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RE
RERE
RESEARCH
SEARCHSEARCH
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PAPER
PAPERPAPER
PAPER
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OPEN ACCESS
Woody plan s suppo ing insec pollina o s in Chagga home
Ga dens, No he n Tanzania
Nanyika Kingazi
*1,2
, RPC.
Temu
1
, Agnes Si ima
1
, Ma ias
Jonsson
3
1
College o Fo es y, Wildli e and Tou ism, Sokoine Uni e si y o Ag icul u e (SUA), Tanzania
2Tanzania Fo es y Resea ch Ins i u e (TAFORI), Tanzania
3Depa men o Ecology, Swedish Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences (SLU), Sweden
A icle published on July 16, 2023
Key wo ds:
Woody plan s, Insec pollina o s, Ga dens, Tanzania
Abs ac
Insec s play a g ea ole in he pollina ion o lowe s in many ag icul u al sys ems, and hey ely on lo al
esou ces o hei su i al. Howe e , a signi ican decline and ex inc ion o hese c ucial insec s ha e been
wi nessed globally as a esul o agmen a ion and/o loss o hei habi a such as lo al esou ces using
da a om he Chagga home ga den (CHGs), we aimed a (1) examining he composi ion and species
ichness o pollina o o age plan s in he CHGs, (2) de e mining how ele a ion a ec s he di e si y o
pollina o o age species in CHG, (3) de e mining he empo al a ailabili y o pollina o o age plan s in he
CHGs, (4) de e mining he pollina o g oups o aging on he plan s in he CHGs, (5) de e mining he ype
o lo al ewa ds o he insec pollina o s in CHGs. I was obse ed ha : (1)o he 302 wood species in he
CHGs, 293 (97%) om 62 amilies we e pollina o o age o which 170 species (58.02%) we e ees while
123 species (41.98%) we e sh ubs; (2) pollina o o age species di e si y dec eased wi h inc ease in
ele a ion g adien ; (3) Flowe ing o he pollina o o age plan s was sp ead h oughou he yea ; (4) Bees
we e he mos dominan g oup o plan isi o s, isi ing abou 93% o he plan s; (5) he majo i y o plan s
p o ided bo h pollen and nec a o insec pollina o s. The esul s om his s udy sugges ha adi ional
ag o o es y sys ems such as Chagga home ga dens can con ibu e o inc easing he spa ial and empo al
a ailabili y o di e se lo al esou ces o insec pollina o s.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Nanyika Kingazi nanyikakinga[email p o ec ed]om
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 175-188, 2023
h p://www.innspub.ne
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176 | Kingazi e al.
In oduc ion
The impo ance o pollina o s' p o ec ion is
unde sco ed by he ac ha hey a e essen ial o
pollina ion o he majo i y o he wo ld's wild
lowe ing plan s (Olle on e al., 2011) and 75% o
c op species (Klein e al., 2007). Wi h ega d o c op
pollina ion, unde s anding ac o s in luencing
pollina o popula ions in a mlands is c i ical in
designing conse a ion s a egies ha ensu e hei
long ime su i al in ag icul u al landscapes
(Timbe lake & Vaughan, 2019).
Insec pollina o s a e he main pollina o g oup in
ag icul u al a eas and hei popula ion is a ec ed by
se e al ac o s including he a ailabili y o lo al
esou ces (nec a and pollen) and nes ing si es in
a mlands (Fowle e al., 2016). One way o ensu e
he a ailabili y o lo al and nes ing esou ces o
insec pollina o s in ag icul u al a eas is by
in eg a ing ees and sh ubs in a mlands (Ben up e
al., 2019; Cen eno-Al a ado e al., 2023). The ees
and sh ubs in a mlands p o ide nes ing si es and
ensu e lo al esou ces a ailabili y o insec
pollina o s e en when c ops a e no in bloom (Lowe
e al., 2021). Howe e , his depends on whe he he
in eg a ed ees and sh ubs species a e sui able o
insec pollina o s such as supplying ood esou ces in
e ms o pollen, nec a , o bo h as well as nes si es.
