D2.6 TECHNO-ECONOMIC MAP OF HEAT UPGRADE TECHNOLOGIES

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
1
D2.6 TECHNO-ECONOMIC
MAP OF HEAT UPGRADE
TECHNOLOGIES
V0.3
G an ag eemen No: 101069689
F om: Tecnalia
P epa ed by: Lau a Alonso (TECNALIA), Jose Luis Co ales (TECNALIA), Mehdi Aminya a i (BONO),
Tommaso Toppi (POLIMI), Icía Be nal (CARTIF), Dalia Janicki (QPINCH), Tim Hamache (SPH), Aldo
Se a ino (ENERTIME), Golnoosh Mi (ENERTIME), Jo ge Payá (UPV), Gab iel Foch (BS NOVA),
Co din A pagaus (OST)
Da e: 30/06/2024
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
2
DELIVERABLE
Basic in o ma ion on he deli e able
Dissemina ion le el
Public
Type
Repo
Due da e
M20 June 2024
Task
2.6
Task leade
TECNALIA
Au ho s
TECNALIA (Lau a Alonso, Jose Luis Co ales)
BS NOVA (Gab iel Foch )
SPH (Tim Hamache )
QPINCH (Dalia Janicki)
ENERTIME (Aldo Se a ino, Golnoosh Mi )
BONO (Mehdi Aminya a i)
UPV (Jo ge Payá)
POLIMI (Tommaso Toppi)
CARTIF (Icía Be nal)
OST (Co din A pagaus)
VERSIONS
No.
Name
Pa ne
Con ibu ion
Da e
01
Co din A pagaus
OST
Re iew o Ve sion
V0.1
29/05/2024
02
Lau a Alonso
TECNALIA
Second e iew
17/06/2024
03
Maide Epelde
TECNALIA
Final e iew
30/06/2024
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
3
ABBREVIATIONS
AHT: Abso p ion hea ans o me
CAPEX: Capi al expendi u e
CC: Ca bon cap u e
CCU/S: CO2 cap u e and u ilisa ion/s o age
COP: Coe icien o pe o mance
DHN: Dis ic hea ing ne wo k
HP: Hea pump
HTHP: High- empe a u e hea pump
HUT: Hea upg ade echnology
IEA: In e na ional Ene gy Agency
MVR: Mechanical apo ecomp ession
PUSH2HEAT: Pushing o wa d he ma ke po en ial and business models o was e hea
alo isa ion by ull-scale demons a ion o nex -gen hea upg ade echnologies in a ious
indus ial con ex s.
QTHT: Qpinch he mochemical hea ans o me
ROI: Re u n on in es men
TDHP: The mally d i en hea pump
THT: The mochemical hea ans o me
VCHP: Vapo comp ession hea pump
VHTHP: Ve y high- empe a u e hea pump
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. In oduc ion ..................................................................................................................................7
2. Gene al desc ip ion o Hea Upg ade Technologies .........................................................8
2.1. Open Sys ems.................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Closed Sys ems ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
3. Ene ge ic and en i onmen al bene i s o HUTs .............................................................. 11
4. Hea Upg ade Technologies in PUSH2HEAT .................................................................... 13
4.1. Vapo comp ession hea pumps............................................................................................................................. 13
4.2. The mally d i en hea pumps ................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2.1. Abso p ion hea pump .......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.2. The mochemical hea ans o me ................................................................................................................. 25
5. Technical speci ica ions o HUTs in PUSH2HEAT ........................................................... 29
6. Techno-economic easibili y o HUTs in se e al coun ies .......................................... 31
7. Iden i ied sec o s and p ocesses o in e es o HUT in eg a ion ............................. 35
7.1. Pape sec o ..................................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2. Chemical sec o .............................................................................................................................................................. 39
7.3. Food & be e age sec o .............................................................................................................................................. 42
7.4. O he s ................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
7.4.1. Dis ic hea ing ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
7.4.2. CCU/S ............................................................................................................................................................................ 46
8. Real cases. Techno-economic assessmen ........................................................................ 48
8.1. Vapo comp ession hea pumps............................................................................................................................. 48
8.1.1. HTHP in eg a ed in o he ecycling indus y .............................................................................................. 48
8.2. Abso p ion hea pumps .............................................................................................................................................. 52
8.2.1. AHT in eg a ed in a e ine y ............................................................................................................................... 52
8.3. The mochemical hea pumps .................................................................................................................................. 54
8.3.1. THT in eg a ed in o he chemical indus y .................................................................................................. 54
9. Re e ence Lis ............................................................................................................................ 56
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: P ope ies o he main e ige an o HTHP (Sou ces: [19], [20], [21]) ..................................... 19
Table 2 Push2hea HUT echnologies speci ica ions .............................................................................................. 30
Table 3: Cos s e e o he s a us in 2024 o Ge many, I aly, Belgium, and Spain .................................... 32
Table 4: Pe o mance o HUTs o a he mal demand o 1 MW ......................................................................... 33
Table 5: Pe o mance o HUTs o a he mal demand o 500 kW ..................................................................... 34
Table 6: Ho oil applica ions in plas ics p ocessing (Sou ce: [37]) .................................................................. 40
Table 7. Bounda y condi ions and simula ed pe o mance da a o ho wa e hea pump ................... 51
LIST OF FIGURES
Figu e 1: Po en ial was e hea lows a he indus ial si e le el (Sou ce: [1]) ............................................... 8
Figu e 2: Types o hea upg ade echnologies (open and closed sys ems) ..................................................... 9
Figu e 3: Scheme o Push2hea hea upg ade echnologies ................................................................................ 10
Figu e 4. Compa ison be ween an elec ically d i en hea pump and a he mally d i en hea pump
(hea ans o me ) ................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Figu e 5. Simpli ied schemes compa ing he pe o mance o di e en HUTs ............................................. 12
Figu e 6. Example T-s cha ( empe a u e s. en opy) (a) and cycle layou (b) o an indi ec Rankine
cycle wo king wi h R1233zd(E) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Figu e 7. Hea pump classi ica ion based on ope a ing empe a u e ange (Sou ce: [10]) ................... 16
Figu e 8. COP o comme cial VHTHPs as a unc ion o he empe a u e li be ween he hea sink and
sou ce (Sou ce: [13]) ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figu e 9. Ope a ing anges o common e ige an s o HTHP (Sou ce: [21]) ............................................ 20
Figu e 10. Hea lows in an AHT: Reco e y (Q1), e alua ion (Q2) and dissipa ion (Q3) a hei
co esponding empe a u e le els. ................................................................................................................................ 21
Figu e 11. Es ima ed maximum upg aded hea empe a u e le els (o ange) in an AHT based on
esidual hea empe a u e (blue) o dissipa ion a ambien le el. ................................................................. 22
Figu e 12. The he modynamic cycle o an AHT....................................................................................................... 23
Figu e 13. Single-li (le ) and double-li ( igh ) AHT cycles a e ep esen ed in a p-T diag am [24]
....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figu e 14. QTHT ene gy lows.......................................................................................................................................... 25
Figu e 15. Dime iza ion o phospho ic acid. .............................................................................................................. 26
Figu e 16. P ocess scheme o he Qpinch he mochemical hea ans o me . ........................................... 26
Figu e 17. Chemical p ocess scheme o he QTHT. .................................................................................................. 27

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
6
Figu e 18. QTHT empe a u e jumps. ........................................................................................................................... 28
Figu e 19. Hea consump ion a wo di e en empe a u e anges pe sec o (Sou ce: [28]) ............ 35
Figu e 20. P ocesses in di e en indus ial sec o s s uc u ed by ypical empe a u e anges and
Technology Readiness Le el (TRL) o hea pumps in 2018 (Sou ce: [10]) ................................................... 36
Figu e 21. Sankey diag am o a pape machine (Sou ce: [30]) .......................................................................... 37
Figu e 22. Possible in eg a ion scheme o a HTHP in a pape machine (Sou ce: [32]) ........................... 38
Figu e 23. Scheme o in eg a ion o HTHPs in o pape p oduc ion p ocess, including mechanical
apo ecomp ession and he mal s o age [33] ....................................................................................................... 39
Figu e 24: In eg a ion scheme o a HTHP in chemical indus y (Sou ce: [39]) .......................................... 41
Figu e 25: In eg a ion o HTHP sys em o eco e was e hea in he dyeing indus y (Sou ce: [40])
....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figu e 26: Simpli ied scheme o he ins alla ion o HTHPs in he pha maceu ical indus y (Sou ce:
[41]) ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Figu e 27: Schema ic o a simple HTHP cycle o an indus ial p ocess wo king wi h was e hea
(Sou ce: [45]) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figu e 28: In eg a ion o a HTHP o s eam gene a ion eco e ing WH om he en ed s eam (legume
indus y) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Figu e 29: The dis ic ene gy scheme. Red lines: dis ibu ion pipes wi h supply empe a u es; Blue
lines: pipes wi h e u n empe a u es (Sou ce: [47]) ............................................................................................ 45
Figu e 30: P ocess schema ic diag am a e imp o emen (Sou ce: [48]) ................................................... 46
Figu e 31: A gene ic amine-based ca bon cap u e p ocess low scheme (Mi subishi Hea y Indus ies.
