JOURNAL OF SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
ISSN 2029-7017 p in /ISSN 2029-7025 online
2023 Volume 13
h ps://doi.o g/10.47459/jssi.2023.13.41
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN THE ODRA RIVER REGION
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY
Agnieszka Budziewicz-Guźlecka1, Pio Gu owski2, Ewelina Gu owska3,
K zysz o Lo enz4, Agnieszka Łopa ka5, S i lana Bilan6,7, And zej Gawlik8
1The Ins i u e o Spa ial Managemen and Socio-Economic Geog aphy, Uni e si y o Szczecin, Poland
2The Ins i u e o Managemen , Uni e si y o Szczecin, Poland
3The Jacob o Pa adies Uni e si y in Go zów Wielkopolski, Poland
4,5Ins i u e o Economics and Finance, Uni e si y o Szczecin, Poland
6Facul y o Managemen , Rzeszów Uni e si y o Technology, Poland
7Cen e o Sociological Resea ch, Szczecin, Poland
8Facul y o En i onmen al Managemen and Ag icul u e, Wes Pome anian Uni e si y o Technology in Szczecin, Poland
E-mails: 1[email p o ec ed]; 2 pio [email p o ec ed]l; 3 [email p o ec ed];
4k zysz o .lo [email p o ec ed]; 5[email p o ec ed]; 6 y[email p o ec ed]
Recei ed 11 June 2023; accep ed 21 Decembe 2023; published 30 Decembe 2023
Abs ac . The a icle add esses he issues ela ed o sus ainable inland wa e way anspo in he con ex o s imula ing ans o ma ions
owa ds a g een economy. The conside a ions ocused on he second-la ges i e in Poland – he Ode . The clea economic needs and
bene i s a ising om he i e ’s egula ion and he es o a ion o i s anspo capabili ies we e jux aposed wi h he esul s o a s udy
ega ding he pe cep ion o hese changes by he public opinion. To cla i y, hese we e he esiden s o he Ode Ri e Basin, hus people
in he immedia e impac a ea o he i e .
Keywo ds: inland wa e way na iga ion; g een economy; sus ainable anspo ; Ode .
Re e ence o his pape should be made as ollows: Budziewicz-Guźlecka, A., Gu owski, P., Gu owska, E., Lo enz, K., Łopa ka, A., Bi-
lan, S., Gawlik, A. 2023. sus ainable anspo o goods in he Od a i e egion in he con ex o he g een economy. Jou nal o Secu i y
and Sus ainabili y Issues, 13, 403-413. h ps://doi.o g/10.47459/jssi.2023.13.41
JEL Classi ica ions: O01
1. In oduc ion
Fo many yea s, inland wa e anspo in Poland has been neglec ed, and wa e acili ies ha e been subjec o
con inuous de e io a ion and de as a ion. Good adi ions ha e been o go en. The wa e lee has aged, and
he mo emen o goods has almos disappea ed. Cu en ly, he e u n and es o a ion o anspo eadiness
o Polish i e s is an immensely challenging ask. The p oblem has become mul i ace ed. On he one hand,
clima e changes caused by en i onmen al pollu ion, sho ages o d inking wa e , high cos s o in as uc u e
econs uc ion, and ca as ophic e en s (such as loods and ecological con amina ion) ha e gained s eng h, un-
doub edly a leas pa ially caused by human ac i i y. On he o he hand, es o ing condi ions o inland wa e
anspo o Polish i e s would b ing eno mous economic and social bene i s. Among he la e , elie ing o he
ypes o anspo a ion, especially oad anspo , can be included. I is wo h no ing ha his concep aligns
wi h he EU’s policy o p omo ing he c ea ion o sus ainable anspo a ion sys ems.
