Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
10
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K132913111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1329.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
Ex ac ion and Cha ac e iza ion o Oil om
Wa e melon Seed
F ancis Emmanuel Ubi, Uwem Ekwe e Inyang
Abs ac : Ex ac ion and cha ac e isa ion o wa e melon seed
oil we e ca ied ou o in es iga e he e ec s o di e en d ying
me hods and seed size on he quali y and quan i y o oil om
wa e melon (Ci ullus lana us) seeds. The wa e melon seeds we e
emo ed om he pod and washed. The sample was weighed and
di ided in o wo equal pa s; one pa was subjec ed o sun
d ying, while he o he pa was subjec ed o o en d ying (a a
empe a u e o 30 °C). D ying by sun, as expec ed, was g adual
compa ed o o en-d ying, which was as e . The d ied seeds (sun-
d ied and o en-d ied) we e dehusked and d y-milled in o ine
c umbs using a hand-milling machine. The powde ed p oduc
om he mill was hen subjec ed o oil ex ac ion using hexane as
sol en . P oxima e and physicochemical analyses o wa e melon
seeds we e ca ied ou . The esul s showed ha he seeds
con ained 5.15 ± 0.03 % mois u e, 4.90 ± 0.14 % ash, 50.48 ±
0.05 % a , 32.38 ± 0.02 % p o ein, 6.10 ± 0.02 % c ude ib e, and
6.35 ± 0.12 % ni ogen- ee ex ac . Physico-chemical
cha ac e is ics showed ha he pale-yellow oil had a speci ic
g a i y o 0.860 ± 0.003 and a e ac i e index o 1.471. The
saponi ica ion alue was 184.29-187.09 mg KOH/g ( o bo h
d ying me hods). Iodine alue was 103.04–115.12 mg Iodine/g
( o bo h d ying me hods). Acid alue was 10.4 – 12.8 mgKOH/g
and ee a y acid was 5.2 – 6.4 mgKOH/g ( o bo h d ying
me hods). The pe oxide alue was 18.74 meq pe oxide/g. The
wa e melon seed can hus be conside ed a good sou ce o p o ein
wi h high nu i ional alue. Many o he physicochemical
p ope ies o he seed oil s udied we e compa able o hose o
o he con en ional seed oils, such as soybean, cowpea, and
g oundnu . The wa e melon seed oil, he e o e, has po en ial o
use as a domes ic and indus ial oil.
Keywo ds: Wa e melon, Ex ac ion, Physicochemical
P ope ies.
Nomencla u e:
CL: Ci ullus Lana us
FFA: F ee Fa y Acid
I. INTRODUCTION
The wa e melon amily, Cucu bi aceae, is he mos
popula ui in Se bia, known as ″lubenica″. I is a
sc ambling, ailing ine–like plan and is widely cul i a ed
wo ldwide. Un o una ely, he e is li le o no
Manusc ip ecei ed on 04 Oc obe 2025 | Fi s Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 19 Oc obe 2025 | Second Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 06 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip
Accep ed on 15 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip published on 30
No embe 2025.
*Co espondence Au ho (s)
F ancis Emmanuel Ubi, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Facul y
o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nige ia. Email ID:
ankoakly[email p o ec ed]om
Uwem Ekwe e Inyang*, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Facul y
o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nige ia. Email ID:
[email protected] , OCRID ID: 0000-0003-0731-3694
© The Au ho s. Published by Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and
Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP). This is an open-access a icle unde he
CC-BY-NC-ND license h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
in o ma ion on he domes ic applica ion o medicinal alues
o his seed oil o cooking and/o ying, as a aluable
sou ce o oil wi h good nu i ional alue. Thus, he
composi ion o wa e melon seed oil (physical and chemical)
shall be e alua ed in his s udy, which has no been
p e iously in es iga ed. The esul ob ained may help in he
u u e selec ion o wa e melon seed oil o use in he human
die . The ligh ex u e, he wo k's mois u ising capabili ies,
and he s able shel li e o wa e melon seed oil make i a
highly sui able emollien o na u al baby ca e o mula ions
and ligh body emulsions. Unlike mine al oil, which is a
common ing edien in comme cial skin p oduc s,
wa e melon seed oil does no clog po es o p e en he body
om na u al elimina ion o oxins h ough he skin. The ich
composi ion o essen ial a y acids con ained in wa e melon
seed oil nou ishes and es o es elas ici y o he skin [1].