(n.d.). CO2 cap u e echnology: CO2 cap u e p ocess (Sou ce: [50]) ................................................................ 47
Figu e 32. The mal concep o he combina ion o cooling and hea ing ci cui s ........................................ 49
Figu e 33. P&ID o he 2-ci cui HTHP ho wa e sys em (Sou ce: SPH) ....................................................... 49
Figu e 34. CAD model o he HTHP ho wa e sys em (Sou ce: SPH) .............................................................. 51
Figu e 35. Schema ic diag am o he AHT in eg a ed in a e ine y in Izmi (Tu key) (Sou ce: [27]) 52
Figu e 36. AHT de eloped in he Indus3Es p ojec : design o he 3D model (le ), and ins alla ion o
he p o o ype a he Tüp as acili ies ( igh ). ............................................................................................................ 53
Figu e 37. In eg a ion o he QTHT a Bo ealis ( he alues in he scheme a e gi en o one o se e al
ope a ing poin ). .................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Figu e 38. Qpinch hea ans o me a Bo ealis in An we p. .............................................................................. 55
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
7
1. In oduc ion
Indus y mus play a majo ole in he ene gy ansi ion o mee clima e neu ali y a ge s. Inc eased
ene gy e iciency by eco e ing and upg ading was e hea is he i s s ep owa ds deca boniza ion
in he indus ial sec o . The PUSH2HEAT p ojec aims o push o wa d he ma ke po en ial and
business models o Hea Upg ade Technologies (HUTs) by ull-scale demons a ion o hea upg ade
sys ems in ele an indus ial sec o s wi h high was e hea eco e y and upg ading po en ial, wi h
supply empe a u e in he ange o 90 o 160 °C.
This epo p o ides a echno-economic map o he Hea Upg ade Technologies (HUTs) de eloped in
he p ojec . The objec i e o he epo is o p o ide a comple e o e iew o he mos impo an
echno-economic issues a ec ing hese echnologies o each a wide public wi h he need o goal o
unde s and how hese sys ems wo k and can be in eg a ed in o he indus y. Thus, his epo can be
use ul o di e en s akeholde s, such as indus ial plan owne s o ene gy manage s, enginee ing
companies, ene gy se ice companies, esea ch en i ies, indus ial associa ions, poli icians, e c.
In Sec ion 2, a gene al desc ip ion o he HUTs o PUSH2HEAT is p o ided. Those echnologies
include apo comp ession hea pumps (elec ically d i en), wi h wo di e en comp ession
echnologies, pis on comp esso and u bocomp esso , and he mally d i en hea pumps, wi h wo
di e en echnologies, he abso p ion hea ans o me and he he mochemical hea ans o me .
In Sec ion 3, he ene ge ic and en i onmen al bene i s o he HUTs a e explained, suppo ed by a
heo e ical compa ison wi h common ossil- uel-based hea gene a ion echnology in he indus y.
Sec ion 4 goes in o mo e de ail ega ding he echnical cha ac e is ics o he HUTs, explaining he
basic he modynamics and ope a ion o he sys ems and he speci ic cha ac e is ics o each one.
Sec ion 5 p o ides a able wi h he echno-economic cha ac e is ics o he HUTs om he
manu ac u e s wo king in PUSH2HEAT.
Sec ion 6 p esen s an analysis o he po en ial easibili y o he HUTs in di e en coun ies,
conside ing he di e en ene gy cos s and hei impac on he echno-economic easibili y o
in eg a ion o he HUTs unde di e en e e ence condi ions.
In Sec ion 7, a desc ip ion o he iden i ied sec o s and p ocesses o he HUTs in eg a ion is
p o ided. The was e hea sou ces usually a ailable in he di e en sec o s and he possible upg aded
hea use in hose sec o s a e discussed. Also, some possible in eg a ion schemes o he HUTs a e
p o ided in a ious p ocesses o in e es .
Sec ion 8 p esen s eal-wo ld applica ion examples o he ou HUTs in PUSH2HEAT. I desc ibes he
HUT in eg a ion and he mos ele an KPIs o hose speci ic case s udies.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
8
2. Gene al desc ip ion o Hea Upg ade Technologies
Was e hea eco e y is a beacon o sus ainabili y wi hin indus ial ope a ions, ep esen ing he
ha nessing and upg ading o he mal ene gy ha would o he wise dissipa e unused in o he
en i onmen . As indus ies s i e o g ea e e iciency and en i onmen al esponsibili y, was e hea
eco e y eme ges as a co ne s one o esou ce op imiza ion and educed ca bon oo p in s.
Th ough inno a i e echnologies and s a egic implemen a ions, i minimizes ene gy was age and
unlocks oppo uni ies o cos sa ings and enhanced ope a ional pe o mance.
Figu e 1: Po en ial was e hea lows a he indus ial si e le el (Sou ce: [1])
The ini ial was e hea assessmen s age in ol es disce ning in e nally and ex e nally employable
hea . In e nally usable hea enhances on-si e ene gy e iciency, and when upg aded wi h HUTs, i can
also be u ilized on-si e o in o he ex e nal p ocesses. Subsequen ly, he second s age en ails
de e mining he po ion o ex e nally usable hea ha couldn' be a oided o eclaimed o in e nal
pu poses.
Signi ican amoun s o low-g ade o was e hea a e gene a ed wi hin indus ial p ocesses, o en
below 100 °C, and a e equen ly o e looked as a aluable esou ce. This is whe e HUTs come in o
play, o e ing a sus ainable solu ion o cap u e and u ilize his was e hea , ans o ming i in o a use ul
esou ce. They a e designed o ans e hea om a low- empe a u e sou ce o a highe - empe a u e
hea sink.
In indus ial ene gy managemen , unde s anding he signi icance o was e hea eco e y and he ole
o HUTs is pi o al. Two dis inc app oaches, open and closed sys ems, a e iable solu ions. Open
sys ems u ilize ex e nal hea sou ces o mechanical comp ession o upg ade low-g ade hea s eams.
In con as , closed sys ems ely on in e nal p ocesses d i en by elec ical o he mal ene gy o
upg ade hea wi hou di ec con ac wi h ex e nal sou ces. By comp ehending he undamen al
di e ences be ween hese sys ems, indus ies can op imize ene gy u iliza ion and achie e
ope a ional excellence.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
9
Figu e 2: Types o hea upg ade echnologies (open and closed sys ems)
2.1. Open Sys ems
Mechanical Vapo Recomp ession (MVR): u ilizes a comp esso o mechanically inc ease he
p essu e o a low-p essu e apo , aising i s empe a u e. The high-p essu e apo hen ans e s i s
hea o he p ocess equi ing highe empe a u es. This sys em is pa icula ly sui able o
applica ions in ol ing low- empe a u e was e hea and mode a e- empe a u e equi emen s.
The mal Vapo Recomp ession (TVR): employs a high- empe a u e mo i e luid, like s eam o ho
wa e , o d i e a je ejec o . This je ejec o comp esses he low-p essu e apo om he was e hea
sou ce, ele a ing i s empe a u e. Compa ed o MVR, TVR o e s simple equipmen bu migh
equi e a eadily a ailable high- empe a u e mo i e luid sou ce.
2.2. Closed Sys ems
Elec ically D i en Hea Pumps: This ca ego y acili a es he ans o ma ion o was e hea in o
usable ene gy o ms h ough elec ically d i en comp esso s, con ibu ing o o e all e iciency gains
and cos sa ings. These pumps o e e sa ili y and p ecision con ol, making hem sui able o
a ious indus ial applica ions.
The mally D i en Hea Pumps (o Hea T ans o me s): by ha nessing he mal g adien s and
di e en ial empe a u es, hese echnologies con e was e hea in o usable ene gy, exempli ying
sus ainable solu ions o indus ial ene gy managemen . Examples include abso p ion hea pumps,
adso p ion chille s, and he mochemical hea ans o me s. These echnologies o e sus ainable
hea eco e y and u iliza ion solu ions by exploi ing na u al empe a u e a ia ions o was e hea
s eams.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
16
Figu e 7. Hea pump classi ica ion based on ope a ing empe a u e ange (Sou ce: [10])
Sys em e iciency
The pe o mance o hea pumps is measu ed h ough he Coe icien o Pe o mance (COP),
calcula ed as he a io be ween he hea ing capaci y deli e ed o he hea sink (𝑄󰇗ℎ) and he wo k
equi ed o unning he machine (𝑊󰇗), as exp essed in he equa ion below.
𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =𝑄󰇗ℎ
𝑊󰇗
The heo e ically maximal pe o mance o such a hea pump is gi en by he COP o he Ca no cycle
ope a ing be ween wo ese oi s a cons an empe a u e:
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 −𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
Whe e 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 and 𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 a e he empe a u es (in Kel in) o he hea sink and hea sou ce,
espec i ely.
Howe e , hea pumps no mally ope a e be ween wo ese oi s wi h empe a u e a ia ion du ing
he hea ans e p ocesses. In his case, i is mo e app op ia e o e alua e he heo e ically maximum
pe o mance o he hea pump by Lo enz COP:
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑧 =𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 −𝑇
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
Whe e 𝑇
 is he en opic mean empe a u e. The en opic a e age empe a u e is used o calcula ing
he a e age empe a u e o a medium-changing empe a u e be ween s a es 1 and 2. The en opic
a e age empe a u e is de ined as he a io o he di e ence in speci ic en halpy h, o e he di e ence
in speci ic en opy s.

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
17
𝑇
=ℎ1−ℎ2
𝑠1−𝑠2
Fo applica ions wi hou empe a u e glide in he hea sou ce and he hea sink, he Lo enz cycle
equals he Ca no cycle [11].
This de ini ion can be applied o all s eams, including he case o s eam supply wi h a combina ion
o condensa ion a cons an empe a u e and subcooling a a ying empe a u e. Fo s eams wi h a
cons an capaci y, he en opic mean empe a u e can be app oxima ed by he loga i hmic mean
empe a u e:
𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 =∆𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑙𝑛(𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘,𝑖𝑛 )
Lo enz e iciency is a measu e used o e alua e a hea pump's pe o mance compa ed o he
maximum achie able pe o mance when he hea pump in e ac s wi h ese oi s a a iable
empe a u es.
The e iciency o apo comp ession machines based on he indi ec Rankine cycle depends on se e al
pa ame e s, such as he cycle con igu a ion [12], he hea exchange s dimensioning and he e iciency
o he comp esso . In pa icula :
1. In e nal hea eco e y can enhance he hea pump's pe o mance. The mos common hea
eco e y is ob ained using a hea exchange ha sub-cools he e ige an lea ing he
condense while hea ing he apo lea ing he e apo a o .
