In e na ional Jou nal o Human Resea ch and Social Science S udies
ISSN(p): 3050-547X, ISSN(e): 3050-5488
Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe , 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijh sss/15-2025-Vol02I11
Page No : 884-891
Page 884 o 891
Explo ing how T ans o ma ional Leade ship can help build T us in
Employee and Flexible wo k cul u e
Vanisha Kuma 1, Shalend a S. Kuma 2
1Mas e s Candida e, College o Business, Hospi ali y and Tou ism S udies, Fiji Na ional Uni e si y, Fiji
2Assis an P o esso , College o Business, Hospi ali y and Tou ism S udies, Fiji Na ional Uni e si y, Fiji
ABSTRACT: The link be ween leade ship and lexible wo k cul u e is explo ed in he s udy. I
se es and ocused be ween se ing o ganiza ional needs ha e gained p ominence in
o ganiza ional esea ch. E ec i e leade ship equi es employee and manage s o p ac ice
o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou o gain o e all sa is ac ion, mo i a ion and expe ience
lexible wo k cul u e. P o essional ela ionship, communica ion and o ganiza ional cul u e is
in e ela ed o he o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou and plays a i al pa in he e e yday
business and li es o he employees as well. By d awing on exis ing li e a u e, he s udy shows
he ele ance o o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou in ou business which he employees a e
olun a ily showing in he wo kplace and how leade ship quali ies a e displayed in he e e yday
business o main ain s able lexible wo k cul u e. The s udy also analyzes he concep o us and
eam wo k in he business which is an elemen o ans o ma ional leade ship and ea u e o
o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou ing a e wi h lexible wo k cul u e p ac iced in he company
as e e y hing is in eg a ed in he heo e ical amewo k. O ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou
plays a i al play in media ing he ole wi h he wo impo an elemen o he esea ch which a e
ans o ma ional leade ship and lexible wo k cul u e. The indings emphasize unde s anding he
mechanisms unde lying he connec ion be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and lexible wo k
cul u e. Leade ship de elopmen s, o ganiza ional p ac ice, and u u e esea ch a e discussed.
Some o he u u e esea ch implica ions a e discussed as well. Thus, O ganiza ion ci izenship
beha iou plays a c i ical pa as he media ing elemen o he wo componen s which a e e y
much explained in b ie comp ehensi e e iew, his pape aims o shed ligh on he mechanism
h ough which is O ganiza ional Ci izenship beha iou media es be ween ans o ma ional
leade ship and lexible wo k cul u e, o e ing insigh s o o ganiza ional p o essional and
schola s.
Co esponding Au ho :
Vanisha Kuma &
Shalend a S. Kuma
KEYWORDS:
T ans o ma ional Leade ship,
O ganiza ional ci izenship,
Flexible wo k cul u e,
T anspa en Communica ion,
Job Sa is ac ion.
INTRODUCTION
A leade helps o he s mee hei needs and wan s o imp o e he o ganiza ion's pe o mance. T ans o ma ional Leade ship
emphasizes quali ies such as humili y, compassion, and eamwo k. I is di e en om adi ional leade ship me hods ha emphasize
con olling and exe ing powe . Mo eo e , i can be ela ed ha a leade ship app oach known as ans o ma ional leade ship (TL)
akes in o accoun each employee's unique needs while inspi ing, mo i a ing, and in ellec ually s imula ing s a membe s. I
encou ages dedica ion, ai h, and c ea i i y. Employees' olun a y, ex a- ole ac ions ha o e all execu i e e ec i eness bu a e
acknowledged by he o mal incen i e sys em a e known as o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io (OCB) (e.g., helping colleagues,
being punc ual, going beyond wo k equi emen s). T ans o ma ional leade s os e he us , d i e, and lexibili y equi ed o a
success ul Flexible Wo k Cul u e, inc easing wo ke s' willingness and capaci y o lou ish in dynamic, lexible wo k se ings.
A wo k en i onmen ha p omo es lexibili y in e ms o ime, place, oles, and wo king me hods is known as a lexible wo k
cul u e (FWC), which p omo es au onomy and wo k-li e balance. Employees' olun a y, ex a- ole ac ions has o e all
o ganiza ional e ec i eness hus acknowledged by he o mal incen i e sys em a e known as o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io
(OCB) (e.g., helping colleagues, being punc ual, going beyond wo k equi emen s). I s a es ha ans o ma ional leade s and
ollowe s mu ually ele a e hei le el o mo i a ion and mo ali y o achie e sha ed goals. Many s udies ha e explained he
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 885 o 891
implica ions o his concep o o ganiza ions. A leade is ega ded as a s ewa d who se s an example o o he s. They a e also
esponsible o nu u ing he g ow h o hei eam.
