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Publishe
Sus ainabili y o Regions
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OPTIMIZATION OF BUILDING AIR CONDITIONING USING A HYBRID COGENERATION SYSTEM WITH
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY
*
Salma Sebbaghi 1*, Zineb Aqachma 2, Najiba El Am ani 3, Manuela T a ona ičienė 4
1*,3 Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Uni e si y, acul y o science and echniques Fez, USMBA, Mo occo
2 Cadi Ayyad Uni e si y, Ma akech UCA, Mo occo
2 Uni e si y o Quebec in Abi ibi-Témiscamingue UQAT, Canada
4 Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y, Vilnius, Li huania
*E-mails: [email protected] (Co esponding au ho ); 2 zineb.aqachma @uca.ac.ma;
3najiba.elam [email protected]; 4 manuela. a ona iciene@ ilnius ech.l
Recei ed 15 May 2025; accep ed 21 July 2025; published 30 Sep embe 2025
Abs ac . Pho o ol aic (PV) sys ems a e a p omising al e na i e o elec ici y p oduc ion as hey ha ness sola ene gy, a clean and
enewable sou ce, educing eliance on ossil uels and minimizing en i onmen al impac . Howe e , he o e all e iciency o con en ional
PV sys ems emains limi ed since a signi ican po ion o he inciden sola ene gy is con e ed in o hea , which is ypically was ed (Zhou e
al. 2025). To add ess his issue, in his pape we a e de eloping a cogene a ion sys em (PV/T) ha no only gene a es elec ici y bu also
cap u es and u ilizes he excess he mal ene gy o space hea ing (Wei e al. 2025). This sys em in eg a es a hea s o age solu ion o enhance
ene gy a ailabili y and op imize he mal managemen , ensu ing imp o ed o e all e iciency and be e u iliza ion o sola esou ces. To
achie e his, we will use Ma lab/Simulink o design and simula e a Pho o ol aic The mal (PV/T) Hyb id Sola Panel sys em, allowing us o
analyze i s pe o mance and op imize i s ope a ion o esiden ial hea ing applica ions. As esul s, we will ob ain key pa ame e s such as
module empe a u e, elec ical powe ou pu , and he equi ed s o age ank olume. Addi ionally, we will es di e en PV echnologies,
compa ing hei pe o mance o iden i y he mos sui able op ion o he clima ic condi ions o Li huania. Fu he mo e, we will obse e
sola a iables a ia ions and pump low a es o assess hei impac on sys em e iciency and op imize ene gy dis ibu ion. These esul s
highligh he po en ial o PV/T echnology o op imizing sola ene gy u iliza ion in esiden ial hea ing. Fu he expe imen al alida ion is
needed o e ine he model and op imize sys em pe o mance o di e en clima ic condi ions.
Keywo ds: Pho o ol aic The mal (PV/T) Hyb id Sola Panel; sola a iables a ia ions; pump low
Re e ence o his pape should be made as ollows: Sebbaghi, S., Aqachma , Z., El Am ani, N., T a ona ičienė, M. 2025. Op imiza ion o
building ai condi ioning using a hyb id cogene a ion sys em wi h pho o ol aic ene gy. Insigh s in o Regional De elopmen , 7(3), 83-93.
h p://doi.o g/10.70132/n7563347882
JEL Classi ica ions: O13, Q40
Addi ional disciplines physics; elec ici y elec onic enginee ing; en i onmen al enginee ing; ene ge ics and he moene ge ics; in o ma ics
*
The esea ch leading o hese esul s has ecei ed unding om he p ojec i led "Clus e o inno a i e ene gy" in he
ame o he p og am "HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01" unde he G an ag eemen numbe 101129820
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1. In oduc ion
As clima e conce ns g ow and ene gy p ices ise, sola ene gy has become a i al al e na i e o esiden ial ene gy
sys ems (Cas illo-Díaz e al., 2024; Pizzu i e al., 2024; Fi oozi e al., 2025; Spellmeie e al., 2025).