2. The size o he hea exchange s de e mines how close he e ige an empe a u e ge s o
he empe a u e o he ex e nal luid. Up o a ce ain dimension, la ge hea exchangp ae s
educe he empe a u e di e ences and enhance e iciency a he expense o highe hea
pump cos s.
3. Comp esso e iciency depends on he ype o comp esso , i s capaci y (la ge comp esso s
a e usually mo e e icien ), and he wo king condi ions.
In Figu e 8, he COP alues o di e en comme cial VHTHPs a e summa ized in a cha depending on
he empe a u e li be ween he sink and sou ce [13].
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
18
Figu e 8. COP o comme cial VHTHPs as a unc ion o he empe a u e li be ween he hea
sink and sou ce (Sou ce: [13])
Wo king luids
Sui able wo king luids o HTHPs a e selec ed based on some p e e able equi emen s:
• Reasonable p essu e (possibly abo e a mosphe ic p essu e and no oo high) a he ypical
e apo a ion and condensa ion empe a u es.
• Good hea ans e p ope ies (low iscosi y and high conduc i i y) and high la en hea o
phase change.
• Low speci ic olume a he comp esso inle condi ions.
• No lammabili y, ze o ozone deple ion po en ial, low global wa ming po en ial, sa e and
compa ible wi h mos ma e ials.
Since no luid mee s all hese equi emen s, comp omises a e usually made based on he condi ions.
Sa e y issues can be handled be e in indus ial applica ions han in esiden ial applica ions. A he
same ime, gi en he high numbe o yea ly wo king hou s, he cha ac e is ics enhancing e iciency
a e mo e ele an .
The e ige an s cu en ly used in HTHPs can be ca ego ized as ollows:
Hyd oFluo oCa bons (HFC), such as R-245 a o R-365m c a e commonly used. Howe e , hei GWP
is compa a i ely high, and gi en he p e en ion o global wa ming (F-gas egula ion [14]), hese
wo king luids will be es ic ed in he o eseeable u u e.
Hyd o luo oole ins (HFO), such as R-1234ze and R-1336mzz(Z), a e designed o eplace HFCs
hanks o hei low GWPs. R-1336mzz(Z) [15] is pa icula ly sui able o HTHP applica ions, o e ing
high he mal s abili y and e iciency. HFOs p o ide simila pe o mance as HFCs bu wi h educed
en i onmen al impac . Al hough sligh ly lammable (R-1234ze is sa e y class A2L), hey equi e
speci ic sys em designs o ensu e sa e y. A majo conce n ela ed o HFO is ha , once eleased in o
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
19
he a mosphe e, hey unde go pho o-oxida ion o o m i luo oace ic acid (TFA). TFA hen descends
wi h ain all o he ea h, p ima ily accumula ing in wa e and posing a haza d o humans[16].
Consequen ly, he Eu opean Pa liamen has p oposed phasing ou hese e ige an s by 2050,
al hough he issue has no ye been esol ed [17]. Howe e , he p esen F-gas egula ion (F-gas
egula ion [14]), al eady bans some o he HFOs o ce ain applica ions, such as ai - o-wa e
monoblock sys ems.
Hyd ochlo o luo oole ins (HCFO), such as R-1233zd and R-1224yd, a e eme ging as low-GWP
al e na i es o HTHP applica ions. R-1233zd is especially in e es ing o i s pe o mance in high-
empe a u e applica ions, o e ing a good balance o e iciency, low lammabili y, and educed
en i onmen al impac . Na u al e ige an s a e conside ed he al e na i e o syn he ic wo king
luids hanks o he low GWP and good o e all p ope ies. Na u al e ige an s sui able o HTHP
applica ions a e wa e (R-718), CO2 (R-744), ammonia (R-717), and hyd oca bons (HC in Table 1,
e.g., R-600, R-601). Among hose, wa e is sui able o high- empe a u e anges, while i has he
d awback o sub-a mosphe ic ope a ion when he e apo a ion empe a u e is below 100 °C. On he
o he hand, using CO2 implies high p essu es, which may limi ce ain applica ions, bu some
manu ac u e s p oduce uni s wi h wo king empe a u es a ound 120-130 °C, e en 150 °C [18]. The
same s ands o ammonia, which is mo e sui able o e ige a ion applica ions. Among hese
op ions, hyd oca bons a e he mos sui able o p ope ies a ypical ope a ing condi ions. Howe e ,
hey a e cha ac e ized by high lammabili y (sa e y g oup A3), which can ep esen an issue in some
con ex s, especially o hea pumps o high capaci y, employing high quan i ies o luid. [19]. In Table
1, he main e ige an s sui able o HTHP applica ions a e summa ized, oge he wi h hei main
p ope ies, while in Figu e 9, he ope a ing anges o some e ige an s a e epo ed.
Table 1: P ope ies o he main e ige an o HTHP (Sou ces: [19], [20], [21])
Re ige an
Type
TCRIT
PCRIT
ODP
GWP
sa e y
class
[°C]
[ba ]
(R11=1)
(CO2=1)
R245 a
HFC
154.0
36.5
0
858
B1
R1336mzz(Z)
HFO
171.3
29.0
0
2
A1
R1234ze(Z)
HFO
150.1
35.3
0
< 1
A2L
R514A
HFO
178.4
34.0
0
2
B1
R1233zd(E)
HCFO
165.6
35.7
0.00034
1
A1
R1224yd(Z)
HCFO
155.5
33.4
0.00012
< 1
A1
HC-601 (isopen ane)
HC
196.6
3.4
0
5
A3
HC-600 (bu ane)
HC
152.0
3.8
0
4
A3
HC-600a (isobu ane)
HC
134.6
3.6
0
20
A3
R-718 (wa e )
Na u al
373.9
220.6
0
0
A1
R-717 (ammonia)
Na u al
132.3
113.3
0
0
B2L
R-744 (CO2)
Na u al
31.0
73.8
0
0
A1
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
20
Figu e 9. Ope a ing anges o common e ige an s o HTHP (Sou ce: [21])
Comp esso echnologies
Comp esso s a e he key componen o HTHPs due o he high empe a u es a he comp esso
discha ge. In addi ion o being able o deal wi h high discha ge empe a u es, comp esso s need o
handle he equi ed p essu e a io and e ige an low a e imposed by he gi en applica ion. A he
same ime, he comp esso mus ope a e e icien ly since i is he componen wi h he la ges impac
on he pe o mance di e ence be ween he Lo enz e iciency and he ac ual hea pump e iciency.
The comp esso s echnologies commonly used and hei main cha ac e is ics a e summa ized below:
• Sc ew Comp esso s: A sc ew comp esso consis s o wo helical o o s ha mesh o
comp ess he e ige an . They a e known o hei high e iciency and eliabili y, especially
in indus ial-scale applica ions, whe e la ge capaci ies and high empe a u es a e common
equi emen s. Sc ew comp esso s o e good pa -load pe o mance and a e less p one o
issues ela ed o liquid e ige an ca yo e .
• Cen i ugal Comp esso s: A cen i ugal comp esso elies on he p inciple o cen i ugal
o ce o accele a e he e ige an and inc ease i s p essu e. I is highly e icien and capable
o handling la ge olumes o e ige an gas. Cen i ugal comp esso s a e o en used in
HTHPs o indus ial p ocesses and la ge-scale HVAC sys ems. Howe e , hey equi e p ecise
con ol sys ems o main ain s able ope a ion ac oss a ying condi ions.
• Recip oca ing Comp esso s (o Pis on Comp esso s): A ecip oca ing comp esso
con e s o a y mo ion in o ecip oca ing mo ion, d i ing pis ons o comp ess he
e ige an . They can deli e high p essu es and a e o en used in HTHPs equi ing high
comp ession a ios. Howe e , hei e iciency can be a ec ed by a ia ions in load and speed.
• Sc oll Comp esso s: These comp esso s a e cha ac e ized by hei smoo h and nea ly
con inuous comp ession p ocess, which helps minimize ene gy losses associa ed wi h
pulsa ion. They a e well-sui ed o HTHPs because hey can e ec i ely handle a ying load
condi ions. Sc oll comp esso s o e good ene gy e iciency and eliabili y, making hem
popula in esiden ial and comme cial applica ions.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
21
4.2. The mally d i en hea pumps
The ollowing subsec ions desc ibe he wo ypes o he mally d i en hea pumps de eloped in he
Push2hea p ojec : abso p ion hea pumps (o hea ans o me s) and he mochemical hea pumps
(o hea ans o me s).
4.2.1. Abso p ion hea pump
An abso p ion hea ans o me (o ype 2 abso p ion hea pump) is a he mally d i en hea pump
[22] ha wo ks based on he concep in oduced be o e. I s in e nal p ocesses include he abso p ion
and deso p ion o e ige an in a so ben . The e a e di e en wo king pai s o so ben - e ige an ,
bu he echnology de eloped in Push2hea wo ks wi h wa e -li hium b omide sal (LiB ), he
e ige an .
The hea ans o me , om he poin o iew o ex e nal hea sou ces and sinks, which a e used o
ac i a e and ob ain he machine's use ul e ec and dissipa e hea , wo ks a h ee empe a u e le els.
Figu e 10 shows he empe a u e le els and he mal luxes in he cycle. The h ee empe a u e le els
a which an AHT wo ks and he main componen s in ol ed include:
4. The d i ing hea is in oduced in he e apo a o and gene a o a a empe a u e le el T1.
5. The use ul e ec , he hea upg ade, occu s in he abso be due o he exo he mic na u e o
he wa e abso p ion by he saline solu ion, and he d i ing hea is upg aded o a
empe a u e le el o T2.
