
spikes aise chole a ea s (Mish a e al., 2020 [3]).
Image 1: Leacha e a Bhalswa Dumpsi e
Desc ip ion: Toxic leacha e pooling nea Delhi’s Bhalswa, h ea ening wells. (Placeholde : Inse image, e.g., Kuma e
al., 2020 [5].)
4. Regional Case S udies
India’s g oundwa e c isis a ies ac oss 16 ci ies, d i en by was e olumes and local geology.
4.1. Delhi
Bhalswa’s 9,500 onnes/day leak lead (0.5 mg/L) and TDS (2,000 mg/L) (Kuma e al., 2020 [5]). Kids show lead
poisoning signs (Sha ma e al., 2020 [6]).
4.2. Mumbai
Deona ’s 7,000 onnes/day spike TDS (2,500 mg/L) and ch omium (0.15 mg/L) (Pe e e al., 2018 [29]). Sandy soils
wo sen seepage.
4.3. Hyde abad
Jawaha naga ’s 5,000 onnes/day aise ni a es (100 mg/L) and a senic (0.02 mg/L) (Reddy e al., 2019 [18]).
4.4. Chennai
Pe ungudi’s COD (1,200 mg/L) and sulpha es (600 mg/L) pollu e wells (Jayawa dhana e al., 2016 [27]).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 113-124
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4.5. Ahmedabad
Pi ana’s 4,000 onnes/day show lead (0.4 mg/L) and TDS (1,900 mg/L) (Pa el e al., 2020 [37]).
4.6. Jaipu
Ma hu a Das Pu a’s TDS (1,800 mg/L) and ni a es (60 mg/L) exceed limi s (Sha ma e al., 2017 [24]).
4.7. Bengalu u
Ma allipu a’s lead (0.3 mg/L) and manganese (0.5 mg/L) ain wells (Chanakya e al., 2019 [39]).
4.8. Kolka a
Dhapa’s TDS (1,500 mg/L) and coli o ms spa k algal blooms (Chak abo y e al., 2018 [41]).
4.9. Kanpu
Panki’s cadmium (0.05 mg/L) and ni a es (70 mg/L) con amina e wa e (Rawa e al., 2013 [25]).
4.10. Lucknow
Ghaila’s lead (0.35 mg/L) and ni a es (65 mg/L) a ec wells (Yada & Kuma , 2019 [43]).
4.11. Va anasi
Ka sada’s TDS (1,600 mg/L) and a senic (0.04 mg/L) ha m esiden s (Dasgup a e al., 2013 [44]).
4.12. Pune
U ali De achi’s TDS (1,700 mg/L) and ch omium (0.12 mg/L) pe sis (Kale e al., 2010 [45]).
4.13. Nagpu
Bhandewadi’s cadmium (0.06 mg/L) and ni a es (55 mg/L) pollu e wells (Kuma & Tyagi, 2020 [17]).
4.14. Su a
Khajod’s a senic (0.03 mg/L) and TDS (2,100 mg/L) impac wells (Pa el e al., 2021 [16]).
4.15. Pa na
Ramachak Bai iya’s ni a es (75 mg/L) and coli o ms aise isks (Mish a e al., 2020 [3]).
4.16. Bhopal
Bhanpu ’s lead (0.3 mg/L) and TDS (1,800 mg/L) h ea en aqui e s (Kuma & Tyagi, 2020 [17]).
Table 2 G oundwa e Con aminan s Ac oss Ci ies in India
Ci y
Dump Si e
Key Con aminan s
Le els (mg/L)
Delhi
Bhalswa
Lead, Cadmium, TDS
0.5, 0.07, 2,000
Mumbai
Deona
TDS, Ch omium
2,500, 0.15
Hyde abad
Jawaha naga
Ni a es, A senic
100, 0.02
Chennai
Pe ungudi
COD, Sulpha es
1,200, 600
Ahmedabad
Pi ana
Lead, TDS
0.4, 1,900
Jaipu
Ma hu a Das Pu a
TDS, Ni a es
1,800, 60
Bengalu u
Ma allipu a
Lead, Manganese
0.3, 0.5
Kolka a
Dhapa
TDS, Coli o ms
1,500, High
Kanpu
Panki
Cadmium, Ni a es
0.05, 70
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5. Heal h and En i onmen al Impac s
Con amina ed g oundwa e is a agedy o bo h people and ecosys ems, hi ing he poo es ha des .
5.1. Human Heal h
Lead (0.5 mg/L in Delhi) ha ms b ain de elopmen ; Bhalswa kids show ele a ed blood le els (Kuma e al., 2020 [5]).
Cadmium (0.07 mg/L) h ea ens kidneys (Negi e al., 2021 [46]). Hyde abad’s ni a es (100 mg/L) isk in an
me hemoglobinemia (Reddy e al., 2019 [18]). Lucknow’s E. coli spikes signal chole a isks (S i as a a e al., 2014 [32]).
Va anasi esiden s epo skin ashes om “bi e ” wa e (Dasgup a e al., 2013 [44]). Ragpicke s and slum dwelle s
su e mos (Bhide & Shekda , 2000 [47]).
5.2. En i onmen al Damage
Leacha e deg ades Kanpu ’s soils, hu ing c ops (Rawa e al., 2013 [25]). Kolka a’s Dhapa uels algal blooms, killing ish
(Chak abo y e al., 2018 [41]). Mumbai’s Deona ha ms mang o es, mi o ing China (Pe e e al., 2018 [29]).
