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THE ACTUALIZATION OF THE TEMPORAL UNIT 'TIME' IN
THE WORKS OF UZBEK AND ENGLISH WRITERS
S.A. Ku bono a
Ka shi S a e Uni e si y, PhD s uden
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17655384
Abs ac . The empo al uni " ime" is a undamen al cons uc ha anscends i s linea
scien i ic de ini ion o become a p o oundly dynamic and mul i ace ed elemen in li e a y ex
c ea ion. This a icle explo es how " ime" is ac ualized— ha is, b ough in o being, s uc u ed,
and expe ienced—in he na a i e, hema ic, and s ylis ic dimensions o bo h English and Uzbek
li e a y wo ks. By analyzing au ho s' manipula ion o ch onology, hei e oca ion o subjec i e
empo al expe iences, and hei in eg a ion o his o ical, cul u al, o my hical ime ames, we
demons a e ha " ime" unc ions as an indispensable co-c ea o o li e a y meaning. A
compa a i e analysis e eals bo h uni e sal s a egies o empo al ac ualiza ion and cul u ally
speci ic app oaches shaped by dis inc li e a y adi ions, philosophical unde pinnings, and
his o ical con ex s.
Keywo ds: empo al Uni , Time Ac ualiza ion, Tex C ea ion, English Li e a u e, Uzbek
Li e a u e, Na a i e S uc u e, Ch onology, Subjec i e Time, Cul u al Time, Li e a y Semio ics,
Compa a i e Li e a u e.
In oduc ion
Time and space a e impo an and gene al p ope ies o he ma e ial wo ld. The ex , as a
p oduc e lec ing and c ea ed om some agmen s o eali y, ine i ably has he ca ego ies o ime
and space. These ca ego ies appea in he ex inex icably linked, in close connec ion wi h each
o he . A complex ex ca ego y ha combines he ca ego ies o ime and space in he ex is he
ch ono ope [1:71]. Time is s udied as a sepa a e ca ego y in philosophy, linguis ics and li e a y
s udies, “space e eals he signs o ime, and space is unde s ood and measu ed h ough ime”
[2:139]. Fi s o all, i is impo an o cla i y he concep s used o desc ibe he ca ego y o ime.
Real ime is e lec ed in he ex h ough a subjec i e, pe cei ed appea ance. The combina ion o
eal and pe cei ed ime, wi h he p edominance o eal ime, is called he objec i e ime o he ex .
I subjec i e ime p edomina es, his is he pe cep ual ime o he ex . The e may also be
concep ual ime in he ex , which is he e lec ion o eal ime a he le el o ideal concep s c ea ed
on he basis o analysis - concep s and concep ions. Objec i e and concep ual ime di e in he
ex in e ms o hei s a ing poin and he deg ee o connec ion wi h eali y. The s a ing poin is
an impo an concep in he empo al s uc u e o he ex , om which i is possible o di ec ime
connec ions bo h o he pas and o he u u e.
Li e a y ime is a sequence o e en s in he image, which is pe cei ed subjec i ely. This
pe cep ion o ime becomes one o he o ms o desc ibing eali y acco ding o he au ho 's wishes.
In his case, he ime indica o can shi : an e en in he pas is imagined as he p esen , and he
u u e is p esen ed as he pas , e c. O he cases o dis up ion o he ime o de , i.e. ac onia, a e also
ound in he ex . They a e exp essed in he o m o e ospec ion (i.e., a e u n o a p e iously
men ioned o desc ibed e en , a look in o he pas ) o p ospec ion (i.e., a look in o he u u e).
Time in a wo k o a is di ided in o he ollowing ypes: 1. Cyclic ime - a sequence o e en s o
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he same ype, li e cycles, a ci cula mo emen , he absence o a di e ence be ween he beginning
and he end, his is a gene alized, ecu ing and unchanging ime. 2. Linea ime - a consis en
de elopmen o e en s in one di ec ion; he exis ence o he idea o beginning, end and
de elopmen , i s impo an signs include he non- epe i ion o e en s, accu acy and uni y. 3.
"Simul aneously exis ing" ime - "p esen ", "pas " and " u u e" exis in he human mind as i a he
same ime and pa icipa e oge he in a ce ain eali y [3:136].
