E ec o T a ic Sepa a ion and Na u e In eg a ion on A ec and
Ce eb al Oxygena ion Du ing Ac i e T anspo : An Imme si e Vi -
ual Reali y and Mul i-S udy Design – A icle ID #1090
PCI Regis e ed Repo s – 20 No embe 2025
Dea D Fillon,
Please ind a ached he e ised e sion o ou manusc ip i led: “E ec o T a ic Sepa a ion and
Na u e In eg a ion on A ec and Ce eb al Oxygena ion Du ing Ac i e T anspo : An Imme si e
Vi ual Reali y and Mul i-S udy Design” o S age 1 submission conside a ion in PCI Regis e ed
Repo s. Please no e ha , acco ding o he e iewe s’ commen s, he i le has been changed om
"E ec o U ban Design and Na u al En i onmen on A ec and Ce eb al Oxygena ion Du ing Ac i e
T anspo : An Imme si e Vi ual Reali y and Mul i-S udy Design" o "E ec o T a ic Sepa a ion
and Na u e In eg a ion on A ec and Ce eb al Oxygena ion Du ing Ac i e T anspo : An Imme si e
Vi ual Reali y and Mul i-S udy Design".
We a e hank ul o he ecommende and e iewe s’ commen s as hey signi ican ly con ibu ed o
imp o ing he o e all quali y o he manusc ip .
Please ind below ou poin -by-poin esponses. Commen s om he ecommende and he e iewe s
a e in bold on , ou esponses a e in egula on , quo es om he manusc ip a e in i alic on , and
each change made o he manusc ip is in blue on .
Bes ega ds,
The au ho s
Recommende ’s Commen s o Au ho s:
#1 — Dea au ho s,
I am deligh ed o ha e ecei ed wo ho ough and high-quali y e iews ha p o ide
aluable eedback on you wo k. I would like o join hem in cong a ula ing you on he
quali y o you pape as a i s d a .
Reply: We would like o hank D Fillon since ely o hei hough ul and encou aging commen s.
#2 — In addi ion o hei commen s, I would like o make a ew b ie ema ks o my
own.
Fi s , you s a ed ha you will use he median absolu e de ia ion o check o ou lie s.
Could you please cla i y wha h eshold you in end o use o iden i ying a pa icipan
as an ou lie ? In he cu en manusc ip , no decision is desc ibed ega ding how ou lie s
a e de ined.
1
Reply: Thank you o aising his poin . The h eshold in ended o iden i ying ou lie s has been added o
he Me hods sec ion. Speci ically, we will use he pe o mance R package (Lüdecke e al., 2021) de aul
h eshold o de ec uni a ia e and mul i a ia e ou lie s. The package’s de aul h eshold o classi ying
ou lie s is 1.959 ( h eshold = lis ("zsco e" = 1.959)), which co esponds o he mos ex eme
2.5% (qno m(0.975)) o obse a ions.
Pages 21, Lines 537–543: "Possible ou lie s will be checked o each s a is ical model ins ead o he
o iginal da a (Leys e al., 2019), using he pe o mance R package (Lüdecke e al., 2021). The me-
dian absolu e de ia ion (MAD; Leys e al., 2013) will be used o iden i y uni a ia e ou lie s, and he
Mahalanobis-MCD dis ance (Leys e al., 2018) will be used o iden i y mul i a ia e ou lie s. The h esh-
old o classi ying uni a ia e ou lie s will be se as 1.959 ( h eshold = lis ["zsco e" = 1.959]),
co esponding o he mos ex eme 2.5% (qno m[0.975]) o obse a ions (Lüdecke e al., 2021)."
#3 — The same applies o he TOST es : wha equi alence ma gin do you in end o
use?
Reply: Thank you o aising his poin . We ha e now speci ied he equi alence ma gins o he TOST
es s based on he smalles e ec size o in e es (SESOI), ollowing he ecommenda ions o Lakens e al.
(2018). The lowe (∆L) and uppe (∆U) bounds a e symme ic a ound ze o, de ined as ∆L=−SESOI
and ∆U= +SESOI.
Page 22, Lines 561–573: "I no signi ican di e ences a e ound, TOSTs will be pe o med o es o
equi alence (Lakens e al., 2018). The equi alence ma gins o he TOSTs will be based on he smalles
e ec size o in e es (SESOI; Lakens e al., 2018). The lowe (∆L) and uppe (∆U) bounds will be se
as symme ic a ound ze o, de ined as ∆L=−SESOI and ∆U= +SESOI. To de e mine he SESOI, he
small elescope app oach will be used, which se s he SESOI o he e ec size ha would ha e p o ided
he e e ence s udy wi h 33% powe (see Lakens, 2022; Simonsohn, 2015). Speci ically, he ollowing
equi alence ma gins will be used:
•Fo H1:∆L= -0.10 ( ) o -0.20 (d) and ∆U= 0.10 ( ) o 0.20 (d) (Ba is a ou e al., 2022).
•Fo H2:∆L= -0.16 ( ) o -0.32 (d) and ∆U= 0.16 ( ) o 0.32 (d) (Foch , 2013)
•Fo H3:∆L= -0.17 ( ) o -0.34 (d) and ∆U= 0.17 ( ) o 0.34 (d) (Geissle e al., 2021)
#4 — Finally, I hink ha , based on he complexi y o he ask and he momen he
pa icipan s will expe ience, i could be in e es ing (bu no manda o y) o collec
e bal eedback om hem, pa icula ly ega ding he unde s anding hey ha e o he
hypo heses. Such eedback migh help e ine he ask o e en inspi e new ideas.