The Chagga home ga dens in Tanzania a e one o he
ag icul u al land use sys ems whe eby a me s
in eg a e ees and sh ubs wi h c ops and li es ock in
he same uni o land (Mbeyale &mcha o, 2022). The
ees and sh ubs in Chagga home ga dens a e ei he
e ained o plan ed o di e en pu poses such as
p o iding shade o he c ops, especially bananas and
co ee, odde , li e ences, and ui s (Soini, 2005).
Acco ding o Hemp (2005), he Chagga home ga dens
main ain a high di e si y o plan s wi h o e 500
plan species (including wood and he baceous
plan s). Howe e , despi e o he high lo al di e si y
o Chagga home ga dens, he e is li le in o ma ion
conce ning hei po en ial in supplying lo al and
nes ing esou ces o insec pollina o s. P e ious
s udies such as A nold e al. (2021), Sawe e al.
(2020), and Elisan e e al. (2019) ocused on assessing
he pollina ion se ice o insec pollina o communi ies
in he Chagga home ga den and no hei ecological
habi a ( lo al esou ces and nes ing si es).
The di e si y o pollina o o age plan s in he
landscape e lec s he con inuous supply o lo al
esou ces om di e en plan species and hence
encou ages he insec pollina o s o emain on si e
(Mensah e al., 2017a). This is because ees and
sh ub species di e in lowe ing ime and du a ion
hence due o hei in e mi en ly lowe ing, hey
p o ide lo al esou ces o insec isi o s h oughou
he yea (To ne-Nogue a e al., 2014). Also, lo al
a ailabili y o insec pollina o s in he landscape
depends on he lowe ing ime and spa ial
dis ibu ion o pollina o o age plan s in he
landscapes. In he Chagga home ga den, a me s play
a g ea ole in de e mining he species composi ion in
hei ga den since hey plan o e ain species based
on hei p e e ences and needs (Fe nandes e al.,
1985). Howe e en i onmen al ac o s such as
ele a ion a ec s he composi ion o plan species in
he landscape (Malizia e al., 2020).
This pape aimed a quan i ying he a ailabili y o
o age esou ces o insec pollina o s in CHGs. A
su ey was ca ied ou in CHGs o: (1) examine he
composi ion and species ichness o pollina o o age
plan s; (2) de e mine how ele a ion a ec s he
di e si y o pollina o o age species in CHG; (3)
de e mine he empo al a ailabili y o pollina o
o age plan s in CHG, (4) de e mine he pollina o
g oups o aging on he pollina o o age species in
CHGs (5) de e mine he ype o lo al ewa ds among
insec pollina o s o age species in CHGs. The esul s
om his s udy a e a c ucial pa o o mula ing
e iciency policies, plans, and s a egies o manage
and conse e insec pollina o s in ag icul u al
landscapes in Tanzania.
Ma e ial and me hods
This s udy was conduc ed in he Moshi u al dis ic
in he Kilimanja o egion loca ed on he lowe slopes
o Moun Kilimanja o in no he n Tanzania (Fig. 1).
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The dis ic ecei es a bimodal ain all pa e n wi h a
long ainy season a ound Ma ch and May and sho
ain all a ound No embe and Decembe (Appelhans
e al. 2016; Røh and Killing ei 2003). The mean
annual ain all anges be ween 600mm o 2000mm
while he daily empe a u e anges be ween 15 ◦C o
29 ◦C depending on loca ion and ele a ion. Gene ally,
ag icul u e is he main economic ac i i y o he
inhabi an in he dis ic la gely a ibu ed o
suppo i e clima ic condi ions o c ops and ee
g ow h. Due o sho age o land exace ba ed by high
popula ion densi y, a me s end o maximize hei
small homes ead's land p oduc i i y by in eg a ing
di e en ypes o c ops such as bananas, co ee, and
beans; li es ock such as cows and goa s; and
mul ipu pose ees and sh ubs on he same piece o
land. This sys em o a ming is locally known as
Chagga Home Ga dens (CHGs).
The CHGs a e mainly p ac iced be ween 800m o
1900m ele a ion on he slopes o he moun ain
Kilimanja o (Hemp, 2005) and he a e age
ga den/ a m size is 0.68 ha wi h a ange o 0.2 o 1.2
ha pe a me (Hemp, 2005; Fe nandes e al., 1985).
