In e na ional Jou nal o Inno a i e In en ions in Social Science and Humani ies
ISSN(p in ): 3050-6921, ISSN(online): 3050-693X
Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.58806/ijiissh.2025. 2i11n02
Page No: 332-336
332 Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025 Co esponding Au ho : D . Kenne h Obem E a
IPOB and he Economy o Igbos in he Sou h Eas o Nige ia: 1999-2021
D . Kenne h Obem E a
Depa men o His o y and In e na ional S udies Uni e si y o Calaba , Nige ia
ABSTRACT
ARTICLE DETAILS
Sou h Eas egion o Nige ia is made up p incipally o he Igbos; since independence o he pe iod o
his s udy, people in he egion belie e and eel ma ginalized wi hin he Nige ian ede al s uc u e
leading o a se ies o agi a ions and sepa a is ac i i ies, e en a ci il wa be ween he Nige ian
Fede al Go e nmen and he sel decla ed epublic o Bia a be ween 1967-1970. Though hos ili ies
ended in 1970, he losses associa ed wi h he b u al wa we e huge, he economy o he egion
su e ed g ea ly and only picked-up om he 1980's and ea ly 1990's. Ne e heless, he p oblem o
pe cei ed ma ginaliza ion, agi a ion and sepa a ion has no aba ed: his agi a ion has led o he
eme gence in 2012 o ano he sepa a is g oup in he Sou h Eas called he Indigenous People o
Bia a (IPOB) which con inued wi h i s sepa a is agi a ion e en on a highe scale. The esul has
been se ious chaos, wi h mo e de as a ing ha oc w ecked on he economy o he Igbos in he Sou h
Eas causing majo p oblem o he economic de elopmen and peace ul li e in he Sou h Eas . This
pape seeks o examine he na u e o IPOB's ac i i ies especially o know how hese ac i i ies ha e
a ec ed he economy o he Sou h Eas wi hin he s udy pe iod. The pape made use o quali a i e
me hod o esea ch elying mos ly on seconda y sou ces such as magazines, newspape and in e ne
ma e ials. Rela i e dep i a ion heo y was adop ed o he pu pose o his pape . Findings showed
ha he ac i i ies o his g oup ha e been des uc i e o he economy ela ing o in es men , ade,
comme ce and educa ion, jus as hey ha e also caused so much po e y, su e ings and dea hs wi h a
c umbling e ec on he economy o he Igbos.
KEYWORDS: IPOB, Sou h Eas e n Nige ia, Economy.
Published On:
20 No embe 2025
A ailable on:
h ps://ijiissh.com/
INTRODUCTION
IPOB is an ac onym o he Indigenous People o Bia a which has been igh ing o a sepa a e s a e o Bia a om he Nige ian
Fede a ion. Recall ha he bi h o Nige ia in 1914 c ea ed a he e ogeneous land wi h widesp ead di e si ies in e ms o eligion,
language, ibe and ace. This scena io, coupled wi h an agg ega ion o ac o s and policies o he Nige ian go e nmen a e
independence in 1960 helped o gi e bi h o IPOB. The bi h o IPOB could he e o e be said o be a esul o an agg ega ion o
ac o s and policies o he Nige ian go e nmen . I is posi ed ha IPOB de eloped due o he maginalised posi ion o he Sou h
Eas p incipally inhabi ed by he Igbos who belie e ha hey a e no gi en hei me i ed posi ions and place in he Nige ian
Fede a ion.