Reply: We hank he ecommende o his aluable sugges ion. We ag ee ha including e bal eedback
would help us o gain a deepe unde s anding o ou esul s. The e o e, we ha e added a se ies o open-
ended ques ions a he end o he p o ocol.
Pages 17–18, Lines 426–440:"I he sco e is s ic ly abo e 4 (i.e. "sligh ly disag ee"), any di e ences
in he dependen a iables ac oss ou condi ions could be a ibu ed o he pe cei ed p esence o hese
en i onmen al ea u es.
2
Following his, pa icipan s will espond o a se ies o open-ended ques ions o u he explo e hei
pe cep ions: "Wha di e ences did you no ice be ween he en i onmen s?", "Du ing he s udy, wha did
you unde s and abou he pu pose o his expe imen ?", "Be ween he odou s, sound en i onmen , and
isual en i onmen , which elemen had he mos posi i e impac on you a ec i e expe ience du ing he
session? Why?", "Be ween he odou s, sound en i onmen , and isual en i onmen , which elemen had
he mos nega i e impac on you a ec i e expe ience du ing he session? Why?", "Du ing he session,
wha elemen s in he en i onmen did you ocus on he mos ?" These ques ions will allow us o assess
whe he pa icipan s co ec ly in e p e ed he s udy’s hypo heses and o iden i y which mul isenso y
elemen s mos in luenced hei a ec i e expe iences."
#5 — As a side no e, i you ha e no ye decided whe he you will include he eadmill
model, please no e ha I will need o men ion his in he S age 1 IPA o anspa ency
pu poses.
Reply: The model o he eadmill has been selec ed and added o he manusc ip .
Page 17, Lines 409–412: "Powe , RPM, speed and o al co e ed dis ance will be eco ded using a
Ga min®Edge 540 de ice (S udy 1). In S udy 2, speed and o al dis ance co e ed will be eco ded
using he eadmill so wa e (plu o®l spo OEM, COSMED)."
#6 — Please espond o all commen s in a “ esponse o e iewe s” documen de ailing
each co esponding change in you manusc ip .
I am looking o wa d o ecei ing a new e sion o he manusc ip .
All he bes ,
Ad ien
Reply: We app ecia e he cons uc i e sugges ions you p o ided. You will ind answe s o all he e iewe s’
commen s below.
Re iewe 1
#1 — The au ho s ha e p oduced a e y clea manusc ip and p esen a easible s udy.
The p o ocol has al eady been p e- es ed and he powe analyses ha e been ca ied
ou accu a ely. In my opinion, he majo limi a ion o he s udy lies in he ’colo -
ul condi ion’. No p e ious e idence sugges s ha colo s could in luence he a ec i e
expe iences o haemodynamic esponses in dlPFC du ing walking o biking.
Reply: We would like o hank D Be na d o hei help ul commen s. We also app ecia e hei sugges ion
ega ding he "colou ul condi ion", which helped us o subs an ially imp o e ou p o ocol.
#2 — In oduc ion
l72-74 This sen ence should be e ised. Indeed, a educ ion o anspo ela ed GHG
emissions is e ec i e i ca d i e s shi o ac i e anspo s (ATs). Some p e ious
s udies sugges ed ha AT p omo ion is no necessa y ela ed wi h a ca use educ ion
(see Be na d e al. 2021 o e iew).
3
Reply: Thank you o aising his poin . The sen ence has been amended o emphasise he impo ance
o shi ing om p i a e ca use o ac i e anspo .
Page 5, Lines 72–78: "In pa icula , he inc ease in g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions om human
ac i i ies has se e e nega i e impac s on plane wa m, wa e a ailabili y and ood p oduc ion, biodi e si y
and ecosys ems, heal h and well-being, and u ban in as uc u e (IPCC, 2023; Na ions, 2015; Ripple e
al., 2021; S e en e al., 2015). A he indi idual le el, shi ing om he use o p i a e ca o ac i e
anspo —such as walking o cycling— ep esen s one o he mos e ec i e s a egies o educing GHG
emissions in u ban en i onmen s (Be na d e al., 2021; Che ance e al., 2023)."
#3 — l85-93 This pa ag aph unde sco es he cu en limi s o in e en ions based on
socio-cogni i e model o p omo e physical ac i i y. Howe e , au ho s should p esen
he in e es s and limi s o hese models o he AT p omo ion.
E.g.,
+ Semenescu_2020_30 Yea s o so in e en ions o educe ca use – A sys ema ic
e iew and me a-analysis
+ A no 2014 E icacy o beha iou al in e en ions o anspo beha iou change:
sys ema ic e iew, me a-analysis and in e en ion coding.
+ Ja aid 2020 De e minan s o low-ca bon anspo mode adop ion-sys ema ic e iew
o e iews
Reply: We hank he e iewe o p o iding such use ul e e ences. As ecommended, he pa ag aph has
been e amed in he con ex o p omo ing ac i e anspo .
Page 5–6, Lines 89–104: "The socio-cogni i e app oach emains he dominan amewo k o imp o e
engagemen and main enance o physical ac i i y beha iou (Rhodes e al., 2019). This app oach posi s
ha peoples’ choices a e in luenced by a delibe a e and a ional assessmen o he po en ial ad an ages
and disad an ages o in ended ac ions, as well as he likelihood o achie ing hese ad an ages (Rhodes
e al., 2019). In he con ex o ac i e anspo , sys ema ic e iews and me a-analyses ha e e ealed
inconsis en e ec s o socio-cogni i e in e en ions in educing ca use and inc easing ac i e anspo . Fo
example, A no e al. (2014) ound no e idence ha such in e en ions educe ca use o inc ease ac i e
anspo . In con as , Semenescu e al. (2020) epo ed a 7% educ ion in ca use when in e en ions
a ge ed knowledge and awa eness, capabili y and sel -e icacy, and social, cul u al and mo al no ms.