Pho o ol aic (PV) echnology, in pa icula , allows clean elec ici y gene a ion di ec ly om sunligh . Howe e ,
adi ional PV panels ypically con e only 15–20% o sola adia ion in o elec ici y, wi h he es los as hea ,
educing e iciency and inc easing cell empe a u e, which can u he deg ade pe o mance (Kalogi ou, 2004;
Kuang & Wang, 2006). This he mal was e no only educes elec ical pe o mance bu misses an oppo uni y o
eco e ene gy ha could o he wise suppo domes ic hea ing needs especially in coun ies wi h cold clima es.
To add ess his, hyb id pho o ol aic/ he mal (PV/T) sys ems ha e been de eloped, which in eg a e sola cells and
he mal collec o s in a single uni o simul aneously gene a e elec ici y and use ul hea (Chow, 2010;
Obalanlege e al., 2020). These sys ems ha e demons a ed high e iciency and lexibili y, making hem a ac i e
o esiden ial cogene a ion applica ions. Fo example, a s udy conduc ed in no hwes e n China in es iga ed he
pe o mance o a mic o hea pipe PV/T sys em inside a g eenhouse and showed o al e iciencies o 53.6%,
52.0%, and 42.9% on sunny, pa ly cloudy, and o e cas days espec i ely. These esul s ep esen ed 14.7% o
21.3% pe o mance gains o e iden ical sys ems ins alled ou doo s, con i ming he impo ance o en i onmen al
con ol and il op imiza ion (Zhou e al., 2025).
Cos -e ec i e PV/T designs ha e been p oposed o educe ma e ial use and manu ac u ing complexi y, such as
pla eless abso be s and polyme -based exchange s (Zondag e al. 2002). Wei e al. (2025) p oposed a low-cos
abso be -pla eless PV/T design using plas ic capilla y ma s as hea exchange s. Despi e he absence o a
adi ional me al abso be pla e, he sys em achie ed he mal e iciencies anging om 26.4% o 33.4%, and
o e all e iciencies abo e 50%. Fu he mo e, he le elized cos o hea was educed signi ican ly, alling be ween
0.010 and 0.013 USD/kWh much lowe han ha o con en ional PV/T sys ems wi h me al componen s. These
inno a ions sugges ha PV/T echnology can be scaled o building applica ions wi hou p ohibi i e cos .
Ma e ial and s uc u al inno a ions ha e also con ibu ed o pe o mance gains. A la -pla e PV/T sys em using
CdTe hin- ilm sola cells showed highe elec ical pe o mance unde ele a ed empe a u es han polyc ys alline
silicon modules, hanks o he lowe empe a u e sensi i i y o CdTe cells (Li e al., 2021). The sandwich s uc u e
o he panel also helped esis en i onmen al deg ada ion. In hei expe imen al and nume ical s udy, Wang e al.
ound ha inc easing he cell co e age a io imp o ed o e all sys em pe o mance, and educing he ai gap
hickness be ween laye s enhanced hea ans e . These indings unde sco e he alue o componen -le el
op imiza ion in adap ing PV/T sys ems o speci ic clima es.
Fu he ad ancemen came om low-concen a ion PV/T designs. Zhang e al. (2019) compa ed a low-
concen a ion PV/T sys em (LCPV/T) wi h a la -pla e PV/T module. They ound ha he LCPV/T sys em
p oduced h ee imes mo e elec ical powe and nea ly double he he mal ou pu , albei wi h some ade-o s in
hea ans e s abili y. While mo e complex o build, hese sys ems poin o he po en ial o enhancing sola
cap u e wi hou signi ican ly expanding panel su ace a ea an impo an conside a ion in u ban se ings.