The edible ui o wa e melon (Ci ullus lana us) belongs
o he amily Cucu bi aceae. The ui con ains many
obo a e, smoo h, comp essed seeds hickened a he ma gin
and o a black o yellowish whi e colou . Wa e melon plays
a c ucial ole in A ica, as i helps quench hi s du ing wa e
sho ages and is nou ishing. The seed o wa e melon
(Ci ullus lana us) can be b uised and ubbed up wi h wa e
o o m an emulsion, which can be used o cu e ca a hal
in ec ions, diso de s o he bowels, u ina y passage and
e e . I is also being used as a wo m expelle ; in ecen
yea s, i has been used o expel apewo m [2].
Gi en he impo ance o d ying echniques, his esea ch is
designed o obse e he e ec s o wo d ying me hods on
he physicochemical p ope ies o he seed oil and o
de e mine i s edibili y and e ec i eness in soap making.
Wa e melon seeds could be p ized o he highly nu i ious
oil ha hey con ain. T adi ionally, he seeds a e emo ed
om he ind and hen allowed o d y ou side in he sun.
Once d ied, he seeds a e hen p essed o ex ac he
bene icial oil. Na u al sou cing p o ides he mos supe io
wa e melon seed oil a ailable. I is ca e ully p ocessed and
packaged o main ain he pu i y, eshness and bene icial
p ope ies o his excep ional wa e melon seed oil. The a y
acid p o ile o edible oils plays a i al ole in hei s abili y
and nu i ional alue. Monounsa u a ed (18:1) and
polyunsa u a ed (18:2) a y acids ha e been shown o be
adequa e eplacemen s o sa u a ed a s in choles e ol-
lowe ing die s [3][44].
Howe e , i is also known ha oils wi h subs an ial
unsa u a ion, pa icula ly 18:2 a y acids, a e suscep ible o
oxida ion and may p oduce p oduc s ha con ibu e o
a e ioscle osis and ca cinogenesis. Some s udies in
expe imen al animals indica e ha excessi e linoleic acid
p omo es ca cinogenesis [4].
Wa e melon seed oil, ich in
linoleic acid (~64.5 %), is used
o ying and cooking in some
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
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Ex ac ion And Cha ac e iza ion o Oil om Wa e melon Seed
11
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K132913111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1329.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
A ican and Middle Eas e n Ame ican coun ies owing o i s
unique la ou [1]. Much esea ch has been published on he
oxida i e s abili y o a ious ege able oils, bu li le has
been epo ed on wa e melon seed oil. The modi ica ion o
he a y acid composi ion o wa e melon seed oil by
inco po a ing oleic acid (18:1) has been explo ed [5]. The
modi ied wa e melon seed oil was p oduced wi h a be e
balance o monounsa u a ed (18:1) and essen ial Fa y acids
(18:2), and also imp o ed he seed oil oxida i e s abili y and
nu i ional alue [5]. P e ious s udies on wa e melon seed
oil ha e shown ha i is ich in essen ial a y acids [2]. I
may be ecommended o use in skin ca e o mula ions o
all skin ypes, including d y, oily and ma u ing skin.
Wa e melon seed oil may also be a pe ec choice o
inclusion in hai ca e o mula ions as i is non-g easy ye
highly mois u ising. G inding he d y seed, laking o olling
he seeds o ex ac oil, and hen subjec ing he oil o
mechanical p ocessing o libe a e i , o using a chemical
sol en [1].
In Nige ia, wa e melon seeds a e o en disca ded a e he
juicy pa has been ea en. The seeds cons i u e a public
nuisance because he selle s o wa e melon do no
hygienically dispose o hem. The e o e, his wo k ocused
on ex ac ion and cha ac e iza ion o oil om wa e melon
seed, when comple ed will con e was e in o weal h.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Sample P epa a ion Analysis
The wa e melon seeds we e ob ained om I am ma ke , a
local ma ke in Uyo, Akwa Ibom S a e, Nige ia. The
collec ed seeds we e washed and d ied o easy emo al o
he epica p. The wa e melon seeds we e hen di ided in o
wo po ions: one po ion was sun-d ied, while he o he was
o en-d ied. Each sample o 100g was d y milled, and he oil
con en was ex ac ed by Soxhle ex ac ion be o e
physicochemical analyses. The chemicals used in he
expe imen s we e analy ical g ade and used wi hou u he
pu i ica ion, and he equipmen /appa a us used was based on
he exis ing li e a u e. P oxima e composi ion o he seed
was also de e mined [6].
B. C ushing and g inding
C ushing is he i s s ep in he size- educ ion p ocess.