Finally, an umb ella e iew u he highligh ed ha socio-cogni i e ac o s (e.g., social no ms, a i udes)
a e mo e s ongly associa ed wi h in en ions o adop low-ca bon a el modes han wi h ac ual beha iou
change (Ja aid e al., 2020). The e o e, while a ge ing socio-cogni i e ac o s appea s o be a p omising
app oach o p omo ing ac i e anspo use, i is no su icien on i s own."
#4.1 — l123 Au ho s p esen po en ial ex insic/en i onmen al a iables associa ed
wi h PA ela ed beha io s. They should p esen he en i onmen al speci ic ac o s
explaining biking and walking, espec i ely. Fo ins ance, walkabili y/bikeabili y, pe -
cei ed sa e y, ligh , wea he a e a se o majo en i onmen al associa ed wi h AT
(Ja aid e al 2020).
4
#4.2 — l127 Au ho could p esen mo e ecen indings compa ing ou doo /indoo PA
e ec s. Fo ins ance, Peddie e al h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17437199.2024.2383758 he
ound a la ge e ec o ou doo PA on a ec i e expe iences.
Reply: We hank he e iewe o highligh ing his issue and p o iding hese use ul e e ences. The
pa ag aph has been upda ed o include mo e ecen indings compa ing he e ec s o ou doo and indoo
physical ac i i y and he en i onmen al ac o s ha in luence he adop ion o ac i e anspo .
Pages 7–8, Lines 138–152: "I has been a gued ha en i onmen al ac o s play a c i ical ole in
enhancing he a ec i e expe ience o physical ac i i y and p omo ing he adop ion o ac i e anspo
(Fessle e al., 2024; Ja aid e al., 2020; Jones & Zenko, 2023). Fo ins ance, a na a i e e iew by
Bou ke e al. (2021b) showed ha ou doo physical ac i i y elici s mo e posi i e sel - epo ed a ec i e
alence han indoo ac i i y, pa icula ly when conduc ed in na u al en i onmen s. This inding is sup-
po ed by a ecen me a-analysis indica ing ha enjoymen le els a e signi ican ly highe du ing ou doo
exe cise when compa ed o indoo exe cise (Peddie e al., 2024). In he con ex o ac i e anspo , he
majo en i onmen al ac o s associa ed wi h i s usage include walkabili y, bikeabili y, pe cei ed sa e y
and wea he (Ja aid e al., 2020; Mengis e e al., 2025). Fo example, he sepa a ion o mo o ised and
non-mo o ised anspo modes h ough in as uc u e such as bike lanes and pa emen has been demon-
s a ed o imp o e pe cei ed sa e y and pleasu e du ing ac i e a el (Camb a & Mou a, 2020; Timmons
e al., 2024). Addi ionally, he in eg a ion o na u al elemen s, such as ees and g een spaces, in u ban
en i onmen s can u he imp o e pleasan ness (Basu e al., 2022).
#6 — Theo e ical ounda ions o da a collec ion, p ima y/seconda y ou comes, and
VR use a e well-explained. Rega ding he ’colo ul condi ion’, I am no con inced ha
i is use ul in he cu en p o ocol. Indeed, au ho s p esen only 2 o 3 p e ious s udies
showing a po en ial e ec on a ec i e expe iences. The e is no p e ious e idence ha
his condi ion will ha e an po en ial e ec on AT ela ed beha io s. Fu he mo e,
au ho s did no expec (o es ) a highe e ec o na u al VS colo ul condi ion on
hei p ima y ou comes. I could be mo e app op ia ed o examine a mo e AT ’ iendly’
condi ion such as p esence o ca s, bikelane...
Reply: We hank he e iewe o hei commen and sugges ion. Al hough a ew s udies ha e examined
he po en ial impac o colou ul bike lanes and pa emen s on associa ed emo ional expe iences (Gu
e al., 2024; Ve a-Villa oel e al., 2016), we ag ee ha adding colou may be less e ec i e in p omo -
ing ac i e anspo han o he well-s udied s a egies, such as sepa a ing mo o ised and non-mo o ised
a ic (Ja aid e al., 2020). The e o e, he expe imen al condi ions we e modi ied o ep esen condi-
ions ha a e mo e "ac i e anspo iendly": (1) almos -inexis en sepa a ion be ween mo o ised and
non-mo o ised a ic (NS condi ion); (2) sepa a ion be ween mo o ised and non-mo o ised a ic (S
condi ion); and (3) sepa a ion be ween mo o ised and non-mo o ised a ic wi h na u al ea u es (SN
condi ion). The NS condi ion will be concep ualised as a pain ed bike pa h (S udy 1) o pain ed pa e-
men (S udy 2), loca ed 1.5 me es om he oad and a he same le el, wi h no explici sepa a ion
om he oad (i.e., whi e con inuous line sepa a ing ca s om he pa icipan ). The S condi ion will be
concep ualised as a sepa a ed cycle lane (S udy 1) o sepa a ed pa emen (S udy 2), 3 me es om he
oad and ele a ed abo e i . The SN condi ion will be he same as he S condi ion bu wi h ees and
bushes p o iding sepa a ion be ween ca s and he bike lane (S udy 1) o pa emen (S udy 2).