6. Finally, he condense dissipa es pa o he d i ing hea a a empe a u e le el T0.
Figu e 10. Hea lows in an AHT: Reco e y (Q1), e alua ion (Q2) and dissipa ion (Q3) a
hei co esponding empe a u e le els.
The empe a u e li (ΔTli ) o he AHT is he empe a u e di e ence be ween he upg aded hea
empe a u e le el (T2) and he d i ing hea empe a u e le el (T1). On he o he hand, he
empe a u e h us (ΔT h us ) co esponds o he empe a u e di e ence be ween he d i ing hea
empe a u e le el (T1) and he ejec ion hea empe a u e le el (T0).
Fo a speci ic design o an AHT, he hea upg ade capaci y dec eases when he high- empe a u e le el
T2 inc eases. On he o he hand, he hea upg ade capaci y inc eases when he dissipa ion le el T0
dec eases o when he d i ing hea empe a u e le el T1 inc eases. Finally, condi ioned by he
T2

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
22
p ope ies o he aqueous LiB solu ion, which is he wo king luid mainly used in his kind o hea
pump echnology due o i s abso p ion capaci y, single-e ec ans o me s can wo k up wi h a
maximum hea upg ade empe a u e o up o app oxima ely 160 °C. S ill, he maximal alue will
depend on he condi ions ma ked by he empe a u es T1 and T0.
Figu e 11. Es ima ed maximum upg aded hea empe a u e le els (o ange) in an AHT based
on esidual hea empe a u e (blue) o dissipa ion a ambien le el.
The AHT is he leas known and used ype o hea pump wi hin he abso p ion echnologies. Al hough
he echnology has been de eloped o a long ime in uni e si ies, esea ch ins i u es and companies,
and al hough he e a e indus ial acili ies desc ibed in he bibliog aphy, he sys em s ill needs o be
disco e ed in he ma ke and indus y. The e ec desc ibed on ex e nal s eams is due o he
exo he mic abso p ion o wa e apo by he commonly used aqueous solu ion o Li hium B omide
(LiB ).
Single-e ec AHTs can inc ease he empe a u e o abou 50% o he esidual ene gy by abou 50 K.
S ill, his empe a u e li depends s ongly on he di e ence be ween d i ing hea and ejec ion hea
empe a u e le els. The AHT can be conside ed an abso p ion chille ha wo ks in e e se, and i
includes he same main componen s: a condense , an e apo a o , an abso be , and a gene a o . The
di e ence be ween he abso p ion chille and he AHT is ha in he la e , he abso be and
e apo a o ope a e a high p essu e, and he condense and gene a o a low p essu e. Figu e 12
shows a schema ic o an AHT.
T1
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
23
Figu e 12. The he modynamic cycle o an AHT
The ope a ion o a LiB /H2O single-e ec AHT has he ollowing s eps:
7. D i ing hea ac i a es he AHT cycle, sepa a ing he e ige an wa e om he abso ben ,
an aqueous LiB solu ion. This occu s in he gene a o .
8. The e ige an apo lows o he condense , discha ging i s la en hea o a lowe -
empe a u e dissipa ion sou ce, gene ally a ambien empe a u e.
9. The condensed e ige an is pumped a a highe p essu e and e apo a ed, wi h he d i ing
hea om he hea sou ce, as in he gene a o .
10. Finally, he e ige an apo is abso bed in he abso be by he concen a ed LiB solu ion
om he gene a o . Due o he exo he mic na u e o he p ocess, he abso p ion hea is
eleased a a highe empe a u e, hus ob aining he e alued hea ha is ob ained om he
AHT and will be deli e ed o he co esponding applica ion.
The single-e ec AHT cycle has been desc ibed as he indus y's mos common ype o AHT. A double-
li AHT, as p esen ed on he igh -end side o Figu e 13, inc eases he complexi y and in es men
cos by adding an addi ional e apo a o and abso be a a highe empe a u e le el bu allows o
la ge empe a u e li s o up o 80 K. Howe e , he a io be ween he d i ing and upg aded hea is
educed o 30 o 34 % ins ead o 50 %.
Lubis e al. [23] epo ed s eam gene a ion a 170 °C using d i ing hea wi h empe a u es be ween
80 and 90 °C and dissipa ion empe a u es be ween 20 and 30 °C wi h a double-e ec AHT. Cudok e
al. [24] s a ed ha only 5 ou o 43 indus ial applica ions epo ed by he au ho s o his e iew we e
double-li AHTs.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
24
Figu e 13. Single-li (le ) and double-li ( igh ) AHT cycles a e ep esen ed in a p-T
diag am [24]
The main ope a ional isk in AHTs is he c ys alliza ion o aqueous LiB solu ion, which may lead o
he blockage o pipes, hea exchange s o e en pumps. Howe e , comme cial hea ans o me s
include echnical p o ec ion agains c ys alliza ion, and mode n-day AHTs include con ol s a egies
ha a oid ope a ing in poin s ha could lead o c ys alliza ion.
In addi ion, co osion is one o he main isks o he ope a ion o AHTs. The co osi e en i onmen
o he LiB solu ion is pa icula ly in ense a high empe a u es and wi h sal mass ac ions highe
han 60% [24]. Howe e , sa e and sus ainable ope a ion boos ing hea up o 165 °C is demons a ed
as s a e-o - he-a when he concen a ion o he co osion inhibi o Li2MoO4 is p ope ly main ained.
Boos ing o highe empe a u es is possible, bu a highe main enance e o is needed. Ano he isk
o AHT ha can esul in pe o mance deg ada ion is he p esence o non-condensable gases wi hin
he essels. Mode n-day AHTs include he so-called pu ge sys ems ha au oma ically o helped by
main enance can elimina e hese gases.
Mode n-day AHTs include au oma ic con olle s ha ensu e he sa e and smoo h ope a ion o he
uni s, e icien ope a ion o changes in ei he he d i ing hea o he dissipa ion empe a u e le els,
and cons an upg ade hea empe a u e.
Ayou e al. ([25] desc ibe he main ins alla ions wi h AHT in ecen yea s. Fo example, The max L d
has de eloped equipmen wi h a capaci y o be ween 500 and 1000 kW, which can e alue up o a
maximum empe a u e o 160 °C and ha e a COP o be ween 0.45 and 0.50. In he same way, Johnson
Con ols-Hi achi o e s equipmen be ween 150 and 2,475 kW, upg ading he esidual cu en s o
be ween 70 and 140 °C.
Cudok e al. [24] published a e iew o documen ed acili ies. 26 ou o 43 a e ins alled in he chemical
indus y, 9 in he ood indus y, and he es in a ious sec o s, such as wa e ea men , pulp and
pape , s eel and machine y. In he es , nei he he indus y no he AHT ins alla ion p ocess is
speci ied. Despi e he lack o de ail, he documen ed acili ies a e in in ensi e sec o s and p ocesses.
Sec ion 7 p o ides mo e in o ma ion on speci ic sec o s and p ocesses o implemen ing AHT
echnology.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
25
4.2.2. The mochemical hea ans o me
The gene al p inciple o THT
The he mochemical hea ans o me (THT) ollows he same gene al wo king p inciple shown in
Sec ion 4.2. The hea eco e y echnology is ac i a ed and almos solely d i en by was ed hea a low
o in e media e empe a u es (80°C-120°C). The in e nal p ocess con e s his esidual hea in o wo
hea s eams: use ul p ocess hea a high and ejec ed hea a lowe empe a u es. A negligible
amoun o elec ical ene gy is used o ci cula e he wo king luid. These ene gy lows a e depic ed in
Figu e 14 o he THT o he Belgium-based company Qpinch. This is unc ionally equal o he
Abso p ion Hea T ans o me .
Figu e 14. QTHT ene gy lows.
1
The THT p ocess exploi s a e e sible endo- and exo he mal chemical eac ion, esul ing in la ge
empe a u e li s o high empe a u es. The echnology behind he he mochemical hea
ans o me s was pu in o p ac ice and de eloped o indus ial applica ion by Qpinch. The Qpinch
THT (QTHT) was inspi ed by he highly e icien e e sible biochemical ATP-ADP cycle, which is
c ucial o he ene gy me abolism o all li ing cells. The QTHT uses ino ganic, ood-g ade phospho ic
acid (H3PO4) as a medium, o ming i s dime and wa e in an endo he mic eac ion (Figu e 15 le o
igh ). In he e e se eac ion, he dime is hyd olyzed, egene a ing he monome while se ing ee
hea a high empe a u es ( igh o le ). [26]
1
,2 This igu e/g aph is p ope y o Qpinch BV and canno be used, ep oduced o dis ibu ed wi hou Qpinch BV’s w i en consen . The Qpinch
The mochemical Hea T ans o me (QTHT) is a ma k o Qpinch BV.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
32
Table 3: Cos s e e o he s a us in 2024 o Ge many, I aly, Belgium, and Spain
Gas p ice
[€/kWh]
Elec ici y
p ice
[€/kWh]
Elec ici y-
o-gas cos
a io
CO2
emission
ac o
(gas) [ n
CO2/kWh]
CO2
emission
ac o
(elec) [ n
CO2/kWh]
CO2
emission
p ice
[€/ n CO2]
Ge many
0.047
0.076
1.62
0.000202
0.000287
90.8
I aly
0.042
0.119
2.83
0.000234
0.000247
94.2
Belgium
0.03
0.07
2.33
0.0002
0.000178
150
Spain
0.052
0.109
2.10
0.000182
0.000217
90.74
Gi en he p e ious coun y-dependen pa ame e s, Table 4 shows he minimum was e hea
empe a u e each echnology needs o each 120 °C and 150 °C on he hea sink (p ocess hea ) o a
he mal demand o 1 MW. F om a echnical poin o iew, some echnologies can wo k wi h lowe
was e hea empe a u es. S ill, a maximum payback pe iod o 4 yea s has been ixed o ensu e sho -
e m in es men s, which a e mo e likely o be in oduced in he indus y.
