J. Bio. &
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189 | Mohammed e al.
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Causes and consequences o mo he ee popula ion decline in
Faza a Na u al Fo es Rese e, Sudan
Elmughei a M
I
.
Mohammed
*1
, Di o V
.
Ha ouna
2
,
Elmamoun H
.
Osman
3
,
Elmalih MI. Mohammed
4
, Sohad AA. Fadlelmola
5
1
Depa men o Fo es Managemen Science, Facul y o
Fo es Sciences and Technology,
Uni e si y o Gezi a, Wad Medani, Sudan
2Depa men o Fo es y, College o Na u al Resou ces and En i onmen al S udies,
Uni e si y o Bah i, Kha oum, Sudan
3Depa men o Biological Sciences, Gene ic, Genomic and P o eomics Resea ch Uni ,
Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Ma oua, Ma oua, Came oon
4F eelance, Geda e S a e, Sudan
5Depa men o Fo es y and En i onmen , Facul y o Fo es Sciences and Technology,
Uni e si y o Gezi a, Wad Medani, Sudan
A icle published on July 16, 2023
Key wo ds:
Illegal ha es ing,
Seeds
p oduc ion,
Sus ainable
managemen ,
Yield
egula ion
Abs ac
Al hough ecen p og ess has been made in explo ing and unde s anding ee popula ion ecology and ac o s ha
dis u b i s de elopmen and dynamics, o he pi o al esea ch gaps emain un ouched. Causes and consequences
o mo he ee decline, a seed-p oducing sou ce and biodi e si y niche, a e a he co e o hese gaps. We b idged
his gap by analyzing he s a us o mo he ees, dend ome ic pa ame e s, s and pa ame e s, and ac o s d i ing
changes in species composi ion a Faza a na u al o es ese e, ac oss 74 samples o 1000 m
2
, sys ema ically
dis ibu ed in he high and lowland si es o he o es . To un he analysis, we espec i ely used ANOVA, pai ed-
sampled - es , pos hoc es , and c oss- abula ion in JAMOVI, Mini ab, and SPSS. Findings showed ha he
abundance o mo he ees, saplings, and seedlings we e wice and h ee imes highe in highland si es han
lowland ones, espec i ely (F
1,72
= 141.2 and P = 0.03; F
1,72
= 128.3 and P = 0.01; F
1,72
= 116.5 and P < 0.001,
espec i ely). While ju enile ees displayed no signi ican di e ences be ween he si es (F
1,72
= 162.4 and P =
0.06). Illegal ha es ing was he p incipal con ibu o o mo he ee decline, whe e s umps and deb anched
ees densi y a lowland si es we e ou and h ee imes ha o highland si es, espec i ely. Howe e ,
de e io a ion o species ichness, egene a ion, and abundance we e he common consequences o mo he ees
decline in he ese e. In e en ions h ough es ic ion o espassing, awa eness- aising, and pa olling gua ds
a e u gen ly needed o p o ec bo h mo he and ju enile ees.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Elmughei a MI. Mohammed elmughei [email protected]
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 189-209, 2023
h p://www.innspub.ne
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
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190 | Mohammed e al.
In oduc ion
Mo he and old ees ep esen he key iconic bio a in
mos e es ial ecosys ems wo ldwide (Lindenmaye
& Lau ance, 2017). They o m a ounda ion o
habi a di e si y (Asbeck e al., 2021), niche
complexi y (De oi e e al., 2016; Geb u e al., 2019),
seeds p oduc ion and seedlings ec ui men o mos
seedly egene a ed ee species in opical, sub opical
and empe a e o es s, as well as sa annas, pas u es
and u ban en i onmen s (Domene e al., 2017;
Ku na e al., 2019). They signi ican ly guide he
spa ial and empo al alloca ion and dis ibu ion o
hei newly ec ui ed indi iduals and o he ela ed
plan and animal species ound in na u al o es s and
angelands (Asigbaase e al., 2019; Ghanba i e al.,
2021; Mohammed e al., 2021). In addi ion o ha ,
hey play essen ial unc ions in nu ien cycling,
wea he acclima iza ion, ec ea ion si es, and ca bon
seques a ion, as well as p o ision o ood, eed, and
medicine (Adam e al., 2013; Ib ahim e al., 2018;
Neya e al., 2019). Howe e , he sus ainabili y o
hese oles and unc ions is o high signi icance o
A ica pa icula ly, he na i es o sub-Saha a
coun ies and Sahel egion (Ma one e al., 2017;
Ouéd aogo e al., 2019).