Thus, his s udy will in es iga e he ollowing:
R1: How does T ans o ma ional leade ship s yle in luence employee us and Flexible Wo k Cul u e?
R2: How does O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou media e be ween T ans o ma ional Leade ship and Flexible Wo k
Cul u e?
Th ough s udies, esea che s ha e linked ans o ma ional Leade ship o di e se ou comes in an o ganiza ion, such as employee
sa is ac ion and pe o mance. They also in es iga ed he ac o s ha in luence he e ec i eness o his app oach in di e en se ings.
S udying he concep o T ans o ma ional Leade ship is e y impo an o people and o ganiza ions. I can help hem achie e
posi i e esul s. The changing en i onmen o oday's wo kplaces also highligh s he impo ance o s yles ha emphasize mo al
Beha io , eamwo k, and compassion. The con empo a y alues o social esponsibili y, empowe men , and inclusi i y align wi h
he concep o Leade ship. This makes i an e ec i e al e na i e o he adi ional con ol and command me hods. As he cul u e o
oday's wo kplaces con inues o e ol e, he concep o leade ship has become a p omising a enue o encou aging employee
engagemen and cul i a ing a heal hy wo k en i onmen . Th ough de ailed in es iga ions, esea che s will be able o gain a deepe
unde s anding o he ac o s ha in luence he pe o mance o his app oach and i s e ec on eam dynamics. Wi h a help ul and
unde s anding leade he employees a e open o communica ion as his p omo es anspa en communica ion. Enabling eam
membe s o eely sha e hei hough s, wo ies, and c i icism. Suppo i e En i onmen , by aluing employees' con ibu ions and
nu u ing a in ellec o i ing, leade s build mu ual us and espec wi hin he eam. Inno a ion & Adap abili y, by encou aging
c ea i i y and con inuous lea ning, leade s os e a dynamic cul u e whe e employees a e com o able challenging no ms and
adap ing o new si ua ions, which is c ucial o lexible en i onmen s. Mo i a ion o G ow h, his leade ship s yle suppo s
de elopmen , op o inc eased job app o al and employees who a e mo e in es ed in hei oles and he o ganiza ion's adap abili y.
Fu he mo e, ha ing a lexible wo k cul u e no only shows how impac ul a ans o ma i e leade can be bu also shows how o
build us in employees o mo i a e hem o wo k e icien ly in he wo k om home en i onmen .
Concep ual F amewo k
H4
H2 H3
H1
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
T ans o ma ional leade ship will be posi i ely ela ed o Flexible wo k cul u e.
The ounda ion o leade ship ha ans o ms makes wo k compelling and p oduc i e o bo h as a eam. A sense o sa e y wi hin
he wo kplace a e i al componen s o high mo ale when leade s p io i ize he needs o hei employees. The e a e many ways in
which leade s can ensu e ha he employees a e a ained well in he company. The ea u es o ans o ma i e Leade ship we e ound
and known by Spea s (1995), The way ans o ma i e leade s in e ac wi h hei s a is based on hese ai s, os e ing chee ul
a mosphe e o su oundings a he wo kplace. A suppo i e and empowe ing wo k cul u e is one essen ial way suppo i e leade ship
enhances employee mo ale. The employees mus be ea ed he same as each o he a he wo kplace. Leade s ecognize and
app ecia e hei employees' con ibu ions and ha d wo k. They a e o e ing hanks, o e ing eedback, and ecognizing
accomplishmen s. Leade s cul i a e a cul u e o app ecia ion and p aise wi hin he o ganiza ion (Liden e al., 2008). This, in u n,
boos s s a spi i s by ecognizing hei e o s and ins illing a eeling o belonging and app ecia ion. Encou agemen and eedback
always ie he employees oge he o wo k ha d as employees. Mo eo e , T ans o ma ional leade s mus p io i ize hei employees'
pe sonal and p o essional de elopmen . E e y leade mus unde s and an employee's p oblem, whe he indi idually o a he
wo kplace, because he mindse o an employee may igge he wo k, hey do om he pe sonal p oblem hey a e going h ough.
The indi idual p oblem o an employee may ha m he company se an leade i no a ended o o sol ed on ime. The g ow h and
ad ancemen o hei ollowe s can be demons a ed by in es ing in coaching, men o ing, and aining p og ams. The ocus on
O ganiza ional
Ci izenship Beha iou
T ans o ma ional
Leade ship
Flexible Wo k
Cul u e
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 886 o 891
g ow h no only boos s indi idual pe o mance bu also ins ills a sense o pu pose and ul illmen in s a , esul ing in a boos in
mo ale. (Budu T and Demi (2022) explained he many companies a e willing o op o gi e he s a s an oppo uni y o p ac ice
wo k om home.