Fig. 1. Loca ion o he s udy a ea showing he s udy plo s (g een cycles).
Fig. 2. Examples o he s uc u e and composi ion o Chagga home ga dens.
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Selec ion o he s udy ga dens
Sys ema ic andom sampling was used o selec 101
CHGs along six oad ansec s ha pass ac oss
ele a ion g adien s (Fig. 1). The dis ance om one
home ga den o ano he was 1km and he dis ance
om he oad was 100 m. The numbe o selec ed
CHGs in each oad ansec depended on he leng h o
he oad. Da a collec ion o he whole s udy was
conduc ed be ween Janua y and Decembe 2022.
Da a collec ion me hods
In each CHG plo , we s a ed by measu ing he size o
he home ga den, and he ea e iden i ied and
coun ed all ees and sh ubs. To de e mine whe he
he in eg a ed ees and sh ubs a e pollina o o age,
we moni o ed hei phenology, especially lowe ing
ime, and whe he hey we e isi ed by insec
pollina o s. This was done by conduc ing egula
isi s (a leas once pe mon h) in he yea 2022.
Du ing each isi , we obse ed and eco ded all he
lowe ing ees and sh ubs ha we e isi ed by insec s
ha a e conside ed pollina o s (bees, bu e lies, lies,
and bee les)(Olle on, 2017). The insec isi a ions o
he lowe s we e obse ed be ween 9:00 am – 5:00
pm and he plan s we e conside ed as pollina o
o age i an insec spen a leas 5 seconds in he
lowe (Wayka & Ba iska , 2015). The ypes o lo al
ewa ds (nec a , pollen, o bo h) we e de e mined by
di ec obse a ion o he insec isi o ’s ac i i y wi h
he lowe . When insec ’s ac i i y wi h he lowe s
ex ended hei p oboscis he plan lowe was
conside ed a nec a sou ce and when insec s ca ied
pollen on hei body, he plan was conside ed a
pollen sou ce (Onyango e al. 2019; Wayka and
Ba iska 2015). In case whe e he insec ’s ac i i y o
he lowe ex ended i s p oboscis and also ca ied
pollen on i s body, he plan was conside ed bo h a
pollen and nec a sou ce (Onyango e al., 2019).
Da a analysis
Desc ip i e analysis such as ables and igu es was
used o summa ize he esul s in an Excel
sp eadshee . R so wa e e sion 4.1.3 (R Co e Team,
2022) was used o calcula e he Shannon di e si y
index o pollina o o age species in CHGs as well as
calcula e he Pea son co ela ion coe icien be ween
o age species di e si y and ele a ion. The ea e , we
used he unc ion "ggplo 2" in R so wa e o plo he
co ela ion be ween o age species di e si y and
ele a ion in he CHGs.
Resul s
Pollina o o age species composi ion in CHG
A o al o 302 wood species we e iden i ied in CHG
and ou o hem, 293 (97%) species belonging o 62
amilies we e insec pollina o s o age (Appendix 1).
The Fabaceae amily had he highes numbe o
o age species (n = 47, 15.8%), ollowed by
Eupho biaceae and Solanaceae (n = 18, 6.1% each).
Mos o he pollina o o age species we e ees
whe eby ou o 293 insec pollina o o age species,
170 species (58.02%) we e ees while 123 species
(41.98%) we e sh ubs. Among he ee o age species,
na i e species we e somewha highe han exo ic,
whe eby ou o he 170 ee species, 88 species
(51.8%) we e na i e while 82 species (48.2%) we e
exo ic. Simila ly, na i e pollina o sh ub species we e
somewha highe han exo ic whe eby ou o 123
sh ub species, 63 species (51.2%) we e na i e and 60
species (48.8%). Table 1a and 1b indica e he 10 mos
dominan o age species in CHG based on equency
o occu ance in he sample ga dens.
Table 1. The 10 mos dominan insec pollina ed ee species in he Chagga home ga dens.