In A ica, he con ibu ion o o es ees o u al
communi ies li elihood is high, especially in
ma ginalized a eas and con lic ed si es (Dea alla e
al., 2014; Suleiman e al., 2017). This con ibu ion
clea ly obse ed in he eas e n and sou he n pa s o
Sudan, whe e ees and hei by-p oduc s suppo
mo e han 60% o he local communi y’s needs and
ep esen he main sou ce o income egene a ion
(Adam e al., 2013; Mahgoub, 2014; Mohammed e
al., 2021). Howe e , such u iliza ion needs o be
egula ed and p ope ly managed o a oid he decline
and deple ion o hese aluable esou ces
(Geb ehiwo & Hunde a, 2014; Ib ahim & Hassan,
2015; Tsegu, 2019). Mo eo e , o a good yield
egula ion plan, es o a ion p og am, o sus ainable
managemen o o es and ee esou ces, up- o-da e
in o ma ion on i s ju enile and adul ees
popula ion, species composi ion, as well as seeds
p oduc ion, dispe sal, and seedlings es ablishmen , is
indispensably equi ed (Gus a sson e al., 2012;
Masuku & Xaba, 2013; Owusu e al., 2021).
Di e en s udies had illed he gaps associa ed wi h
g ow h and de elopmen o he baceous plan s in
Sudan and o he sa annas en i onmen s (Dayamba e
al., 2008; Geb ehiwo & Hunde a, 2014; Hassan &
Tag, 2017), he s a us o seedlings and saplings o
woody plan s in hei na u al o es s and angelands
(Ali e al., 2015; Hanie e al., 2016; Hasoba e al.,
2020; Maua e al., 2020), as well as he species
ichness, abundance, and uses (Kiko i &mLigo, 2015;
Nacoulma e al., 2016). Howe e , in o ma ion on he
s a us o mo he ees and how he obse ed d ama ic
human popula ion g ow h can a ec i s popula ion is
lacking. The cu en s udy add essed his gap by
assessing he s a us o mo he ees in Faza a na u al
o es ese e owa ds he sus ainable managemen o
ee esou ces in he a ea.
Faza a Na u al Fo es Rese e (FNFR) is among he
la ges o es ese es in he eas e n pa o he
Geda e S a e a Basunda locali y (Mahgoub, 2014;
Mohammed, 2019). I is loca ed close o Faza a and
Ka ima illages and o ms he only sou ce o wood,
edible ui s, medicinal p oduc s, g azing a eas, and
ec ea ion si es o hese illages’ esiden s (Hassan,
2019; Mohammed, 2019).
The usual income gene a ion ac i i ies o he people
a ound FNFR a e ag icul u e, li es ock keeping, non-
imbe o es p oduc s ade, and cha coal p oduc ion
(Ahmed, 2005; Elmekki, 2008; Hassan, 2015). While
local communi y is mainly depending on his ese e
(Mahgoub, 2014; Mohammed, 2019), in o ma ion on
i s g owing s ock, adul o ju enile a io, species
ichness, and he change d i ing ac o s a e limi ed.
Addi ionally, da a on he s a us o he mo he ee
popula ion, he main sou ce o seeds and new
seedlings, and whe he i is s able o declining is
unknown. The e o e, explo a ion o he ee
popula ion s uc u e in FNFR is a co e p ocess o
achie e he sus ainable managemen o he o es ,
which will conse e i s mul iuse and ulne able ee
species and ul ills he local communi y needs.
J. Bio. &
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191 | Mohammed e al.
The s udy hypo hesized ha a eas close o he
illage s’ se lemen s (lowland si es) had ewe
mo he ees and new egene a ion compa ed o
emo e and moun ainous a eas (highland si es).
Mo eo e , as mos locals a e ag o-pas o alis s and
cha coal p oduce s, we p edic ed ha li es ock
g azing and illegal ha es ing a e he main d i e s o
species composi ion change in FNFR. Fu he mo e,
we expec ed ha he popula ion o na i e b oadlea ed
ee species had been se e ely a ec ed by illegal
ha es ing and limi ed indi iduals emain ali e.