Li e a u e e iew
Li e a y ime elies on a ce ain sys em o linguis ic means, including: he sys em o ense
o ms o he e b, hei sequence and opposi ion, ansposi ion o ense o ms (use in a igu a i e
sense), lexical uni s deno ing he meaning o ime, conjuga ion o ms wi h he meaning o ime,
ch onological signs, syn ac ic cons uc ions ha c ea e a ce ain ime plan in he ex ( o example,
nomina i e sen ences e lec he p esen ense plan in he ex ), names o his o ical igu es,
my hological he oes, naming his o ical e en s, e c. The use o e b o ms is especially impo an
o li e a y ime. The deg ee o hei connec ion wi h eali y de e mines he p edominance o s a ics
o dynamics in he ex , he accele a ion o decele a ion o ime, and he sequence o o ms ensu es
he ansi ion om one si ua ion o ano he and, acco dingly, he mo emen o ime. In a li e a y
ex , he concep o ime, along wi h egula ing he sequence o e en s, se es as an impo an ool
o e ealing he a is ic con en and illumina ing he men al s a e o he cha ac e s. Tempo al uni s
- hou , day, yea , cen u y, season, ce ain pa s o he day - de ine he space- ime sys em ( ime) in
he wo k.
In Uzbek li e a u e, ime is o en combined wi h na ional adi ions and his o ical con ex .
Fo example, in A. Qodi iy's no el “O’ kan kunla ” (Bygone Days), his o ical ime is di ec ly
connec ed wi h he socio-poli ical li e o Tu kes an a he end o he 19 h cen u y. In Oybek's no el
“Na oi”, a wide his o ical scale is e iden : sen ences such as “O’n beshinchi as ning oxi gi yilla i
Mo a ounnah osmonida yangi yulduz po lay boshladi” (In he las yea s o he i een h cen u y,
a new s a began o shine in he sky o Mo a unnah ) e eal his o ical ime be ween cen u ies. In
O. Hoshimo 's book “Dunyoning ishla i” (The Wo ks o he Wo ld), ime is o en desc ibed
h ough he hy hm o e e yday li e: “Qish o’ di, baho keldi, ammo onamning yu agidagi izg’ in
hech isimagandi” (Win e passed, sp ing came, bu he ho n in my mo he 's hea ne e wa med
up) - he e he change o seasons is di ec ly connec ed wi h he emo ional expe ience o he he o.
In English li e a u e, he pe cep ion o ime a ies depending on he gen e and pe iod. In
Cha les Dickens's “A Tale o Two Ci ies”, his o ical ime is clea ly de ined: “I was he bes o
imes, i was he wo s o imes...”, he au ho e eals he e a o he F ench Re olu ion a he end
o he 18 h cen u y. In W. Wool 's no el “M s. Dalloway”, ime is desc ibed as a subjec i e low:
“M s. Dalloway said she would buy he lowe s he sel . Fo Lucy had he wo k cu ou o he .
The doo s would be aken o hei hinges; Rumpelmaye ’s men we e coming”. These sen ences
de ine he e en wi h eal ime segmen s (mo ning hou s) and illus a e he he o's hough s. In W.
Faulkne 's no el “The Sound and he Fu y”, ime is no linea , bu agmen a y, ha is, i consis s
o pa s: “I gi e you he mausoleum o all hope and desi e; I gi e i o you no ha you may
emembe ime, bu ha you migh o ge i now and hen o a momen ...” - his sen ence exp esses
he philosophical and psychological in e p e a ion o ime. In G. O well's no el “1984”, ime is
used as a ool o poli ical con ol: “Who con ols he pas con ols he u u e. Who con ols he
p esen con ols he pas ”.
Resul s and discussion
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Compa a i e analysis has shown ha in he wo ks o Uzbek w i e s, ime is mo e o en
depic ed in connec ion wi h seasonali y, his o ical pe iods and na ional adi ions, while in he
wo ks o English w i e s, subjec i e pe cep ion, psychological expe ience and me apho ical o ms
o ime a e widely used. In he li e a u e o bo h peoples, ime is ealized in a way ha co esponds
o he aes he ic in en ion o he au ho and appea s as he main elemen ha b ings he eade in o
he his o ical o emo ional a mosphe e o he wo k. Below we will conside some o he lexical
uni s ha ealize he empo al uni y "Time" in he wo ks o Uzbek and English w i e s: his is ime
measu ed in minu es, hou s, days; ime indica ed on he clock; ime in di e en pa s o he wo ld;
he ime a which an e en occu ed o should occu ; he measu e o ime a ailable o wo k, es ,
e c.; his o ical pe iod associa ed wi h ce ain e en s, e c.