A schema ic example o he en i onmen is p o ided in Figu e 1.
5
Figu e 1: Illus a ion o 3D modula blocks o he i ual en i onmen s. P o ided by Ra el S udio
(h ps:// a el-s udio.com/ /p ojec s).
As sepa a ion o mo o ised and non-mo o ised a ic is o en associa ed wi h pe cei ed sa e y in he
con ex o ac i e anspo (see Ja aid e al., 2020), his a iable will be measu ed a e each session
using he ollowing i em: "How sa e did you eel when cycling o walking in his en i onmen ?" (de i ed
om Olsson & Elldé , 2023) (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial 2, Table S1). The e ec o he condi ions on
pe cei ed sa e y will be es ed in explo a o y analyses. The abo e-men ioned changes led o amendmen s
o he i le, abs ac , objec i e, hypo heses, and powe analysis, as ollows.
Ti le: “E ec o T a ic Sepa a ion and Na u e In eg a ion on A ec and Ce eb al Oxygena ion Du ing
Ac i e T anspo : An Imme si e Vi ual Reali y and Mul i-S udy Design”
Abs ac : "The p oposed p og amma ic egis e ed epo aims o in es iga e whe he in eg a ing a ic
sepa a ion and na u e in eg a ion in o u ban conc e e en i onmen s du ing ac i e anspo sessions (i.e.,
cycling [S udy 1] o walking [S udy 2]) would imp o e he a ec i e expe ience and esul in changes o
ce eb al oxygena ion. A minimum o 36 adul s will ake pa in h ee 15-min, mode a e-in ensi y cycling
6
(N=18; S udy 1) o walking (N = 18; S udy 2) sessions. These sessions will in ol e h ee di e en i ual
en i onmen s using he Me a Ques 3 headse : (a) an u ban en i onmen wi hou a ic sepa a ion; (b)
an u ban en i onmen wi h a ic sepa a ion; and (c) an u ban en i onmen wi h a ic sepa a ion and
na u al ea u es.
Abs ac : "I is hypo hesised ha he sepa a ion o mo o ised and non-mo o ised a ic in an u ban
conc e e en i onmen will lead o highe a ec i e alence (H1) and emembe ed pleasu e (H2), as well
as lowe ce eb al oxygena ion o he dlPFC (H3). We expec his e ec o be magni ied by he inclusion
o na u al na u al ea u es."
Page 10, Lines 231–235: "The aim o he p oposed p og amma ic egis e ed epo is o in es iga e he
e ec o mo o ised and non-mo o ised a ic sepa a ion and he addi ion o na u al ea u es on a ec i e
(i.e., a ec i e alence and emembe ed pleasu e) and neu ophysiological (i.e., ce eb al oxygena ion)
ou comes du ing mul isenso ial VR ac i e anspo sessions (see Table 1)."
Page 11, Lines 238–244: "Fo bo h s udies, we hypo hesise ha a clea sepa a ion o mo o ised and
non-mo o ised a ic in an u ban conc e e en i onmen will lead o highe a ec i e alence (H1) and
emembe ed pleasu e (H2), as well as lowe ce eb al oxygena ion o he dlPFC (H3). We expec hese
e ec s o be ampli ied by he inclusion o na u al ea u es, as p e ious esea ch sugges s ha such
elemen s p o ide es o a i e bene i s ha may coun e balance any inc eased pe cep ual complexi y om
addi ional isual s imuli (Bolouki, 2023; Geissle e al., 2021; Neale e al., 2020)."
Page 12, Lines 271–276: "Eligible pa icipan s will ake pa in h ee 15-minu e, mode a e-in ensi y
cycling (S udy 1) o walking (S udy 2) sessions du ing a single labo a o y isi , o alling 45 minu es.
These sessions will in ol e h ee di e en i ual en i onmen s: a non-sepa a ed a ic (NS) condi ion;
(b) a sepa a ed a ic (S) condi ion; and (c) a sepa a ed a ic wi h na u al ea u es (SN) condi ion."
Pages 13–14, Lines 302–326: "The calcula ion was based on he smalles e ec sizes epo ed in
p io s udies in ol ing adul s (Ba is a ou e al., 2022; Camb a & Mou a, 2020; Foch , 2013; Geissle
e al., 2021), using an alpha le el o .05 and a desi ed powe o .90. To o mally model he co ec ion
o publica ion bias and use a mo e conse a i e e ec size es ima e, we pe o med a sa egua d powe
analysis (Lakens, 2022; Pe ugini e al., 2014) using he lowe bound o he 60% wo-sided con idence
in e al a ound he e ec size es ima e (see R sc ip o de ails o calcula ion, h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/
zenodo.17658559). Fo H1, a minimum o 15 ( = 0.43; Camb a & Mou a, 2020) and 12 pa icipan s
( = 0.48; Ba is a ou e al., 2022) will be equi ed o de ec an e ec o he S and SN condi ions on
a ec i e alence, espec i ely. Fo H2, a minimum o 15 pa icipan s will be equi ed o de ec an e ec
o bo h condi ions on emembe ed pleasu e ( = 0.43; Camb a & Mou a, 2020; Foch , 2013). As ou
design is ully coun e balanced ac oss h ee condi ions (six possible sequences), he sample size should
be a mul iple o six. Thus, 18 pa icipan s will be equi ed o H1and H2. Fo H3, a minimum o six
pa icipan s will be equi ed o de ec an e ec o bo h condi ions on ce eb al oxygena ion in he dlPFC
( = 1.93; Geissle e al., 2021). Simila esul s we e ound o all hypo heses using he SIMR R package
me hod (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial 1). Due o he limi ed numbe o s udies explo ing his esea ch
ques ion, he ex an li e a u e does no clea ly speci y any di e ences be ween cycling and walking wi h
ega d o ou a iables o in e es and s udy design. Consequen ly, he e ec sizes u ilised o sample
calcula ion in bo h s udies will be iden ical. I should be no ed ha , e en when a sa egua d powe analysis
7
is pe o med, using he e ec size om p e ious s udies can in oduce biases. The e o e, we aim o ec ui
as many pa icipan s as possible wi hin ou ime and esou ce cons ains (Lakens, 2022). Any excluded
pa icipan will be eplaced o ensu e a minimum o n = 18 pe s udy."