While i can be exp essed ha lexibili y on wo k li e is ex a likely and eliable in oday’s wo k cul u e as echnology de elopmen
was eased many obs acles. S udies by (Jiang and Zhao, 2017) lexible wo k cul u e is posi i ely associa ed wi h inc eased
p oduc i i y, lowe absen eeism and highe job sa is ac ion. Flexibili y in he wo kplace allows wo ke s o sa is y hei demands
bo h a wo k and ou side o i . "Fixed wo king" is a wide wo d ha encompasses lexibili y in e ms o bo h loca ion and hou s.
Flexible wo king p ac ices include shi ing, elecommu ing, comp essed wo k, sabba icals, lex ime, job sha ing, seasonal wo k,
yea ly wo king hou s, aca ion ime, and much mo e (La ham and locke,1991). while (Maha ani and T oena (2013) said ha lexible
wo k cul u e will allow employees o choose he s a ing ime and compe ing ime o he ask as wha ma e s he mos he comple ing
he ask in hose ce ain hou s as unde ans o ma i e leade ship belie ing in employees and gi ing hem a sense o au ho i y o
decide how o plan and comple e assigned ask. Thus, i can lead o he o mula ion o he below Hypo hesis:
H1: T ans o ma ional leade ship will be posi i ely ela ed o Flexible wo k cul u e.
T ans o ma ional leade ship and O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou
Teams mo i a e ollowe s o commi o he o ganiza ion's objec i es and p o ide pe o mance ou comes ha su pass expec a ions.
By a icula ing a mo ing ision and se ing as ole models in achie ing i , mo i a ing ollowe s o se aside hei pe sonal in e es s
o he bene i o he g oup o o ganiza ion, and igni ing hei ad anced o de needs, eam leade s can inspi e and ans o m
ollowe s, acco ding o Bass (1990). Following he iden i ica ion o he p ima y beha io s ha inspi e and ans o m ollowe s,
(Conge and Kanungo (1998) a gued ha an added p ocess-o ien ed app oach o ans o ma ional leade ship was equi ed in o de
o expansion a unde s anding o he p ocess o mo i a ing and ans o ming ollowe s. Wi h he in en ion o demons a ing how
Team leade s change subo dina es om hei cu en o a desi ed u u e ou come, hey c ea ed a sense o mindse amongs he
membe s as o wha shall we achie e. Team leade s s a by assessing he cu en conce n o a ai s a wo k and i s su oundings.
Du ing his i s phase, hey ac i ely look o cu en o possible solu ion o e ec i ely ace challenging eam and wo k en i onmen .
The second s age in ol es de e mining, o mula ing, and communica ing goals based on he de iciencies hey ind. As his helps
he manage and he side o comp ehend he goals and esul s expec ed o achie e demons a ing he quali ies o he ans o ma ional
leade ship encou aging O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou (A olio and Waldman, (1991).
When wo ke s wi ness encou aging and mo i a ing leade ship, hey eel compelled o e u n he a o by engaging in op ional
ac ions ha ad ance he company, such lending a hand o cowo ke s, exhibi ing loyal y, and aking ini ia i e (Eh ha ,2004). This
ela ionship is suppo ed by empi ical esea ch, which shows ha ans o ma ional leade ship signi ican ly p edic s a numbe o
OCB aspec s (B own, 2006), (A olio,2004). Fu he mo e, such media ing elemen s like o ganiza ional commi men , job sa is ac ion
and leade ship us a e conce n linked wi h o ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou . Ha ing an unde s anding leade is a e y
impo an elemen o O ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou as hei os e an a mosphe e ha mo i a es s a membe s o ac i ely
pa icipa e in beha io s ha imp o e o ganiza ional e ec i eness and cohesion. As showing o ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou
is pa is expec ing wo k en i onmen and showing he leade s ha indi idual is eally commi ed and mo i a ed o deli e he bes
esul s.
Thus, ha ing a posi i e a i ude owa ds wo k and assigned ask shows a sign o O ganiza ion ci izenship beha io as i s mo e in o
showing he commi men owa ds wo k as employees a e no obliga ed o do so. Ha ing commi men and dedica ion owa ds wo k
wi hou been old helps o build espec and commi men as (G eenle ,1977) as i also lows he ype o he leade employee is
wo king on and his helps o build g ea eamwo k wi h posi i e end esul s.