In addi ion o physical con igu a ion, ope a ional s a egies a e inc easingly ecognized as key ac o s in
imp o ing PV/T sys em pe o mance wi hin building ene gy ne wo ks. Recen s udies ha e e alua ed s a egies
such as maximum sel -consump ion (MSC), ime-o -use (TOU), and op imiza ion-based con ol (OPT), inding
ha each app oach o e s di e en ade-o s in e iciency, cos , and g id in e ac ion. Fo ins ance, he OPT
s a egy o e ed he g ea es lexibili y and lowes ope a ional cos , hough wi h educed ene gy u iliza ion
e iciency and a g ea e impac on he g id. In con as , he MSC s a egy showed low sensi i i y o ba e y cha ge
s a es and exhibi ed mo e s able pe o mance. Ba e y and he mal s o age sizing we e also a ec ed, wi h op imal
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capaci ies o di e en s a egies anging om 2.5 o 4.5 kWh and 100 o 200 L (Wang e al., 2024). These
insigh s a e especially impo an in designing PV/T sys ems o seasonal clima es, whe e he mal demand and
sola a ailabili y a y widely ac oss he yea .
This ope a ional pe spec i e is pa icula ly ele an o Li huania, whe e cold win e s domina e he ene gy
demand p o ile, and esiden ial hea ing is one o he mos signi ican ene gy uses. Despi e mode a e annual sola
i adiance, Li huania’s seasonal he mal needs align well wi h he dual-ou pu capaci y o PV/T sys ems,
pa icula ly when in eg a ed wi h in elligen s o age and con ol s a egies. Howe e , he e emains a lack o
ailo ed sys em modelling ha accoun s o Li huanian clima e speci ics and esiden ial consump ion beha iou .
This s udy add esses ha gap by de eloping and simula ing a PV/T hyb id cogene a ion sys em o space hea ing
in Li huanian homes. Using MATLAB/Simulink, we will analyse key pa ame e s such as elec ical and he mal
ou pu , module empe a u e, s o age sizing, and sys em esponsi eness o sola a ia ion. We will also compa e
di e en PV echnologies o de e mine which o e s op imal pe o mance unde local condi ions. Ul ima ely, his
wo k aims o suppo he design o sma e , mo e e icien sola ene gy sys ems ha a e bo h echnically and
economically iable in no he n Eu opean clima es
2. Sys eme desc ip ion
2.1. Ma hema ic model
The hyb id pho o ol aic/ he mal (PV/T) sys em modeled in his s udy is a la -pla e sola collec o designed o
simul aneously p oduce elec ici y and low- empe a u e he mal ene gy.(El Ouakili e al. 2024) I comp ises
mul iple he mally and op ically in e ac i e laye s: a anspa en glass co e , a pho o ol aic (PV) cell laye , an
abso be pla e wi h he mal con ac o embedded luid-ca ying ubes, and a wa e ci cula ion loop o hea
ex ac ion. The modeling app oach ollows he me hodology o (da Sil a & Fe nandes 2010) and o he PV/T
modeling e o s using dynamic simula ion and ene gy balance echniques (Hegazy, 2000; Sami, 2019), whe e
each physical laye is desc ibed by a ansien one-dimensional ene gy balance, ensu ing spa ial and empo al
esolu ion o hea accumula ion and ans e phenomena ac oss he collec o componen s.
The op ical beha io o he sys em is go e ned by he combined ansmi ance and abso p ance p ope ies o he
glass and PV su ace. Sola i adiance GGG en e s he collec o and is pa ially e lec ed and abso bed. (Fa kad e
al. 2024)The e ec i e sola inpu eaching he PV cell is modeled using:
whe e is he ansmi ance o he glass and he e ec i e abso p ance o he PV su ace.
This ene gy is spli be ween elec ical and he mal pa hways. The elec ical con e sion e iciency o he PV
cell is empe a u e-dependen and ollows:
whe e is he he mal deg ada ion coe icien , and is he empe a u e o he PV cell. The elec ical powe
ou pu is hus:
The esidual po ion o he sola ene gy no con e ed in o elec ici y is dissipa ed as hea and dis ibu ed ac oss
he laye s o he sys em. Each solid componen in he sys em is modeled as a lumped he mal mass, go e ned by a
i s -o de ene gy balance equa ion. The glass co e , deno ed as laye 1, obeys:
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whe e is he glass empe a u e, is he con ec i e hea ans e coe icien wi h ambien ai , and he adia i e loss is modeled
wi h he S e an–Bol zmann law.