8
Table 1: S udy Design
Ques ion Hypo hesis Sampling
plan
Analysis plan Ra ionale o deciding he
sensi i i y o he es o
con i ming o
discon i ming he
hypo hesis
In e p e a ion gi en
di e en ou comes
Theo y ha could be
shown w ong by he
ou comes
Could he sepa a ion o
mo o ised and non-mo o ised
a ic, wi h and wi hou
na u al elemen s, in o i ual
u ban en i onmen s made o
conc e e lead o a highe
a ec i e alence du ing
ac i e anspo sessions?
Mean a ec i e
alence sco e NS <
S<SN(H1).
Minimum o
n= 18 o
each s udy (
= 0.41; α=
.05; 1-β=
.90). To al N
= as many
pa icipan s
as possible
wi hin ou
ime and
esou ce
cons ain s.
LMMs wi h
associa ed
con as s ac oss
condi ions.
Condi ions will
be speci ied as
ixed ac o and
pa icipan s as
andom ac o .
Po en ial
co a ia es a e
age, gende and
BMI. TOSTs i
non-signi ican
di e ences (∆L
= -0.20 (d), ∆U
= 0.20 (d).
A pe cei ed di e ence
sco e o ≥4 ou o 9
be ween he
en i onmen s.
The hypo hesis will
be accep ed i he
s a is ical es is
signi ican (p<
.050) and he
pe cei ed di e ence
sco e be ween he
condi ions ≥4.
Failu e o con i m H1
would call in o
ques ion he claim
ha he sepa a ion o
mo o ised and
non-mo o ised a ic,
wi h o wi hou
na u al elemen s,
imp o es a ec i e
alence du ing an
ac i e anspo
session in an u ban
en i onmen .
Could he sepa a ion o
mo o ised and non-mo o ised
a ic, wi h and wi hou
na u al elemen s, in o u ban
conc e e i ual
en i onmen s du ing ac i e
anspo sessions lead o
people emembe ing sessions
mo e pleasu ably?
Remembe ed
pleasu e sco e NS
<S<SN(H2)
n= 18 o
each s udy (
= 0.43; α=
.05; 1-β=
.90). To al N
= as many
pa icipan s
as possible
wi hin ou
ime and
esou ce
cons ain s.
LMMs wi h
associa ed
con as s ac oss
condi ions.
Condi ions will
be speci ied as
ixed ac o and
pa icipan s as
andom ac o .
Po en ial
co a ia es a e
age, gende and
BMI. TOSTs i
non-signi ican
di e ences (∆L
= -0.20 (d), ∆U
= 0.20 (d).
A pe cei ed di e ence
sco e o ≥4 ou o 9
be ween he
en i onmen s.
The hypo hesis will
be accep ed i he
s a is ical es is
signi ican (p<
.050) and he
pe cei ed di e ence
sco e be ween he
condi ions ≥4.
Failu e o con i m H2
would call in o
ques ion he claim
ha he sepa a ion o
mo o ised and
non-mo o ised a ic,
wi h o wi hou
na u al elemen s,
imp o es emembe ed
pleasu e o an ac i e
anspo session in an
u ban en i onmen .
Con inued on nex page
9
whe e Z=X−m
s,Xis he o iginal image, mis he o iginal mean (luminance), sis he o iginal
s anda d de ia ion (con as ), Sis he a ge s anda d de ia ion, and Mis he a ge mean. Ta ge
alues will be calcula ed as he a e age mean and s anda d de ia ion ac oss all condi ions, ensu ing
consis en isual p ope ies wi hou in oducing a i icial noise o dis o ion. Spa ial equency anal-
ysis will be pe o med using 2D Fas Fou ie T ans o m (FFT) o decompose images in o equency
componen s. F equency spec a will be analysed in h ee bands (low, medium, high) co espond-
ing o coa se (0-20 cycles/image), medium (20-40 cycles/image), and ine (> 40 cycles/image)
isual de ails espec i ely. Dominan equencies will be iden i ied as he peak ene gy componen s
in each spec um, p o iding a quan i a i e measu e o he mos p e alen spa ial pa e ns in each
condi ion.
To s a is ically compa e low-le el isual p ope ies ac oss condi ions, a one-way ANOVA will be pe o med
o each p ope y, ollowed by Tukey’s HSD pos hoc es s i p< 0.05. The associa ed Py hon and R
codes a e a ailable on Zenodo (h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17658559). An example can be ound
in Figu e 3 and Supplemen a y Ma e ial 3.