The g oup can be aced o he secessionis mo emen ha s a ed in he 1960's led by hen L . Col. Odemegwu Ojukwu, he
mo emen posi ed i sel as ep esen ing he in e es o he Sou h Eas egion o Nige ia who el maginalised by he cen al
go e nmen domina ed by leade s om he No he n pa o he egion. As a esul , hey sough o b eak ee om he shackles o
he Nige ian go e nmen o o m he Republic o Bia a. This led o he Ci il Wa which las ed om 1967-1970 such ha in 1999,
he agi a ion o secession was aken o e by he Mo emen o he Ac ualisa ion o he So e eign S a e o Bia a (MASSOB) led
by Ral Uwazu uike -The bubble unde g ound con inued and la e bus ed wi h he o ma ion o IPOB in 2012 by Nnamdi Kanu as
a b eakaway om MASSOB. The sepa a is mo emen hough o med in 2012, i s campaign o he ac ualisa ion o Bia a
including o he ac i i ies peaked be ween 2015 and 2021, he pe iod P esiden Mohammadu Buha i came o powe and when
Kanu was a es ed in Kenya and ex adi ed o Nige ia o ial. The e usal o he Fede al Go e nmen o mee he demands o he
mo emen especially he holding o a e e endum led o a se ies o agi a ions and p o es s in he Sou h Eas by he mo emen
which degene a ed, leading o a acks by he g oup and coun e a acks by he go e nmen which u he b ough he economy o
he Sou h Eas o i s knees.
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Acco ding o he g oup, he Sou h Eas is he egion ha makes up Bia a land wi h many Bia an's being Igbo speake s. F om he
ideologies o his g oup as ea lie s a ed, i is clea ha he g oup ose in solida i y o he will o he Republic o Bia a
secessionis s a e in he Sou h Eas e n Nige ia ha exis ed om 30 h May, 1967 o 15 h Janua y, 1970. The egion seceded due o
economic, e hnic, cul u al and eligious ensions and c y agains maginalisa ion aceable o he amalgama ion o 1914 which e en
became "wo se" a e independence in 1960.
The eme gence o IPOB in 2012 as a b eakaway om MASSOB is no a su p ise nei he a e hei ac i i ies which ha e helped o
c umble he economy o he Igbos in he Sou h Eas as he g oup is ben on seceding om he Fede al Republic o Nige ia as o he
g oups be o e i . These ac i i ies a he han helping he g oup o achie e i s aims ha e helped o w eck ha oc on he economy
and he gene al socio-poli ical li e o he Igbo man in he Sou h Eas o Nige ia. As poin ed ea lie he people o he Sou h Eas ,
pa icula ly membe s o IPOB and i s leade Nnamdi Kanu like Ojukwu and o he s be o e him ha e con inually p o es ed agains
he issues which cha ac e ised he p e-ci il wa in Nige ia. The p oblem o injus ice o a ious kind o ins ance, social inequali y,
ma ginaliza ion and poli ical exclusion which we e some o he main p oblems ha led o he ci il wa in 1967 ha e no aba ed,
ins ead hese p oblems acco ding o Nnamdi Kanu and his IPOB ollowe s ha e since exace ba ed leading o iolence and
sepa a is ac i i ies by IPOB wi h de as a ing consequences on he economy o he Igbos in he Sou h Eas .
Agains his backg ound, his pape seeks o examine he causes and impac o IPOB's ac i i ies as well as hei e ec on he
economy o he sou h eas a ea o Nige ia, ecommends measu es o mi iga e and possibly o e come hese p oblems o he
g ow h de elopmen and peace ul coexis ence o he people egion wi hin he Nige ian ede a ion.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Rela i e Dep i a ion Theo y was adop ed o he pu pose o his pape . The heo y was i s de eloped by sociologis Samuel
S ou e , o he schola s who ha e de eloped o he h eads a e Gu Walke who explains ela i e dep i a ion in psychological
us a ion agg ession heo y.
In his s udy, ela i e dep i a ion heo y is based on he concep ha pe sons may eel dep i ed o some desi able hing ela i e o
hei own pas , o he pe sons o g oup, o some o he social ca ego y. The heo y e e s o inequali y: he idea ha people a e
dep i ed (ma e ially o o he ways) compa ed wi h o he s in socie y alongside issues o ma ginalisa ion e c leading o c ime,
agi a ion, e en sepa a ism in socie y o a gi en s a e as in he Sou h-Eas e n egion o Nige ia. Fo he pu pose o his wo k, he
heo y explains he economic, poli ical and social dep i a ion ha is ela i e a he han absolu e based on pe cep ion o jus ice as
much as on he need o ul ill basic human igh s1.