C ushing is su icien , bu in chemical p ocesses, g inding o
educe pa icles and p oduce a ine powde usually ollows.
A local manual g inding machine was used in g inding
wa e melon seeds [7].
C. Sie ing
This ope a ion was pe o med a e he wa e melon seeds
had been g ound. A sie e was used o pe o m his
ope a ion. A sie e is a pe o a ed o meshed appa a us o
sepa a ing solids o coa se ma e ial in o ine pa icles. Fo
his esea ch, a mesh o a ying dimensions was used o
ob ain he desi ed pa icle sizes (SETHI s anda d se sie e
sizes o 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm) [7].
D. D ying
A e ob aining he desi ed pa icle sizes (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0
mm), hey we e subjec ed o di e en d ying me hods.
D ying is a p ocess used o emo e mois u e o liquids om
a sample. One hund ed g ams o each sample, o bo h
pa icle sizes, we e aken and sun-d ied. In compa ison,
ano he 100 g ams o he exac pa icle sizes we e o en-
d ied a 30 °C. As expec ed, o en d ying (Gallen Kamp
O en, Model OV-160, England) was as e han sun d ying,
which was a g adual p ocess ha ook se e al days [7].
E. P oxima e Analysis
The p oxima e analyses we e ca ied ou on he
wa e melon:
i. Oil con en
The oil was ex ac ed using he Soxhle appa a us wi h
pe oleum e he and n-hexane as sol en s. A d ied himble,
which was a - ee, was weighed as w1. 10 g o he sample
was added o he himble, and i was weighed again as w2.
The 500 ml ound-bo omed lask, which was a - ee, was
weighed as w3. Pe oleum e he was used o ill he 500 ml
ound-bo omed lask o 2/3 o i s olume. The Soxhle
ex ac o wi h a e lux condense was se up, and he hea
sou ce was adjus ed o main ain gen le boiling o he
sol en . This was allowed o siphon and le o se e al
hou s (5-6 hou s). The condense was de ached, and he
himble emo ed. The pe oleum e he was allowed o
siphon o e he ba el be o e he condense was de ached.
The lask con aining he oil was d ied in an ai o en a 100
°C o 5 minu es, cooled in a desicca o , and hen weighed as
w4. The himble was placed in he beake in an o en a 50
°C, and he sample was d ied o cons an weigh ; i was
cooled in a desicca o and weighed as w5. The abo e
p ocedu e was also used wi h n-hexane as he sol en [8].
ii. Mois u e Con en
The de e mina ion o mois u e con en is one o he mos
impo an and widely used measu emen s in samples ha
abso b and e ain wa e . Mois u e con en de e mina ion
appea s e y simple in concep , bu in p ac ice, accu a e
de e mina ion is complica ed by se e al ac o s ha a y
conside ably om one sample o ano he [9]. A clean, well-
labelled dish ha had been o en-d ied was weighed as W1.
Fi e g ams (5g) o he sample was added o he dish and
weighed as W2. The dish and i s con en we e ans e ed o
he he mose ing o en a abou 105 OC o abou 24 hou s.
The dish was ans e ed om he s o e o he desicca o s,
cooled o abou 1 hou , and hen weighed. This was
epea ed o cons an weigh W3 [9].
iii. C ude Fib e
This is he po ion o he plan ma e ial ha is nei he ash
no dissol ed in a boiling solu ion o 1.25 % H2SO4 o 1.25
% NaOH. C ude ib e was ini ially hough o be he
indiges ible po ion o any main ood. I is known, howe e ,
ha ib e consis s o cellulose, which can be diges ed o a
conside able ex en by bo h uminan s and non- uminan s.
In e es in ib e in ood and eed has inc eased due o he
g owing numbe o se ious illnesses associa ed wi h a low-
ib e die . Fib es swell and o m a gela inous mass wi h a
high wa e - e en ion capaci y in he diges i e sys em.