Pages 17–18, Lines 430–440: "Following his, pa icipan s will espond o a se ies o open-ended
ques ions o u he explo e hei pe cep ions: "Wha di e ences did you no ice be ween he en i on-
men s?", "Du ing he s udy, wha did you unde s and abou he pu pose o his expe imen ?", "Be ween
he odou s, sound en i onmen , and isual en i onmen , which elemen had he mos posi i e impac
on you a ec i e expe ience du ing he session? Why?", "Be ween he odou s, sound en i onmen , and
isual en i onmen , which elemen had he mos nega i e impac on you a ec i e expe ience du ing he
session? Why?", "Du ing he session, wha elemen s in he en i onmen did you ocus on he mos ?"
These ques ions will allow us o assess whe he pa icipan s co ec ly in e p e ed he s udy’s hypo heses
and o iden i y which mul isenso y elemen s mos in luenced hei a ec i e expe iences."
Pages 18–19, Lines 441–470: "Vi ual En i onmen s Check
The VR en i onmen s’ low-le el isual p ope ies (i.e., luminance, con as , spa ial equencies) will be
checked and compa ed ac oss condi ions, as hese could po en ially in luence pe cep ual load indepen-
den ly o he a ge ed manipula ion.To his end, all VR en i onmen sc eensho s will be analysed in
Py hon ( 3.13.7) using a s anda dised pipeline. Rep esen a i e sc eensho s om each condi ion will i s
be con e ed o g eyscale and esized o 512×512 pixels o con ol o dimensional con ounds. Following
SHINE oolbox guidelines (Willenbockel e al., 2010), luminance will be quan i ied as mean pixel in ensi y
and con as as pixel in ensi y s anda d de ia ion. Images will be no malised using a linea ans o ma ion
app oach, ollowing Equa ion 1.
E=Z·S+M(1)
whe e Z=X−m
s,Xis he o iginal image, mis he o iginal mean (luminance), sis he o iginal s anda d
de ia ion (con as ), Sis he a ge s anda d de ia ion, and Mis he a ge mean. Ta ge alues will be
calcula ed as he a e age mean and s anda d de ia ion ac oss all condi ions, ensu ing consis en isual
p ope ies wi hou in oducing a i icial noise o dis o ion. Spa ial equency analysis will be pe o med
using 2D Fas Fou ie T ans o m (FFT) o decompose images in o equency componen s. F equency
spec a will be analysed in h ee bands (low, medium, high) co esponding o coa se (0-20 cycles/image),
medium (20-40 cycles/image), and ine (> 40 cycles/image) isual de ails espec i ely. Dominan e-
quencies will be iden i ied as he peak ene gy componen s in each spec um, p o iding a quan i a i e
16
measu e o he mos p e alen spa ial pa e ns in each condi ion. Finally, a log-log plo will be gene a ed
o desc ibe he o a ional a e age o he spec a (i.e., he ene gy a each spa ial equency, in cycles pe
image, a e aged ac oss all o ien a ions). This will p o ide a scale-in a ian ep esen a ion o he spa ial
equency dis ibu ion ha allows di ec compa ison o he ela i e powe a di e en spa ial scales ac oss
condi ions (Willenbockel e al., 2010) (see Figu e 3 and Supplemen a y Ma e ial 3).
To s a is ically compa e low-le el isual p ope ies ac oss condi ions, a one-way ANOVA will be pe o med
o each p ope y, wi h associa ed Tukey’s HSD pos -hoc es s when p < 0.05. The associa ed Py hon
and R codes a e a ailable on Zenodo (h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17658559)."
Figu e 3: Log-Log Plo o Spa ial F equency Spec a ac oss condi ions. The plo shows he o a ional
a e age o he spec a (ene gy a each spa ial equency, in cycles pe image, a e aged ac oss all
o ien a ions) o each condi ion. U = u ban en i onmen ; UC = u ban en i onmen wi h colou ul
design; UN = u ban en i onmen wi h na u al ea u es
#5 — A inal conside a ion conce ns he addi ion o ex a elemen s wi hin he u ban
en i onmen in he expe imen al design. While hese ea u es a e in ended o educe
cogni i e e o , he inclusion o addi ional isual componen s (such as ees, ex u es,
and colou s) could also inc ease pe cep ual complexi y and he eby engage g ea e
a en ional esou ces. I also wonde whe he , in p e ious s udies, na u e and colou
e ec s we e implemen ed as dis inc en i onmen s a he han as modi ica ions wi hin
an u ban con ex .
Reply: We app ecia e he e iewe ’s hough ul conside a ion ega ding he po en ial impac o addi-
ional isual elemen s in ou u ban en i onmen . As p e iously epo ed, he "colou " condi ion has been
17
emo ed om ou p o ocol, bu we main ain he in eg a ion o na u al elemen s wi hin he u ban con-
ex . Though hese na u al ea u es could heo e ically inc ease pe cep ual complexi y, exis ing li e a u e
sugges s ha hei es o a i e p ope ies likely ou weigh his e ec . While mos s udies examine na u e
and u ban en i onmen s as dis inc condi ions (e.g., Bolouki, 2023; Geissle e al., 2021), some ha e di-
ec ly compa ed u ban se ings wi h and wi hou na u al elemen s (Basu e al., 2022; Neale e al., 2020).
Fo example, Neale e al. (2020) demons a ed signi ican a ia ions in neu al ac i i y as pa icipan s
ansi ioned be ween busy u ban and g een u ban se ings, wi h educed low be a ac i i y (i.e., 13–19
Hz) in g een spaces (associa ed wi h a en ion). In addi ion, hey ound no signi ican di e ences in be a
ac i i y be ween u ban g een and u ban quie se ings. Fu he mo e, he nega i e co ela ion be ween
dlPFC ac i a ion and posi i e a ec i e alence (Jones & Ekkekakis, 2019), he la e o which is enhanced
by na u e exposu e (Bou ke e al., 2021a), p o ides addi ional suppo o ou hypo hesis (H3). Taken
oge he , hese indings sugges ha he es o a i e and calming e ec s o na u e may coun e balance a
po en ial inc eased a en ional e o om added s imuli.