The heo y also alks abou po e y and social exclusion, he consequence o which mani es h ough beha iou and a i ude,
eelings o s ess, poli ical a i ude and pa icipa ion in collec i e ac ion. The g ie ances as de ined h ough he dep i a ion aspec
o his heo y a e conside ed ins umen al in analysing he complexi ies, he eason o IPOB's sepa a is mo emen and agi a ion
in Nige ia.
In o he wo ds, he heo y explains IPOB's agi a ion agains dep i a ion and inequali y agains he Igbos in he Sou h Eas by he
Fede al Go e nmen o Nige ia which leads o hei sepa a is ac i i ies he eby a ec ing he economy and li e gene ally o he
people o he egion.
Fac o s ha P ecipi a ed IPOB Ac i i ies
IPOB is a sepa a is agi a ion mo emen in he Sou h-Eas o Nige ia ha is cu en ly he g ea es h ea o he economy o he
Igbos in his egion. The IPOB phenomenon like o he sepa a is membe s in he global communi y such as he Ca alan and
Basque egions in Spain, he Ku ds in I an, Mizo in India, Sou he n Sudan, Sou he n Philippines, No he n Chad and Sou he n
Came oun o o he s wi hin he Nige ian na ional bounda ies like he ISWAP, Boko Ha am, he Oduduwa Republic agi a ion, e e
ha e assumed igh ening dimension o he poin ha hei ac i i ies ha e almos o ally c umbled he socio-economic li e and
business o he Igbos in he Sou h Eas o Nige ia.
Al hough he e ha e been o he Bia a sepa a is mo emen s in he Sou h Eas such as Mo emen o he Ac ualisa ion o he
So e eign o Bia a (MASSOB) and o he g oups who belie ed in non- iolen app oach o he Bia a sepa a ion, Nnamdi Kanu's
led IPOB secessionis g oup a ou ed app oaches ha impinge on he economic g ow h and de elopmen o he Sou h Eas and
e en he secu i y o li es and p ope y in he egion. Some o hese include h ea o li e, cons i u ion o Bia a Sec e Se ice he
Eas e n Secu i y Ne wo k (BSN), e c wi hin he Nige ian S a e, and ci cula es ha e and inci e ul speeches ha o en elici iolen
p o es and io s, including add essing Nige ia as a zoo. Wi h hese, IPOB is said o ha e al e ed as i we e he en i onmen ha
hi he o de ined sepa a is agi a ion in Nige ia, especially wi hin he Sou h Eas , hus, o cing he Fede al Go e nmen o p osc ibe
he g oup in Sep embe , 2017.
The ac o s ha helped o p opel IPOB o succeed in hese ac i i ies a e legion. Fi s , he g oup was able o do his success ully
because as a sepa a is g oup, i exploi ed he posi ion enuncia ed by Ho owi z ha , "Sepa a ism includes e hnic demands o he
c ea ion o sepa a e s a es wi hin he exis ing s a e o o a b oade measu e o egional au ho i y, ei he o independence o
au onomy"2. These demands we e always u he p opelled by he eeling o e hnically based g oup ma ginaliza ion which caused
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g ie ances agains he au ho i ies and helped o ein o ce a collec i e e hnic iden i y and sense o oneness which he g oup
claimed was based on ejec ion leading o a sense o collec i e ic imhood d awing communi y membe s oge he and he ea e
laying he ounda ion on which collec i e poli ical ac ion ook place. This gene alized eeling o aliena ion and dissa is ac ion
amongs he Igbos led o a si ua ion which deepened mis us and incen i ized he IPOB sepa a is g oup and i s ac i i ies.
I should be no ed ha some, i no all he issues ha cha ac e ised he p e-ci il wa yea s a e s ill he same issues ha p ecipi a ed
he ise o IPOB and i s ac i i ies; o ins ance injus ice o a ious kind, social inequali y, ma ginaliza ion and poli ical exclusion
we e he main issues ha led o he ci il wa in 1967 and since hen, hese issues ha e only ace ba ed.