SN
Fo age species
Family
O igin
F equency o occu ence ou o 101 plo s
1
G e illea obus a
P o eaceae
Exo ic
81
2
Pe sea ame icana
Lau aceae
Exo ic
74
3
Rau ol ia ca a
Apocynaceae
Na i e
65
4
Mangi e a indica
Anaca diaceae
Exo ic
62
5
Albizia schimpe iana
Fabaceae
Na i e
61
6
Co dia a icana
Bo aginaceae
Na i e
44
7
Cascabela he e ia
Apocynaceae
Exo ic
41
8
E iobo ya japonica
Rosaceae
Exo ic
41
9
Ma khamia lu ea
Bignoniaceae
Na i e
40
10
Psidium
guaja a
My aceae
Exo ic
37
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Table 2. The 10 mos dominan insec pollina ed sh ub species in he Chagga home ga dens.
SN
Fo age species
Family
O igin
F equency o occu ence ou o 101 plo s
1
Du an a epens
Ve benaceae
Exo ic
59
2
Solanum incanum
Solanaceae
Na i e
51
3
Lan ana cama a
Ve benaceae
Exo ic
49
4
Bougain illea glab a
Nyc aginaceae
Exo ic
30
5
Mo us alba
Mo aceae
Exo ic
30
6
Caesalpinia decape ala
Fabaceae
Exo ic
29
7
Maniho esculen a
Eupho biaceae
Exo ic
25
8
Solanum nig um
Solanaceae
Na i e
25
9
Ti honia di e si olia
As e aceae
Exo ic
22
10
Co ea a abica
Rubiaceae
Exo ic
21
E ec o ele a ion on di e si y and spa ial
dis ibu ion o insec pollina o o age species
Al hough in CHGs a me s play a g ea ole in he
ype o species o include in hei ga den, i seems
ha he composi ion o pollina o o age species in
CHGs is also a ec ed by ele a ion. Some species we e
dominan in he lowe ele a ion bu we e no p esen
o no pe o ming well in he mid o highe ele a ion
and ice e sa (Tables 7,8 and 9). The e was a
signi ican nega i e co ela ion be ween o age
species di e si y and ele a ion whe eby as ele a ion
inc eased, pollina o o age di e si y dec eased (Fig.
5, R = -0.29, p = 0.002
Fig. 3. Rela ionship be ween o age species shannon
di e si y and ele a ion (m).
Table 3. The 10 mos dominan pollina o o age ees and sh ub species in lowe ele a ion <1000m in CHG.
SN T ee o age species Family Flo al ewa d Sh ub o age species Family Flo al ewa d
1 Cascabela he e ia Apocynaceae Nec a Lan ana cama a Ve benaceae Nec a
2 Senna siamea Fabaceae Pollen Solanum incanum Solanaceae Pollen
3 G e illea obus a P o eaceae Nec a and pollen Bougain illea glab a Nyc aginaceae Nec a and pollen
4 Mangi e a indica Anaca diaceae Nec a Du an a epens Ve benaceae Nec a and pollen
5 Leucaena
leucocephala
Fabaceae
Nec a and pollen Maniho esculen a
Eupho biaceae
Nec a
6 Co dia a icana Bo aginaceae Nec a and pollen Senna occiden alis Fabacea Pollen
7 Commipho a
zanziba ica
Bu se aceae
Nec a and pollen Ti honia di e si olia As e aceae
Nec a and pollen
8 Ma khamia lu ea Bignoniaceae
Nec a and pollen Caesalpinia
decape ala
Fabaceae
Nec a and pollen
9 Rau ol ia ca a Apocynaceae
Nec a and pollen Ve nonia
b achycalyx
As e aceae
Nec a and pollen
10 Pe sea ame icana Lau aceae Nec a and pollen Caesalpinia
pulche ima
Fabaceae
Nec a and pollen
Table 4. The 10 mos dominan pollina o o age ees and sh ub species in CHGs in mid-ele a ion 1001 - 1500m.