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The Ode Ri e Basin cons i u es one- hi d o Poland’s e i o y. I is pa o he in e na ional E70 ou e ha
connec s An we p (Belgium, No h Sea coas ) o Klaipeda (Li huania, Bal ic Sea coas ), se ing as one o he
eas -wes Eu opean anspo a ion co ido s. Ano he impo an ou e is he E30 wa e way, connec ing he
Bal ic Sea o he Danube in B a isla a, encompassing he Ode Ri e om Świnoujście o he Czech bo de
wi hin Poland. The economic po en ial is eno mous, and acco ding o he au ho s, such oppo uni ies mus no
be squande ed.
The e a e nume ous s akeholde s associa ed wi h he Ode Ri e Basin, each wi h di e se pe spec i es on e-
i alizing inland wa e anspo . These di isions also ex end o he policies pu sued by he coun ies linked o
he Ode , namely Poland, he Czech Republic, and Ge many. Di e ences a his highes le el likely s em om
economic compe i ion and compe i i eness agains cu en ly e icien po and anspo a ion se ices.
Among he na ional en i ies in e es ed in Ode - ela ed issues, he ollowing g oups can be iden i ied: business,
he b oade s a e adminis a ion, local go e nmen s, he cen al go e nmen , non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions,
and socie y. In his a icle, he au ho s aim o acquain eade s wi h he iewpoin s o o dina y people and hei
opinions on he ongoing changes. They also a emp o unde s and he easons behind hei posi ions and assess
he le el o unde s anding o economic p ocesses. Fo his pu pose, a esea ch hypo hesis was o mula ed: he
communi y inhabi ing he Ode Ri e Basin is mos ly opposed o ac ions leading o he egula ion o he i e
and es o ing i s ca go anspo eadiness.
2. Ri e s in he con ex o he g een economy
The g een economy is based on an economic ac i i y sys em ha leads o imp o ing he well-being o people
while a oiding signi ican socio-economic and en i onmen al h ea s o u u e gene a ions and ecological de ici s
(Shah, Niles, 2016; Bilan e al., 2020; Oliinyk e al., 2023; N shangase e al., 2023). Ano he de ini ion sugges s
ha he g een economy is an in e dependen componen o he na u al en i onmen in which i exis s, as well as a
pa o he global ecosys em (Yako le a e al., 2017; Naimoğlu, Ka az, 2023; Rezk e al., 2023). I can be seen as
an economic model engaged in sus ainable and p o i able de elopmen , seeking si ua ions ha gene a e economic,
social, and en i onmen al bene i s (G udziński, 2018). The g een economy in ol es ac ions ela ed o lowe emis-
sions o majo ai pollu an s and g eenhouse gases, limi ing he consump ion o elec ici y and wa e , widesp ead
use o enewable ene gy sou ces, conscious managemen and use o wa e esou ces, e icien use o soil esou ces,
analysis and assessmen o human ac i i y impac on he en i onmen , and inc easing ecological awa eness among
esiden s and en ep eneu s (Ka penko e al., 2021; Zumen e, Bis o a, 2021; And yeye a e al., 2021; La inenko
e al., 2022; Aly Hussien Aly Abdou, 2023; H ab, Mincule e, 2023; Mu andwa, Vyas-Doo gape sad, 2023).
In acco dance wi h he p inciples o Eu opean anspo policy, he concep o sus ainabili y is c ucial in he
con inued de elopmen o global economies. In he con ex o anspo a ion, i can be unde s ood as a con-
sensus be ween p ese ing mobili y and he abili y o anspo goods and p o ec ing he na u al en i onmen
(Whi e Pape , 2001).
Cu en ly, he ocus o inland anspo a ion p ima ily elies on oad anspo , which is bu densome bo h so-
cially (noise, conges ion) and en i onmen ally. An al e na i e is he e en mo e de imen al ai anspo and
he ela i ely en i onmen ally iendly ailway anspo , bu he la e equi es subs an ial in es men s. The in-
c easing demand o eigh anspo a ion necessi a es he explo a ion o new en i onmen ally iendly modes
o anspo a ion. “The low ene gy consump ion o inland na iga ion is illus a ed by he smalle amoun o
uel consumed compa ed o o he modes o anspo a ion, which is also associa ed wi h signi ican ly lowe ai
pollu ion emissions han in oad anspo ” (GUS, 2022).