IPOB u he capi alized on mos o he p oblems and challenges bede iling he co po a e exis ence o he coun y which include
bu no limi ed o bad go e nance and se ice deli e y, poo s a e o ganisa ion and democ a isa ion p ocess, e hnic poli ics as well
as eligious undamen alism and e o ism especially he ac i i ies o Fulani He dsmen in Igbo Eas e n Nige ia which made Kanu
o e en go a s ep u he o o m he Eas e n Secu i y Ne wo k as a secu i y ou i o IPOB. The secu i y ne wo k howe e u he
wo sened and agg a a ed he economic de elopmen o he Igbos in Eas e n Nige ia.
Ac i i ies o IPOB
The ac i i ies o IPOB in he Igbo egion o Sou h Eas e n Nige ia a e nume ous, being he main g oup coo dina ing he ee Kanu
and o es o e Bia a agi a ion, i uses iolence as endo sed by Kanu himsel as an ins umen o esusci a ing Bia a. To achie e
his objec i e, he g oup ope a ed a pi a e adio called "Radio Bia a" which is an unlicensed s a ion u ging iolen s uggle o
achie e independence o Bia a. The adio b oadcas s, "highly p o oca i e messages laced wi h misin o ma ion, ha e speech,
an i-Nige ia de ision and sedi ious messages"3. The g oup also in ol es i sel in killings, especially o people who do no
subsc ibe o hei iews o ake hei o de s like ha o "Si a Home" e c. Fo ins ance, he DSS, he Nige ian Sec e Police
accused IPOB o killing 55 people whose bodies we e ound bu ied in a o es in Abia S a e, which included 5 Hausa-Fulani
esiden s who he go e nmen accused he IPOB o abduc ing4.
The o ganisa ion also engages in p o es ac oss he eas e n egion o Nige ia and ac oss some pa s like in Po -Ha cou and
Asaba in Sou h-Sou h Nige ia. These p o es s a e also accompanied wi h demons a ions which ha e aken place in se e al ci ies
in Sou h Eas e n Nige ia such as Aba, Oni sha, Nnewi, e c, whe e Igbo e hnic g oup is a majo i y.
In Ma ch 2016, in conjunc ion wi h MASSOB, IPOB issued a s a emen demanding ha all "Fulani He dsmen e ea o No he n
Nige ia, as hei sa e y could no longe be gua an eed because MASSOB and IPOB can no longe ole a e he sys ema ic killing o
ou people and in asion o ou land in he name o ca le g azing"5. A ising om he abo e, in Decembe , 2020, he g oup
launched i s secu i y ou i called Eas e n Secu i y Ne wo k (ESN) wi h he objec i e as claimed by Kanu o comba e o ism and
p o ec Sou h Eas e ne s om c iminal ac i i ies. This was as Kanu main ained ha Sou h Eas Go e no s ailed o secu e he
li es and p ope y o he Igbo in he egion.
As pa o he campaign agains he Nige ian go e nmen , he g oup also le e ages social media pla o ms o whip-up sen imen s
agains go e nmen and i s c i ics wi h he goal o ga he ing sympa hy om he public. The g oup uses he social media o sp ead
misin o ma ion wide and as wi h a la ge pe cen age o IPOB ollowe s ound in di e en pla o ms, consis en ly sha ing and
sp eading hei ideologies and mos imes ake news. Fo ins ance, he mo emen has o e he yea s sha ed ake epo s o Wo ld
Leade s suppo ing he Bia a agenda, ab ica ed and al e ed ex s accompanied wi h images o wo ld leade s a e sha ed on social
media so as o c ea e he imp ession ha hey iden i y wi h he mo emen . Such pos s ha e claimed ha he I o y Coas P esiden
Alassane Oua a a, he Indian P ime Minis e Na end a Modi and e en he Nige ian o me P esiden and S a esman, Olusegun
Obasanjo in one case o he o he suppo hei s uggle when indeed his is ake and ound o be un e i iable6.
Addi ionally, popula Igbo pe sonali ies ha e been depic ed as suppo ing he Bia a s uggle by wea ing he g oup's pa aphe nalia
e en when hese images a e la gely edi ed and misleading. In 2018 o ins ance, al e ed images o Nyesom Wike, I eanyi
Ugwuanyi and Willie Obiano, Go e no s o Ri e s S a e, Enugu and Fo me Go e no o Anamb a s a e espec i ely appea ed in
he Daily pos as suppo e s o IPOB e en hough hese we e la gely edi ed and al e ed.