The PV laye (laye 2) ecei es op ical inpu and dissipa es was e hea :
The abso be pla e (laye 3), he mally connec ed o he luid ube, sa is ies:
The luid– ube in e ace (laye 4) is desc ibed by:
Las ly, he wo king luid i sel , modeled a he a e age empe a u e , exchanges ene gy wi h he abso be
and lows in o a s o age ank:
These coupled equa ions desc ibe he uns eady hea ans e and ene gy ans o ma ion h oughou he collec o .
Each componen 's empe a u e is in luenced by sola lux, con ec i e and adia i e losses, and he mal
in e ac ions wi h neighbo ing laye s (Aqachma e al., 2022). The luid loop comple es he cogene a ion cycle by
eco e ing hea o domes ic ho wa e o space hea ing applica ions.
The desc ibed model is highly sui able o simula ion in en i onmen s like MATLAB/Simulink, whe e each
ene gy balance equa ion can be ansla ed in o physical blocks ep esen ing he mal masses and hea luxes. I also
o e s a solid ounda ion o coupling wi h elec ical and con ol subsys ems, enabling de ailed pe o mance
e alua ion o hyb id PV/T collec o s unde a ious clima ic condi ions, including hose ep esen a i es o
no he n Eu ope such as Li huania.
2.2. Simula ion
The simula ion o he hyb id pho o ol aic/ he mal (PV/T) sys em was de eloped in MATLAB/Simulink as in
p io nume ical simula ions o PV/T sys ems (Villal a, Gazoli & Filho, 2009), using he Hyb id Sola Panel
model om Ma hWo ks, buil wi hin he Simscape Fluids en i onmen (Figu e 2). The model couples elec ical,
he mal, and hyd aulic subsys ems o simula e he eal- ime in e ac ion be ween sola ene gy inpu and he
physical s uc u e o a PV/T collec o (Ji e al., 2008).
The sys em consis s o a pho o ol aic laye wi h empe a u e-dependen elec ical beha io , a me allic abso be
pla e in he mal con ac wi h ci cula ing luid, a anspa en co e o op ical ansmission and he mal insula ion,
a dynamic wa e loop wi h a con olled pump, and a he mal s o age ank. In his s udy, we implemen ed a glazed,
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la -pla e, wa e -based PV/T collec o (Figu e 1), which ep esen s he mos common con igu a ion o building-
in eg a ed applica ions as suppo ed in he classi ica ion o PV/T sys em a chi ec u es (Chow, 2003). This choice
is suppo ed by he e iew o (Cuenca, O iz, and Boza 2010), who classi y PV/T sys ems in o mul iple ypes: ai -
based s. liquid-based collec o s, glazed s. unglazed su aces, and concen a ing s. non-concen a ing designs.
While ai -based sys ems o e simple cons uc ion, hey su e om low hea ans e a es and limi ed he mal
e iciency (Jouha a e al. 2016; Ye desh e al. 2020). Concen a ing PV/T collec o s can achie e highe
empe a u es, bu equi e di ec sola acking and a e mo e sui able o la ge-scale o indus ial ins alla ions. In
con as , la -pla e wa e -based collec o s, especially wi h a glazed co e , p o ide an excellen balance o
elec ical and he mal pe o mance, compac ness, and ease o in eg a ion in o esiden ial buildings. The use o
wa e as a wo king luid enables e icien hea ex ac ion due o i s supe io he mal p ope ies compa ed o ai ,
while he glazed co e educes con ec i e hea losses om he abso be su ace, pa icula ly in cold clima es.
Figu e 1. Fla pla e PV/T collec o
Sou ce: (Ramos, Ca doso & Alcaso 2010)
To simula e he sys em unde ealis ic condi ions, we adap ed he model o he local clima e o Vilnius,
Li huania, using hou ly sola adia ion and empe a u e da a om he PVGIS (Pho o ol aic Geog aphical
In o ma ion Sys em) pla o m. These me eo ological a iables we e dynamically applied in he simula ion as
ime-dependen inpu s. The sola i adiance signal was co ec ed by cosine p ojec ion o ep esen he e ec i e
a ea seen by he sun, allowing p ecise calcula ion o bo h he mal and elec ical ou pu s. The simula ion was
ca ied ou o e a ep esen a i e sunny day, selec ed o analyze sys em pe o mance unde high sola a ailabili y.
