Dilican, 2025.
Ulusla a ası Sağlık, Egze siz e Spo Bilimle i De gisi, (2025)
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h,
Exe cise, and Spo Sciences
(IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382
RESEARCH ARTICLE / A aş ı ma Makalesi Open Access/Açık E işim
IJOSS
© The Au ho (s), 2024. Open Access.
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Age-Rela ed Cha ac e is ics and T aining Me hods o Enhancing
Technical Fo ma ion in Child and Adolescen Tennis Playe s
Çocuk e Genç Tenisçile de Teknik Fo masyonun Geliş i ilmesinde Yaş Dönemi Özellikle i e An enman Yön emle i
Tunay DİLİCAN1
Abs ac
This na a i e e iew examines he de elopmen o echnical o ma ion in child and adolescen
ennis playe s in ela ion o age-speci ic physiological, neu omo o , and cogni i e
cha ac e is ics, and discusses co esponding aining me hods. Pee - e iewed s udies ocusing
on echnical skill de elopmen in you h ennis playe s we e iden i ied h ough sea ches in
PubMed, Web o Science, Scopus, and Google Schola . The indings indica e ha echnical
lea ning should no be iewed solely as mo o skill acquisi ion, bu a he as a mul idimensional
p ocess shaped by g ow h and ma u a ion, equipmen and cou scaling, a en ional ocus,
eedback s a egies, and game-based pedagogical app oaches. Game-based, a iable, and age-
app op ia e aining models a e mo e e ec i e han adi ional blocked p ac ice in enhancing
echnical accu acy, e en ion, and ans e o ma ch play. Fu he mo e, ex e nal ocus
ins uc ions, sel - egula ed eedback, and unc ional neu omuscula aining a e epo ed o
suppo echnical s abili y, mo emen quali y, and pos u al con ol. O e all, he e idence
sugges s ha age- and ma u a ion-sensi i e, indi idualised and mul idisciplina y aining
app oaches a e essen ial o he sus ainable and heal hy de elopmen o echnical o ma ion in
young ennis playe s.
Keywo ds: Child, Tennis, Technical o ma ion, Mo o lea ning, T aining
Öz
Bu çalışma çocuk e genç enisçile de eknik o masyonun gelişimini yaşa özgü izyolojik,
nö omo o e bilişsel özellikle bağlamında incelemek e e bu doğ ul uda kullanılan an enman
yön emle ini a ışmak adı . PubMed, Web o Science, Scopus e Google Schola e i
abanla ında yü ü ülen li e a ü a amasında, genç enisçile e yönelik eknik bece i gelişimini ele
alan e hakemli de gile de yayımlanmış çalışmala değe lendi meye alınmış ı . Bulgula , eknik
öğ enmenin yalnızca mo o bece i kazanımıyla sını lı olmadığını; büyüme e ma u asyon
sü eçle i, ekipman e ko ölçeklemesi, dikka odağı, ge i bildi im ü le i e oyun- emelli
pedagojik yaklaşımla la bü üncül biçimde ele alınması ge ek iğini o aya koymak adı . Özellikle
oyun- emelli, değişken e yaşa uygun an enman modelle inin, eknik doğ uluk, öğ enmenin
kalıcılığı e oyun içi ans e üze inde geleneksel blok ek a yön emle ine kıyasla daha e kili
olduğu gö ülmek edi . Ay ıca, dışsal dikka odaklı yöne gele , öz-yönelimli ge i bildi imle ,
onksiyonel e nö omüsküle an enman uygulamala ının eknik s abili eyi, ha eke kali esini e
pos ü al kon olü des eklediği u gulanmak adı . Sonuç ola ak, yaşa e biyolojik olgunluk
düzeyine duya lı, bi eyselleş i ilmiş e çok disiplinli an enman yaklaşımla ı, çocuk e genç
enisçile in eknik o masyonunun sü dü ülebili e sağlıklı biçimde geliş i ilmesi için k i ik
öneme sahip i .