H2: T ans o ma ional leade ship will be posi i ely ela ed wi h O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou
O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou and Flexible Wo k Cul u e.
A key componen o an o ganiza ion's i ali y, employee engagemen includes emo ional in e es and exci emen o hei wo k,
which os e s a sense o connec ion and pu pose. (Robbins,2009) explained ha employees and leade s wi h high engagemen a e
key o he success o o ganiza ional success, inno a ion and also encou aging eam wo k which occu leads be e unde s anding
amongs he eams hus leading o o ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou o be p esen amongs each ano he which is a key
componen o lexible wo k cul u e. While lexible wo k cul u e in p ac ices leade s and employee a e a ached emo ional, cogni i e
and esponsibly, encou agemen a be e logic o p omise and in e es ing hei well-being (Podsako e al, (2000). O ganiza ional
Ci izenship Beha iou is some hing ha is olun a y p ac iced in he wo k place and wi h he eams o unde s and each ano he .
Which leads he eam o ha e ai h and unde s and each ano he as his wha helps he leade s o in es us in allowing he membe s
o p ac ice Flexible Wo k En i onmen . Usually when s ong posi i e wo k ela ion is buil be ween he eams and i s manage s,
he membe s and manage s o en mo i a ed o d i e an addi ional mile o ealize s uc u al success as he managemen has inpu
qui e ai h in hem leading o gain us o hei membe (Chaha ,2019).
Wo kplace passion e e s o a pe son's passion, d i e, and commi men o hei job. I en ails gi ing onesel ully o wo k ha
inspi es and o e s sa is ying expe iences (Chen,2020). Passiona e wo ke s a e essen ial in b idging he gap be ween ans o ma i e
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 887 o 891
leade ship and o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io . By in luencing o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io , hei posi i e ac ions
indi ec ly a ec how ans o ma ional leade ship a ec s wo ke pe o mance (Da ey,2019). One impo an elemen ha migh
in luence employee beha io o enhance o ganiza ional pe o mance is ans o ma ional leade ship. Acco ding o he au ho , bo h
a low and high le els o ans o ma ional leade ship, he e is a no iceable posi i e impac on c ea i e beha io (Chaha ,2019) The
key meaning o ans o ma ional leade ship is o chee employees o eac a o ably o change. Employee c ea i i y is in luenced
by ans o ma ional leade ship in a numbe o ways, including hei skill o c ea e, come up wi h new ideas, and imp o e o e all
pe o mance. Employee a e hea ly allowed o p ac ice wo k om home as hei ha e managed o build hei espec and us in he
eye o he senio managemen eam as hei will as p oduc i e om home and he e a e om O ice. Always ha ing a p oac i e
app oach o wo k and wo k cul u e. A lexible wo k cul u e is likely o consume a con iden connec ion wi h o ganiza ional
ci izenship beha io (OCB) because i p omo es us , au onomy, and employee well-being, all o which in u n suppo p o-social
(Williams, 1991). Employees a e addi ional possible o eel app ecia ed and espec ed when hei employe s p o ide lexible
a angemen s like emo e wo k choices, adjus able schedules, o pe o mance e alua ions based on esul s. This eeling o suppo
and us equen ly inspi es a desi e o e u n he a o by engaging in cons uc i e beha io s ha go abo e and beyond he call o
du y, such lending a hand o cowo ke s, aking ini ia i e, and exhibi ing o ganiza ional loyal y. ((Da ey,2019) Addi ionally, a
lexible wo kplace cul u e imp o es job sa is ac ion and wo k-li e balance while lowe ing s ess and boos ing emo ional loyal y o
he company. Employees a e mo e willing o con ibu e o eam achie emen and o ganiza ional objec i es as a esul o his
inc eased deg ee o in ol emen . Essen ially, lexibili y inc eases employees' psychological pa o he co po a ion and empowe s
hem, which in u n p omo es highe le els o o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io .
H3: O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou will be posi i ely ela ed o Flexible Wo k Cul u e.
O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou will media e he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and lexible wo k
cul u e.
Co po a e ci izenship Employee beha io is de ined as hei olun a y beha io s ha a e c ucial o main aining and gua an eeing an
o ganiza ion's success and a e posi i ely co ela ed wi h ou comes like pe o mance, eamwo k, and educed u no e . Team
membe s a e going beyond o o e a helping hand o he co-wo ke s. In many companies, leade s who wan o e ain alen and
boos p oduc i i y place a high p io i y on employee engagemen . E ec i e communica ion is hough o play a c ucial pa in
in luencing how people eel abou hei wo kplace. Robbins and Judge (2006) claim ha open and hones communica ion imp o es
employees' pe cep ions o ai ness and us , which aises hei le el o comp ehension. As his helps o build a heal hy ela ionship
be ween leade s and s a s ha di ec ly links ans o ma i e leade ship been ollowed in he business and OCB been p esen in he
business en i onmen .