The i s ow o each coun y co esponds o he minimum was e hea empe a u e o ope a e he
VCHP wi h a e u n pe iod o less han 4 yea s. A u he es ic ion has been conside ed on he
second ow, as he minimum he mal COP in p ac ical TDHPs is 0.4. Thus, his second ow ep esen s
he minimum was e hea empe a u e o ob ain a maximum payback pe iod o 4 yea s and a minimum
he mal COP o 0.4 wi h he TDHP. In all he scena ios, he elec ical COP o he TDHP has been ixed
a 25, so only he he mal COP is shown.
This analysis has included di e en aspec s: he ope a ing empe a u es, he indus y loca ion, and
he size o each echnology. The in es men cos (CAPEX) was ob ained om a co ela ion om IEA
HPT Annex 58 [18] o VCHPs, and he cha ac e is ic equa ion me hod was used o he TDHPs [27].
The mos ele an economic indica o s a e he e u n on in es men (ROI) and he simple payback
pe iod.

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
33
Table 4: Pe o mance o HUTs o a he mal demand o 1 MW
1000kW p ocess hea p oduc ion
Twas ehea
[C] o each
120C
VCHP
TDHP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI [%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
VCHP
TDHP
Ge many
47.5
-
796.1
27.6
4
2.44
-
-
-
-
-
75
796.1
41.8
2.57
3.93
1,021.1
46.8
2.28
0.40
I aly
69.3
-
796.1
27.7
4
3.49
-
-
-
-
-
75
796.1
31.8
3.44
3.93
1,021.1
45.1
2.37
0.40
Belgium
54
-
796.1
27.7
4
2.68
-
-
-
-
-
75
796.1
38.1
2.84
3.93
1,021.1
43.1
2.49
0.40
Spain
57.3
-
796.1
27.7
4
2.82
-
-
-
-
-
75
796.1
39.2
2.75
3.93
1,021.1
48.8
2.18
0.4
Twas ehea
[C] o each
150C
VCHP
TDHP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI [%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
VCHP
TDH
P
Ge many
72
-
796.1
27.6
4
2.44
-
-
-
-
-
89
796.1
35.9
3.03
3.12
1,016.6
47.1
2.27
0.40
I aly
95.5
-
796.1
27.7
4
3.49
729.9
63.2
1.66
0.46
-
89
796.1
23.2
4.82
3.12
1,016.6
45.3
2.36
0.40
Belgium
79
-
796.1
27.8
4
2.68
-
-
-
-
-
89
796.1
32.4
3.38
3.12
1,016.6
43.3
2.48
0.40
Spain
85.5
-
796.1
27.7
4
2.82
-
-
-
-
-
89
796.1
31.7
3.46
3.12
1,016.6
49.0
2.17
0.4
Fo empe a u e li s abo e 50 K, VCHPs ha e a wide ope a ing ange and can pe o m be e . Fo
ins ance, in Ge many, a was e hea empe a u e o 47.5 C is enough o a VCHP o each 120 C,
whe eas 75 °C is equi ed wi h a TDHP. Howe e , i he was e hea empe a u e is high enough o
each a easonable pe o mance wi h TDHPs (COP > 0.40), sho e payback pe iods and highe ROI
alues can be achie ed compa ed o VCHPs. Howe e , TDHPs also equi e hea dissipa ion o he
ambien and highe amoun s o was e hea .
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
34
Table 5: Pe o mance o HUTs o a he mal demand o 500 kW
500 kW hea p oduc ion
Twas ehea [C]
o each 120C
VCHP
TDHP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
VCHP
TDHP
Ge many
54.2
-
447.8
27.7%
4
2.69
-
-
-
-
-
75
447.8
37.3%
2.91
3.93
766.2
31.0%
3.54
0.40
I aly
74
-
447.8
27.7%
4
3.85
837.0
27.2%
4.07
0.37
-
75
447.8
28.3%
3.91
3.93
766.2
29.8%
3.69
0.40
Belgium
61
-
447.8
27.7%
4
3.00
-
-
-
-
-
75
447.8
33.9%
3.22
3.93
766.2
28.5%
3.88
0.40
Spain
62.5
-
447.8
27.6%
4.01
3.08
-
-
-
-
-
75
447.8
34.9%
3.12
3.93
766.2
32.3%
3.39
0.40
Twas ehea [C]
o each 150C
VCHP
TDHP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
CAPEX
[k€]
ROI
[%]
Payback
[yea s]
COP
VCHP
TDHP
Ge many
79
-
447.8
27.6%
4.01
2.68
-
-
-
-
-
89
447.8
31.9%
3.44
763.2
31.1%
3.53
0.40
I aly
100.5
-
447.8
27.6%
4.01
3.85
521.3
44.2%
2.43
0.48
-
89
447.8
20.4%
5.48
3.12
763.2
29.9%
3.68
0.40
Belgium
86.5
-
447.8
27.7%
4
3.00
1,089.7
19.3%
5.8
0.30
-
89
447.8
28.8%
3.84
3.12
763.2
28.6%
3.86
0.40
Spain
88
-
447.8
27.6%
4.01
3.07
842.0
29.3%
3.76
0.37
-
89
447.8
28.1%
3.93
3.12
763.2
32.4%
3.37
0.40
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
35
Table 5 shows simila esul s, al hough o a smalle scale o 500 kW upg aded hea wi h he HUTs.
Like be o e, VCHPs show a wide ope a ing empe a u e ange, excep o I aly (due o he high
elec ici y- o-gas cos a io). As he capaci y dec eases, he speci ic CAPEX o bo h echnologies
inc eases. This aspec is mo e ma ked in TDHPs. In coun ies wi h a lowe elec ici y- o-gas cos a io,
he payback is always be e wi h VCHPs, and he opposi e is ha i he cos a io is high, he payback
is be e wi h TDHPs. The economic easibili y is e y dependen on he ene gy cos s, and o his
eason, he esul s should be ea ed wi h cau ion and analyzed case-by-case o o he indus ies.
7. Iden i ied sec o s and p ocesses o in e es o HUT
in eg a ion
The p incipal p ocesses in which he PUSH2HEAT hea upg ade echnologies wo k a e wi hin hose
conside ed low- empe a u e p ocesses.
Acco ding o he classi ica ion by A pagaus e al. (2018) [10], VHTHPs (comp ession hea pumps)
p o ide hea un il 160 °C. In ecen yea s, esea ch has been done on e e -highe empe a u e le els
o e alued hea , bu he ocus in his sec ion will be mainly on he objec i e empe a u e ange o
he PUSH2HEAT p ojec : 90 °C o 160 °C. Rega ding he mally d i en hea pumps, he abso p ion
hea ans o me can upg ade hea un il app oxima ely 160 °C and he he mochemical hea
ans o me un il 210 °C.
Figu e 19 shows he hea consump ion in wo di e en empe a u e anges pe indus ial sec o in
he EU. Focusing on he objec i e empe a u e ange o Push2hea , he majo hea consump ion
comes om he Food and Tobacco, Non-me allic mine als, I on and s eel and Chemical sec o s.
Figu e 19. Hea consump ion a wo di e en empe a u e anges pe sec o (Sou ce: [28])
Hea upg ade echnologies in he ange o 90 o 160 °C a e o in e es , especially in indus ies like he
ollowing ones:
• Chemical and pha maceu ical;
• Pulp and pape ;
• Food and d inks;
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
36
• Re ine ies;
• Non-me allic mine al;
• I on and S eel;
• Non- e ous sec o s.
Figu e 20 lis s p ocesses in di e en sec o s whe e HTHPs can be implemen ed. The p ocesses a e
classi ied acco ding o hei empe a u e ange.
Figu e 20. P ocesses in di e en indus ial sec o s s uc u ed by ypical empe a u e anges
and Technology Readiness Le el (TRL) o hea pumps in 2018 (Sou ce: [10])
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
37
7.1. Pape sec o
As p e iously desc ibed, he pulp &pape sec o is among hose conside ed o ha e majo po en ial
o HUT in eg a ion. The e a e many pulp & pape plan s in Eu ope wi h a signi ican annual excess
o hea discha ged in o he a mosphe e as wa e apo . The analysis o his indus ial sec o is o
g ea impo ance, in addi ion o he ac ha some o he main companies in he indus y a e loca ed
in Eu ope. Below a e he possible was e hea sou ces, p ocesses o upg aded hea injec ion, and
possible in eg a ion op ions.
Was e hea sou ces
The mos ene gy-in ensi e p ocess s eps in he pulp & pape sec o a e he p oduc ion o pulp and
he u he p ocessing o his semi- inished p oduc o he pape web. As s eam is widely used in he
pape indus y, many was e hea eco e y oppo uni ies come om his hea ca ie . Fo ins ance,
s eam om he cyclones could be used o sepa a e he pulp om he apo du ing he pulping
p ocess.
Ano he impo an was e hea ca ie is he exhaus ai om he pape machine. As can be obse ed
in he Sankey diag am o Figu e 21, a la ge p opo ion o ene gy comes ou o he pape machine in
he o m o ho exhaus ai . This ene gy is no mally eco e ed o hea he supply ai o he d ying
machine, p ocess wa e , o space hea ing [29]. S ill, ex a was e hea can be used o eed HUTs o
ee alua e ano he p ocess s eam.
Figu e 21. Sankey diag am o a pape machine (Sou ce: [30])
Possibili ies o upg aded hea injec ion
Di e en possibili ies exis o he upg aded hea ha HUTs can p oduce. S eam gene a ion by HUTs
is conside ed one o he bes op ions o he pape indus y. The s eam needs in he sec o a e
desc ibed in D2.5 (Public Repo in Push2Hea p ojec , [31]). Some o he p ocesses equi ing s eam
in he pulp & pape sec o a e:

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
38
• S eam o cooking he pulp in chemical pulping p ocesses ( empe a u e: 130 o 150 C).