Minu e/daqiqa. This empo al uni is ac ually a pe iod o ime, each o which is 60 pa s
o an hou , consis ing o 60 seconds; a e y sho and p ecise momen in ime; and also ep esen s
he dis ance ha can be passed in one minu e.
- B igadi Dehqonqul aka bizning il imosimizga binoan ikki a dala yulduzini, ikki a ong
yulduzini bi -ikki daqiqaga olib qoldi (T.Mu od, 1994:104); - Toshni maydalab, qumga aylan i ish
uchun bi daqiqa ki oya (O’.Hoshimo , 1998: 21); - She said no hing o a minu e (J.Fowles, 1998:
20); - Miss Temple ega ded me a ew minu es in silence… (Ch.B on ë, 2003: 107).
As can be seen om hese examples, he exp ession “a minu e” is used in Uzbek and
English no only o exp ess he exac leng h o ime, bu also in di e en meanings, o example,
in eal ime, ha is, in he sense o 60 seconds: “Wai he e o one minu e”// “Ku ib u , bi
daqiqada kelaman”, he e i eally means ha he will e u n in 60 seconds; in he sense o “a
momen ” (In Uzbek “bi zum”) (in English, he a ian s jus a minu e o jus a second a e used,
usually indica ing a so e and as e esponse): “Jus a minu e, le me inish” // “Bi daqiqa,
gapimni uga ay”, he e 60 seconds do no ha e o be exac ly, i means “s op o a momen , be
pa ien ”; in o de o pay a en ion o s op he con e sa ion: “Bi daqiqa, nima deyapsan o‘zi?” //
“Wai a minu e (o hold on a second), wha a e you saying?”, usually used o exp ess su p ise,
doub o incomp ehension; o in e up someone's speech and ask a ques ion: “Bi daqiqa, sen o’zi
nima demoqchisan?” // “Hang on a second, when did you go he e?” usually in he middle o a
con e sa ion, o cla i y; in a demanding o commanding one: “Bi daqiqa ku !”// “Hold on, don’
mo e!” (wai a sec - in o mal, iendly), in a commanding one, o ask o wai a while, e c. The
o ms o he English empo al uni minu e, such as “minu eness”, “minu ely”, “minu es ”,
“minu ed”, which a e ound in li e a y wo ks, ha e been iden i ied.
Hou /soa - a pe iod o 60 minu es; one o he 24 equal pa s o a day: 1/24; a pe iod o
ime las ing one hou , se aside o a speci ic pu pose; a se ime o wo k.
– Maxdum e ni uyga be ib chiqg’andan keyin ikki soa chamasi husnixa dagi bolala bilan
sgug’ullandi…; - Shu soa dan boshlab ula ning aqdi i shu bi kishining qo’lidadi (A.Qodi iy,
2007: 21, 77); - We had been wande ing, indeed, in he lea less sh ubbe y an hou in he mo ning
(J.Aus en, 2018: 6). – I’ e enjoyed his hou wi h you mo e han I ha e enjoyed any hing o a e y
long ime (D.Mau ie , 1993: 15).
The combina ion wo hou s in he example indica es a ime equal o app oxima ely 2 hou s.
The combina ion om his hou e e s o an ac ion ha is supposed o s a igh now and con inue
la e . The combina ion his hou in he las example can be equi alen o his combina ion in e ms
o meaning. In he hi d example, an hou in he mo ning e e s o a ce ain hou , usually in he
mo ning.
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Day/kun. Dic iona ies ha e de ini ions o he wo d "day" as a pe iod o 24 hou s; he ime
in e al om dawn o dusk; he pa o he day when a pe son is ac i e and wo ks; a speci ic pe iod
in his o y; he ligh ime be ween wo nigh s; he pe iod o o a ion o a plane a ound i s axis; a
sola day consis ing o 24 hou s; a sepa a e day o da e; a speci ic ime o pe iod. The ollowing
occu ences ha e been obse ed in he wo ks o Uzbek and English w i e s:
- Domla bilan do’s lashish a ixi e sa ikki-uch kundan be idi . Chunki shu kunla da
An a ning sa munshiy bo’lish eh imoli shaha ning ka a-kichikla i o asida so’zlashilib qoldi
(A.Qodi iy, 2007: 31); - Bobomiz uzun kun ke mon chopadi (T.Mu od, 1994:11); - They a e no
b a e, he days when we a e wen y-one (D.Mau ie , 1993: 21); In a ew days M . Bingley e u ned
M . Benne ’s isi , and sa abou en minu es wi h him in his lib a y (J.Aus en, 2018: 10).