This con igu a ion and app oach allow he assessmen o he PV/T sys em’s po en ial o esiden ial ene gy
cogene a ion in no he n Eu opean clima es, whe e bo h elec ici y and low- empe a u e hea a e in high demand
du ing he hea ing season.
Figu e 2. schema ic ep esen a ion o he hyb id PV/T sys em
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To e alua e he impac o pho o ol aic echnology on he o e all pe o mance o he hyb id PV/T sys em, wo
di e en ypes o sola modules we e conside ed in he simula ion: monoc ys alline silicon and polyc ys alline
silicon. These echnologies we e selec ed due o hei widesp ead use in comme cial applica ions and hei dis inc
elec ical and he mal cha ac e is ics. Monoc ys alline panels a e gene ally known o hei highe e iciency and
be e pe o mance unde low i adiance condi ions, whe eas polyc ys alline panels a e mo e cos -e ec i e and
exhibi sligh ly lowe e iciency, pa icula ly a highe empe a u es. By simula ing bo h echnologies unde
iden ical ope a ing condi ions, including iden ical i adiance p o iles, ambien empe a u e, and sys em
con igu a ion, he s udy aims o highligh how he choice o PV ma e ial in luences he mal ou pu , elec ical
p oduc ion, and o e all sys em e iciency.
The de ailed inpu pa ame e s including nominal powe , e iciency a s anda d es condi ions, and su ace a ea,
a e p esen ed in Table 1. Table 1. The de ail pa ame e o he PV/T used
Pa ame e s
Values
Pannel
- Canadian Sola CS 3W-453MS
(Monoc ys alline)
- Canadian Sola CS 3W-420P (Polyc ys alline)
Pipe
Leng h
Sec ion
Hyd aulic diame e
In e nal oughness
5 m
0.0007 m2
0.03 m
15e-6 m
Tank
Volume
C oss sec ion
0.25 m3
0.3 m2
Pompe
In e nal ci cui mass low
0.02 g/s
Figu e 3. a) op imal inclina ion o Vilnius b) adia ion o one day in Vilnius
Figu e 3 abo e ep esen he op imal inclina ion o Vilnius and he adia ion du ing day in summe .
3. Resul s and discussion
The simula ion esul s in Figu e 4 below o e a clea compa a i e insigh in o he pe o mance o a hyb id PV/T
sys em using monoc ys alline and polyc ys alline pho o ol aic echnologies. The empe a u e p o iles o bo h
con igu a ions show simila he mal beha io in he glass co e , sola cells, hea exchange , and s o age ank,
e lec ing ha he he mal subsys em’s ope a ion is no signi ican ly a ec ed by he PV cell ma e ial. Howe e ,
he use ul elec ical powe ou pu consis en ly shows highe peaks o he monoc ys alline panel, wi h a e age
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elec ical ene gy supplied pe day eaching 2.56 kWh/day, compa ed o 2.34 kWh/day o he polyc ys alline
panel, pe o mance gap be ween mono- and polyc ys alline panels is well documen ed in he li e a u e (V and M
2018). This highe elec ical yield esul s di ec ly om he in insic ma e ial p ope ies o monoc ys alline silicon,
which has ewe g ain bounda ies, highe ca ie mobili y, and hus g ea e con e sion e iciency unde he same
sola i adia ion.