SN
T ee o age species Family Flo al ewa d Sh ub o age species Family Flo al ewa d
1 G e illea obus a P o eaceae Nec a and pollen
Du an a epens Ve benaceae Nec a and pollen
2 Pe sea ame icana Lau aceae Nec a and pollen
Solanum incanum Solanaceae Pollen
3
Albizia schimpe iana
Fabaceae Nec a and pollen
Caesalpinia decape ala
Fabaceae Nec a and pollen
4 Mangi e a indica Anaca diaceae Nec a Lan ana cama a Ve benaceae Nec a
5 Rau ol ia ca a Apocynaceae Nec a and pollen
Mo us alba Mo aceae Nec a and pollen
6 Co dia a icana Bo aginaceae Nec a and pollen
Bougain illea glab a Nyc aginaceae Nec a and pollen
7 Ced ela oona Meliaceae Pollen Maniho esculen a Eupho biaceae
Nec a
8 Ma khamia lu ea Bignoniaceae Nec a and pollen
Ve nonia b achycalyx As e aceae Nec a and pollen
9 Senna spec abilis Fabaceae Pollen Co ea a abica Rubiaceae Nec a and pollen
10 Ma ga i a ia
discoidea
Phyllan haceae
Nec a and pollen
S achy a phe a
jamaicensis
Ve benaceae Nec a and pollen
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Table 5. The 10 mos dominan pollina o o age ees and sh ub species in CHGs in highe ele a ion>1500m.
SN
T ee o age species
Family
Flo al ewa d
Sh ub o age species
Family
Flo al ewa d
1
E iobo ya japonica
Rosaceae
Nec a and pollen
Du an a epens
Ve benaceae
Nec a and pollen
2
Pe sea ame icana
Lau aceae
Nec a and pollen
Lan ana cama a
Ve benaceae
Nec a
3
G e illea obus a
P o eaceae
Nec a and pollen
Co ea a abica
Rubiaceae
Nec a
and pollen
4
Rau ol ia ca a
Apocynaceae
Nec a and pollen
Solanum incanum
Solanaceae
Pollen
5
Albizia schimpe iana
Fabaceae
Nec a and pollen
Mo us alba
Mo aceae
Nec a and pollen
6
P unus pe sica
Rosaceae
Nec a and pollen
S achy a phe a
jamaicensis
Ve benaceae
Nec a and pollen
7
Cussonia a bo ea
A aliaceae
Pollen
Cyphomand a be acea
Solanaceae
Nec a and pollen
8
Callis emon speciosus
My aceae
Nec a and pollen
Rubus u icosus
Rosaceae
Nec a and pollen
9
Psidium guaja a
My aceae
Nec a and pollen
Ti honia di e si olia
As e aceae
Nec a and pollen
10
Mangi e a indica
Anaca diaceae
Nec a
Eupho bia pulche ima
Eupho biaceae
Nec a and pollen
Tempo al a ailabili y o pollina o o age species in CHG
The gene al pa e n o lowe ing ime o pollina o
o age species indica es he a ailabili y o o age
esou ces h oughou he yea (Fig. 3). The lowe ing
ime o mos species o e lapped, howe e , he pe iod
om No embe o Janua y was he one a which mos
pollina o o age species p oduced lowe s ( om 95 o
82 species o na i e and 92 o 88 species o exo ic).
The dis ibu ion o du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod o
pollina o o age species e ealed g ea a ia ion
be ween na i e and exo ic species (Fig. 4). The du a ion
o he lowe ing pe iod o mos na i e species is 3 and
12 mon hs while o exo ic species, he majo i y o hem
lowe h oughou he yea (12 mon hs).
Fig. 4. Flowe ing ime o pollina o o age plan s in CHGs.
Fig. 5. Du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod o pollina o
o age species in CHGs (mon hs).
Pollina o g oups isi ed o age plan s
The Pollina o o age species in he CHGs we e isi ed
by di e en insec pollina o g oups du ing he su ey
(Fig. 7). Bees we e he mos dominan g oup ha
isi ed 275 (141 na i e, 134 exo ic) ou o 293 o age
species in CHGs, ollowed by bu e lies ha isi ed 127
(61 na i e, 65 exo ic) pollina o species. Wasps isi ed
74 (37 na i e, 37 exo ic) plan species while lies isi ed
61 (26 na i e, 35 exo ic). Bee les we e he leas
pollina o g oup ha isi ed only 50 (20 na i es, 50
exo ic) o age species ou o 293. O he 275 o age
species isi ed by bees, 152 we e ees and 123 we e
sh ubs. Bu e lies isi ed 66 ees and 61 sh ubs.