• Hea ing wi h s eam is used o eco e he chemical con en o he pulping p ocess.
• Pulp d ying wi h s eam in non-in eg a ed pulp mills.
• Hea ing o he pulp wi h s eam in he bleaching p ocess.
• The mal d ying wi h s eam in he pape machine.
HUTs can p oduce low-p essu e s eam and, i needed, ecomp ess i o a highe p essu e using
he mocomp esso s o mechanical apo ecomp ession (MVR). The mocomp esso s a e o en used
in he pape d ying p ocess, and hey can be in eg a ed o use exhaus apo om sepa a o s [30].
O he oppo uni ies apa om s eam gene a ion include hea ing wa e s eams in p ocesses and
d ying we uels o sludge.
Possible in eg a ion schemes
A e analyzing he possible was e hea sou ces and upg aded hea injec ion oppo uni ies, some
op ions o in eg a ing HUTs in o he pulp & pape sec o a e desc ibed below.
Hea pump in eg a ed in o he d ying machine o a pape plan
Figu e 22 shows a possible in eg a ion scheme o a HTHP in he d ying machine o a pape plan . The
HTHP uses he exhaus ai a e p ehea ing, p oducing s eam which, a e ecomp essing, is ed in o
he cylinde s o he pape machine.
Figu e 22. Possible in eg a ion scheme o a HTHP in a pape machine (Sou ce: [32])
Ano he scheme o in eg a ion o HUTs in o he pape p oduc ion p ocess is shown in Figu e 23
[33], including di e en p essu e le els and he in eg a ion o he mal s o age. The join pape
be ween CEPI and EHPA conside s he inclusion o di e en ypes o he mal s o age (ho wa e
bu e ank, s eam accumula o ) in o hese kind o sys ems, in o de o cope wi h he lexibili y
needed by he p ocess.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
39
Figu e 23. Scheme o in eg a ion o HTHPs in o pape p oduc ion p ocess, including
mechanical apo ecomp ession and he mal s o age [33]
7.2. Chemical sec o
Wi hin he indus ial sec o , he bigges ene gy consume s in he EU in 2021 [34] we e he chemical
and pe ochemical indus y, he non-me allic mine als indus y and he pape , pulp and p in ing
indus y. The h ee sec o s wi h he highes inal ene gy consump ion we e he chemical and
pe ochemical indus y (2,159 PJ o 21.5 % [35] o he o al inal ene gy consump ion in indus y in
2021 in he EU)
This makes he need o change in he sec o e en mo e c i ical han in o he s. G ea e esou ce use,
especially when dealing wi h la ge quan i ies o ene gy, ep esen s signi ican sa ings, enough o
in es in inno a ion me hods. In eg a ing he echnologies desc ibed in his documen is a p omising
and e ec i e solu ion o aking he i s s eps in his change.
Was e hea sou ces
• Dis illa ion and ulcaniza ion p ocesses in he ubbe and plas ic indus y.
• Reco e y o he sensible and la en (acco ding o he empe a u es) hea in he lue gases will
hea a luid (wa e ) o he hea pump on he e apo a o side in he plas ic indus y.
• Cooling comp esso s was e hea .
• Hea eco e y om chille s o ai condi ioning.
Possibili ies o upg aded hea injec ion
• D ying lows o p ocess luids. Indus ial d ying p ocesses can be employed o p oduce high-
quali y s eam.
• S eam gene a ion o pha maceu ical companies [36]
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
40
• Hea he dia he mic oil in he plas ic indus y. In his sec o , ho oils (also known as he mal
luids, hea ans e luids and dia he mic liquids) a e mainly used o he ollowing
applica ions and pu poses (see Table 6)
Table 6: Ho oil applica ions in plas ics p ocessing (Sou ce: [37])
APPLICATION
PURPOSE
Blow molding
Ba el Cooling
Injec ion molding
Mold empe a u e con ol
Ex usion
Ba el Sc ew Hea ing and Cooling
Lamina ion (Composi es)
Coa ing, D ying
PET C ys alliza ion
D ying
Rubbe
D ying and Cu ing
Possible in eg a ion schemes
In he ubbe and plas ic indus y, he e a e p ocesses whe e hea can be eco e ed using he HUTs
o he Push2Hea p ojec . One such p ocess in ol es eco e ing bo h sensible and la en hea ,
depending on he empe a u es a ailable in he lue gases [38]. This eco e ed hea can be u ilized
o hea a luid, ypically wa e , on he e apo a o side o a hea pump in he ubbe /plas ic indus y.
Fo ins ance, his was e hea could be employed in he dia he mic oil hea ing p ocess. The in eg a ion
o he HUT can eplace addi ional equipmen , such as a seconda y boile .
In his indus y, dia he mic oil is used as he p ima y hea sou ce. I is usually used o p oduce s eam
equi ed o ce ain p ocesses, p o ide ho wa e o hea ing sys ems du ing s a up phases, and
space hea ing and domes ic ho wa e .
A p io hea eco e y se up (was e hea eco e y as depic ed in he diag am) enables he e ie al o
sensible and la en hea om he lue gases, p ehea ing he p ocess wa e be o e i en e s he HTHP.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
41
Figu e 24: In eg a ion scheme o a HTHP in chemical indus y (Sou ce: [39])
Figu e 11 shows ano he possible in eg a ion scheme: a hea pump sys em is in eg a ed o eco e
was e hea in he dyeing indus y. The HTHP ele a es he empe a u e o he dyeing liquid, he eby
subs i u ing he oil- i ed hea e used o hea ing c ude oil. This concep can be eplica ed in chemical
e ilize was e sou ces.
Figu e 25: In eg a ion o HTHP sys em o eco e was e hea in he dyeing indus y (Sou ce:
[40])
The las example p esen ed is s eam gene a ion o pha maceu ical companies. The cold hea sou ce
is a hea eco e y ci cui ha is ans e ed indi ec ly o he hea pumps. The hea pump uses his
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
48
ha he lue gas will be u he cooled o 45 °C in he lue gas cooling sec ion o he amine CC
plan .
3. F om he cooling o amines be o e en e ing he abso p ion owe (numbe 3 in Figu e 31).
This hea is usually a ound 50 °C.
Possibili ies o upg aded hea injec ion
The majo hea consume is he sepa a ion s ep in which CO2 (numbe 4 in Figu e 30) is he mally
emo ed om he amines. This hea sink ope a es a a empe a u e o 136 °C. I accoun s o almos
all ene gy equi ed pe on o CO2 cap u ed. The e o e, i is c ucial ha a ca bon-neu al sou ce
p o ides his hea . This is an oppo uni y o HUTs. By using one o se e al o he h ee was e hea
sou ces men ioned abo e as inpu , he upg aded hea could be used in he eboile (numbe 4 in
Figu e 31).
8. Real cases. Techno-economic assessmen
8.1. Vapo comp ession hea pumps
8.1.1. HTHP in eg a ed in o he ecycling indus y
Recycling o used ma e ials and aw ma e ials is becoming inc easingly impo an . Mo e and mo e
new p ocesses o ecycling was e a e being de eloped and implemen ed on an indus ial scale. In
he ollowing p ocess, con en ional household was e is con e ed in o a high-quali y he moplas ic
composi e ma e ial. Fo his pu pose, household was e, p e iously conside ed non- ecyclable, is spli
in o i s basic componen s o lignin, cellulose, ibe s, and suga in a complex p ocess and hen
eassembled in o a new ma ix, he he moplas ic composi e ma e ial. This will be used in a ious
applica ions in he u u e, e.g., ehicle in e io s.
One p ocess s ep in he p oduc ion is d ying he ma e ial. This equi es empe a u es o a ound
130 °C.
Bounda ies
This p ojec in ol es cons uc ing he i s indus ial applica ion o p oduce he new he moplas ic
composi e ma e ial. Fossil uel was decided no o be an al e na i e, so a comp ehensi e hea
u iliza ion concep was de eloped o bundle a ious was e hea s eams and use hem as a sou ce o
an HTHP. The in eg a ion concep includes mul iple cooling and hea ing ci cui s a di e en
empe a u e le els, all o which a e in e connec ed.
In eg a ion
The HTHP is he las link in a se ies o hea pumps p o iding he mal ene gy a di e en empe a u e
le els. The schema ic in Figu e 31 shows only a e y ough concep ocusing on he di e en hea
pumps. In addi ion o hese hea pumps a e se e al o he he mal exchange s, such as p ocess hea
exchange s o d y coole s o win e elie (deli e ing cooling wa e om cold ou side empe a u es
ins ead o using he chille ) o e en bu e s o age. The ci cui wi h he lowes empe a u e ope a es

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
49
a 8 °C and is used o cool a ious p ocess s eps. This empe a u e is gene a ed by a chille , which
condensing hea is used in a wa e ci cui a abou 35 °C. This le el is used o cooling o hea eco e y
om wa m ma e ial and exhaus ai s eams and p ehea ing ma e ial s eams. I hen se es as a
sou ce o a medium- empe a u e hea pump ha aises he empe a u e le el o abou 75 o 80 °C.
This le el, in u n, se es as a sou ce o a ious p ocess s eps and a sou ce o he HTHP. This hen
p o ides 130 °C ho wa e o he d ying p ocesses. App oxima ely 1.5 MW o hea ing powe is
equi ed o d ying. Two hea pump sys ems, each wi h wo independen e ige a ion ci cui s, a e
used he e, each wi h a he mal ou pu o app ox. 1 MW, so ha only h ee o he ins alled
e ige a ion ci cui s a e in ope a ion a any one ime, and one ci cui se es as edundancy o can
co e powe peaks in ce ain si ua ions.