Besides ha , as in o ma ion on mo he and seed-
p oducing ees a e sca ce, he indings o his s udy
will o m a baseline and guide o he decision-make
and na u al ese es managemen o o mula e a
comp ehensi e managemen plan ha ensu es he
egula p o ision o goods and se ices, as well as
na u al es o a ion and s ands main enance.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy a ea
Faza a na u al o es ese e is loca ed a 12º 41ʹ 00ʺ
N, 12º 48ʹ 00ʺ N, 35º 37ʹ 00ʺ E, and 35º 44ʹ 00ʺ E
(Fig. 1), and co e s an a ea o 7,095.9 ha (Hassan,
2015; Mohammed, 2019). I hos s mo e han 15 ee
and sh ub species wi h a ious pe ennial plan s and
g asses, dis ibu ed andomly ac oss he
moun ainous and la land si es o he ese e
(Hassan, 2019; Mohammed, 2019). While he
moun ainous si es a e domina ed by Anogeissus
leioca pus, Te minalia b ownii, Te minalia
laxi lo a, Lannea u icosa, S e culia a icana,
Ziziphus spina-ch is i, and P e oca pus lucens ee
species, he la land si es a e domina ed by Acacia
seyal, Acacia senegal, Balani es aegyp iaca, and
Comb e um ha mannianum (Hassan, 2019).
Mo eo e , based on he analyzed me eo ological da a
ecei ed om Sudan Me eo ological Au ho i y
(SMA), he a e age minimum and maximum
empe a u es, as well as ain all, we e 26 ⁰C, 41 ⁰C,
and 700mm, espec i ely (Figs. 2 and 3). The la and
semi- la lands o FNFR a e cha ac e ized by c acky
clay and sandy-clay soil ypes, while he moun ainous
a eas we e domina ed by sandy soil and ocks
(Hassan & Tag, 2017; Mohammed & Hashim, 2015).
Da a collec ion
To in en o y he g owing s ock, popula ion
composi ion, and ichness o ee species in FNFR,
he s udy used a sys ema ic sampling echnique o
es ablish ele en su ey lines ac oss he s a i ied si es
o he ese e (Fig. 1). We s a i ied he s udy a ea
in o high and lowland si es based on hei
opog aphical cha ac e is ics (Pla es 1 and 2). While
he high land si es o FNFR co e i s moun ainous
and hilly a eas, he lowland ones encompass i s la
and semi- la lands (Geb u e al., 2019; Mohammed
e al., 2021). The se en y- ou (74) ec angula
sample plo s o 25 m x 40 m (1000 m
2
) we e laid
ac oss he high and lowland si es o he o es o
assess hei dend ome ic and s and pa ame e s.
A e ma king he sample plo bounda y and
iden i ying i s hos ed ee species, we classi ied hem
in o ma u e ees, saplings, and seedlings as
ecommended by (De oi e e al., 2016; Lindenmaye
& Lau ance, 2017).
We u he di ided he ma u e ees in o ma u e and
o e -ma u e ones (mo he ees) based on hei
diame e a b eas heigh (diame e measu ed a 1.3
m abo e g ound le el). We conside ed seedlings and
saplings as woody plan s wi h diame e s o < 3 cm
and 3 o < 7cm, while ma u e and mo he ees a e o
≥ 7 o 30 cm and > 30 cm diame e s, espec i ely
(Geb ehiwo & Hunde a, 2014; Kiko i e al., 2015;
Liga e e al., 2019).
Pla e 1. The lowland si es o FNFR; (A) domina ed
by Acacia seyal, and (B) domina ed by Comb e um
ha mannianum ee species.
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192 | Mohammed e al.
Pla e 2. The highland si es o FNFR; (A) domina ed
by Te minalia b ownii and S e culia a icana, and
(B) ocky a ea.
Fig. 1. The map o Faza a na u al o es ese e
showing he geog aphic loca ion o he s udy a ea and
he in en o ied sample plo s.