One o he signi ican a ibu es o i e anspo is i s abili y o mo e massi e and o e sized ca goes while
main aining ela i ely low cos s. A la ge ship can e ec i ely eplace e en se e al hund ed deli e y ucks. I ’s
also wo h no ing ha al e na i e i e anspo in as uc u e can enhance oad sa e y by educing a ic in-
ensi y (Wojewódzka-K ól, 2006).
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Ri e anspo can be conside ed in e ms o ade exchange as well as communica ion; bo h solu ions can
b ing nume ous bene i s o i e side a eas. Compa ed o oad and ail anspo , inland wa e way anspo a ion
gene a es he leas noise, and ai pollu ion le els a e simila o ail anspo , wi h no soil o wa e pollu ion
a all. This o m o a el is also associa ed wi h he lowes numbe o acciden s (Wojewódzka-K ól, 2004).
Shi ing eigh anspo o wa e ways aligns wi h he concep o a g een economy, whe e ci ies sa e on ex e -
nal cos s such as comba ing smog, educing noise, and soil pu i ica ion. I also elie es land oads, no always
adap ed o he anspo a ion o hea y goods (Adamiczka, 2016).
Rega ding he anspo unc ion o i e s, which in ol es inland wa e anspo o goods and passenge s,
acili a ing he ope a ion o i e po s, ansshipmen poin s, and shipya ds, i should be no ed ha he de el-
opmen o he anspo unc ion is no con adic o y o i s ou is unc ion. In ac , i signi ican ly in luences i ,
pa icula ly in he case o i e c uises.
In he coun y’s anspo a ion sys em, inland na iga ion has ma ginal signi icance. Among Polish i e s, he
Ode holds he g ea es impo ance o inland wa e anspo . The so-called “Ode Wa e way” se es he ans-
po unc ion, cons i u ing a his o ically shaped anspo co ido unc ionally linked o acili a ing ade ex-
change. This wa e way connec s he Szczecin agglome a ion, ma i ime and i e po s, as well as ansshipmen
poin s a i s mou h, wi h he W ocław and Uppe Silesian agglome a ions. Addi ionally, indi ec ly, h ough he
wa e connec ion o he Vis ula-Ode and Vis ula-Wa a canals, i connec s wi h he G ea e Poland economic
a ea and pa o he Vis ula economic a ea ( ia he Vis ula-Ode connec ion), and h ough he Ode -Ha el and
Ode -Sp ee canals, i connec s wi h he Be lin agglome a ion and u he wi h Wes e n Eu ope. I is a signi i-
can componen o he Cen al Eu opean T anspo Co ido (Inland na iga ion, 2019).
The Ode , enchan ing wi h i s unique landscape, cul u al a ac ions (including landma ks o wa e in as uc-
u e echnology), na u al wonde s, a chi ec u al ea u es, and ou is and ec ea ional de elopmen in acco d-
ance wi h en i onmen al p o ec ion equi emen s, will be a ou is a ac ion no only o esiden s o he Ode
Valley bu also o ou is s om o he egions o Poland and o he coun ies.