O all he abo e ac i i ies, he "si a home" o de is a majo ac i i y o IPOB ha a ec ed he economy o he egion he mos .
F om 2016, comme cial and academic ac i i ies in Oni sha and ha o Banks, ma ke s and schools we e no only closed, he ci ies
o Oni sha and Nnewi we e "shu down" as a esul o IPOB's o de 7. Las ly, hough no exhaus i e, he g oup has been able o ge
young men in he Sou h Eas o a ack go e nmen ins i u ions like police s a ions, secu i y check poin s, INEC o ices, and e en
acili a ed jailb eaks. The abo e and many o he s a e some o he ac i i ies o his g oup ha ha e impinged on he economy o
he Sou h Eas .
Impac on he Economy o Igbos in he Sou h Eas Nige ia
Al hough he e is no known esea ch on he economic impac o IPOB on he economy o he Igbos in he sou h eas , i can be
posi ed ha hese ac i i ies a e ha ing a dampening e ec on comme ce, e hno- eligious li e, democ a ic p ocesses, academic and
social li e o he people. Fo ins ance, sho ly a e he Eas e n Secu i y Ne wo k (ESN) was o med, and he "si a home o de
was issued, some No he ne s in he Sou h Eas who domina e he ca le ade ma ke in he a ea became e y cau ious and many
eloca ed hei business ei he back o he no h o o o he pa s o he coun y8.
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The ac i i ies o IPOB especially he 'si a home' decla ed on he 9 o Augus , 2021 has inad e en ly been dealing a a al blow o
in es o s and in es ees in he sou h eas which con inued o w eck ha oc on he socio-economic ac i i ies wi hin he Igbo Sou h-
Eas Nige ia. The majo ac i i y o he IPOB oday is he "Si a home" o de , his a ec s he li es o he Igbo all ound bo h
academically and economically e c. I is also mo e o a h ea o he people as many p oblems a e being incu ed by he Igbos. Fo
example, a lo o killings and missing people including p ominen men ake place in he socie y, ha dship and impo e ishmen ,
economic ins abili y, loss o li es and p ope y, e c. All hese makes all hose who end o hemsel es h ough hei daily ha d
wo k o be ad e sely a ec ed by he decision and ac i i ies o IPOB. T ade s and a isans wi hin he egion a e lamen ing he
ha dship hese ac i i ies a e in lic ing on hem. They lamen ha since he "si a home" began, hei amilies ha e been dying o
hunge as hey no longe mee hei needs9. People and businessmen a e leeing he Sou h-Eas and bidding he zone a ewell,
ne e o e u n again acco ding o o he epo s. Mos a e also pu ing hei p ope y o sale wi hin he zone. Aside om uining
he economy o he Sou h-Eas by hei ac i i ies and inci ing s a emen s, he "si a home" o de also h ea ens o has h ea ened
he chances o Kanu's elease as hese ac i i ies do no allow o encou age a heal hy discussion and nego ia ion o he elease o
hei leade Nnamdi Kanu.
Apa om he economic ha oc, hese ac i i ies cause, he e a e also he inancial ca as ophe su e ed by business men in he
egion. Go e no Soludo o Anamb a S a e o ins ance s a ed ha in his s a e alone, businessmen loose 19.6 billion o si a home
e e y Monday10. O he s pu he igu e a 25 billion as wha is los in Oni sha alone each day he e is "si a home". The
disin o ma ion campaign employed by IPOB has wo sened he e hno eligious di isions in he coun y and caused mo e insecu i y
in he Sou h Eas he eby h ea ening Nige ia's uni y and a ec ing he economy o he Sou h Eas in pa icula
On he democ a ic on , he g oup wa ned ha i would no allow elec ions in he Sou h Eas especially he 2021 Go e no ship
polls in Anamb a S a e. I also h ea ened o boyco he 2019 gene al elec ions, e en hough i la e elen ed i s s ance, he gene al
ea o he g oup has caused a lo o o e apa hy du ing ecen elec ions in he Sou h Eas especially wi h hei a ack on police
s a ions, check poin s and INEC o ices in he zone.