While ee diame e a b eas heigh (DBH) was
measu ed using an O dina y calipe o small ees
and diame e ape o la ge ones (Endale e al., 2017;
Te emke e al., 2019), Ve nie calipe was used o
seedling and sapling diame e s measu emen s in high
and lowland si es o he s udy a ea (Hanie e al., 2016;
Liga e e al., 2019; Maua e al., 2020; Mohammed e
al., 2021). Mo eo e , a hypsome e was used o o al
ee heigh measu emen s as ecommended by o he
esea che s (Ghanba i e al., 2021; Hassan e al., 2022;
Mohammed e al., 2021). Addi ionally, we measu ed
ee c own wid h using measu ing ape a eigh
di ec ions adia ing om he ee base owa ds i s
c own edge pe pendicula o he su eyo (Ib ahim e
al., 2015; Mohammed e al., 2021).
In each 1000 m
2
sample plo , we ga he ed
in o ma ion on an h opogenic ac i i ies like li es ock
g azing and b owsing, s em deba king and c own
deb anching, ee logging and cha coal p oduc ion,
and in ensi e seeds ( ui s) collec ion (Chaudha y e
al., 2016; Guedje e al., 2016; Nndwammbi e al.,
2018; Paulo & Tomé, 2017). All moni o ed animals
we e eco ded, as well as, he deba ked, deb anched,
and logged ees. Fu he mo e, we calcula ed he
se e i y o deba king, deb anching, and logging
ac i i y as he numbe o damaged s em o he o al
numbe o s ems in he plo (B odie e al., 2015; Ji e
al., 2017; Mohammed e al., 2021).
To ga he socio-economic da a abou he ese e, we
dis ibu ed 240 ques ionnai es on he esiden s o
Faza a and Ka ima illages and in e iewed 50 key
in o man s (Angelsen, 2012; Fahmi e al., 2018). The
key in o man in e iews co e ed local leade s, o es
o ice s, angeland o ice s, mechanized- a ming
managemen o ice s and he di ec o s o ac i e
nongo e nmen al o ganiza ions in he a ea (Hassan,
2019; Mohammed, 2019).
Da a analysis
Mo he ees, ju enile ees, saplings, and seedlings
abundance we e assessed as he numbe o s ems pe
sample, as ecommended by (Endale e al., 2017;
Fakh y e al., 2020; Ghanba i e al., 2021). To
compu e he basal a ea, olume, ela i e abundance,
ela i e dominance, ela i e equency, and
impo ance alue index o a ious ee species in he
high and lowland si es o he ese e, we used he
o mulae lis ed in able 1 (Abdou e al., 2016;
Gebeyehu e al., 2019; Id issa e al., 2018;
Mohammed e al., 2021). The species dominance and
equency we e exp essed as species co e age pe
a ea and as he p esence o absence o he species pe
a ea, espec i ely (Hasoba e al., 2020; Lempesi e
al., 2017; Mohammed e al., 2021). Fu he , we
calcula ed he species ichness as he o al numbe o
species epo ed a each si e (Asigbaase e al., 2019;
Ku na e al., 2019; Mohammed e al., 2021). To
compa e he species ichness, dend ome ic and
s and pa ame e s be ween si es, we used a pai ed-
sampled - es in Mini ab and ANOVA in JAMOVI,
espec i ely (Kingazi e al., 2020; Mohammed, 2019;
Mohammed e al., 2021).
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193 | Mohammed e al.
A simila p ocedu e was applied o compa e he
change d i ing ac o s ac oss he si es, including he
deba king, deb anching, logging, and oo damages.
Table 1. The equa ions used o compu e basal a ea,
olume and impo ance alue index o he ee species
assessed in he high and lowland si es o Faza a
na u al o es ese e.
Equa ion
Re e ence
Basal a ea (g) =
∗
(Ghanba i e al.,
2021)
Volume (Vol) = Ba
sal
a ea*Heigh *Fo m Fac o
(Liga e
e al
.,
2019)
Rela i e abundance (RA) =
∗
100
(Mohammed e
al., 2021)
Rela i e dominance (RD) =
"
"
∗
100
(Assogbadjo e
al., 2010)
Rela i e equency (RF) =
#$
#$
∗
100
(Id issa e al.,
2018)
Impo ance alue index (IVI) = RA
+ RD + RF
(Maua
e al
.,
2020)
All desc ip i e s a is ics, no mali y and homogenei y
es s ha e been espec i ely pe o med in SPSS
( e sion 26) and JAMOVI ( e sion 1.1.17), as
ecommended by (Gessesse e al., 2016; Missanjo e
al., 2015; Suleiman e al., 2017). Mo eo e ,
ques ionnai es and in e iew da a we e so ed, coded,
and analyzed in SSPS using one-way ANOVA and
c oss- abula ions (Bu man e al., 2018; Jayakuma &
Nai , 2013; Sukhbaa a e al., 2019).
