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POLITICAL PROCESSES IN DASHTI-KIPCHOK IN THE 15TH-16TH
CENTURIES
Tu diye Ilyos Ulugbek ugli
Sama kand S a e Uni e si y named a e Sha o Rashido i
E-mail:ilyos u diye [email protected]
Anno a ion
I was o some ex en connec ed wi h he poli ical and e hnocul u al p ocesses ha ook
place in he Dash i-Kipchak in he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies, and was ela ed o which
clan leade s ook which land as hei sha e (syu kol) o simila poli ical and mili a y
p ocesses.
In oduc ion. In many scien i ic cen e s o he wo ld, including in Eu ope, he USA,
Japan, China, Ko ea, Russia and Tu key, dozens o scien i ic and analy ical cen e s
s udy he socio-poli ical, economic and e hnocul u al p ocesses ha ook place in
Cen al Asia, while also ca e ully s udying he eali ies ha ook place in he pas in
he Kypchak S eppe. In wo ld scien i ic cen e s, his egion is conside ed an in eg al
pa o Cen al Asia, and a en ion is paid o he unique place i played in he
o ma ion o he p esen -day peoples o he egion.
Main pa . The e m "Dash i-Kipchak" was a geog aphical e m used in he Middle
Ages, mo e p ecisely, a ound he 10 h cen u y AD, mainly o he no heas e n and
no hwes e n egions o Cen al Asia and a numbe o coun ies adjacen o hese
egions, i s eas s e ched o he wes e n oo hills o he Al ai Moun ains, and i s wes
o he Dniepe - Eas e n Eu ope. The sou h o he Dash i-Kipchak included he middle
and lowe basins o he Sy Da ya Ri e , one o he la ges i e s in Cen al Asia, he
no hwes e n pa s o he Se en Seas egion, he lowe eaches o he Volga-U als, he
No h Caucasus, and he no he n coas o he Black Sea, and i s no he n pa s
bo de ed on sou hwes e n Sibe ia, he middle basins o he Volga-U al i e s, and he
Eas Sla ic lands (Kie , Moscow, e c.). O cou se, his e i o ial classi ica ion o he
Dash i-Kipchak was no always he same and changed om ime o ime.
In he Middle Ages, his e m was mainly used o e e o he pe iod om he 10 h o
he 17 h cen u ies when i s nomadic Tu kic and la e Tu kic and Tu ki ied Mongol
ibes es ablished poli ical dominance. I s co e e i o ies included he s eppes o
p esen -day Kazakhs an, he middle and lowe eaches o he Sy Da ya, he A al Sea
egion, he Volga–U al a eas, he No h Caucasus, and he no he n Black Sea egion.
Be o e he 10 h cen u y, he e m “Dash -i Qipchaq” was p eceded by he names “ he
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Tu kic s eppe,” and ea lie s ill “Scy hia.” In medie al Wes e n li e a u e, he egion
was also e e ed o as “Ta a y.”
The use o hese names was closely linked o he poli ical and e hnocul u al p ocesses
o he ime. Du ing he las millennium BCE, he Scy hian–Saka ibal con ede a ion
domina ed he as Eu asian s eppes s e ching om he Dniepe Ri e in he wes o
he Ili Ri e in he eas , and many nomadic clans inhabi ed his egion. A simila
si ua ion occu ed in he ea ly Middle Ages, when i s he p o o-Tu kic Xiongnu
g oups and la e nume ous Tu kic ibes unde he ule o he Tu kic Khagana e (552–
744) con olled much o he Eu asian s eppe. As a esul , e ms such as “ he Tu kic
s eppe” and bilād a - u k (“ he land o he Tu ks”) became common.
By he 9 h–10 h cen u ies, ano he wa e o Cen al Asian nomadic g oups — including
he Kuman, Kun, Polo sians, “Black Ha s” (Chyo nye Klobuki), Uz, and To ki ibes
o ibal unions — es ablished hei dominance in hese lands. A e his, he ea lie
e hnogeog aphical names “Scy hia” and “ he land o he Tu ks” began o be eplaced
wi h he e m “Dash -i Qipchaq,” al hough he o me names con inued o be used as
well.
The e m “Dash -i Qipchaq” means “ he Qipchaq s eppe” o “ he Qipchaq dese ,”
e lec ing he ac ha many o he ibes inhabi ing he egion belonged o he Qipchaq
b anch o he Tu kic peoples. A ound he 10 h cen u y, when he Qipchaqs achie ed
poli ical dominance o e a as a ea ex ending om Je isu (Semi echye) o he no he n
Black Sea egion, su ounding peoples inc easingly began e e ing o his land as
“Dash -i Qipchaq.”
Mahmud Kashga i, who li ed in he 11 h cen u y, in his wo k "De onu Lug'a i Tu k"
shows he Kipchaks as one o he la ges Tu kic peoples, shows he "Bijanak"
(Pechanegs) as he mos wes e n ibe o he Tu kic peoples, nea Rum (Byzan ium),
emphasizing ha he Kipchaks a e neighbo s o hem, a he same ime, he men ions
he exis ence o a illage called Kipchak in he icini y o he ci y o Kashga (Eas
Tu kes an), and also men ions he "Yemak" (Kimak) ibe li ing in he I ysh Ri e
basin as a b anch o he Kipchaks[1]. So, a ha ime, he Kipchaks we e sp ead o e
almos he en i e e i o y o he medie al "Dash i Kipchak" egion, and no ma e how
di e se ibes and peoples li ed in his egion, i was no o no hing ha his e m was
used in ela ion o he egion. Tha is, he Kipchak ibes had al eady sp ead widely in
hese egions long be o e.