Figu e 32. The mal concep o he combina ion o cooling and hea ing ci cui s
High- empe a u e hea pump sys em
Since his applica ion does no use s eam as a hea ans e medium bu ho wa e , he se up di e s
om he sys em shown in he p e ious applica ion. Figu e 33 shows he ci cui diag am o he
sys ems used.
Figu e 33. P&ID o he 2-ci cui HTHP ho wa e sys em (Sou ce: SPH)
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
50
The CAD model in Figu e 33 shows he compac design wi h he wo comp esso s on he ou side and
condense s and subcoole s placed in be ween. The e apo a o s a e connec ed in se ies, and he
in e nal hea exchange s a e a he o he end. The design da a applicable o his applica ion can be
ound in Table 4. Because o he se ies-connec ed e apo a o s, he wo e ige a ion ci cui s ope a e
a di e en e apo a ing p essu e le els. In he i s ci cui , he e apo a ing empe a u e is abou
67 °C; in he second, i is abou 62 °C. The condensing empe a u e, in u n, is e y simila in bo h
ci cui s a abou 129 °C. To make op imum use o he la ge sp ead in he hea sink, a subcoole was
placed downs eam o he condense in each case o subcool he e ige an u he and ex ac
he mal ene gy. Due o he di e en e apo a ion empe a u es, he wo e ige a ion ci cui s don’
ha e iden ical powe ou pu s.
To each 130 °C sink wa e empe a u e a he condense ou le in each e ige a ion ci cui , di e en
hea sink wa e mass lows a e needed. Fo his pu pose, a dis ibu ion al e is in eg a ed in o he
hea sink wa e ci cui o dis ibu e he wa e be ween he wo e ige a ion ci cui s. An addi ional
dis ibu ion al e in each subpa o he wa e ci cui helps o speed up he wa m-up p ocess i he
comple e wa e ci cui is cold. In his case, only a small pa o he low goes h ough he subcoole
and condense o each highe e ige an empe a u es in he condense . This helps in he wa m-up
p ocess due o highe empe a u es on he high-p essu e side o he in e nal hea exchange s, leading
o highe supe hea be o e he comp esso and he possibili y o highe e apo a ion empe a u es
ea lie .
In he case o wa e as a hea sink, he Lo enz COP (2) is o en used ins ead o he Ca no COP o
assess he sys em's e iciency. He e, no indi idual p ocess empe a u es a e used as a e e ence, bu
he en opic mean empe a u es a e used.
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑧 =𝑇
𝐻
𝑇
𝐻−𝑇
𝐿 (2)
The en opic mean empe a u es a e de ined as ollows.
𝑇
𝐻=∆𝑇𝐻
ln⁡(𝑇𝐻,𝑜
𝑇𝐻,𝑖) 𝑇
𝐶=∆𝑇𝐶
ln⁡(𝑇𝐶,𝑖
𝑇𝐶,𝑜) (3)
Wi h TH, he empe a u es a e on he hea sink side, and TC is he empe a u es on he hea sou ce
side.
In his applica ion, he Lo enz COP is 9.6. Wi h a designed and simula ed COP o 4,4 o he high-
empe a u e li om 75 o 130 K, his means a Lo enz quali y o app oxima ely 46%. The sys em has
been ins alled in he i s hal o 2023.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
51
Table 7. Bounda y condi ions and simula ed pe o mance da a o ho wa e hea pump
Pa ame e
Value
Hea Sou ce Inle
75 °C
Hea Sou ce Ou le
65 °C
Hea Sink Inle
90 °C
Hea Sink Ou le
130 °C
The mal Ou pu
1,017 kW
Cooling Powe
809 kW
Elec ical Consump ion
229 kW
COP
4,4
Re ige an
R1233zd(E)
Figu e 34. CAD model o he HTHP ho wa e sys em (Sou ce: SPH)
En i onmen al impac
Wi h a planned annual se ice li e o app ox. 8,000h, abou 10.8 GWh o he mal p ocess ene gy will
be p oduced in he u u e. This co esponds o app ox. 1.25 Mm³ o na u al gas, which will no be
equi ed using he hea pump. As he use consequen ly ollows he p inciple o sus ainabili y, only
CO2-neu al p oduced elec ici y is used in his p ojec , so ha app ox. Compa ed o a na u al gas-
i ed p ocess hea p oduc ion, 2,400 CO2 pe yea is a oided yea ly.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
52
8.2. Abso p ion hea pumps
8.2.1. AHT in eg a ed in a e ine y
Wi hin he Indus3Es p ojec [51], a success ul demons a ion o an AHT in eg a ed in o he
pe ochemical indus y was de eloped. Du ing he p ojec , comple ed in 2020, an AHT was designed
and ins alled a he Tüp as plan in Izmi (Tu key). All high-secu i y equi emen s om he e ine y,
especially o explosi e a mosphe es (ATEX equi emen s), had o be conside ed o i s ins alla ion.
The Izmi plan demons a o uses s eam om a condensa e ank a app oxima ely 100 °C as a was e
hea sou ce. This hea is ans e ed o a closed ci cui , which eeds and ac i a es he AHT a
app oxima ely 95 °C and is e u ned a 90 °C o he exchange , closing he was e hea eco e y ci cui .
On he o he hand, he empe a u e o he s eam o be e alued, demine alized supply wa e , is
conside ed cons an h oughou he yea and equal o 65 °C. Pa o he was e hea sou ce is used o
p ehea he demine alized wa e om he supply head om app oxima ely 65 °C o 95 °C, o hen
aise i o 135 °C wi h he hea supplied by he abso be o he AHT.
Figu e 35. Schema ic diag am o he AHT in eg a ed in a e ine y in Izmi (Tu key) (Sou ce:
[27])
The AHT demons a ed in he Izmi e ine y has se e al inno a ions:
• Implemen a ion o wo adiaba ic abso p ion modes o ope a ion.
The equipmen consis s o a sp ay dis ibu ion sys em combined wi h a d ip dis ibu ion sys em wi h
an open ay o p omo e he adiaba ic abso p ion o wa e apo by he saline solu ion. Labo a o y-
scale measu emen s showed ha hese modes inc ease he e alua ion empe a u e in he abso be .
Fo demons a ion and esea ch pu poses, he a omiza ion mode can be u ned on o o .
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
53
• Inno a i e non-condensable gas pu ge sys em:
The p esence o non-condensable gases d as ically educes he abso p ion p ocess, which is c i ical
o he AHT beha io . The sys em de eloped in he Indus3Es p ojec collec s non-condensable gases
in a ank h ough con inuous adiaba ic abso p ion. These gases a e pe iodically and au oma ically
discha ged in o he en i onmen . This solu ion, which can be conside ed simple and economical,
op imizes he ope a ion o he equipmen and educes main enance e o s.
• Au oma ic con ol based on he "Cha ac e is ic Equa ion":
The con ol sys em has been designed especially conside ing he "Cha ac e is ic Equa ion Me hod"
app oach. In addi ion o p ocedu es o au oma ic adjus men o op imal ope a ion, new an i-
c ys alliza ion modes ha e been conside ed, which a e po en ially iskie when compa ed o
abso p ion chille s.
The equipmen was moni o ed wo king in he wo possible ope a ing modes: non-adiaba ic and
adiaba ic modes. Unde nominal condi ions, he AHT can e alue up o 198 kW du ing adiaba ic
mode, while he comple e sys em, conside ing p ehea ing, con ibu es app oxima ely 268 kW. By
using he adiaba ic dis ibu o , he capaci y o he AHT is inc eased o abou 214 kW. The he mal
e iciency ( he mal COP) o he AHT was app oxima ely 50%.
Figu e 36. AHT de eloped in he Indus3Es p ojec : design o he 3D model (le ), and
ins alla ion o he p o o ype a he Tüp as acili ies ( igh ).
Calcula ion o he ele an KPIs du ing a 20-yea use phase leads o he ollowing esul s:
• Sa ed ossil uel consump ion: 49,821,624 kWh
• P ima y ene gy sa ings in ossil uels: 51,844,382 kWh o p ima y ene gy
• Economic sa ings in uel consump ion: 1,634,221 €
• Sa ings in CO2 emissions: 11,957 ons o CO2

Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
54
The o al consump ion and he cos s ela ed o he ope a ion a e:
• Elec ici y consump ion: 3,321,442 kWh
• P ima y ene gy consump ion: 6,551,544 kWh o p ima y ene gy
• CO2 emissions: 1,451 ons o CO2
• Elec ical cos s: 201,756 €
• Main enance expenses: 356,840 €
Wi h hese esul s, ne consump ion and economic sa ings would be:
• To al p ima y ene gy sa ings: 45,292,838 kWh o p ima y ene gy
• To al sa ings in CO2 emissions: 10,506 ons o CO2
• To al inancial sa ings: 1,752,047 €
8.3. The mochemical hea pumps
8.3.1. THT in eg a ed in o he chemical indus y
A comme cial example o he Qpinch he mochemical hea ans o me (QTHT) is loca ed in he po
o An we p a ea a Bo ealis. In his case, he QTHT ans o ms low- empe a u e hea om an
exo he mic e hylene polyme iza ion (LDPE) eac o and a low-p essu e s eam en in o aluable
medium and high-p essu e s eam (MPS & HPS).
The LDPE eac o p oduces o e 40 ecipes and equi es di e en hea inpu le els, emi ing highly
luc ua ing esidual hea empe a u es. To ha es all a ailable was e hea and s ably p oduce MPS
o HPS, he QTHT hus has o show g ea lexibili y, eliabili y and ease o ope a ion.
Th ee di e en esidual hea sou ces a e combined ia an in e media e ho wa e loop o use as a
hea sou ce o he QTHT. This hea is li ed o s eam a 3 o 10 ba (g) wi h an ou pu capaci y
be ween 400 kW and 1.3 MW. The uni is ins alled as an add-on o he eac o se up wi h minimal
in eg a ion e o s. This way, close o 50% o he was e hea o e ed o he uni can be e alued. The
in eg a ion scheme is shown in Figu e 37 below.