To ace he signi ican di e ences be ween a ious
a iables and pa ame e s wi hin and ac oss he si es,
we applied Tukey’s pos hoc es wi h α = 0.05
(Bu man e al., 2018; Mohammed e al., 2022).
Fu he mo e, we classi ied he egene a ion s a us
in o good, ai , poo , and none, as guided by (A osa e
al., 2017; Dibaba e al., 2020; Gebeyehu e al., 2019;
Mohammed e al., 2021). Good i seedlings > saplings
> adul s, ai i seedlings > saplings ≤ adul , poo i no
seedlings, and none i no seedlings and saplings.
Resul s
Mo he ees abundance and adul o ju enile a io
Mo he ees abundance in highland si es was double
ha o lowland ones, wi h signi ican di e ences
be ween he si es (F
1,72
= 141.2 and P = 0.03, Fig. 4).
While ju enile ees illus a ed no signi ican
di e ences be ween he si es (F
1,72
= 162.4 and P =
0.06, Fig. 4), saplings and seedlings we e wice and
h ee imes highe in highland si es han lowland
si es, espec i ely (F
1,72
= 128.3 and P = 0.01; F
1,72
=
116.5 and P < 0.001, espec i ely, Fig. 4).
Mo eo e , he s udy esul s displayed ha he
p opo ion o he i e op ee species signi ican ly
di e ed o mo he ees (F
1,72
= 91.3 and P = 0.04),
ju enile ees (F
1,72
= 101.2 and P = 0.01), saplings (F
1,72
= 87.4 and P = 0.01), and seedlings (F
1,72
= 131.3 and P
= 0.001) be ween he high and lowland si es, wi h a
low equency o seedlings, saplings, and mo he ees
in lowland si es compa ed o highland ones (Fig. 5).
Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal ha e he highes
ju enile ees pe cen compa ed o Comb e um
ha mannianum and Ziziphus spina-ch is i, which
ha e be e seedlings and saplings pe cen ages (Fig. 5).
Fig. 2. Mean maximum and minimum empe a u es
o FNFR (2012 – 2021) ha compu ed based on he
da a acqui ed om Sudan Me eo ological Au ho i y.
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Fig. 3. Mean ain all o FNFR (2012 – 2021) ha
compu ed based he da a acqui ed om Sudan
Me eo ological Au ho i y.
Fig. 4. Mean (±SE) abundance pe plo o mo he
ees, ju eniles, saplings, and seedlings in en o ied in
he low and highland si es o Faza a na u al o es
ese e. As e isks on he ba s display he signi ican
di e ences be ween he si es based on Tuckey Pos Hoc
es as * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, and *** = P ≤ 0.001.
Cha ac e is ics o dend ome ic pa ame e s and
egene a ion s a us
The highland si es showed he highes alues o ee
c own wid h (m) wi h signi ican di e ences ac oss
he si es especially o Comb e um ha mannianum,
Balani es aegyp iaca, Lonchoca pus laxi lo us, and
Ziziphus spina-ch is i (Fig. 6). Mo eo e , he
diame e a b eas heigh (cm) and basal a ea (m
2
) o
Balani es aegyp iaca and Ziziphus spina-ch is i in
highland si es we e double ha o lowland si es (F
1,72
= 118.7 and P < 0.01; F
1,72
= 81.3 and P < 0.01; F
1,72
=
128.1 and P = 0.01; F
1,72
= 101.3 and P = 0.01,
espec i ely), as well as ha o Acacia senegal (Fig.
7). Howe e , Comb e um ha mannianum exhibi ed
he highes ee heigh and olume alues h oughou
he o es , wi h signi ican di e ences be ween he
high and lowland si es (F
1,72
= 78.9 and P < 0.01;
F
1,72
= 86.7 and P = 0.01, espec i ely, Fig. 7).