IPOB o ganized allies which he police au ho i ies ini ially b oke-up wi h es ain while also a es ing "sco es" o people
including he iling o cha ges agains 137 p o-Bia ans as o 1s Decembe , 201511. Clashes be ween IPOB and he police ha e
also led o some shoo ings be ween he police and he g oup. In e na ional c isis g oup again epo ed ha on he 2nd o Decembe ,
2015, he police sho a p o es e s due o clashes be ween he p o-sepa a is p o es e s and he police. I is on eco d ha due o he
ac i i ies o he g oup, he go e nmen has in se e al occasions esponded wi h o ce agains p o-Bia an ac i i ies who a ended
p o es ma ches ac oss Sou h Eas e n Nige ia o who a emp ed o do so12. Amnes y u he claimed ha i had documen ed cases
o a es , en o ced disappea ances and o en killing suppo e s and membe s o a ious p o-Bia an g oups in he egion, while
sco es o o he s ha e been a es ed and de ained o a emp ing o hold o pa icipa ing in peace ul assemblies, many o hem o
so long a ime.
The impac o he ac i i ies o his g oup is also e lec ed in mo e killings wi nessed in Sou h Eas , o ins ance, on he 30 h May,
2016 in he ci y o Oni sha in Anamb a S a e and he ci y o Asaba in Del a S a e, en people we e killed du ing p o es o ma k
he anni e sa y o he s a o he 1967 Bia a wa when police o ice s opened i e on membe s o IPOB13. The spokesman o
IPOB howe e claimed ha , "a leas 35 membe s o he g oup we e killed in Oni sha". E en hough he police claim ha hey
sho a p o es e s a e IPOB membe s i ed a hem, IPOB denied he claim.
Fu he killings we e eco ded as con i med by Amnes y's In e na ional In es iga ion and epo o he 10 h o June, 2016 14 o he
shoo ing be ween 29 h and 30 h May 2016 which showed ha a leas 17 pe sons we e killed while 50 pe sons we e inju ed which
was a consequence o excessi e o ce applied by secu i y o ces. Amnes y In e na ional u he posi ed ha be ween Augus 2015
and May 2016, "a leas i e simila inciden s happened in Oni sha alone whe e he police and Mili a y sho una med IPOB
membe s and suppo e s".
The abo e e en s we e impac ul in he e hno- eligious, democ a ic p ocesses, academic, social and economic li e o he Igbos in
he Sou h Eas o he ex en ha i has a ec ed he economy o he people o he egion nega i ely.
CONCLUSION
The o ce ul amalgama ion o he di e en peoples in o wha is oday known as Nige ia in 1914 has led o se ies o agi a ion and
sepa a is endencies mos ly a ising om he eeling o ma ginaliza ion by some g oups especially he Igbo o Sou h Eas Nige ia.
Due o he abo e, mos people om he egion beginning wi h L . Col. Ojukwu ha e called o he independence and sepa a ion o
he Igbo om Nige ia and o Ojukwu e en leading a Ci il Wa in 1960s. The calls ha e no aba ed e en a e he wa , as he
Igbos claim ha hose elemen s ha caused he wa a e s ill p esen in oday's Nige ia.
The abo e has led o a new and mo e de e mined wa e o agi a ion as led by Nnamdi Kanu wi h his IPOB. Howe e , he ac i i ies
o his o ganisa ion especially he “si a home” o de including he wan on killings pe pe a ed by his g oup has ended o c ipple
he economy o he egion. This pape analysed he p oblems including he ac i i ies as well as he impac o his on he economy
o he sou h eas . The pape concluded ha he Fede al Go e nmen and IPOB should en e in o dialogue o he elease Nnamdi
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336 Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025 Co esponding Au ho : D . Kenne h Obem E a
Kanu and o e en use he migh o he s a e o quell hese ac i i ies and b ing peace o he egion i he o ganisa ion e uses o
dialogue o he g ow h and de elopmen o he economy o he Sou h Eas people o Igbo.
REFERENCES
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