Fu he jus i ica ion o ou hypo hesis has been added o he in oduc ion.
Page 11, Lines 238–144: "Fo bo h s udies, we hypo hesise ha he clea sepa a ion o mo o ised
and non-mo o ised a ic in an u ban conc e e en i onmen will lead o highe a ec i e alence (H1)
and emembe ed pleasu e (H2), as well as lowe ce eb al oxygena ion o he dlPFC (H3). We expec
hese e ec s o be ampli ied by he inclusion o na u al ea u es, as p e ious esea ch sugges s ha such
elemen s p o ide es o a i e bene i s ha may coun e balance any inc eased pe cep ual complexi y om
addi ional isual s imuli (Bolouki, 2023; Geissle e al., 2021; Neale e al., 2020)."
#6 — Theo e ical amewo k:
The heo e ical amewo k is o e all well a icula ed, p og essing om socio-cogni i e
models o a ec i ism and inally o he Theo y o E o Minimisa ion. Howe e , a
p esen , he ex seems o jux apose se e al heo e ical pe spec i es wi hou clea ly
speci ying which one se es as he p ima y concep ual backbone o he s udy. I could
be in e es ing o mo e mo e quickly owa d he E o Minimisa ion Theo y, including
i s a ec i e componen , which appea s o be he cen al heo e ical amewo k on
which he s udy is buil .
Reply: We hank he e iewe o hei cons uc i e commen ega ding ou heo e ical amewo k. We
unde s and he conce n abou jux aposing mul iple heo e ical pe spec i es wi hou clea p io i isa ion.
Howe e , we belie e ha hese amewo ks complemen each o he a he han compe ing wi h each
o he . The A ec and Heal h Beha iou F amewo k (AHBF) p o ides he p ima y concep ual backbone
o ou s udy design, o e ing a holis ic app oach ha inco po a es a ec i e p ocesses, en i onmen al
ac o s, and socio-cogni i e a iables. This amewo k enables us o examine comp ehensi ely he mul iple
in luences on ac i e anspo beha iou .
We hen supplemen his wi h he Theo y o E o Minimisa ion in Physical Ac i i y (TEMPA), which
in oduces he dimension o e o , aligning wi h ou speci ic ocus on cogni i e e o (as measu ed by
dlPFC ac i a ion) and pe cei ed exe ion. Toge he , hese amewo ks enable us o examine bo h he
b oade con ex o a ec i e in luences on beha iou ( h ough he AHBF) and he speci ic mechanisms
o e o ( h ough he TEMPA). This complemen a y ela ionship has he e o e been cla i ied.
18
Page 7, Lines 123–137: "To u he ex end hese amewo ks, he Theo y o E o Minimisa ion in
Physical Ac i i y (Che al & Boisgon ie , 2021; Che al e al., 2024) posi s ha humans ha e a na u al
e olu iona y endency o minimise physical e o in o de o conse e ene gy esou ces. This endency
o minimise e o is an au oma ic incen i e ha can o e ide he in en ion o be physically ac i e
(Che al & Boisgon ie , 2021; Mal aglia i e al., 2025b). Acco ding o his model, posi i e a ec i e
expe iences associa ed wi h physical ac i i y could help educe he pe cei ed e o in ol ed and hus
acili a e engagemen wi h and main enance o his p ac ice h oughou li e (Mal aglia i e al., 2025a).
Fo example, a pe son who enjoys cycling o wo k will pe cei e less e o and be mo e inclined o epea
he expe ience, compa ed o someone who dislikes cycling. Thus, imp o ing he a ec i e expe ience o
ac i e anspo is wa an ed.
Toge he , hese amewo ks o e a comp ehensi e model o unde s anding physical ac i i y beha iou s.
While he AHBF akes a holis ic iew o how a ec i e, cogni i e and en i onmen al ac o s in luence
decisions abou physical ac i i y, he TEMPA goes u he by speci ically add essing he ole o e o in
beha iou egula ion."
#7 — Me hod
I migh also s eng hen he pape o b ie ly c i ically e iew p e ious empi ical s udies,
hei me hodological limi a ions, and how he p esen design o e comes hese sho -
comings. Addi ionally, i p io li e a u e has p oduced mixed esul s ega ding a ec i e
esponses o p e on al ac i a ion in na u al s u ban en i onmen s, his could be high-
ligh ed o jus i y he need o he p esen s udy.
Reply: We hank he e iewe o hei commen . We ha e added a pa ag aph p o iding a b ie c i ical
e iew o empi ical s udies – including a ec i e and neu obiological esponses – be o e ou objec i es and
hypo heses.