Fig. 5. The p opo ions (%) o ee de elopmen
s ages o he i e op common ee species in en o ied
in he low and highland si es o Faza a na u al o es
ese e. (A) mo he ees, (B) ju enile ees, (C)
saplings, and (D) seedlings. As e isks on he ba s
display he signi ican di e ences be ween he si es
based on Tuckey Pos Hoc es as * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P
≤ 0.01, and *** = P ≤ 0.001.
Addi ionally, he op i e common ee species
showed a good egene a ion s a us in highland si es
wi h a equency pe cen ≥ 60% compa ed o hei
ai s a us in lowland si es (Tables 2 & 3). The ee
species o Fabaceae amily domina e bo h si es wi h
pe cen ages o 43% and 62% o high and lowland
si es espec i ely (Tables 2 & 3).
Fig. 6. Mean (±SE) c own wid h (m) o all ee
species in en o ied in he low and highland si es o
Faza a na u al o es ese e.
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195 | Mohammed e al.
Fig. 7. Mean (±SE) dend ome ic pa ame e s o he i e
op common ee species in en o ied in he low and
highland si es o Faza a na u al o es ese e. (A)
diame e a b eas heigh , (B) basal a ea, (C) heigh , and
(D) olume. As e isks on he ba s display he signi ican
di e ences be ween he si es based on Tuckey Pos Hoc
es as * = P ≤ 0.05, and ** = P ≤ 0.01.
Fac o s d i ing he changes in species composi ion
and mo he ee decline
We ound ha illegal ha es ing is he main
con ibu o o mo he ee decline and ee species
composi ion changes. The densi y o ee s umps and
deb anched ees a lowland si es we e espec i ely
ou and h ee imes equal o ha o highland si es,
wi h signi ican di e ences be ween si es (F
1,72
= 152.3
and P < 0.001; F
1,72
= 128.4 and P < 0.01, espec i ely,
Fig. 8). Howe e , he densi y o deba ked ees and
oo damages we e high in highland si es compa ed o
lowland ones (F
1,72
= 102.8 and P = 0.03; F
1,72
= 112.2
and P = 0.04, espec i ely, Fig. 8). Mo eo e , he
in e iewed pa icipan s epo ed ha illegal
ha es ing, o e g azing, and ag icul u al ac i i ies a e
he main easons behind he decline o mo he ees
wi hin and a ound he ese e wi h a equency o
48%, 24%, and 17%, espec i ely (Fig. 9).
Table 2. The amily, equency, and egene a ion s a us o ee species in en o ied in he highland si es o Faza a
na u al o es ese e
No
Species
Family
Habi
F equency
(%)
Regene a ion
s a us
1
Acacia polyacan ha
Willd.
Fabaceae
T ee
9.6
None
2
Acacia senegal
(L.) Willd.
Fabaceae
T ee
59.6
Good
3
Acacia seyal
Del.
Fabaceae
T ee
59.8
Good
4
Anogeissus leioca pus
(DC.) Guill . & Pe .
Comb e aceae
T ee
11.3
None
5
Balani es aegyp iaca
(L.) Del.
Balani aceae
T ee
68.2
Good
6
Comb e um ha mannianum
Schwein .
Comb e aceae
T ee
43.4
Fai
7
Dich os achys cine ea
(L.) Wigh e A n.
Fabaceae
Sh ub
42.1
Fai
8
Lannea u icosa
(Hochs . ex. A. Rich.) Engl.
Anaca diaceae
T ee
16.6
None
9
Lonchoca pus laxi lo us
(Guill. & Pe .)
Fabaceae
T ee
27.8
Poo
10
Mae ua angolensis
DC.
Cappa aceae
Sh ub
8.7
None
11
P e oca pus lucens
Lep . ex Guill.
e Pe .
Fabaceae
T ee
13.1
None
12
S e culia a icana
(Lou .) Fio i.
Mal aceae
T ee
26.4
Poo
13
Te minalia b ownii
F esen.
Comb e aceae
T ee
25.2
Poo
14
Ziziphus spina
-
ch is i
(L.) Des .