Findings show ha ib e p oduc s can abso b choles e ol and
oxic agen s, and inc ease he
exc e ion o bile acids and
s e ols [10]. Fou g ams (4 g)
W1 o oil was ans e ed in o a
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
12
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K132913111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1329.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
500 ml conical lask. 200 ml o boiling 1.25 % H2SO4 was
added, b ough o a boil wi hin 1 minu e, and allowed o
cook gen ly o p ecisely 30 minu es, using a cooling inge
o main ain cons an olume. Fil e pape was used o il e
by suc ion using a unnel, and he ma e ial was insed well
wi h ho dis illed wa e , hen e u ned o he lask wi h a
spa ula. Two hund ed millili es o boiling 1.25% NaOH
and a ew d ops o an an i oaming agen we e added. This
was b ough o a boil in 1 minu e and gen ly simme ed o
30 minu es, using a cooling inge . Fil e pape was used o
il e he mix u e, which was hen washed wi h ho dis illed
wa e , once wi h 10 % HCl, wice wi h me hyla ed spi i ,
and h ee imes wi h pe oleum e he . The esidue was
ans e ed in o a c ucible a e d ying, d ied in he o en a
105 °C, cooled in a desicca o , and weighed W2. This was
hen placed in a mu le u nace a abou 300 OC o abou 30
minu es. This was emo ed, placed in a desicca o , cooled o
oom empe a u e, and weighed as W3 [10].
i . Ash Con en
Ash om biological ma e ials is an analy ical e m o he
ino ganic esidue le a e he o ganic ma e bu ns o . The
ash is no usually he same as he ino ganic ma e p esen in
he o iginal ma e ial, as losses may occu h ough
ola ilisa ion o chemical in e ac ions among he
cons i uen s. The impo ance o ash con en is ha i
p o ides a quan i a i e measu e o he mine al con en o he
cons i uen s—p o eins, lipids, o a s [8]. A silica dish was
placed in a mu le u nace o abou 15 minu es a 350 OC.
The dish was emo ed and cooled in a desicca o o abou 1
hou , hen weighed as W1. Two g ams (2 g) o he sample
was weighed in o he dish and eco ded as W2. The dish
was placed in he mu le u nace, and he empe a u e was
slowly inc eased om 200 o 450 °C. This was done o
a oid incomple e aching. The sample emained ash un il i
u ned whi ish. Wi hin ou hou s (4 hou s, he c ucible was
emo ed, cooled and mois ened wi h a ew d ops o dis illed
wa e . The wa e was d ied in a wa e ba h and e u ned o
he u nace. The dish was emo ed om he s o e, placed in
desicca o s, cooled o oom empe a u e, and eweighed as
W3 [8].
. Ni ogen- ee Ex ac
The s anda d me hod o de e mining ni ogen in any
sample in ol es comple e diges ion o he sample in ho ,
concen a ed acid, in he p esence o an app op ia e ca alys .
Upon he addi ion o alkali o he diges , ammonia is
eleased, which is dis illed ou o he sample and de e mined
by simple acid-base i a ion. The kjeldahi diges ion is
usually pe o med by hea ing he sample wi h H2SO4 [11].
▪ Diges ion (S age 1): 0.5 g o he sample was weighed
in o a 50 ml Kjeldahl lask and 20 mL o conc. H2SO4
was added. The sample was hea ed a low hea o
abou 15 minu es, hen inc eased o medium hea o
abou 30 minu es, and inally hea ed o high hea un il
diges ed. The lask was o a ed a in e als un il he
diges was clea (g ey whi e). Hea ing was con inued
o a ew minu es o asce ain comple e diges ion. The
diges was allowed o cool and made up o 50 ml [11].
▪ Dis illa ion (S age 2): 5 mL o 2% bo ic acid (H3BO3)
was placed in a 100 mL conical lask ( he ecei ing
lask). H3BO3 was used o ap he ammonia apou
om he diges . Th ee d ops o mix indica o (0.198 g
b omoc esol g een plus 0.132 g me hyl ed in 200 ml
alcohol) we e added o he ecei ing lask. The
ecei ing lask was placed so ha he ip o he
condense ube was below he su ace o he bo ic acid.
5 ml o he sample was pipe ed in o he Ma kham
dis ille , and 10 ml o 40 % NaOH was added. The
join was igh ened, and abou 50 mL o he dis illa e
was collec ed in he ecei ing lask (V2).
▪ Ti a ion (s age 3): The dis illa e was i a ed wi h
s anda d mine al acid (0.01M HCl). A blank was also
i a ed wi h he acid [12].
i. C ude P o ein
The amoun o c ude p o ein in he sample can be ob ained
by mul iplying he sample's ni ogen con en by 5.1, a ac o
o oilseeds [13].
ii. Physico-Chemical P ope ies o Wa e melon Seed Oil.