Anah a Kelimele : Çocuk, Tenis, Teknik o masyon, Mo o öğ enme, An enman
h ps://www.ijoss.o g/A chi e/issue2- olume2/ijoss-Volume2-issue2-12.pd
*Co espondence:
Tunay DİLİCAN
unaydilican86@ho mail.com
1Bu sa Uludağ Üni e si esi
O cid ID: 0000-0003-4686-6849
unaydilican86@ho mail.com
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17658148
Recei ed / Gönde im: 08.04.2025
Accep ed / Kabul: 29.05.2025
Published / Yayın: 30.06.2025
Volume 2, Issue 2, June, 2025
Cil 2, Sayı 2, Hazi an, 2025
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, Issue 2, June
2025 Page 129 o 134
In oduc ion
This e iew aims o summa ise he age- ela ed cha ac e is ics ha shape he
de elopmen o echnical o ma ion in child and adolescen ennis playe s and o p esen
age-speci ic aining me hods, equipmen adap a ions, neu omo o - and cogni i e-
aligned p ac ices, and con empo a y assessmen and moni o ing app oaches.
T ansla ing cu en scien i ic e idence in o coaching p ac ice no only imp o es
pe o mance ou comes bu also suppo s a heal hy and sus ainable de elopmen al
ajec o y. In line wi h his pu pose, his e iew p o ides a de ailed examina ion o
physical, neu omo o , and psychocogni i e cha ac e is ics oge he wi h aining
p ac ices ailo ed o hese de elopmen al ea u es.
Tennis is a highly complex spo ha demands he simul aneous in eg a ion o
echnical p ecision, apid decision-making, mo o coo dina ion, and pe iodised physical
de elopmen (Liu e al., 2024; Coşkun ü k e al., 2023a). The e o e, aining p og ams
designed o de elop echnical o ma ion in child en and adolescen s mus mo e beyond
eaching co ec s oke mechanics alone. They should also inco po a e age-speci ic
neu omo o sensi i i ies, lea ning s a egies, app op ia e equipmen adap a ions, and
p inciples o long- e m a hle e de elopmen . Such an in eg a i e app oach aims o
enhance pe o mance while mi iga ing he inju y isks associa ed wi h ea ly
specialisa ion and excessi e aining loads (Fo d e al., 2011).
Impo an ly, mo o lea ning capaci y du ing childhood and adolescence is a om
uni o m. Each de elopmen al s age p esen s dis inc sensi i e pe iods, coo dina ion
ajec o ies, and cogni i e compe encies. Fo ins ance, speci ic age anges—such as 10
o 12 yea s—a e cha ac e ised by accele a ed imp o emen s in mo o coo dina ion and
speci ic ennis skills, highligh ing he necessi y o age-adap ed aining design
(Coşkun ü k, e al., 2023b; Çalık & Ök em, 2024). As a esul , echnical aining should
p og ess om simple o complex in acco dance wi h child en's neu omo o capaci ies.
I should inco po a e a iable, dynamic, and game-like condi ions a he han elying
solely on s a ic echnique d ills (Waldziński e al., 2024).
T aining me hodology i sel plays a decisi e ole in echnical de elopmen . The
li e a u e consis en ly demons a es ha a iable and andom p ac ice o ma s
ou pe o m adi ional epe i i e (blocked) p ac ice in p omo ing long- e m e en ion
and ans e o skills o ma ch play (Hebe e al., 1996). Mo eo e , in eg a ing mo o
lea ning p inciples—such as p o iding app op ia e eedback, p og essi ely inc easing
ask di icul y, and employing p oblem-based lea ning— u he enhances he du abili y
and con ex ual applicabili y o skills (Çalık, 2024; Yel e al., 2024). Consequen ly, coaches
a e encou aged o de elop aining amewo ks ha combine ounda ional mo o
lea ning esea ch wi h e ec i e on-cou pedagogical s a egies (Reid, 2007).
Addi ionally, en i onmen al and equipmen - ela ed condi ions a e essen ial
componen s o echnical de elopmen . Age-app op ia e scaling o acke size, ball ype,
cou dimensions, and ule s uc u es has been shown o imp o e echnical con ol,
accu acy, and sel -con idence. Complemen a ily, neu omuscula and physical
de elopmen p og ams ein o ce echnique acquisi ion by enhancing mo emen quali y
and inju y esilience. This mul idisciplina y app oach s eng hens echnical p o iciency
no only a he mechanical le el bu also by suppo ing physical capaci y, endu ance, and
decision-making skills (Wang e al., 2022).
Assessmen and moni o ing a e equally indispensable o ensu ing indi idualised
p og ession. Sys ema ic e alua ion o echnical c i e ia in young a hle es enables he
iden i ica ion o cu en compe encies and he p edic ion o long- e m pe o mance
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 129 o 134
ajec o ies. The e o e, aining p og ams should be con inuously upda ed using
objec i e, measu emen -based eedback. Fu he mo e, adequa e managemen o
aining load and he aining–compe i ion balance suppo s sus ainable lea ning and
educes he isk o inju y (Kolman e al., 2021).