Rhamnaceae
T ee
63.1
Good
Table 3. The amily, equency, and egene a ion s a us o ee species in en o ied in he lowland si es o Faza a
na u al o es ese e.
No
Species
Family
Habi
F equency (%)
Regene a ion s a us
1
Acacia polyacan ha
Willd.
Fabaceae
T ee
28.6
Poo
2
Acacia
senegal
(L.) Willd.
Fabaceae
T ee
51.3
Fai
3
Acacia seyal
Del.
Fabaceae
T ee
57.6
Fai
4
Balani es aegyp iaca
(L.) Del.
Balani aceae
T ee
62.2
Good
5
Comb e um ha mannianum
Schwein .
Comb e aceae
T ee
41.4
Fai
6
Dich os achys cine ea
(L.) Wigh e
A n.
Fabaceae
Sh ub
62.5
Good
7
Lonchoca pus laxi lo us
(Guill. & Pe .)
Fabaceae
T ee
6.5
None
8
Ziziphus spina
-
ch is i
(L.) Des .
Rhamnaceae
T ee
46.5
Fai
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
23
196 | Mohammed e al.
Fig. 8. Mean (±SE) densi y (s em/ha) o deba ked
ees, deb anched ees, ee s umps, and oo
damage epo ed in he high and lowland si es o
Faza a na u al o es ese e. As e isks on he ba s
show he signi ican di e ences be ween he si es
based on Tuckey Pos Hoc es as * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P
≤ 0.01, and *** = P ≤ 0.001.
Fig. 9. The six common s a ed ac o s d i ing he
changes o species composi ion and mo he ees
popula ion decline in Faza a na u al o es ese e
based on he in e iewees esponses.
Consequences o mo he ee decline
Low species ichness and ee densi y in he
lowland si es
The species ichness in lowland si es was hal o ha
in highland si es, wi h a signi ican di e ence
be ween si es (T = 39.4 and P < 0.01, Table 4). While
he o e all densi y displayed a low alue in he
lowland si es (T = 22.1 and P = 0.01, Table 4), he
densi y o Acacia seyal and Acacia senegal in he
same si es was wice ha o highland si es (F
1,72
= 75.9
and P < 0.001; F
1,72
= 98.3 and P = 0.04, espec i ely,
Fig. 10). Howe e , Balani es aegyp iaca, Comb e um
ha mannianum, and Ziziphus spina-ch is i
exhibi ed an in e se pa e n (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Mean (±SE) species densi y pe ha o he
common op i e ee species assessed in he low and
highland si es o Faza a na u al o es ese e.
As e isks on he ba s illus a e signi ican di e ences
be ween he s a i ied si es o each species based on
Tuckey Pos Hoc es as * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01,
and *** = P ≤ 0.001.
Table 4. Species ichness and mean ee densi y
(s em/ha) assessed in Faza a na u al o es ese e.
Pa ame e
Highland
si es
Lowland
si es T P
Species ichness 14 8 39.4
< 0.01
Densi y (s em/ha)
93.2 64.3 22.1
0.01
T = pai ed-sampled - es , and P = p obabili y alue
High dominance, equency, and impo ance alue
index (IVI) in lowland si es
Findings show ha lowland si es ha e high alues o
ela i e abundance, dominance, equency, and
impo ance alue index (IVI) compa ed o highland
si es (Tables 5 & 6). Acacia seyal and Balani es
aegyp iaca in lowland si es showed he highes alues
o IVI, which was double ha o highland ones
(Tables 5 & 6).
Addi ionally, Acacia polyacan ha and
Lonchoca pus laxi lo us ee species displayed he
lowes alues o ela i e dominance and abundance
h oughou he s udy a ea, wi h sligh a ia ions
ac oss si es (Tables 5 & 6).
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
23
197 | Mohammed e al.
Table 5. Species, ela i e abundance, dominance, equency and impo ance alue index (IVI) o he
in en o ied ee species in he highland si es o Faza a na u al o es ese e.