The ollowing a e he physicochemical p ope ies o
wa e melon seed oil s udied:
▪ pH
This is a measu e o acidi y o alkalini y, wi h a pH o 7
o pu e wa e ; lowe alues indica e acidi y, and highe
alues indica e alkalini y. A pH me e (Rex, model PHS-25)
was used o conduc he es . A pH elec ode was lowe ed
in o a bu e solu ion o s anda dise he pH me e . The
calib a ed con ol was adjus ed, and he me e displayed he
exac pH. The elec ode was insed wi h wa e and hen wi h
a po ion o he sample oil. The elec ode was hen
imme sed in he oil sample un il he me e eading
s abilised; he esul was eco ded [14].
▪ Re ac i e Index
By means o a sui able e ac ome e (Abbe
e ac ome e ), he e ac i e index o he oil sample was
de e mined. The ins umen is empe a u e-dependen . The
e ac ome e was swi ched on o gene a e an op imal
empe a u e o abou 20 °C. The p ism was ho oughly
cleaned wi h co on wool damped wi h pe oleum e he . A
ew d ops o he oil we e allowed o sp ead on he p ism.
The oil was allowed o a ain he ins umen empe a u e o
20 °C, and wi h he aid o he ine adjus men , he eading
was aken sha ply h ough he lowe eyepiece a e a b ie
adjus men [14].
▪ Viscosi y
The oil's iscosi y was de e mined by pou ing he sample
in o he iscome e ube. The ime in seconds equi ed o
he low was eco ded and mul iplied by he ube cons an o
1.073 [9].
▪ Speci ic G a i y
A clean, d y densi y bo le wi h a capaci y o 25 ml was
used. W1 g am was weighed, illed wi h oil, and eweighed
o gi e W2 g am. The oil was subs i u ed wi h wa e ,
weighing W3 g ams. The speci ic g a i y was calcula ed
[9].
▪ F ee Fa y Acids (Acid Numbe o Acid Value)
One g am (1 g) o he oil was
dissol ed in 50 ml o he neu al
sol en in a 250 ml conical
lask; 3-4 d ops o
Published By:
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Ex ac ion And Cha ac e iza ion o Oil om Wa e melon Seed
13
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K132913111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1329.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
phenolph halein indica o we e added o he mix u e, and he
con en was i a ed agains 0.1M KOH un il a pink colou ,
which pe sis ed o 15 seconds, was ob ained [10].
▪ Saponi ica ion Value
One g am (1 g) o oil was weighed in o a lask, and 50 mL
o alcoholic KOH was added o he oil in he lask. A blank
was p epa ed by aking only 50 ml o alcoholic KOH,
allowing i o d ain in o ano he lask. The e lux condense
was connec ed o he lask, and he lask was hea ed gen ly
o abou an hou . A e cooking, he lask was allowed o
cool, and abou 1 ml o indica o was added, i a ed agains
0.5 M HCl un il he pink colou disappea ed [15].
▪ Pe oxide Value
One g am (1 g) o he oil was weighed in o a clean, d y
boiling ube, and 1 g o powde ed KI and 20 ml o sol en
mix u e we e added. The ube was hen ans e ed in o
boiling wa e so ha he liquid boiled wi hin 30 seconds,
and he ube was allowed o boil igo ously o no mo e
han 30 seconds. The con en was quickly ans e ed in o a
conical lask con aining 20 mL o 5% KI solu ion. The ube
was washed wice wi h 25 ml o wa e each ime, and he
washes we e collec ed in o a conical 31 lask. 0.002 M
Na2S2O3 solu ion was i a ed un il he yellow colou
almos disappea ed. 0.5 ml o s a ch was added; he mix u e
was shaken igo ously and i a ed ca e ully un il he blue
colou disappea ed. A blank was also se a he same ime
[8].
▪ Iodine Value
I is a measu e o oil unsa u a ion. I is cons an o a
pa icula oil o a . Iodine alue is a aluable pa ame e in
s udying he oxida i e ancidi y o oils. The highe he
unsa u a ion, he g ea e he likelihood ha he oil will go
ancid. Iodine alue o numbe is de ined as he g ams o
iodine abso bed pe 100 g o he oil [9]. A clean glass-
s opped bo le was weighed, con aining 0.25 g o oil. 25 ml
o humus iodine solu ion was added using a pipe e, and
d ained in a de ini e ime. The solu ion was mixed well and
allowed o s and in he da k o p ecisely 30 minu es, wi h
occasional shaking. 10 ml o 15 % KI was added and s i ed
ho oughly, also 100 ml o eshly boiled and cooled wa e
was added o wash down any ee iodine on he s oppe , he
solu ion was i a ed agains 0.1M sodium ioxo hiosulpha e
(VI) un il he yellow solu ion u ns almos colou less, ew
d ops o s a ch as indica o will be added and i a ed un il
he blue colou comple ely disappea ed. A blank i a ion
was also p epa ed and i a ed [9, 16].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The p oxima e composi ion o wa e melon (Ci ullus
lana us) seed is shown in Table 1. The seed's mois u e
con en is ela i ely low (5.25 %) and alls wi hin he ange
o simila seeds. The ash con en (4.87%) ob ained du ing
p oxima e analysis is highe han he es ablished alue o
animal eed.