Pages 9–10, Lines 206–229: "Taken oge he , hese esul s sugges ha sepa a ing mo o ised and
non-mo o ised anspo modes has he po en ial o make ac i e anspo mo e enjoyable and less
cogni i ely demanding. Fu he mo e, he addi ion o na u al ea u es may magni y hese e ec s. Howe e ,
p e ious empi ical s udies su e om limi a ions ha hinde de ini i e conclusions. Fi s , mos s udies
ea na u al and u ban en i onmen s as sepa a e condi ions (e.g., na u e s. ci y), a he han examining
how in eg a ing na u al elemen s in o exis ing u ban se ings migh in luence a ec i e and neu obiological
esponses du ing ac i e anspo (e.g., Bolouki, 2023; Geissle e al., 2021; Peddie e al., 2024). In
addi ion, no s udy ha e o mally es ed he e ec o a ic sepa a ion on dlPFC ac i i y. Consequen ly, he
po en ial impac o combining a ic sepa a ion and na u al ea u es wi hin he same u ban en i onmen
on a ec i e and neu obiological esponses emains unclea . Second, p io EEG and NIRS s udies ha e
p ima ily ocused on walking (e.g., Bolouki, 2023; Neale e al., 2020), lea ing a gap in unde s anding he
neu obiological co ela es o cogni i e e o du ing o he ac i e anspo mode (e.g., cycling). Thi d,
while a ic sepa a ion appea s o enhance pleasu e in pedes ian con ex s (Camb a & Mou a, 2020),
i s e ec on cyclis s emains ambiguous. Fo example, al hough Ja aid e al. (2020)’s sys ema ic e iew
sugges s ha sepa a ed bicycle in as uc u e dec ease pe cei ed s ess and p oduce mo e posi i e eeling,
Xing e al. (2018) ound ha pe cep ions o bicycle in as uc u e (e.g., bike lanes) a e no ela ed o
bicycling a ec (i.e., liking o bicycling). Thus, he e ec o a ic sepa a ion on a ec i e expe iences
du ing cycling emains unclea . In summa y, u he esea ch is needed o in es iga e how he simul aneous
implemen a ion o a ic sepa a ion and na u al elemen s in u ban en i onmen s in luences a ec i e and
cogni i e esponses du ing ac i e anspo ."
19
#8 — The claim ha exposu e o na u e leads o “mo e e icien cogni i e p ocessing
and lowe dlPFC ac i a ion” could be u he unpacked. I would be use ul o speci y
wha is mean by “mo e e icien .” Does educed dlPFC ac i i y e lec lowe cogni i e
e o , mo e au oma ic p ocessing, o a edis ibu ion o cogni i e esou ces? I is im-
po an o no e ha lowe neu al ac i a ion does no always imply g ea e e iciency, i
could also e lec educed engagemen . Adding a sho concep ual cla i ica ion would
g ea ly help non-expe eade s unde s and he in e p e a ion o dlPFC oxygena ion
in his con ex .
Reply: We hank he e iewe o hei cons uc i e commen . We ag ee ha he e m "mo e e icien "
can be ambiguous. In ou p o ocol, he p ima y pu pose o measu ing dlPFC ac i a ion is o p o ide a
neu obiological co ela e o cogni i e e o . This has been cla i ied in he ex .
Page 8, Lines 153–169: "Mechanis ic explana ions sugges ha g een en i onmen s may igge ou
inna e endency o espond posi i ely o na u e, he eby inc easing ou sense o sa e y and educing he
cogni i e e o equi ed o o e come po en ial h ea s (Ga cía-Ma ín e al., 2025; Kaplan, 1992; S aa s e
al., 2003). This is suppo ed by neu obiological e idence showing lowe be a ac i i y du ing walks in u ban
g een spaces compa ed o busy u ban a eas, which may be a ibu ed o lowe demands on a en ion and
igilance (Neale e al., 2020). Fu he mo e, con e ging e idence om elec oencephalog aphy (EEG),
unc ional magne ic esonance imaging ( MRI), unc ional nea -in a ed spec oscopy ( NIRS) s udies
ha e demons a ed ha exposu e o na u e ends o induce lowe ac i a ion o he do sola e al p e on al
co ex (dlPFC), a b ain egion in ol ed in a en ional con ol, e o p ocessing, and cogni i e e o
(Causse e al., 2017; Ge be e al., 2025), when compa ed o u ban en i onmen s (Bolouki, 2023; Geissle
e al., 2021). Fo ins ance, Geissle e al. (2021) ound ha d i ing in he coun yside esul ed in lowe
dlPFC oxygena ion han u ban d i ing, indica ing educed men al wo kload — a componen o cogni i e
e o . While hese indings p o ide impo an p elimina y e idence, u he esea ch is needed o examine
hese e ec s speci ically in ac i e anspo con ex s."
#9 — Conclusion:
O e all, his is an excellen and ca e ully c a ed egis e ed epo ha combines he-
o e ical dep h, me hodological igo , and a clea commi men o open science.
The in eg a ion o a ec i e, cogni i e, and neu ophysiological measu es wi hin an eco-
logically alid VR pa adigm is pa icula ly imp essi e. The s udy is likely o make a
aluable con ibu ion o he li e a u e.
Wi h mino cla i ica ions ega ding heo e ical posi ioning and expe imen al con ol,
he pape would each an e en highe le el o concep ual cla i y and obus ness. In i s
cu en o m, i al eady ep esen s a high-quali y, inno a i e, and p omising con ibu-
ion o he ield!! Dylan Naceu
PhD S uden , Labo a oi e de Psychologie Sociale e Cogni i e (LAPSCO, CNRS UMR 6024)
Uni e si é Cle mon Au e gne, F ance
20
Reply: We since ely hank he e iewe o hei hough ul and cons uc i e e alua ion o ou egis e ed
epo . We g ea ly app ecia e he ecogni ion o ou s udy’s heo e ical dep h, me hodological igou ,
and commi men o open science. The e iewe ’s sugges ions o enhancing heo e ical posi ioning and
expe imen al con ol a e aluable and will help us u he s eng hen he concep ual cla i y and obus ness
o ou wo k.
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