Taken oge he , hese conside a ions unde sco e he impo ance o suppo ing
echnical o ma ion a he co ec de elopmen al pe iod and wi h app op ia ely ailo ed
me hods. Ea ly childhood ep esen s a pa icula ly ad an ageous window o he
de elopmen o coo dina i e skills, allowing echnical lea ning o occu mo e apidly and
wi h g ea e pe manence. Ne e heless, aining con en mus emain aligned wi h he
child's cogni i e capaci y, mo i a ion, and psychosocial needs; o he wise, p essu es
associa ed wi h ea ly specialisa ion may inc ease he isk o inju y and p ema u e
d opou . Thus, an age-sensi i e, p og essi e, and indi idualised aining app oach se es
as a ounda ional de e minan o he heal hy and e ec i e de elopmen o echnical
o ma ion in young ennis a hle es.
Me hod
This s udy is a na a i e e iew examining he exis ing li e a u e on he de elopmen o
echnical o ma ion in child and adolescen ennis playe s. Rele an publica ions we e
iden i ied h ough sea ches conduc ed in PubMed, Web o Science, Scopus, and Google
Schola using he keywo ds “you h ennis,” “skill acquisi ion,” “mo o de elopmen ,”
“ echnical aining,” “long- e m a hle e de elopmen ,” and “junio ennis pe o mance.”
The inclusion c i e ia equi ed ha s udies be conduc ed wi h child o adolescen ennis
playe s, ocus on echnical skill de elopmen , and be published in pee - e iewed jou nals.
Only s udies o which ull ex s we e a ailable in Tu kish o English we e conside ed.
Resea ch Design
The esea ch design ollows a desc ip i e, non-sys ema ic e iew app oach. S udies
iden i ied h ough he li e a u e sea ch we e examined o con en ele ance and
hema ic alignmen , and subsequen ly ca ego ised acco ding o age- ela ed mo o
de elopmen cha ac e is ics, echnical skill acquisi ion, and aining me hodologies.
Wi hin his hema ic amewo k, each s udy was analysed in e ms o i s pu pose, sample
cha ac e is ics, aining p o ocols, and epo ed echnical pe o mance ou comes, wi h
an emphasis on ac o s ha may in luence echnical o ma ion a di e en
de elopmen al s ages (e.g., coo dina ion, neu omuscula con ol, cogni i e
de elopmen , equipmen adap a ion, and coach eedback).
Du ing he syn hesis p ocess, he indings we e no subjec ed o s a is ical me a-
analysis. Ins ead, a na a i e syn hesis app oach was adop ed o desc ibe pa e ns o
simila i y and di e gence ac oss s udies. This me hod allowed he iden i ica ion o key
ac o s in luencing echnical de elopmen ac oss age g oups and suppo ed he
o mula ion o p ac ice-o ien ed ecommenda ions o aining design. The o e all aim
o he e iew is o in eg a e cu en e idence and p o ide a heo e ical and p ac ical
amewo k o suppo ing echnical o ma ion in child and adolescen ennis playe s in
a sys ema ic and de elopmen ally app op ia e manne .
Technical lea ning in young ennis a hle es encompasses mo e han he acquisi ion
o mo o skills alone; i e lec s he in e ac ion o g ow h and ma u a ion p ocesses,
cogni i e de elopmen , equipmen and cou scaling, and pedagogical a iables (e.g.,
ask s uc u e, ypes o eedback). Each o hese ac o s di ec ly in luences he con en ,
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 130 o 134
in ensi y, and iming o aining in e en ions; he e o e, he me hods applied mus be
sensi i e o age and ma u a ion- ela ed di e ences.
Findings
Technical lea ning in child and adolescen ennis playe s encompasses mo e han he
acquisi ion o mo o skills; i e lec s he in e ac ion o g ow h, cogni i e de elopmen ,
equipmen scaling, and pedagogical a iables such as ask s uc u e and ypes o
eedback. Each o hese ac o s di ec ly shapes he con en , in ensi y, and iming o
aining in e en ions; he e o e, aining s a egies mus be sensi i e o bo h
ch onological age and biological ma u a ion (Lloyd e al., 2015). G ow h and ma u a ion
in luence musculoskele al s uc u e, s eng h capaci y, balance, coo dina ion, and
neu omo o con ol, de ining op imal pe iods—o sensi i e windows— o echnical
de elopmen . Du ing ea ly adolescence, apid changes in physical capaci y may lead o
empo a y luc ua ions in echnical pe o mance, making i p e e able o moni o
ma ke s o ma u a ion a he han elying solely on ch onological age when planning
aining (Mybu gh e al., 2016).