Table I: P oxima e Composi ion o Wa e melon Seed
Pa ame e s
Composi ion
Mois u e con en
5.25 ± 0.03
Fa
50.50 ± 0.05
C ude p o ein
33.48 ± 0.02
C ude ibe
6.20 ± 0.02
Ash con en
4.87 ± 0.14
Ni ogen- ee ex ac
6.45 ± 0.12
Table 2 shows he physicochemical p ope ies o oil om
wa e melon seeds. Soxhle ex ac ion o he oil wi h Hexane
(a 60 °C) yielded a yellowish-b own oil wi h 48.45% yield
om he o en-d ied samples and 46.38% om he sund ied
samples. F ee Fa y Acid (FFA) alue o he o en-d ied
sample was 6.4% and 5.2 % o he sun-d ied sample. The
pe oxide, e ac i e index, pH and speci ic g a i y alues
we e he same o bo h d ying me hods. The oil om o en-
d ied seeds was almos simila o ha om sun-d ied seeds
in e ac i e index. The saponi ica ion alue, es e alue,
and iodine alue we e sligh ly highe o he oil ex ac ed
om he o en-d ied seed sample han o he sun-d ied
samples. The speci ic g a i y ob ained o bo h was 0.87
g/ml; his is e y close o he alues o 0.89 –0.92 g/ml
epo ed o edible oils. The e ac i e index alls wi hin he
alues epo ed o simila seed oils: 1.47 o edible oil, 1.47
o soybean oil, and 1.47 o co n oil [17, 45].
Table II: Physicochemical P ope ies o Wa e melon Seed Oil
Pa ame e s
O en D ied a
30 °C
Sun D ied
S anda d
Values
Colou
Pale yellow
Pale yellow
Repo
Speci ic g a i y (g/ml)
0.87
0.87
0.85 – 0.89
Re ac i e index (20
oC)
1.468
1.468
1.47
Acid alue
(mgKOH/g)
10.8
8.40
5.00
F ee a y (mgKOH/g)
6.40
5.20
2.50
Saponi ica ion alue
(mgKOH/g)
185.13
184.29
187 max
Iodine alue (gI2/ 100
g)
105.07
103.04
114 max
Pe oxide alue (meq
pe oxide/kg)
18.74
18.74
6.25 min
Es e alue
(mgKOH/g)
172.33
173.09
170 min
pH
6.16
6.16
6.16
Viscosi y (mm2 /sec)
11.80
11.80
11.00
A. Discussion o Resul s
Acco ding o he esul s, he p oxima e composi ion (on a
d y weigh basis) o wa e melon seed (Ci ullus lana us), as
shown in Table 1, was 5. 25 % [9]; 4.91 % o wa e melon
seeds [18]; 5.50 % o pumpkin seeds [18]; 4.6 % o melon
seed [19]; 5.50 % o wa e melon seeds [20]; e en hough
[21] epo ed legumes o be be ween 7.0 and 10 %. Low
mois u e con en , as obse ed in his wo k, con e s good
s abili y (keeping quali y) and high yield [22]. The low
mois u e con en o wa e melon seeds is ad an ageous o
hei shel li e; wi h less mois u e, he seeds can be
p ese ed o a longe pe iod [23]. The ash con en alue
ob ained was 4.87.
The c ude a ex ac ed wi h pe oleum e he was 50.50%,
which ag eed closely wi h he wo k o [18] on a ious
melon oil seeds, which anged
om 47.9 o 51.1%. When
hexane was used, a c ude a
con en o 48.32% was ob ained,
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which ag eed wi h ha epo ed o pumpkin seed (48.0%)
[24]. I was, howe e , oo high compa ed o ha ob ained
o soybean 23.5 % [25]. Fa is essen ial in die s because i
p omo es he abso p ion o a -soluble i amins. I is a high-
ene gy nu ien and does no add o he bulk o he die [26].