When people pe cei e open communica ion and eel ha hei opinions a e espec ed, employees a e mo e likely o engage in hei
wo k and demons a e commi men o he company's goals.
In a simila ein, when wo ke s expe ience high-quali y in e ac ions, hey g ow o eel like hey belong and iden i y wi h he
company, which boos s hei d i e and makes hem shine in he eyes o leade s, gi ing hem a ai assessmen o how diligen hei
eam membe s a e. Being able o eely as you opinions and been hea d in mee ings is a ea u e o O ganiza ional Ci izenship
Beha iou and also lis ening o he employees is an elemen o suppo i e leade (McShane & Glinow, 2015). P inciples and
unc ions as a leade while hei helps o uphold business policies as well as O ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou and
T ans o ma ional leade s wo k hand in hand. O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou equi es a le el o us in which employees’
side wi h a pa icula o ganiza ion and i s objec i es in ends o main ain ha us and loyal y owa ds o ganiza ion (Oema ,2013).
The e ec i eness o Leade ship and o ganiza ional ela ionships depends on O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou . T us is wha
all he employees, supe iso s, and o ganiza ions a e made up o . T us in leade s encou ages anspa ency, eamwo k, and
coope a ion among s a , esul ing in enhanced o ganiza ional e iciency (B ian,2002). I he leade s ha e us in hei employees
han Flexible wo k cul u e can ne e is a p oblem ha will be aced employees o ollow and manage s o manage. Acco ding o De
Menezes (2017), ans o ma ional leade s mo i a e hei ollowe s o se aside hei own in e es s in a o o he company and i s
wo ke s. Howe e lexible wo k cul u e is di ec ly and indi ec ly linked wi h O ganiza ional ci izenship Beha iou as ha ing
in eg i y and igh piece o mind owa ds wo k as whe e and when shall wo k be done. T ans o ma ional leade s in es he igh
mo als and us in hei employees o p ac ice lexible wo k cul u e a hei ime and pace. Technology ad ancemen has also made
wo k cul u e quie lexible hus his also assis o p omo e mo i a ion and p oduc i i y among employee and eam membe s
(A ms ong & Taylo ,2014). O e all wo k passion is some hing ha is e y common in employees and manage s as p omo ing and
encou aging lexible wo k cul u e in he wo kplace is media ed by O ganiza ional Ci izenship beha iou . Thus, i can lead o he
o mula ion o he ollowing hypo hesis:
H4: O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou will media e he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and lexible wo k
cul u e.
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 888 o 891
METHODOLOGY
This s udy p o ides a posi i e esea ch example. Posi i i y aligns well wi h he p esump i e logic model o p ecise esea ch, which
in ol es o mula ing hypo heses, c ea ing ial plans, and igo ously es ing hypo heses in o de o g adually ede ine in o ma ion.
By employing he quan i iable app oach and ocusing on la ge sample sizes o p oduce obse able esul s, he cu en s udy adhe es
o a pe inen me hodology. A combina ion o pu pose ul and andom sampling was used o ga he 162 da a poin s in o de o su ey
he hypo hesis. Sel - epo ed ques ionnai es we e used o collec he da a om Digicel Fiji PTE Limi ed employees. In o de o
in es iga e communica i e leade ship, ans o ma ional leade ship, and a lexible wo k cul u e o communica ion, employees in he
o ices h oughou Fiji Island we e chosen a andom. Pu posi e sampling was employed in he s udy o ind and choose a sample
o leade s who we e willing o con ibu e in o ma ion based on hei expe ience in o de o assess hei desi e o u ilize Cha GPT
(Adab e e al., 2021). The majo i y o he answe s came om s a membe s. A e being e ie ed om ieldwo k, he da a was
inpu in o SPPS and hen mo ed o AMOS. Each cons uc 's nume ical alue was ho oughly e alua ed in o de o c ea e a solid
esea ch model. The p- alue, which was se a 0.5, indica es ha he mean popula ion is 95% likely o all inside he gi en ange o
alues. Age, wo k expe ience, and pay scale we e included as con ol a iables in he s udy (see Table 1).