3. The condi ions o ca go anspo on he Ode Ri e
Resea ch on inland na iga ion on he Ode Ri e in he con ex o ca go anspo encompasses a b oad a ea, in-
ol ing a ious elemen s o his dynamic anspo a ion sec o . In he con ex o po in as uc u e, esea che s
ocus no only on physical po s uc u es bu also on ope a ional e iciency, he abili y o handle di e se ca goes,
and he applica ion o mode n echnologies, such as logis ic managemen in o ma ion sys ems (Wiśnicki e al.,
2023). Op imizing hese elemen s con ibu es o mo e e icien ca go mo emen on he Ode Ri e (Sza uga,
Załoga, 2022). Flee di e si ica ion is ano he esea ch a ea ha includes he analysis o bo h adi ional and
mode n loa ing essels, such as con aine ships o specialized uni s anspo ing chemicals. Resea che s seek
o unde s and how he lee can be lexible in anspo ing a ious ca goes while being economically and en-
i onmen ally e icien (GUS, 2022). Na iga ion sa e y becomes a key esea ch a ea in he con ex o ca go
anspo on he Ode (Klimek, Rolbiecki, 2017). Resea che s analyze isk ac o s such as a iable wea he con-
di ions o a ic in ensi y, and p opose inno a i e echnological solu ions o imp o e sa e y, such as ship a ic
moni o ing sys ems o wa ning algo i hms (Galo , 2017). Enginee ing aspec s o wa e egula ion in ol e no
only he e ec i eness o adi ional locks bu also esea ch on mode n wa e le el egula ion sys ems ha can
be mo e sus ainable and en i onmen ally iendly. Op imized egula ion sys ems di ec ly impac he possibili y
o ee na iga ion and ca go mo emen (Sza uga, Załoga, 2022). Social esea ch ocuses on analyzing s uc-
u es o in e na ional coope a ion, bo h wi hin he Eu opean Union and in he con ex o bila e al ag eemen s.
Regula o y coope a ion aims o elimina e adminis a i e ba ie s and acili a e smoo h ca go anspo be ween
coun ies wi hin he Ode Ri e basin. The e o e, esea ch on ca go anspo on he Ode combines echnical,
economic, and social a eas (Wiśnicki e al., 2023) o comp ehensi ely unde s and and imp o e his key b anch
o inland na iga ion in Cen al Eu ope.
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4. Me hodology
Resea ch p oblem ocused on unde s anding he opinions o he communi y li ing in he close p oximi y o
he Od a Ri e basin. I can be assumed ha his a ea is inhabi ed by 10 o 18 million Poles (es ima ed based
on he: Plan za ządzania yzykiem powodziowym dla obsza u do zecza Od y, 2022). The s udy began in ea ly
Decembe 2023, and da a collec ion is s ill ongoing. The e o e, despi e achie ing sample ep esen a i eness,
he p esen ed esul s should be ea ed as p elimina y and pilo . Howe e , hey allow o checking he co ec -
ness o he adop ed esea ch p ocedu e and he consis ency o he ob ained esul s. They also enable d awing
gene al conclusions and iden i ying ends ela ed o he examined phenomena.
The adop ed esea ch echnique acili a ing he acquisi ion and collec ion o esul s was a su ey - he CAWI
me hod (Compu e Assis ed Web In e iew). The ques ionnai e s uc u e unde wen c i ical discussion wi hin
he scien i ic communi y. A e e i ica ion, i was placed on a pla o m enabling elec onic dis ibu ion and
da a collec ion - Google Fo ms. S a is ical analysis and cha s we e de eloped using MS Excel.
In he inal e sion, he su ey con ains 30 ques ions aimed a unde s anding social opinions and expe iences
ega ding i e anspo along he Od a Ri e . The esul s p esen ed in his a icle we e ob ained h ough he
analysis o esponses o closed-ended single and mul iple-choice ques ions and single-choice ma ix ques ions
based on a i e-poin Like scale. In one case, an open-ended ques ion was used, equi ing coding and clas-
si ica ion o esponses in o hema ic g oups. The s udy was conduc ed using hema ic g oups on Facebook.
Addi ionally, he co ec ness o he su ey ques ionnai e was e i ied using he C onbach’s Alpha coe icien .