No Species Family
Rela i e
Abundance
Rela i e
Dominance
Rela i e
F equency IVI
1
Acacia polyacan ha
Fabaceae
1.48
1.84
3.92
7.24
2
Acacia senegal
Fabaceae
1.57
2.49
5.88
9.94
3
Acacia seyal
Fabaceae
36.11
19.19
12.42
67.72
4
Anogeissus leioca pus
Comb e aceae
8.86
7.65
9.8
26.31
5
Balani es aegyp iaca
Balani aceae
16.71
20.24
14.38
51.33
6
Comb e um
ha mannianum Comb e aceae 5.36 10.56 6.54 22.46
7
Dich os achys cine ea
Fabaceae
3.32
3.33
6.54
13.19
8
Lannea u icosa
Anaca diaceae
5.72
1.04
9.15
15.91
9
Lonchoca pus laxi lo us
Fabaceae
2.59
3.31
5.88
11.78
10
Mae ua angolensis
Cappa aceae
2.22
9.91
3.92
16.05
11
P e oca pus lucens
Fabaceae
5.17
6.85
2.61
14.63
12
S e culia a icana
Mal aceae
3.51
5.25
5.23
13.99
13
Te minalia b ownii
Comb e aceae
4.43
6.23
6.54
17.2
14
Ziziphus spina
-
ch is i
Rhamnaceae
2.95
2.11
7.19
12.25
Table 6. Species, ela i e abundance, dominance, equency and impo ance alue index (IVI) o he
in en o ied ee species in he highland si es o Faza a na u al o es ese e.
No
Species
Family
Rela i e
Abundance
Rela i e
Dominance
Rela i e
F equency IVI
1
Acacia polyacan ha
Fabaceae
2.78
4.25
7.77
14.8
2
Acacia senegal
Fabaceae
2.67
3.35
11.65
17.67
3
Acacia seyal
Fabaceae
63.23
44.26
25.25
132.74
4
Balani es aegyp iaca
Balani aceae
10.79
24.29
13.59
48.67
5
Comb e um ha mannianum
Comb e aceae
8.58
14.22
11.65
34.45
6
Dich os achys cine ea
Fabaceae
5.45
3.65
12.62
21.72
7
Lonchoca pus laxi lo us
Comb e aceae
1.05
2.13
3.88
7.06
8
Ziziphus spina
-
ch is i
Rhamnaceae
5.45
3.85
13.59
22.89
Discussion
Mo he ees abundance and adul o ju enile a io
The s udy indings o high mo he ees, saplings, and
seedlings abundance in highland si es compa ed o
lowland ones a e consis en wi h (Geb ehiwo &
Hunde a, 2014; Hanie e al., 2016; Hassan e al.,
2022). Va ious s udies ha e ela ed he low
popula ion o adul and ju enile ees in o es s and
angelands o o e -u iliza ion (Gi hae e al., 2011;
Maleko e al., 2018; Mohammed e al., 2021), landuse
change (Aleza e al., 2018; Alzubai & Hamdan, 2020;
Owusu e al., 2021), and managemen egime changes
(Be ge on e al., 2002; Chaudha y e al., 2016; Cheng
e al., 2017; Sukhbaa a e al., 2019).
Howe e , o he Faza a case, he low seedlings,
saplings, and mo he ees abundance in lowland si es
can be di ec ly associa ed wi h high b owsing by
li es ock and unau ho ized logging ac i i ies.
Li e a u e p o ed ha si es close o human
se lemen s a e usually subjec o high an h opogenic
p essu e compa ed o emo e a eas (Assogbadjo e
al., 2010; Can a ello e al., 2014; Gebeyehu e al.,
2019; Mohammed e al., 2021).
Fu he , he high ju eniles o Acacia senegal and
Acacia seyal o o he b oadlea es ee species e lec
he impac s o selec i e logging p ac iced by he locals
due o hei p e e ence o using b oadlea ed species
o imbe p oduc ion a he han Acacias (Mahgoub,
2014; Mohammed e al., 2021). In addi ion, he
in asi e na u e o A. senegal and A. seyal (Belsky,
1994; Kingazi e al., 2020; Maua e al., 2020), and
hei igo ous na u al egene a ion compa ed o o he
ee species like Balani es aegyp iaca (Ahmed &
Desougi, 2014; Geb u e al., 2019; Hasoba e al.,
2020), can po en ially con ibu e o he cu en
egene a ion s ock.
Though Ziziphus spina-ch is i has a good mo he ee
abundance in he lowland, i shows a low seedling and
sapling abundances esul ing om i s high
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