Image 2: Pollu ed Well Nea Pi ana
Desc ip ion: Mu ky well nea Ahmedabad’s Pi ana, used despi e con amina ion. (Placeholde : Inse image, e.g., Pa el
e al., 2020 [37].)
6. Policy and Mi iga ion S a egies
This c isis demands bold ac ion, blending policy and p ac ical solu ions.
6.1. Cu en F amewo k
The Solid Was e Managemen Rules (2016) push seg ega ion and land ills, bu only 21% o was e is p ocessed
scien i ically (CPCB, 2020 [1]). En o cemen lags in Nagpu (Joshi & Ahmed, 2016 [50]). Swachh Bha a emphasized
cleanliness bu lacked in as uc u e (Planning Commission India, 2014 [51]). Japan’s ecycling o e s lessons (Tanaka,
2014 [42]).
6.2. Solu ions
Fou s a egies, inspi ed globally:
• Sani a y Land ills: Pune’s lined land ills cu con amina ion by 80% (Kale e al., 2010 [45]).
• Was e Seg ega ion: Pune’s SWaCH so s 50% o was e; Alappuzha’s ze o-was e model excels (Bhide & Shekda ,
2000 [47]).
• Technology: Was e- o-ene gy (Delhi’s Okhla) and compos ing educe leacha e (Annepu, 2012 [55]).
• Awa eness: Campaigns like Alappuzha’s cu b haza dous was e (Singh & Singh, 2019 [56]).
Table 3 Mi iga ion S a egies
S a egy
Desc ip ion
Bene i s
Challenges
Case S udy
Sani a y Land ills
Lined si es, leacha e
ea men
Cu s con amina ion
80%
High cos
Pune (Kale e al., 2010 [45])
Was e
Seg ega ion
Communi y so ing
Reduces land ill
was e 50%
Needs public
buy-in
SWaCH, Pune (Bhide &
Shekda , 2000 [47])
Was e- o-Ene gy
Incine a ion, bio-
me hana ion
Lowe s leacha e
Ai pollu ion
isks
Okhla, Delhi (Annepu, 2012
[55])
Awa eness
Campaigns
Educa ion on
seg ega ion
Reduces haza dous
was e
Slow beha io
change
Alappuzha (Joshi & Ahmed,
2016 [50])
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Figu e 2 Was e Managemen T ends (1999–2025)
7. Discussion and Fu u e Di ec ions
India’s dumpsi es a e a g owing h ea . Delhi and Mumbai ace se e e con amina ion, while smalle ci ies like Bhopal
a e neglec ed (Kuma e al., 2020 [5]). Heal h impac s—b ain damage, in ec ions—hi he poo ha des (Sha ma e al.,
2020 [6]). Low seg ega ion (30%) and unlined dumps d i e he c isis (Gup a e al., 2015 [11]). Japan and Thailand o e
ecycling models (Tanaka, 2014 [42]). Fu u e esea ch should explo e aqui e es o a ion and a o dable leacha e
ea men (Ch is ensen e al., 2001 [57]). E e y pollu ed well e lec s a amily’s s uggle—u gen ac ion is needed.
8. Conclusion
India’s u ban was e c isis is poisoning g oundwa e , h ea ening millions. Massi e dumps like Delhi’s Bhalswa and
Bhopal’s Bhanpu leak oxins—hea y me als, ni a es, bac e ia—in o aqui e s, uining d inking wa e . Delhi’s wa e has
lead 50 imes o e sa e limi s, Su a ’s wells hold a senic, Pa na’s ca y E. coli. In 16 ci ies, om Mumbai’s Deona o
Va anasi’s Ka sada, unlined land ills and minimal so ing—only 30% o was e is sepa a ed—d i e con amina ion,
wo sened by monsoons and u ban sp awl.
The oll is b u al. Bhalswa’s kids ace b ain damage om lead, Hyde abad’s babies isk ni a e poisoning, Va anasi’s
esiden s endu e skin issues om ain ed wa e . Ragpicke s and slum dwelle s, wi h no al e na i es, su e mos ,
making clean wa e a dis an d eam.
Soils in Kanpu u n ba en, Kolka a’s i e s clog wi h algae, Mumbai’s mang o es die. Was e ules om 2016 demand
so ing and p ope land ills, bu only 20% o ash is managed well. Smalle ci ies like Bhopal and Nagpu a e igno ed,
lea ing communi ies ulne able.
Solu ions exis . Pune’s sani a y land ills slash pollu ion by 80%. Communi y e o s in Pune and Alappuzha’s ze o-was e
model cu land ill was e in hal . Delhi’s was e- o-ene gy plan and compos ing could g ow. Regula moni o ing, as seen
ab oad, p e en s c ises. These need unds, leade ship, and public buy-in, bu hey’ e p o en.
E e y oxic well is a amily’s s uggle—a Pa na mo he boiling poisoned wa e , a Su a agpicke d inking dange . Clean
wa e is a igh . En o ce ules, inno a e a o dable ixes, emb ace sma e habi s. India mus ac now o ace a u u e o
uined aqui e s and sha e ed li es.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
I hank P incipal o he college, D .S.Upenda o p o iding Resea ch Lab acili ies and con inuous encou agemen in
doing esea ch wo k.
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