This coe icien , also known as he alpha coe icien , is an essen ial ool in psychome ics o assessing he eli-
abili y o es s. I allows o accu a ely es ima ing he ex en o which a gi en es accu a ely e lec s wha i is
supposed o measu e. This me hod is based on a de ailed analysis o co ela ions be ween di e en componen s
o he es , enabling he iden i ica ion o whe he indi idual ques ions a e consis en wi h each o he o whe he
he e a e po en ial inconsis encies. The C onbach’s Alpha coe icien is a key ool o assessing he quali y o
psychome ic es s, and i s applica ion signi ican ly a ec s he c edibili y o esul s ob ained in psychome ic
esea ch (Ta akol, Dennick, 2011).
The coe icien e u ns alues in he ange <0;1>. I is gene ally accep ed ha an alpha alue abo e 0.7 indica es
accep able consis ency, al hough alues abo e 0.8 a e conside ed mo e desi able (Jankowski, 2023). In he
p esen s udy, a esul o 0.86 was ob ained.
Ul ima ely, un il he ime o publica ion, 452 su eys we e collec ed, o which 431 we e conside ed co ec ly
illed ou . The a e age ime o comple e he su ey should be conside ed a e age, and i amoun ed o 8 minu es.
A quo a sampling me hod was decided upon. In he ex eme es ima e, he popula ion size was assumed o be
18 million. Unde he assump ions made: maximum e o alue - 5% and con idence le el - 95%, he sample
size was se a 384 esponden s, which means ha despi e he ongoing s udy, he esul s ob ained a he cu en
s age a e ep esen a i e.
5. Resea ch Resul s
Indi iduals who pa icipa ed in he su ey mos ly ook he posi ion ha conduc ing wo ks and in es men s e-
la ed o he de elopmen o he Od a Ri e ’s anspo sys em pose a g ea e h ea (50%) han a de elopmen al
oppo uni y (45%) – Figu e 1. The au ho s a ibu e such a nega i e s ance o ecen auma ic e en s ha ook
place in he summe o 2022, po ayed in he mass media as a la ge-scale ecological disas e caused by des uc-
i e human ac i i y (e.g., WWF, 2022). All ecommenda ions p esen ed in his ega d consis en ly o e look he
need o economic de elopmen and he po en ial o econciling o e en suppo ing ecology h ough mode n
anspo a ion means (e.g., i e ba ges wi h hyd ogen p opulsion and wa e quali y me e s).
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Figu e 1. Opinion on he De elopmen o he Ode Ri e
No opinion
Th ea
Oppo uni y
5%
50%
45%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 60%50%
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
The g oups o opponen s and suppo e s o in es men ac ions on he Od a Ri e aimed a es o ing i s ans-
po unc ion a e simila , al hough he o me is sligh ly mo e nume ous (52% o he o al, wi h 23% s ongly
opposed) – Figu e 2.
Figu e 2. Suppo o ac ions aimed a es o ing he possibili y o ca go anspo a ion along he Ode Ri e
De ini ely yes,
21% Yes, 22% De ini ely no, 23%
No, 29%
No opinion, 5%
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
The conclusions d awn om he da a p esen ed in Figu e 2 align wi h he opinions depic ed in Figu e 3. I
con i ms ha communi ies inhabi ing he Od a Ri e basin pe cei e i s de elopmen mo e as an ini ia o o
po en ial losses (53%) han po en ial bene i s (47%).
Figu e 3. Opinion on he po en ial bene i s and d awbacks esul ing om egula o y measu es and de elopmen o he Ode Ri e
Bene i s, 47% Losses, 53%
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
Among he assumed losses, h ee o hem clea ly domina e. These a e: lack o need and demand o inland wa-
e anspo (41%), des uc ion o condi ions o ama eu ishing (65%), and en i onmen al pollu ion (87%) –
Figu e 4.