Wasps, lies and bee les isi ed 40 and 35, 35 and 28,
and 23 and 28 ees and sh ubs espec i ely.
Fig. 6. Numbe o pollina o o age species ha we e
isi ed by di e en pollina o g oups.
Flo al ewa ds om pollina o o age species in he
home ga dens
The pollina o o age species in he CHG p o ided
di e en lo al esou ces (nec a , pollen, o bo h) o
insec pollina o s. Majo i y o hem 189 (63.6%) ou
o 293 pollina o o age species p o ided bo h pollen
and nec a o insec pollina o s. In he emaining
plan s, 26 (9.4%) species p o ided only pollen while
78 (26.9%) species p o ided only nec a (Fig. 6).
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Fig. 7. Numbe o pollina o o age plan s in he CHG
and ype o hei lo al ewa ds o insec pollina o s.
Table 6. The 10 mos dominan species p o ided
bo h nec a and pollen o insec pollina o s.
SN
Fo age
species
Family Li e
o m
O igin
Es ima ed numbe o
lowe s/in lo escences
1 G e illea
obus a
P o eaceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
2 Pe sea
ame icana
Lau aceae Sh ub
Exo ic
>1000
3 Rau ol ia
ca a
Apocynaceae
T ee Na i e
>1000
4 Albizia
schimpe iana
Fabaceae T ee Na i e
>1000
5 Du an a
epens
Ve benaceae
Sh ub
Exo ic
100-1000
6 Co dia
a icana
Bo aginaceae
T ee Na i e
>1000
7 E iobo ya
japonica
Rosaceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
8 Ma khamia
lu ea
Bignoniaceae
T ee Na i e
>1000
9 Psidium
guaja a
My aceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
10
Leucaena
leucocephala
Fabaceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
Table 7. The 10 mos dominan species p o ided
only nec a o insec pollina o s.
SN
Fo age
species
Family Li e
o m
O igin
Es ima ed
numbe o
lowe s/
in lo escences
1 Mangi e a
indica
Anaca diaceae
T ee Exo ic
>1000
2 Lan ana
cama a
Ve benaceae Sh ub Exo ic
100 - 1000
3 Cascabela
he e ia
Apocynaceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
4 Maniho
esculen a
Eupho biaceae
Sh ub Exo ic
100-1000
5 Ac oca pus
axini olius
Fabaceae T ee Exo ic
>1000
6 Maniho
glazio ii
Eupho biaceae
T ee Exo ic
>1000
7 Diospy os
ische i
Ebenaceae T ee Na i e
>1000
8 Ces um
noc u num
Solanaceae Sh ub Exo ic
100-1000
9 Odon onema
cuspida um
Acan haceae Sh ub Exo ic
100-1000
10 Ha isonia
abyssinica
Ru aceae T ee Na i e
>1000
Table 8. The 10 mos dominan species p o ided
only pollen o insec pollina o s.
SN
Fo age species Family Li e
o m
O igin
Es ima ed
numbe o
lowe s/
in lo escences
1 Solanum
incanum
Solanaceae Sh ub
Na i e
10-100
2 Senna siamea Fabaceae T ee Exo ic >1000
3 Senna spec abilis Fabaceae T ee Exo ic >1000
4 Solanum nig um Solanaceae Sh ub
Na i e
10-100
5 Senna
occiden alis
Fabaceae Sh ub
Exo ic 100-1000
6 Ced ela oona Meliaceae T ee Exo ic >1000
7 T ichilia eme ica Meliaceae T ee Na i e
>1000
8 Ced ela odo a a Meliaceae T ee Exo ic >1000
9 Jaca anda
mimosi olia
Bignoniaceae T ee Exo ic >1000
10
So indeia
madagasca iensis
Anaca diaceae
T ee Na i e
>1000
Discussion
Many p e ious s udies ha e epo ed a posi i e
ela ionship be ween lo al esou ces wi h abundance
and di e si y o insec pollina o s (Plascencia &
Philpo , 2017; Fowle e al., 2016; G undel e al.,
2010). This s udy p o ides e idence o he po en ial
o adi ional ag o o es y sys ems o supply o age
esou ces o insec pollina o s by explo ing he
a ailabili y o insec pollina o o age species in
Chagga home ga dens. I was ound ha 1) 97% o
woody plan s in Chagga home ga dens we e
pollina o o age plan species; 2) pollina o o age
plan 's lowe ing pe iod was sp ead h oughou he
yea 3) he majo i y o plan s p o ided bo h pollen
and nec a o insec pollina o s 4) Bee was he mos
dominan g oup isi ing 93% o all pollina o o age
plan s 5) Nes ing si es we e mainly p o ided by na i e
ee species and 6) pollina o o age species di e si y
dec eased wi h inc ease in ele a ion g adien .