The calcula ed elec ical e iciency ein o ces his di e ence: 20.5 % o monoc ys alline e sus 18.8 % o
polyc ys alline. This con i ms ha monoc ys alline panels a e mo e e ec i e a con e ing sola ene gy in o
elec ici y. In e es ingly, he he mal e iciency emains almos unchanged be ween he wo echnologies, wi h
bo h sys ems achie ing a ound 19 %. This s abili y a ises because he hea ex ac ion p ocess depends mainly on
he collec o design and hea exchange e ec i eness, a he han he ype o PV cell. This is consis en wi h
indings on how abso be s uc u e, glazing, and low a es domina e he mal beha io (Royne, Dey, and Mills
2005)
The o al sys em e iciency combines bo h con ibu ions and sligh ly a o s he monoc ys alline panel (39.8 %)
compa ed o he polyc ys alline (37.8 %). While he di e ence is modes , i demons a es he cumula i e
ad an age o highe elec ical e iciency o e ime. The wa e olume dynamics in he ank also ollow simila
cycles o bo h cases, indica ing ha he he mal ene gy demand and supply a e balanced simila ly, independen
o he PV module ype.
F om a p ac ical pe spec i e, hese esul s unde line he ade-o be ween pe o mance and cos . This e lec s
common challenges in PV/T selec ion, whe e monoc ys alline panels o e be e e iciency, bu a highe up on
in es men (Hossain e al. 2021). Monoc ys alline panels a e known o hei highe cos pe wa due o mo e
complex manu ac u ing, bu hey deli e be e elec ical pe o mance, which can be c i ical o applica ions wi h
limi ed oo a ea o highe elec ici y demand. Polyc ys alline panels, on he o he hand, emain compe i i e
whe e lowe up on cos s a e p io i ized, and he he mal ac ion o he sys em p o ides subs an ial ene gy
sa ings.
Figu e 4. a) The ou pu s o he model Monoc ys alline b) The ou pu s o he model Polyc ys alline
In summa y, he compa a i e simula ion sugges s ha while bo h PV/T con igu a ions e icien ly combine
elec ical and he mal p oduc ion, he monoc ys alline sys em o e s sligh ly supe io o e all pe o mance,
especially o elec ici y- ocused applica ions. Howe e , he small ma gin in o al e iciency should be balanced
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wi h economic ac o s and local clima e condi ions when selec ing he op imal PV echnology o in eg a ed PV/T
sys ems.
Conclusions
This s udy demons a ed he po en ial o a la -pla e hyb id PV/T cogene a ion sys em o esiden ial space
hea ing in a cold clima e, using de ailed MATLAB/Simulink modeling unde ealis ic me eo ological condi ions
o Vilnius, Li huania. By in eg a ing he mal and elec ical ou pu s, he sys em e ec i ely eco e s a la ge
po ion o inciden sola ene gy han con en ional PV modules alone (Tonui & T ipanagnos opoulos 2007). The
compa ison be ween monoc ys alline and polyc ys alline PV panels unde iden ical condi ions con i med ha
monoc ys alline echnology achie es sligh ly highe elec ical e iciency (20.5 % s. 18.8 %) and hus a highe
o al sys em e iciency (39.8 % s. 37.8 %)(Ca and P yo 2004). Howe e , he he mal e iciency emained
p ac ically unchanged o bo h echnologies (~19 %), highligh ing ha he hea eco e y pe o mance depends
mainly on he collec o design a he han he PV cell ype.
These esul s emphasize ha while monoc ys alline PV/T sys ems o e ma ginally be e o e all ene gy yield,
polyc ys alline sys ems emain a iable and cos -e ec i e al e na i e, especially when capi al cos cons ain s a e
c i ical (B eye e al., 2017). Fo clima es like Li huania’s, whe e hea ing demand is signi ican du ing win e ,
PV/T echnology shows s ong po en ial o educe eliance on con en ional hea ing sou ces by u ilizing o he wise
was ed he mal ene gy(Somme eld and Madani 2019).
In eg a ing PV/T sys ems wi h seasonal he mal ene gy s o age and no el powe - o-X solu ions can suppo yea -
ound enewable hea ing, wi h p omising echno-economic po en ial specially in Li huania because o he cold
clima es (Baeue le, A pagaus & Halle 2025).
Fu u e wo k should include expe imen al alida ion o he model (Bachsei z e al., 2024) (Cao e al., 2025),
economic analysis o he li ecycle cos s o each PV echnology, and an assessmen o ad anced con ol s a egies
o op imize ene gy managemen and s o age unde a iable ope a ing condi ions.
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