Table 1. Desc ip i e S a is ics
Age
20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41 Yea s and O e
23.5%
56.2%
13.0%
6.2%
1.2%
Occupa ional
expe ience
1-3 yea s
4-7 yea s
8-11 yea s
12-14 yea s
14 yea s and o e
14.8%
47.5%
32.7%
3.7%
1.2%
Sala y scale
FJD ≤ 10,000
FJD 10,000-
20,000
FJD 20,000-
30,000
FJD 30,000-
40,000
FJD 40,000 and o e
1.9%
4.3%
16.7%
11.1%
66%
Measu e
The pe son chose he a ious componen s in he i e-poin a ing olun a ily. Like scale: 1 ep esen s s ongly disag ee and 5
ep esen s s ongly ag ee. A sel -comple ed ques ionnai e was used o assess TL. Acco ding o Bo nman and Pu h (2017), he
ques ions consis o wen y elemen s. "Ou leade s equi e high-pe o mance s anda ds o ollowe s" and "Ou leade s communica e
well in a g oup con ex " a e he scale's sample i ems, wi h C onbach's α o 0.97. The six-i em FWC scale was modi ied om Ba ick
e al. (2015). "I eel inspi ed o go he addi ional mile o assis his o ganiza ion lou ish" and "I eel a eeling o de o ion o his
o ganiza ion" we e among he sample i ems wi h a C onbach's α o 0.95. Fi e i ems om ea lie s udies ha ha e been shown o be
app op ia e o e alua ing his cons uc make up he EPCOM assessmen (Rawlins, 2008; A e y & Kim, 2009; Einwille e al.,
2021; Appelman & Sunda , 2016). Wi h a C onbach's α o 0.85, he s udy's sample i ems, " ele ance" and "well p esen ed," ha e
adequa e in e nal consis ency. Leade s' desi e o u ilize Cha GPT is examined using he echnology accep ance pa adigm (Da is,
1989; Venka esh and Da is, 1996). Wi h each cons uc assessed by he i ems, pe cei ed use ulness ease may be gained om he
echnology.
Table 2. Mean, S anda d De ia ion, and Co ela ion o Va iables o he S udy
Mean
SD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Age
2.06
0.851
1
2. Gende
1.74
0.440
0.271**
1
3. OCP exp
2.29
0.809
0.717**
0.370**
1
4. Sala y
4.35
1.024
0.412**
0.273**
0.423**
1
5. TL
4.2975
0.59239
0.194*
0.122
0.262**
0.361**
1
6. FWC
4.3062
0.52250
0.210**
0.211**
0312**
0.414**
0.527**
1
7. OCB
4.2994
0.36704
0.241**
0.165*
0.216**
0.399**
0.470**
0.484**
1
No e: *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 889 o 891
Table 3. Composi e Reliabili y and A e age Va iance Ex ac ed
I em
Mean
SD
TL1
4.34
0.850
TL 2
4.18
0.730
TL 3
4.30
0,732
TL 4
4.24
0.802
TL 5
4.43
0.667
FWC 1
4.17
0.777
FWC 2
4.29
0.737
FWC 3
4.35
0.653
FWC 4
4.36
0.693
FWC 5
4.36
0.854
OCB 1
4.09
0.721
OCB 2
4.39
0.652
OCB 3
4.20
0.740
OCB 4
4.33
0.678
OCB 5
4.30
0.826
OCB 6
4.36
0.729
OCB 7
4.25
0.643
OCB 8
4.31
0.605
OCB 9
4.33
0.577
OCB 10
4.39
0.652
TL was i s hough o be igh ly linked wi h FWC. The below shows (see Table 3) con i m H1 by demons a ing a posi i e
co ela ion be ween TL and FWC (β = 0.84, p ˂ 0.001). Nex , he esul s (β = 0.697, p ˂ 0.001) demons a e a posi i e connec ion
be ween TL and OCB, con i ming ull suppo o H2 (Table 3). OCB and FWC will a o ably co ela e, as expec ed. H3 is ully
suppo ed by he esul s (β = 0.357, p ˂ 0.001) (Table 3). Finally, i was u he p edic ed ha OCB will imp o e he connec ion
be ween TL and FWC. Wi h a s aigh esul o (β = 0.3367, p ˂ 0.001), an indi ec e ec o (β = 0.1185, p ˂ 0.001), and a o al
e ec o (β = 0.1398, p ˂ 0.001), he addi ional esul shows ha OCB pa ially media es he link be ween TL and FWC, suppo ing
H4 (Table 3).