T ans o ming was e hea ia he QTHT b ings alue o Bo ealis in he ollowing ways:
1. The e is a signi ican di ec ene gy cos sa ing on MPS and HPS since QTHT s eam has
ma ginal OpEx.
2. The CO2 emissions o he si e di ec ly dec ease since he s eam boile s need o p oduce less
MPS and HPS.
3. The QTHT adds o he cooling capaci y o he si e.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
55
Figu e 37. In eg a ion o he QTHT a Bo ealis ( he alues in he scheme a e gi en o one o
se e al ope a ing poin ).
6
The QTHT uni is ins alled a he Zwijnd ech si e o Bo ealis wi h a oo p in o 4 x 6 m and a heigh
o 15 m. I can easily be swi ched on and o wi hou a ec ing he LDPE eac o ope a ions. The
Bo ealis QTHT is depic ed in Figu e 38.
Figu e 38. Qpinch hea ans o me a Bo ealis in An we p.
7
6
This igu e/g aph is p ope y o Qpinch BV and canno be used, ep oduced o dis ibu ed wi hou Qpinch BV’s w i en consen . The Qpinch The mochemical
Hea T ans o me (QTHT) is a ma k o Qpinch BV.
7
This igu e/g aph is p ope y o Qpinch BV and canno be used, ep oduced o dis ibu ed wi hou Qpinch BV’s w i en consen . The Qpinch The mochemical
Hea T ans o me (QTHT) is a ma k o Qpinch BV.
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
56
9. Re e ence Lis
[1] J. Lyons, L., Ka adias, K. and Ca lsson, “De ining and accoun ing o was e hea and cold,”
2021. doi: 10.2760/73253.
[2] Iea, “iea Ene gy sys em in indus y.” h ps://www.iea.o g/ene gy-sys em/indus y.
[3] R. de Boe e al., “S eng hening Indus ial Hea Pump Inno a ion: Deca bonizing Indus ial
Hea ,” Whi epape , p. 32, 2020, [Online]. A ailable:
h ps://o bi .d u.dk/en/publica ions/s eng hening-indus ial-hea -pump-inno a ion-
deca bonizing-indus%0Ah ps://www.sin e .no/globalasse s/sin e -ene gi/indus ial-hea -
pump-whi epape /2020-07-10-whi epape -ihp-a4.pd .
[4] M. Kolle , A. Schneebe ge , and V. Wilk, “Ma k po enzial ü Hoch empe a u -Wä mepumpen
in Eu opa,” pp. 1–11, 2020.
[5] A. Ma ina, S. Spoels a, H. A. Zondag, and A. K. Wemme s, “An es ima ion o he Eu opean
indus ial hea pump ma ke po en ial,” Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re ., ol. 139, p. 110545, 2021,
doi: 10.1016/j. se .2020.110545.
[6] C. A pagaus, F. Bless, J. Schi mann, and S. S. Be sch, “Pompes à chaleu à mul iples
empé a u es: Une syn hèse de la li é a u e,” In . J. Re ig., ol. 69, no. May, pp. 437–465, 2016,
doi: 10.1016/j.ij e ig.2016.05.014.
[7] C. Ma eu-Royo, J. Na a o-Esb í, A. Mo a-Babiloni, M. Ama -Albuixech, and F. Molés,
“Theo e ical e alua ion o di e en high- empe a u e hea pump con igu a ions o low-g ade
was e hea eco e y,” In . J. Re ig., ol. 90, no. June 2019, pp. 229–237, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.ij e ig.2018.04.017.
[8] A. Mo a-Babiloni, C. Ma eu-Royo, J. Na a o-Esb í, F. Molés, M. Ama -Albuixech, and Á.
Ba agán-Ce e a, “Op imisa ion o high- empe a u e hea pump cascades wi h in e nal hea
exchange s using e ige an s wi h low global wa ming po en ial,” Ene gy, ol. 165, pp. 1248–
1258, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ene gy.2018.09.188.
[9] O. Bamigbe an, T. M. Eike ik, P. Nekså, and M. Ban le, “Re iew o apou comp ession hea
pumps o high empe a u e hea ing using na u al wo king luids,” In . J. Re ig., ol. 80, pp.
197–211, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ij e ig.2017.04.021.
[10] C. A pagaus, F. Bless, M. Uhlmann, J. Schi mann, and S. S. Be sch, “High empe a u e hea
pumps: Ma ke o e iew, s a e o he a , esea ch s a us, e ige an s, and applica ion
po en ials,” Ene gy, ol. 152, pp. 985–1010, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ene gy.2018.03.166.
[11] B. Zühlsdo , IEA Annex 58 High-Tempe a u e Hea Pumps Task 1 - Technologies Task Repo .
2023.
[12] C. Ma eu-Royo, C. A pagaus, A. Mo a-Babiloni, J. Na a o-Esb í, and S. S. Be sch, “Ad anced
high empe a u e hea pump con igu a ions using low GWP e ige an s o indus ial was e
hea eco e y: A comp ehensi e s udy,” Ene gy Con e s. Manag., ol. 229, no. Augus 2020,
2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113752.
[13] F. Schlosse , M. Jespe , J. Vogelsang, T. G. Walmsley, C. A pagaus, and J. Hesselbach, “La ge-
scale hea pumps: Applica ions, pe o mance, economic easibili y and indus ial in eg a ion,”
Else ie L d, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j. se .2020.110219.
[14] EU, “Regula ion (EU) 2024/573 o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 7 Feb ua y
2024 on luo ina ed g eenhouse gases, amending Di ec i e (EU) 2019/1937 and epealing
Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose o he au ho (s)
only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu opean Union o
CINEA. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he g an ing au ho i y can
be held esponsible o hem.
57
Regula ion (EU) No 517/2014,” 2024.
[15] J. Na a o-Esb í and A. Mo a-Babiloni, “Expe imen al analysis o a high empe a u e hea
pump p o o ype wi h low global wa ming po en ial e ige an R-1336mzz(Z) o hea ing
p oduc ion abo e 155 °C,” In . J. The mo luids, ol. 17, no. Oc obe 2022, 2023, doi:
10.1016/j.ij .2023.100304.
[16] ATMOsphe e, “The Rising Th ea o HFOs and TFA o Heal h and he En i onmen .,” no.
Sep embe , pp. 1–45, 2022, [Online]. A ailable:
h ps://issuu.com/shecco/docs/2022_a mo_h o_ a_ epo .
[17] Eu opean Chemicals Agency, “PROPOSAL FOR A RESTRICTION: Pe -and poly luo oalkyl
subs ances (PFASs),” p. 224, 2023, [Online]. A ailable:
h ps://echa.eu opa.eu/documen s/10162/1c480180-ece9-1bdd-1eb8-0 3 8e7c0c49.
[18] “Annex 58 - High-Tempe a u e Hea Pumps.”
h ps://hea pumping echnologies.o g/annex58/.
[19] A. Fe nández-Mo eno, A. Mo a-Babiloni, P. Giménez-P ades, and J. Na a o-Esb í, “Op imal
e ige an mix u e in single-s age high- empe a u e hea pumps based on a mul ipa ame e
e alua ion,” Sus ain. Ene gy Technol. Assessmen s, ol. 52, no. Decembe 2021, 2022, doi:
10.1016/j.se a.2022.101989.
[20] C. A pagaus e al., “High empe a u e hea pump using HFO and HCFO e ige an s-Sys em
design, simula ion, and i s expe imen al esul s,” In . Re ig. Ai Cond. Con ., p. 2199, 2018.
[21] C. A pagaus, Hoch empe a u -Wä mepumpen. Ma k übe sich , S and de Technik und
Anwendungspo enziale. Be lin, 2019.
[22] S. A. K. Kei h E. He old, Reinha d Rade mache , Abso p ion chille s and Hea pumps (2nd
edi ion). 2016.
[23] A. Lubis, N. Gianne i, S. Yamaguchi, K. Sai o, and N. Inoue, “Expe imen al pe o mance o a
double-li abso p ion hea ans o me o manu ac u ing-p ocess s eam gene a ion,” Ene gy
Con e s. Manag., ol. 148, no. Janua y 2020, pp. 267–278, 2017, doi:
10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.074.
[24] F. Cudok e al., “Abso p ion hea ans o me - s a e-o - he-a o indus ial applica ions,”
Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re ., ol. 141, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j. se .2021.110757.
[25] D. S. Ayou, J. M. Co be án, and A. Co onas, “Cu en s a us and new de elopmen s on high
empe a u e hea pumps,” Re ig. Sci. Technol., ol. 2019-Augus, pp. 118–129, 2019, doi:
10.18462/ii .ic .2019.1843.
[26] QPINCH, “The Qpinch Hea T ans o me .” h ps://qpinch.com/ echnology.
[27] J. L. Co ales Ciganda and F. Cudok, “Pe o mance e alua ion o an abso p ion hea
ans o me o indus ial hea was e eco e y using he cha ac e is ic equa ion,” Appl. The m.
Eng., ol. 193, no. Ma ch, p. 116986, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.appl he maleng.2021.116986.
[28] G. Kosmadakis, “Es ima ing he po en ial o indus ial (high- empe a u e) hea pumps o
exploi ing was e hea in EU indus ies,” Appl. The m. Eng., ol. 156, no. Ap il, pp. 287–298,
2019, doi: 10.1016/j.appl he maleng.2019.04.082.
[29] J. Lau ijssen, F. J. De G am, E. Wo ell, and A. Faaij, “Op imizing he ene gy e iciency o
con en ional mul i-cylinde d ye s in he pape indus y,” Ene gy, ol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3738–
3750, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ene gy.2010.05.023.