In he Middle Ages, namely in he 14 h-15 h cen u ies, he Dash i Kipchak was
poli ically mainly he co e e i o y o he Juchi ulus[2] - he Golden Ho de kingdom
(1224-1459), which spli in o wo b anches in he 1350s. Du ing he eign o he Golden
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Ho de ule Uzbek Khan (1312-1342), he uni ied Jochi ulus was di ided in o wo
pa s: he Whi e Ho de, which included he wes e n egions o he Dash i-Kipchak -
he Black Sea, Eas e n Eu ope, he No h Caucasus, he lands on he igh bank o he
Volga Ri e , and he Blue Ho de, which included he le bank o he Volga Ri e , he
no heas o he Caspian Sea, Wes e n Sibe ia, Al ai, he middle and lowe basins o
he Se en Seas and he Sy Da ya, and he A al Sea basins.[3]
The di ision o he Jochi ulus in o wo was no acciden al o unde he in luence o
ex e nal o ces, bu a he , acco ding o he ancien Tu kic-Mongol s a ehood
adi ions, he me hod o di iding he kingdom in o wo wings - igh and le . This ulus
- he e i o y o Dash i-Kipchak - was gi en by Genghis Khan o his son Jochi, bu as
a esul o his dea h in 1227, 6 mon hs be o e his a he 's dea h, his e i o y was gi en
o he khan's g andsons Ba u and O da-Ijan. Genghis Khan's g andsons - Jochi's second
son Ba u - ga e he " igh hand" land - he Volga Ri e basin and he lands wes o i ,
and o his b o he O da-Ijan - he "le hand", ha is, he lands eas o he Volga - he
Sy da ya basin, Wes e n Sibe ia and he lands a ound Lake Balkhash. Ba u Khan,
unde he name "Sain Khan", became he ule o he "Whi e Ho de", he wes e n pa
o he Golden Ho de, while O da-Ijan became he ule o he "Blue Ho de" as his
subo dina e, and hei descendan s inhe i ed powe .
The Whi e Ho de wing o he Jochi ulus came o powe in 1227 unde Ba u Khan-Sain
Khan[4], and con inued o ule un il he las ule o his descendan s, Be dibek (1357-
1359), and exis ed as he la ges poli ical o ce in he Dash i-Kipchak o 132 yea s.
The descendan s o he Ho de-Ijan, who uled he Blue Ho de wing o he Jochi ulus,
uled un il 1327, when he ule o he Whi e Ho de (Golden Ho de) Uzbek Khan
(1312-1342) pu an end o his wing's ule in he same yea . The eason was ha he
la e descendan s o he Ho de-Ijan handed o e powe o he emi s and we e
some imes punished by Uzbek Khan o hei se i ude o he emi s, and we e gi en as
soldie s o he emi As ai, who was om he Qiya clan. Be o e Uzbek Khan ascended
he h one, he pa e nal Uyghu Baji uk Buqa, aking ad an age o he dea h o his
uncle Tokh a Khan (1291-1312), decla ed himsel khan and all he descendan s o
Jochi, wi h he excep ion o he descendan s o Shayban, we e o ced o obey him.
Uzbek Khan elimina ed Uyghu Baji uk Buqa and punished hose who obeyed a
pe son om he "black people" (commone s) who we e no wo hy o he khana e
h one, and ga e special p i ileges o he amily o he descendan s o Shayban, saying,
"Since you ha e allen in o his si ua ion, now you will become soldie s o such
people." In his way, Abulkhai Khan, a descendan o Shayban, s eng hened himsel
in he e i o y o he Blue Ho de and ounded his own ulus [5].
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Conclusion. Be o e he Shaybanid s a e es ablished i s ule in he oases be ween he
Amu Da ya and Sy da ya i e s, including he Jizzakh oasis, he main poli ical and
e hnic p ocesses associa ed wi h he Shaybanid dynas y ook place in he eas e n pa
o he Dash i-Kipchak - he middle and lowe basins o he Sy da ya, he U als,
Wes e n Sibe ia and Balkhash. The ibes and peoples li ing in hese egions, such as
he "Kung'i a ", "Man'i ", "Naiman", "Bu gu ", "Qa luq", and "Boy ak", played a
signi ican ole in he poli ical ac i i ies o Genghis' ule s. The concep o "Uzbek
clans", which eme ged as a p oduc o poli ical and e hnic p ocesses in hese egions,
mig a ed o he Amu Da ya-Sy Da ya in e lu e and adjacen e i o ies du ing he
eign o Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his descendan s, and c ea ed he basis o he
eme gence o dozens o e hno oponyms associa ed wi h he name "92-bowl Uzbek
clan" in a numbe o oases o Cen al Asia, including he Jizzakh oasis and i s
componen s.
Li e a u e
1. 1. Kashga i, Mahmud. Dic iona y o Tu kic Wo ds (De onu-lugo i - u k) /
T ansla o and edi o S. M. Mu allibo . 3 olumes. T. I. – Toshken : Fan, 1960. – B.
64, 314, 440.
2. Axmedo B. A. Историко-географическая литература Средней Азии XVI–
XVIII вв.: письменные памятники. Tashken : Fan, 1985. – S. 130-131.
3. 181. h p://www. sogdcoins. na od. u – Sogd coins
4. 180. h p://www. zeno. u – P e-IslamicCen alAsia, Sogd
5. Ka alı M. Ö emiş Hacı’ya Gö e Cuci Ulusu’nun a ihi. – S. 58-64