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Figu e 4. An icipa ed losses ha may esul om de elopmen wo ks on he Ode Ri e *
Fea o con lic wi h he possibili y o engaging
in i e ou ism
Fea o con lic wi h he possibili y o engaging
in wa e spo s
Th ea associa ed wi h wa e e en ion
dis up ion
Lack o jus i ica ion
Fea o high in es men cos s
Lack o demand o i e anspo se ices
Dis up ion o ama eu ishing
En i onmen al des uc ion
4%
4%
7%
9%
21%
41%
65%
87%
*The possibili y o p o iding mo e han one answe .
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
Po en ial bene i s, on he o he hand, a e ewe . In his case, esponden s less equen ly decla ed mo e han one
o wo answe s, and hei dis ibu ion is p esen ed in Figu e 5. A clea leade among opinions is he ecogni ion
o he associa ion be ween egula o y wo ks on he i e and he economic de elopmen o he egion (74%
o esponses). I is also in e es ing o no e a ela i ely high le el o awa eness ha a egula ed i e is mo e
a o able o wa e ou ism (41%).
Figu e 5. An icipa ed bene i s ha may esul om de elopmen wo ks on he Ode Ri e
Lack o jus i ica ion
Mo e job oppo uni ies
Any ac ions
Tou is ic e i al
Economic e i al
8%
28%
32%
41%
74%
*The possibili y o p o iding mo e han one answe .
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
I u ns ou ha esponden s, in mos cases, lack knowledge ela ed o eigh anspo and mili a y logis ics.
The la e has gained pa icula signi icance since he ou b eak o he a med con lic in Uk aine. Figu e 6 con-
i ms his s a e o a ai s. Nea ly 70% o esponden s did no know wha in e modal anspo is, and 72% we e
un amilia wi h he concep o mili a y mobili y.
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Figu e 6. Unde s anding he concep o :
a) in e modal anspo b) mili a y mobili y
1% 1%
32% 27%
yes
no
no opinion
yes
no
no opinion
67% 72%
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
A ela i ely la ge lack o knowledge and unde s anding o he con e gence and coexis ence be ween mode n
logis ics, economic de elopmen , ecology, inno a ions, and mode n echnologies became appa en du ing he
analysis o da a om Figu e 7. As much as 16% o esponden s could no ake a s ance on he mu ual in e ac-
ions be ween commonly known phenomena. Ano he a gumen comes om he decla a ions in Figu e 7a,
which indica es ha he majo i y o socie y (43% o he o al) belie es ha some o he mos ad anced and
mos ly ze o-emission p opulsion solu ions, such as elec ically powe ed engines, hyb id engines, o hyd ogen-
powe ed engines, ha e a de as a ing impac on he na u al en i onmen . Addi ionally, esponden s a e skep ical
abou he possibili y o e ec i ely moni o ing he i e ’s condi ion h ough ICT echnologies (Figu e 7b –
49%).
Figu e 7. In you opinion:
43% yes
no
no opinion
41%
yes
no
no opinion
16%
49%
16%
35%
a) is mode n ba ges equipped wi h hyb id,
hyd ogen, o elec ic p opulsion ha e a
nega i e impac on he na u al en i onmen ?
b) is mode n ICT echnologies applied o
moni o ing signi ican ly educe i e
pollu ion?
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
Despi e he nega i e pe cep ion o he egula ion and de elopmen p ocess o he Od a Ri e , indi iduals who
pa icipa ed in he s udy pe cei e signi ican dys unc ion and ine iciency in he implemen a ion o asks ela ed
o he i e by public adminis a ion en i ies. This posi ion applies o bo h he assessmen o s imula ing i e
de elopmen (Figu e 8a) and opposing ac ions, such as ena u aliza ion e o s (Figu e 8b).
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Figu e 8. Assessmen o he e ec i eness o public adminis a ion au ho i ies in:
36%
e ec i e
ine ec i e
no opinion
48%
a) s imula ing he de elopmen
o i e anspo
b) ela ion o i e ena u aliza ion
e ec i e
ine ec i e
no opinion
28%
24%
13%
51%
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
A summa y eme ging om he s udy’s indings on he end o social eluc ance owa d s imula ing he de el-
opmen o he Od a Ri e in e ms o c ea ing condi ions o mass ca go anspo con i ms he esponden s’
opinion ha , o he mos pa , hey do no see he possibili y o econciling logis ical asks wi h espec o he
na u al en i onmen – Figu e 9.