Resea ch consis en ly demons a es s ong associa ions be ween mo o
coo dina ion, undamen al mo emen pa e ns (such as unning, jumping, and
balancing), and echnical pe o mance in young ennis playe s. Consequen ly,
de eloping undamen al mo o skills alongside echnical wo k enhances aining
e iciency (Söğü , 2016). The bene i s o equipmen and play-a ea scaling o child en—
such as smalle cou s, low-comp ession balls, and age-app op ia e acke leng h and
weigh —a e obus ly suppo ed in he li e a u e. Scaling modi ies mo emen ime, he
amoun and ype o eedback ecei ed, and he na u e o echnical e o s, enabling
child en o disco e mo e unc ional mo emen solu ions while inc easing mo i a ion
and pe cei ed compe ence. Nume ous con olled s udies ha e epo ed longe ally
du a ions and highe accu acy a es when scaled equipmen is used (Busza d e al., 2016).
These indings highligh he necessi y o ailo ing he lea ning en i onmen o child en’s
an h opome ics.
Mo o lea ning esea ch has also highligh ed he impo ance o a en ional ocus in
skill acquisi ion. S udies in ennis indica e ha ins uc ions p omo ing an ex e nal ocus
o a en ion enhance lea ning by suppo ing mo e e icien mo o con ol in child en.
Mo eo e , conside ing child en’s cogni i e cha ac e is ics, isual and ac ile cues—such
as ma ked acke su aces o colo ed a ge zones—ha e been shown o acili a e
lea ning, pa icula ly among younge playe s who may s uggle wi h p ocessing e bal
explana ions (Tapan e al., 2023). Feedback equency and ype (e.g., sel -con olled
eedback, posi i e ein o cemen , knowledge-o - esul s s. knowledge-o -pe o mance)
di ec ly in luence he a e o lea ning, wi h he li e a u e ecommending simple, guiding,
ex e nally o ien ed cues du ing he ea ly s ages o skill acquisi ion.
Biomechanical analyses in ennis, especially ega ding he o ehand s oke, p o ide
de ailed desc ip ions o mechanical componen s and lea ning phases. S udies examining
o ehand mechanics ha e documen ed changes in o a ion, weigh ans e , and acke -
head speed ac oss a ious age and ma u a ion s ages, as well as which componen s can
be e ec i ely modi ied h ough aining. These biomechanical insigh s in o m which
echnical elemen s should be p io i ised in di e en s ages o de elopmen . Recen ly,
p ac ical on-cou assessmen ools o p eadolescen ennis playe s—such as po able
g ounds oke e alua ion ins umen s—ha e been de eloped and alida ed, suppo ing
mo e objec i e coaching decisions (Dile e al., 2024).
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 131 o 134
Technical de elopmen is no es ic ed o mo o p og ams alone; age-app op ia e
p og essions in s eng h, speed, agili y, and lexibili y mus be in eg a ed wi h echnical
aining. Con olled s udies demons a e ha unc ional aining models (e.g., co e and
kine ic chain–based p og ams) enhance pe o mance in you h ennis playe s (Yıldız e
al., 2019). S a ic and dynamic balance— espec i ely e e ing o he abili y o main ain
s abili y in s a iona y and mo ing condi ions—a e undamen al componen s o spo
pe o mance and can be ained indi idually o in g oups (Dilican e al., 2023).
Skill acquisi ion esea ch u he shows ha a iable p ac ice, ask a ia ions, and
game-based aining (e.g., modi ied-cou ma ches, cons ain -led games) e ec i ely
enhance ans e and decision-making skills. These app oaches cul i a e no only
echnical epe i ions bu also ac ical cogni ion, enabling mo e unc ional applica ion o
echnical skills du ing play. When pai ed wi h scaled equipmen , game-based me hods
a e pa icula ly e ec i e o de eloping you h spo s.
Wilson (2009) a gues ha echnical and ac ical skills in child en and adolescen s a e
acqui ed mo e e ec i ely h ough game-like en i onmen s and ask a iabili y han
h ough adi ional epe i ion-based app oaches. Wi hin his amewo k, he coach’s
ole shi s om di ec ing a hle es owa d epe i i e echnical d ills o designing asks
ha ac i a e “in-si u decision-making, p oblem-sol ing, and adap i e esponses.”