In he i s example, wo sen ences a e gi en wi h he empo al uni “day”. In he i s case,
wo o h ee days in i s meaning means a sola day o 24 hou s, while in he second sen ence “shu
kunla da” ( hese days) mean “ he pe iod ha has been going on in ecen imes, s a ing om he
ecen pas and con inuing un il he p esen . “Uzun kun” (The long day) in he second example
means “all day long”, ha is, he ime om sun ise o sunse . In he hi d example, ‘ he days’
empo al uni exp esses he en i e pe iod o a pe son’s wen y-one yea s. The p eposi ional ph ase
‘in a ew days’, ansla ed as “in a ew days”, does no mean a speci ic ime, a speci ic day, bu
one o he days, any day.
In Uzbek language wi h he help o empo al uni o “kun” (day) he ollowing lexical uni s
can be o med: “e angi/indingi/kechangi kun”, “kunlik”, “kunlab”, “kuno a”, “kunduz”, “kun(i)
bo’yi”, “kuni bilan”, “uzzu kun”, “kunbo a ”, “kunchiqa ”, “oy-kuni”, “kuni kecha”, “kuni
qolish”, “kun sanash”, “kun ko’ moq”, “kuni o’ ish”, “kun u moq”, “kun ug’moq”.
In English, empo al uni “day” can be pa o many wo ds and wo d combina ions, such
as " oday", "yes e day", " he day be o e yes e day", " he day a e omo ow", he names o he
days o he week, "dayligh ", "day-d eam", "holiday", "bi hday", "midday", "day by/a e day",
"Good day", "day ime".
Week/ha a is de ined as: a pe iod o se en days, om Monday o Sunday o om Sunday
o Sa u day; any pe iod o se en days; i e days no including Sa u day and Sunday; he pa o
he week in which you wo k; any cycle o se en days, as used in a ious calenda s; any pe iod o
se en consecu i e days. Days o he week a e widely used in ic ion:
Bobomiz Oqpodsho yo’q yu izlab yu adi-yu adi – Dushanba keladi; - Juma bozo kuni
No in qassob mol so’yadi deyishayap i, shundan olamizda (T.Mu od, 1994: 27, 70); - Bu kun
cho shanba, e a pnjshanba… jum’a kun men ham bo’sh, mi zam ham bo’sh (A.Qodi iy, 2007:
166); - E en Elizabe h migh ha e ound some ial o he pa ience in wea he which o ally
suspended he imp o emen o he acquain ance wi h M . Wickham; and no hing less han a dance
on Tuesday, could ha e made such a F iday, Sa u day, Sunday, and Monday endu able o Ki y
and Lydia; - She had spen six weeks wi h g ea enjoymen (J.Aus en, 2018: 111, 268).
Each day o he week is ac i ely ep esen ed in he na a i e o he wo k o a in bo h
languages. The e a e wo ds “ha alik”, “ha alab”, “ha asiga” in Uzbek, “weekend”, “weekly”,
“weekdays” in English ha a e o med using he empo al uni o he week: - Becho a ha alab bi
ko’ylak kiyadi, oylab bi ko’ylak kiyadi (T.Mu od, 1994: 18); - You an downs ai s and demanded
o M s. Fai ax some occupa ion: he weekly house accoun s o make up, o some hing o ha so ,
I hink i was (Ch.B on ë, 2003: 478).
Conclusion
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In he p ocess o analyzing he use o some empo al uni s ep esen ing ime in he wo ks
o English and Uzbek w i e s and he p ope ies o hei meaning, we examined how, along wi h
hei own meanings, hey acqui e o he addi ional meanings, inc easing he exp essi eness and
emo ionali y o he wo k o a . To conclude, in he wo k o Uzbek and English w i e s, he
empo al uni o " ime" appea s as he main ca ego y ha de e mines he de elopmen o e en s
and enhances he a is ic e ec i eness o he wo k. In English li e a u e, he exp ession o ime is
gi en g amma ically clea ly and sys ema ically, mainly h ough e b enses and hei aspec ual
sys em (pe ec , con inuous, ao is , impe ec ). In Uzbek li e a u e, ime is exp essed mo e h ough
con ex ual meaning, wo ds deno ing ime, idioms, and means o a is ic image y. In bo h
li e a u es, ime uni s se e o o m he sequence o e en s, deepen he sys em o images, and mo e
ully e eal he con en o he wo k.
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