Figu e 9. In you opinion, can e icien i e anspo be econciled
wi h he p ese a ion and espec o he na u al en i onmen ?
42%
2%
56%
yes
no
no opinion
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
6. Summa y and conclusions
The p esen ed da a cons i u e only a agmen o he ongoing esea ch ela ed o he de elopmen o he Od a
Ri e and he associa ed economic implica ions. A e analyzing Figu es 1-9, i can be unequi ocally s a ed ha
he adop ed esea ch hypo hesis p esen ed in he In oduc ion, s a ing ha “ he communi y inhabi ing he Od a
Ri e Basin is mos ly opposed o ac ions leading o he egula ion o he i e and es o ing i s ca go anspo
capabili y,” u ned ou o be ue. Howe e , he ques ion emains: why is his happening? The e a e mode n
echnological solu ions ha could econcile i e anspo ac i i ies wi h ecology and e en, in some aspec s,
suppo en i onmen al p o ec ion. Is i due o insu icien knowledge and social awa eness ela ed o economic
unc ioning? O pe haps he e is a lack o us in he hones y o en ep eneu s and ca ie s? Maybe he pos-
sibili ies o mode n echnologies a e unde es ima ed o unknown? A e nega i e expe iences and nume ous
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ISSN 2029-7017 p in /ISSN 2029-7025 online
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scandals ela ed o g oundwa e con amina ion he eason, o is i ea and eluc ance s emming om he place
o esidence, i.e., in he di ec a ea o he i e ’s impac ?
Un o una ely, he scope o he conduc ed esea ch is oo na ow o p o ide clea and conclusi e answe s o
hese ques ions. They do, howe e , cons i u e a good s a ing poin and incen i e o deepen knowledge on his
subjec o a comple e unde s anding o he p oblem. Acco ding o he au ho s, a se ies o global un o una e
e en s ha ha e a ec ed almos all o humani y in ecen yea s also emains in luen ial. These e en s include
he la ge-scale o es i es in Sou h Ame ica, he COVID-19 pandemic, a subsequen global economic c isis,
and high in la ion. Sho ly he ea e , he wa in Uk aine e up ed, posing a signi ican global h ea ha could
easily escala e in o an unp eceden ed a med con lic . Howe e , he mos signi ican e en seems o be a mo e
egional one. In 2022, Polish esiden s expe ienced an ecological disas e ha occu ed on he Od a Ri e . Mass
media and all commen a o s adop ed a one-sided s ance on he need o s op all wo k on he Od a and lea e i
in i s na u al s a e, o ge ing abou mode n echnological achie emen s and al e na i e solu ions ha could
lead o much g ea e economic, social, and e en en i onmen al bene i s. Achie ing such esul s, howe e , is
much mo e di icul and equi es a cons uc i e dialogue be ween business, poli icians, managemen en i ies,
and scien is s.
In oday’s wo ld, i e s mus se e many di e en unc ions, such as mili a y mobili y. Comple ely abandoning
he economy and de elopmen in he name o lea ing na u e o i sel is no easible. No can i be de as a ed; i
mus be p o ec ed in acco dance wi h he p inciples o sus ainable de elopmen . Ex eme ecological posi ions
ega ding he Od a a e unaccep able. I should be emembe ed ha man exis s o ecology, no ecology o man.
Re e ing o he p esen ed esea ch esul s, i should be no ed ha he da a collec ion is planned o end a he end
o Feb ua y 2024. The au ho s hen plan o conduc in-dep h analyses and s a is ical in e ence, and he esul s
will be published in a se ies o a icles and in he o m o a monog aph.
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