Wilson u he no es ha game-based me hodologies inc ease mo i a ion, enhance
lea ning engagemen , and suppo skill ans e . This pe spec i e is especially ele an
o sus aining echnical de elopmen in young ennis playe s, as game-based aining
ac i a es bo h mo o and cogni i e componen s simul aneously. In eg a ing such
app oaches in o aining se ings o e s a mo e dynamic and engaging lea ning
en i onmen compa ed wi h con en ional epe i ion-based sessions.
Technical de elopmen in you h a hle es is no exclusi e o ennis; indings om
simila acke spo s, such as badmin on, able ennis, and squash, con ibu e o
unde s anding skill acquisi ion, pa icula ly ega ding hand–eye coo dina ion,
an icipa o y p ocessing, eac ion ime, and s oke s abili y. Fo example, one s udy
epo ed ha combining coo dina ion aining wi h echnical s oke aining yielded
g ea e imp o emen in 9–13-yea -old badmin on playe s compa ed wi h isola ed
echnical epe i ion (P ajongjai e al., 2021). Addi ional e idence sugges s ha he abili y
o in e p e isual cues be o e s oke execu ion is a key de e minan o pe o mance in
compe i i e se ings (Phomsoupha & La aye, 2015). Such indings suppo he s ong
ans e obse ed in ennis when using game-based and decision-making–o ien ed
echnical ins uc ion.
Table ennis esea ch u he illus a es age- ela ed de elopmen in mo o
quickness, eac ion speed, segmen al mo emen con ol, and acke - ace o ien a ion.
One s udy ound ha he abili y o p ocess en i onmen al cues apidly was s ongly
associa ed wi h echnical success in you h able ennis playe s (Akpına e al., 2012).
Simila ly, squash—due o i s cons ained space and as empo—p o ides ex ensi e
e idence on an icipa ion and posi ional play, wi h s udies showing ha aining
p o ocols designed o imp o e ea ly ecogni ion o opponen mo emen s di ec ly
enhance s oke pe o mance (Ramos e al., 2021).
Co ec ly guiding echnical de elopmen in ennis has also been linked o long- e m
pe o mance ou comes. Resea ch on alen iden i ica ion indica es ha ea ly-obse ed
echnical s abili y, mo emen economy, and an icipa ion skills a e signi ican ly
associa ed wi h u u e pe o mance, sugges ing ha echnical o ma ion should be i mly
es ablished du ing he highly ecep i e ages o 8–14 a he han wai ing un il playe s
“appea skilled” (K ame e al., 2017). In able ennis, s udies compa ing pe o mance
le els ha e shown ha expe a hle es display mo e hy hmic and ene gy-e icien
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 132 o 134
segmen al coo dina ion du ing s okes (Malagoli Lanzoni e al., 2012). These indings
unde sco e he impo ance o echnical aining models ha educe unnecessa y
muscula ension and p omo e luid, economical mo emen pa e ns in child en.
Suppo ing his, a ecen s udy ound ha a 12-week unc ional aining p og am
p oduced g ea e imp o emen s in echnical pe o mance and mo emen quali y han
adi ional esis ance aining among young male ennis playe s (Xiao e al., 2025).
Discussion
This e iew demons a es ha he de elopmen o echnical o ma ion in child and
adolescen ennis playe s is closely linked o age-speci ic physiological, neu omo o , and
cogni i e cha ac e is ics. The li e a u e emphasizes ha acknowledging sensi i e
pe iods—du ing which echnical skills a e mos e ec i ely acqui ed—is c i ical no only
o op imizing pe o mance de elopmen bu also o educing inju y isk. The age ange
o app oxima ely 8–14 yea s is consis en ly iden i ied as a phase in which neu omo o
coo dina ion de elops apidly and he window o echnical lea ning emains open.
Du ing his pe iod, game-based and a iable aining models signi ican ly enhance
echnical accu acy, mo o adap abili y, and decision-making speed.
The indings also indica e ha equipmen and cou scaling—such as modi ying ball
comp ession, acke leng h, o cou dimensions—imp o es accu acy, educes e o
ypes, and suppo s he de elopmen o sel -e icacy in young a hle es. Mo eo e , he
ype o a en ional cues and ins uc ional s a egies used by coaches plays a cen al ole
in lea ning quali y. App oaches ha p omo e ex e nal a en ional ocus and p oblem-
based engagemen acili a e he au oma iza ion o mo o con ol in child en. Add essing
echnical o ma ion no solely h ough epe i i e p ac ice bu h ough he in eg a ion o
cogni i e and ac ical p ocesses s eng hens he ans e o skills o ma ch play.