Gi en he high le el o c ude a in wa e melon in his
s udy, i could be conside ed an oilseed. The b ownish-
yellow colou o he c ude a ex ac ed is an indica ion o
he p esence o a ious ca o enoid pigmen s, which a e
highly unsa u a ed hyd oca bon chains [27]. The esul s also
showed ha wa e melon has a high c ude p o ein con en o
32.38 %. This alue compa es a ou ably wi h hose o
p o ein- ich oods such as soybean, cowpeas, pigeon peas,
and pumpkin, which ha e p o ein con en s anging om
23.1 o 33.0%, as epo ed by [28].
This p o ein alue also alls wi hin he ecommended daily
p o ein in ake o child en: 23.0 –36.0 g [29]. The high
p o ein con en indica es ha i can con ibu e o he daily
p o ein equi emen o 23.6 g o adul s, as ecommended by
[29]. I should be no ed ha p o eins unc ionally p omo e
g ow h, issue epai and main enance. Die a y p o eins a e
needed o he syn hesis o new cells, enzymes, ho mones,
an ibodies and o he subs ances equi ed o he heal hy
unc ioning and de elopmen o he body, as well as i s
p o ec ion [30]. The c ude ib e con en ob ained was
6.20%, which ag eed wi h ha o legumes (5.0-6.0%)
epo ed by [31]. As shown in his s udy, wa e melon is low
in c ude ib e compa ed o o he Cucu bi aceae seeds, such
as melon (egusi) a 12.0 % [19] and pumpkin seed a 16.84
% [32]. The c ude ib e helps in he main enance o no mal
pe is al ic mo emen o he in es inal ac , hence die s
con aining low ib e could cause cons ipa ion and e en ually
lead o colon disease, such as piles, cance and appendici is.
C ude ib e con ains indiges ible ma e ials ha can educe
cons ipa ion by inc easing bowel mo emen s [32, 33].
The physical p ope ies o wa e melon seed oil a e shown
in Table 2. The oil has a speci ic g a i y o 0.87 g/ml,
indica ing ha i is less dense han wa e , and a e ac i e
index o 1.468, which is in ag eemen wi h alues ob ained
o some Nige ian ui s and seeds [14]. This showed ha
he oil is less iscous and compa able o mos d ying oils,
whose e ac i e indices ange om 1.475 o 1.485 [34].
The e ac i e index indica es ha he oil con ains some
double bonds in i s a y acid composi ion; i inc eases wi h
he numbe o double bonds [35]. The physicochemical
p ope ies o he s udied seed oils, as shown in Table 2, we e
measu ed, including pe oxide alue, e ac i e index, pH,
and speci ic g a i y, which we e he same o bo h d ying
me hods (sun-d ied and o en-d ied) and ex ac i e sol en s
(hexane and pe oleum e he ). Saponi ica ion alue, es e ,
acid alue, ee a y acid and iodine con en alues we e all
sligh ly highe in he oil ex ac ed om he o en-d ied seed
sample compa ed o he one om he sund ied samples o
bo h ex ac i e sol en s.
The saponi ica ion alues o he oil o bo h he o en-d ied
and sun-d ied samples we e 185.13 and 184.29 mg KOH/g,
espec i ely, which a e lowe han hose o some ege able
oils wi h highe saponi ica ion alues, such as coconu oil
(253 mg KOH/g), palm ke nel oil (247 mg KOH/g), and
bu e a (225 mg KOH/g) [36]. Howe e , he alue
ob ained alls wi hin he ange epo ed o some edible oils
by [35]. The low saponi ica ion alue o he seed oil
sugges s i may no be sui able o soap-making [37]. The
acid alue o he oil o bo h he o en-d ied and sund ied
samples was 10.8 and 8.40 mg KOH/g, espec i ely. The
ee a y acid was 6.40 and 5.20 mgKOH/g, espec i ely,
bu [20] epo ed ha wa e melon seed oil was 2.6
mgKOH/g, [31] epo ed 0.82 mgKOH/g o cashew nu oil,
and [31] epo ed 0.53 mgKOH/g o pumpkin seed oil.
FFA alue is an essen ial a iable o assessing oil quali y,
as lowe FFA le els indica e be e quali y and se e as
indica o s o oil edibili y and sui abili y o use in he pain
indus y [37]. By in e ence, i he e o e implies ha oil
ex ac ed om he sun-d ied sample is o be e quali y
because o i s low ee a y acid and acid alue, which all
wi hin accep able limi s o edible oils, i.e., ≤ 10 mgKOH/g
[9]. The acid alue is expec ed o ange om 0.00 o 3.00
mgKOH/g be o e i can be used o cooking [38], bu he oil
unde s udy shows a highe alue. This acid alue can be
educed by e ining he oil, which may also imp o e i s
quali y o indus ial pu poses.