Table 4. Media ion o COB be ween TL and FWC
Pa ame e
Dependen
R2
F
P
Coe icien
SE
LLCI
ULCI
Cons an
TL
OCB
0.2208
45.3416
0.000
0.0482
0.1876
16.2512
2.6777
3.4186
0.2912
0.432
6.7336
0.2058
0.3765
Cons an
TL
OCB
FWC
0.3570
44.1359
0.000
1.1085
0.3810
2.9096
0.3561
1.8609
0.3367
0.0611
5.5100
0.2160
0.4574
0.4072
0.0986
4.1283
0.2124
0.6020
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 890 o 891
Di ec e ec o X o Y
0.3367
0.611
5.5100
0.2160
0.4574
The indi ec e ec o X o Y
0.1185
0.469
0.0344
0.2177
The o al e ec o X o Y
0.4553
0.566
8.0460
0.3435
0.5670
DISCUSSION
The abo e da a shows he sample da a ha we e collec ed o comple e he abo e ables o he equi ed in o ma ion. The me a-
Analysis was conduc ed using he ideas o explo e he knowledge o O ganiza ion ci izenship Beha iou in he connec ion be ween
ans o ma ional leade ship and Flexible wo k cul u e. The analysis examined h ee main a iables which we e T ans o ma ional
leade ship, O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou and Flexible wo k cul u e. T ans o ma ional leade ship quali ies we e assessed
using es ablished scales such as ans o ma ional leade ship Ques ionnai es (TL) while O ganiza ional Ci izenship Beha iou was
measu ed in e ms o us in employees, us in colleagues and manage s as well. How he depa men s a e able o ensu e such
beha iou be ween he eam wi h he help o he membe s and manage s. Flexible wo k cul u e was assessed h ough ques ions as
mo i a ion o do be e om home, mee ing manage s expec a ions and a e he eams encou aged o p ac ice lexible wo k cul u e.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATION
The da a analysis has se e al implica ions o o ganiza ion p ac ice and esea ch. Fi s ly, depa men s should p io i ize he
de elopmen and p ac ice o Flexible wo k cul u e as he employee will ge a sense o eliabili y o manage wo k while unable o
be a ailable physically in o ice e e y day. Many depa men s a e no amilia wi h he lexible wo k cul u e as pe mission is no
g an ed. Secondly os e ing he cul u e o us wi hin he o ganiza ion is essen ial as i enhances he e ec i eness o he
ans o ma ional leade ship p ac ices and con ibu es o posi i e O ganiza ion beha iou . Finally, ha ing se e al leade s ac oss he
business had di e en elemen s and say abou he quali ies in he business as ha was in e p e ed hough he esponses om he
ques ionnai es.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION
Ha ing conduc ed his s udy h ough ques ionnai es and a e iew o jou nal a icles, he s udy had some limi a ions. Some
limi a ions iden i ied we e he sample size o he dis ibu ed ques ionnai e and he ime cons ain s o collec ing he ques ionnai es
o ime o compile da a om he o ganiza ions. I all he con ibu ed da a was collec ed da a analysis would ha e been mo e clea ly
explained. Di e en o ganiza ions ope a e di e en ly; he e o e, he esea ch would ha e p o ided mo e de ailed iews, challenges,
and obse a ions ega ding he s udy i di e en business we e in ol ed o ga he da a on he key a eas o he cu en leade ship
s yle been p ac iced in he o ganiza ion. Add essing hese limi a ions in e o s can con ibu e o a mo e obus unde s anding o
he ole o OCB in he ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and Flexible wo k cul u e, ul ima ely in o ming e idence-
based p ac ices o o ganiza ional Leade ship and managemen . In oday’s de eloping business wo ld, leade ship s yle and OCB
a e inc easing day by day and shall be s udied in dep h om many di e en businesses o p ope ly unde s and he elemen and bi s
o he OCB and di e en leade ship s yles used ac oss he business and communi ies o ha e a be e and deeply unde s anding o
he leade ship s yle ollowed a ound he a eas. As OCB has many o he s ac o s such as emo ional lexibili y,
REFERENCES
1. A olio, B. J., Waldman, D. A., and Yamma ino, F. J. (1991). Leading in he 1990s: The ou I′s o ans o ma ional
leade ship. J. Eu . Ind. T ain. 15, 9–16.
2. Be son, Y., and A olio, B. J. (2004). T ans o ma ional leade ship and he dissemina ion o o ganiza ional goals: a case
s udy o a elecommunica ion m. Leade ship. Qua . 15, 625–646.
3. B own, M. E., & T e iño, L. K. (2006). E hical Leade ship: A e iew and u u e di ec ions. The Leade ship Qua e ly,
17(6), 595–616.
4. Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & S ogdill’s Handbook o Leade ship. New Yo k, NY: F ee
5. P ess.Conge , J. A., and Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Cha isma ic Leade ship in O ganiza ions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6. Budu , T., & Demi , A. (2022). The ela ionship be ween ans o ma ional leade ship and employee pe o mance:
Media ing e ec s o o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou s. In e disciplina y Jou nal o Managemen S udies (Fo me ly
Known as I anian Jou nal o Managemen S udies), 15(4), 899–921.
7. Chen, P., Lee, F., & Lim, S. (2020). Lo ing hy wo k: de eloping a measu e o wo k passion. Eu opean Jou nal o Wo k
and O ganiza ional Psychology, 29(1), 140–158.
A ailable on: h ps://ijh sss.com/
Page 891 o 891
8. Chaha , B. (2019) ‘Psychological con ac and o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io : explo ing he in e ela edness h ough
c oss alida ion’, Academy o S a egic Managemen Jou nal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.4–10.
9. Da ey-Baah, K., Anlesinyab, A. and Lamp ey, Y. (2019) ‘Leade ship beha iou s and o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io :
he media ing ole o job in ol emen ’, In e na ional Jou nal o Business, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp.81–87
10. De Menezes, L. M., and Kellihe , C. (2017). Flexible wo king, indi idual pe o mance, and employee a i udes: compa ing
o mal and in o mal a angemen s.56, 1051–1070.
11. G eenlea , R. K. (1970). The se an as leade . Robe K. G eenlea Cen e .
12. Eh ha , M. G. (2004). Leade ship and p ocedu al jus ice clima e as an eceden s o uni -le el o ganiza ional ci izenship
beha io . Pe sonnel Psychology, 57(1), 61–94.
13. Jiang, W., Zhao, X., & Ni, J. (2017). The impac o ans o ma ional leade ship on employee sus ainable pe o mance: The
media ing ole o o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io . Sus ainabili y, 9(9), 1567.
14. Maha ani, V., T oena, E. A., & Noe mija i, N. (2013). O ganiza ional ci izenship beha io ole in media ing he e ec o
ans o ma ional leade ship, job sa is ac ion on employee pe o mance: S udies in PT bank Sya iah Mandi i Malang eas
Ja a. In e na ional Jou nal o Business and Managemen , 8(17), 1–12.
15. Jo, S. J., & Joo, B. K., (B ian). (2011). Knowledge sha ing: The in luences o lea ning o ganiza ion cul u e, o ganiza ional
commi men , and o ganiza ional ci izenship beha iou s. Jou nal o Leade ship and O ganiza ional S udies, 18(3), 353–
364.
16. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Hende son, D. (2008). Se an Leade ship: De elopmen o a mul idimensional
measu e and mul i-le el assessmen . The Leade ship Qua e ly, 19(2), 161-177.
17. La ham, G. P., and Locke, E. A. (1991). Sel - egula ion h ough goal se ing. O gan. Beha . Hum. Decis. P ocess. 50, 212–
247
18. McShane, S. L., & Glinow, M. A. (2015). O ganiza ional beha io eme ging knowledge, global eali y. McG aw Hill
Global Edi ion.
19. Podsako , P., MacKenzie, S., Paine, J. and Bach ach, D. (2000) ‘O ganiza ional ci izenship beha io : a c i ical e iew o
he heo e ical and empi ical li e a u e and sugges ions o u u e esea ch’, Jou nal o Managemen , Vol. 26, No. 3,
pp.513–563.
20. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2009). O ganiza ional Beha io (13 h ed.). P en ice Hall.
21. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. (2006). O ganiza ional beha io . Pea son Educa ion.
22. Oema , Y. (2013). Penga uh Budaya O ganisasi,Kemampuan Ke jadan Komi menO ganisasi e hadap,O ganiza ional
Ci izenhsip Beha io (OCB)Pegawai pada BAPPEDA Ko a Pekanba u. Ju nal Aplikasi Manajemen, 11(66), 65–76.
23. Spea s, L. C. (Ed.). (1995). Re lec ions on Leade ship: How Robe K. G eenlea 's heo y o se an -leade ship in luenced
oday's op managemen hinke s. John Wiley & Sons.
24. Walumbwa, F. O., Ha nell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Se an Leade ship, p ocedu al jus ice clima e, se ice clima e,
employee a i udes, and o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io : A c oss-le el in es iga ion. Jou nal o Applied Psychology,
95(3), 517–529
25. Williams, L. and Ande son, S. (1991) ‘Job sa is ac ion and o ganiza ional commi men as p edic o s o o ganiza ional
ci izenship beha io and in- ole beha io ’, Jou nal o Managemen , Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.601–618.