Acco dingly, a iable and ask-based aining me hods appea mo e e ec i e han
adi ional block p ac ice.
The li e a u e also aligns in showing ha neu omuscula and unc ional aining
models suppo echnical s abili y, enhance mo emen quali y, and con ibu e o he
ea ly de elopmen o pos u al con ol. Fu he mo e, moni o ing ma u a ional
di e ences and basing aining design on biological a he han ch onological age helps
minimize empo a y pe o mance luc ua ions. This pe spec i e ein o ces he
impo ance o indi idualized aining app oaches du ing pe iods o apid g ow h and
ma u a ion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, es ablishing echnical o ma ion in child and adolescen ennis playe s in
a heal hy and sus ainable manne equi es age-sensi i e, indi idualized, and
mul idisciplina y aining app oaches. An in eg a ed aining sys em ha combines
pedagogical, biomechanical, and neu omo o componen s suppo s bo h pe o mance
sus ainabili y and long- e m engagemen in he spo . Based on he collec i e e idence,
coaches a e encou aged o concep ualize echnical ins uc ion no me ely as he
eaching o speci ic skills, bu as a comp ehensi e de elopmen al p ocess shaped by
ma u a ion, cogni i e g ow h, and mo o lea ning p inciples.
Beyanla / Decla a ions
Dilican, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 133 o 134
E ik Onay e Ka ılım Onayı / E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e
Bu çalışmanın hazı lanma e yazım sü ecinde ‘‘Yükseköğ e im Ku umla ı Bilimsel A aş ı ma e Yayın E iği Yöne gesi’’
kapsamında bilimsel, e ik e alın ı ku alla ına uyulmuş olup; oplanan e ile üze inde he hangi bi ah i a yapılmamış
e bu çalışma he hangi başka bi akademik yayın o amına değe lendi me için gönde ilmemiş i . Makale ile ilgili
doğabilecek he ü lü ihlalle de so umluluk yaza a ai i .
Du ing he p epa a ion and w i ing o his s udy, scien i ic, e hical and ci a ion ules we e ollowed in acco dance
wi h he ‘Highe Educa ion Ins i u ions Scien i ic Resea ch and Publica ion E hics Guidelines’; no al e a ions we e
made o he collec ed da a, and his s udy has no been submi ed o e alua ion o any o he academic publica ion
medium. The au ho is solely esponsible o any iola ions ha may a ise in connec ion wi h his a icle.
Ve i Ve Ma e yal E işilebili liği / A ailabili y o da a and ma e ial
Bu çalışmanın bulgula ını des ekleyen e ile , makul aleple üze ine so umlu yaza dan emin edilebili . Ve i se i
yalnızca akademik amaçla için e işilebili olacak e e ile in he hangi bi kullanımı, o ijinal çalışmayı e e ans
gös e ecek e ka ılımcıla ın gizliliğini ko uyacak ı .
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques .
The da ase will be accessible only o academic pu poses, and any use o he da a will ecognize he o iginal s udy
and main ain he con den iali y o he pa icipan s.
Çıka Ça ışması / Compe ing in e es s
Yaza la , bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı e kileyebilecek he hangi bi çıka ça ışması eya kişisel ilişkiye sahip
olmadıkla ını beyan e mek edi le .
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Yaza Ka kıla ı / Au ho s’ Con ibu ion S a emen
Tüm çalışma e yazım sü ecinden ek yaza (T.D.) so umludu .
The en i e s udy and manusc ip p epa a ion we e solely conduc ed by he au ho (T.D.).
Fon Des eği / Funding
This Bu çalışma, kamu, özel eya ka amacı gü meyen sek ö le deki on sağlayıcı ku umla dan he hangi bi özel des ek
almamış ı .
This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Teşekkü / Acknowledgemen s
None.
APA 7 Ci a ion
Dilican, T. (2025). Age- ela ed cha ac e is ics and aining me hods o enhancing echnical o ma ion in child and
adolescen ennis playe s.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences (IJOSS), 2
(2), 128---134.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17658148
Full ex a ailable a : h ps://www.ijoss.o g/A chi e/issue2- olume2/ijoss-Volume2-issue2-12.pd
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