The iodine alue o he oil o bo h he o en-d ied and
sun-d ied was 105.07 and 103.04 gI2/100 g oil, while [39]
ob ained 38.10 gI2/100 g oil o wa e melon seed. Hausa
melon seed was 38.50 gI2/100 g [40], cashew nu oil was
44.40 gI2/100 g [31, 47, 47]. Howe e , he alue epo ed
o wa e melon seed was 110–128 gI2/100g [40]. In iew o
he ac ha d ying oils ha e an iodine alue abo e 100
gI2/100 g [34, 46], wa e melon seed oil, acco ding o his
s udy, could only be ca ego ised as a d ying oil. The iodine
alue is also an index o he oil's endency o go ancid [13,
16]. The high iodine alue sugges s he p eponde ance o
high-molecula -weigh polyunsa u a ed a y acids [41].
This shows ha he oil could be nu i ionally bene icial,
especially now ha ege able oils ich in polyunsa u a ed
a y acids and na u ally occu ing an ioxidan s a e being
sou ced and ecommended o pa ien s wi h hype lipidemia
o o he lipid diso de s [12]. The iodine alue can be used o
quan i y he amoun o double bonds in he oil, which
e lec s he oil's suscep ibili y o oxida ion [42].
IV. CONCLUSION
The s udy ound ha wa e melon seeds exhibi easonable
physicochemical p ope ies. Hence, wa e melon seed oil
has po en ial o domes ic and indus ial use, is highly
aluable, and is ich in nu ien s, making i sui able o a
wide ange o applica ions. As shown, all he easonable
physicochemical p ope ies ha e bene i s, p o iding a
scien i ic basis o he use o seed oil o economic gain and
complemen ing cu en esea ch on al e na i e sou ces o
indus ial ege able oils o he p oduc ion o soap,
ag ance, cosme ics, e c. Senso y e alua ion o he oil, as
well as oxida ion and s abili y es s, could be conduc ed o
s abilise i s use u he .
DECLARATION STATEMENT
Some o he e e ences ci ed a e olde , no ed explici ly as
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14],
[15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20],
[21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26],
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[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37],
[38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46] and [47].
Howe e , hese wo ks emain signi ican o he cu en
s udy, as hey a e pionee ing in hei ields.
A e agg ega ing inpu om all au ho s, I mus e i y he
accu acy o he ollowing in o ma ion as he a icle's au ho .
▪ Con lic s o In e es / Compe ing In e es s: Based on
my unde s anding, his a icle has no con lic s o
in e es .
▪ Funding Suppo : This a icle has no been unded by
any o ganiza ions o agencies. This independence
ensu es ha he esea ch is conduc ed wi h objec i i y
and wi hou any ex e nal in luence.
▪ E hical App o al and Consen o Pa icipa e: The
con en o his a icle does no necessi a e e hical
app o al o consen o pa icipa e wi h suppo ing
documen a ion.
▪ Da a Access S a emen and Ma e ial
A ailabili y: The adequa e esou ces o his a icle a e
publicly accessible.
▪ Au ho ’s Con ibu ions: The au ho ship o his a icle
is con ibu ed equally o all pa icipa ing indi iduals.
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AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Uwem Ekwe e Inyang ob ained his PhD in Chemical
Enginee ing in 2019. He is a lec u e in he Depa men o
Chemical Enginee ing a he Uni e si y o Uyo, Nige ia.
He has supe ised nume ous unde g adua e and
pos g adua e s uden s, making signi ican con ibu ions in
he ield o Chemical Enginee ing. He has published many
scien i ic pape s in epu able jou nals. His esea ch in e es s include
D ying, sepa a ion p ocesses, was e managemen , En i onmen al
Enginee ing, modelling and simula ion.
F ancis Ubi is a g adua e o Chemical Enginee ing om
he Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o
Uyo, Nige ia. He g adua ed wi h good esul s. I hope o
men o younge indi iduals in e es ed in P ocess
Enginee ing. His esea ch a ea o in e es is pa icula e
Enginee ing and sepa a ion p ocesses. He is ha dwo king
and dedica ed, and hopes o u he his s udies so he will emain ele an o
cu en ends in inno a ion.
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and
da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he
indi idual au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o he Blue
Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion
(BEIESP)/ jou nal and/o he edi o (s). The Blue Eyes
In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods,
ins uc ions, o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