Two hund ed and nine y- h ee wood species
(accoun ing o 97% o all wood plan ichness in he
selec ed CHG) wi h highly di e si ied amilies we e
iden i ied as sou ces o nec a and/o pollen o insec
pollina o s. The di e si y o pollina o o age plan s
sugges s he di e si y o lowe s and di e ences in
plan nec a and/o pollen quali y (Hülsmann e al.,
2015; Di Pasquale e al., 2013; Blü hgen & Klein, 2011)
which a e p e equisi es o a ac ing and main aining
insec pollina o popula ion. Flo al esou ces (nec a
and/o pollen) om di e en pollina o o age plan s
may be mo e nu i ious han nec a and pollen om
single plan species (Blü hgen & Klein, 2011).
J.
Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
23
182 | Kingazi e al.
The e o e, he di e si y o pollina o o age plan s in
he Chagga home ga dens p o ides balanced nu i ion
o insec pollina o s h ough nec a and/o pollen
om di e en plan species (Blü hgen & Klein, 2011).
In his s udy, i was ound ha pollina o - o aging
plan s in he Chagga home ga den lowe
in e mi en ly h oughou he yea as expec ed in a
landscape wi h high plan di e si y (Mensah e al.,
2017). The a ia ion lowe ing pe iod in addi ion o
he di e si y o pollina o o age plan s in CHG
inc eases he empo al a ailabili y o o age esou ces
o insec pollina o s (Blü hgen & Klein, 2011). Some
o he pollina o o age plan s lowe a he same ime
p o iding insec pollina o s an ad an age o esou ce
specializa ion and di e en ial isi ing (Taki e al.,
2011). Mo eo e , he majo i y o plan s in CHG
p o ided bo h pollen and nec a esou ces o insec
pollina o s. Insec pollina o s especially bees need
bo h pollen and nec a o mee hei nu i ional needs
(IPBES, 2016). Hence, in eg a ing di e en wood
species in hei a mland encou age insec o emain
in hei ields and pollina e c ops. Bees we e he mos
dominan pollina o g oup isi ed almos all
pollina o o age plan s in CHG. This may be because
bees a e gene alis o age s as hey ully depend on
nec a and pollen o hei su i al (Rollin e al.,
2013). The high abundance o plan s ha suppo s
bees could be bene icial o c op pollina ion since
bees a e he mos impo an pollina o g oup in
ag icul u al a eas (Pa el e al., 2021). Mo eo e , ees
especially old na i es we e he ones p o iding nes ing
si es o insec pollina o s. This sugges s ha plan ing
ees in a mlands help in conse ing insec
pollina o s by p o iding hem wi h nes ing si e. The
dec ease in di e si y o pollina o o aging plan s as
he ele a ion g adien inc ease may be due o he
ha sh clima ic condi ion ha does no suppo some
plan s o su i e and pe o m well.
Conclusion
This s udy sugges s ha adi ional ag o o es y
sys ems such as Chagga home ga dens can suppo
insec pollina o s. Gi en he pollina o o age plan
species ichness in he Chagga home ga den, di e en
o age species p oduce di e en lowe s ha p o ide
di e se nu i ional esou ces o insec pollina o s.
Di e en lowe ing pollina o o age plan species'
lowe s a di e en imes hence p o iding lo al
esou ces h oughou he yea . T ees in he home
ga dens p o ide nes ing si es o insec pollina o s.
Hence, i is sugges ed ha o enhance pollina ion
se ice in ag icul u al a eas, i is impo an o
in eg a e ees and sh ubs in a mlands as hey
p o ide a a o able en i onmen o insec pollina o s
and encou age hem o emain on a ms.
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